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Publications — Singapore Institute of International Affairs

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rgba(0,0,0,.04) 0 1px 0,rgba(0,0,0,.05) 0 2px 7px,rgba(0,0,0,.06) 0 12px 22px; --mobile-padding: 10%; --tec-color-accent-primary: #002e6d !important; } ::selection { background: #ccd8e2; } /* width */ ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 10px; } /* Track */ ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: transparent !important; } /* Handle */ ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: var(--accent); } /* Handle on hover */ ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: var(--secondary); } /* Background */ .contain .using-image { background-size: contain; } .no-repeat .using-image { background-repeat: no-repeat; } body.archive, body.archive .container-wrap, .tribe-events-view, #tribe-events-pg-template { background: #fff; } p.credit {text-align:right; margin-top: -160px; z-index: 9999; margin-right: 60px; } p.credit img {display: inline;} p.credit a { color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1);text-decoration:none; } .bold, b, strong { font-family: var(--bodyfont); font-weight: 600; } .row .col.section-title h1, .row .col.section-title h2 { font-family: var(--headerfont) !important; font-weight: 600; } /* BUTTONS */ /* CSS */ .nectar-button { position: relative; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0 1.3333333333rem; background-color: #d3d3d3; border-radius: 7px; transition: background-color .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1),color .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1) !important; height: 3.7333333333rem; box-shadow: 0px 0px 50px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.1); color: #fff; overflow: hidden; transform: translateZ(0); margin:0; outline: 0; border: 0; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; font: inherit; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; } .nectar-button.regular:before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; transform: scaleX(0); transition: transform .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1); transform-origin: center right; background-color: var(--secondary); } .nectar-button.extra-color-1:before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; transform: scaleX(0); transition: transform .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1); transform-origin: center right; background-color: var(--accent); } .nectar-button.see-through-2:before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; transform: scaleX(0); transition: transform .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1); transform-origin: center right; background-color: var(--secondary); } .col.light .nectar-button.see-through-2:hover { border-color: var(--secondary) !important; background-color: transparent !important; } .nectar-button.see-through-3:before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; transform: scaleX(0); transition: transform .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1); transform-origin: center right; background-color: var(--secondary); } .nectar-button:hover:before { transform: scaleX(1); transform-origin: center left; } .nectar-button:hover, .forminator-button:hover, .forminator-button-next:hover { -ms-transform: translateY(0px) !important; transform: translateY(0px) !important; -webkit-transform: translateY(0px) !important; } .nectar-button.regular.accent-color:hover span, .nectar-button.regular.accent-color:hover i, .forminator-button:hover span, .forminator-button-next:hover, .forminator-button:hover { transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in !important; } .nectar-button.regular.extra-color-1:hover span, .nectar-button.regular.extra-color-1:hover i { transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in !important; } .nectar-button.regular:after, .forminator-button:after { background-color: #FFFFFF; } .nectar-button.regular span, .forminator-button span, .forminator-button-next, .forminator-button { z-index: 2; position: relative; } .main-menu.nectar-button { padding-top: 16px !important; padding-left: 25px!important; margin-left:0!important; height: 50px !important; } .main-menu.nectar-button span { padding-left: 10px; } .nectar-button.see-through.instance-0:after { background: transparent !important; } .forminator-button-next { z-index: 2; } .forminator-ui .forminator-button { padding:22px 26px 22px 24px !important; position: relative; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0 1.3333333333rem; background-color: var(--accent); border-radius: 7px; transition: background-color .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1),color .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1) !important; height: 3.7333333333rem; box-shadow: 0px 0px 50px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.1); color: #fff; overflow: hidden; transform: translateZ(0); margin:0; outline: 0; border: 0; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; font: inherit; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; } /*.forminator-button-submit:before { content: "" !important; position: absolute !important; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; transform: scaleX(0) !important; transition: transform .6s cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1) !important; transform-origin: center right !important; background-color: var(--secondary) !important; color: #fff !important; }*/ .forminator-button:hover:before { transform: scaleX(1) !important; transform-origin: center left !important; } .forminator-ui .forminator-button { font-size: 1rem !important; } body, p, span, a, p strong { font-family: var(--bodyfont) !important; font-style: normal; } /* Heading titles */ h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6, h1 span,h2 span,h3 span,h4 span,h5 span,h6 span, .sf-menu span, .rsmail .button.btn.btn-primary { font-family: var(--bodyfont); font-style: normal; } #top nav > ul > li[class*="button_solid_color"] > a:before, #header-outer.transparent #top nav > ul > li[class*="button_solid_color"] > a:before, #header-outer #top .slide-out-widget-area-toggle[data-custom-color="true"] a:before { height: 40px; } /* OFF MENU */ #slide-out-widget-area.fullscreen-split .right-side { align-items: flex-start !important; } #slide-out-widget-area.fullscreen-split .right-side-inner { align-self: flex-start !important; } #slide-out-widget-area.fullscreen-split .left-side { justify-content: center; } /* FOOTER */ #footer ul.menu li { list-style: none !important; padding: 5px 0; } #footer ul.menu {margin-left: 0;} p.credit {text-align:right; font-size: 14px; } p.credit img {display: inline;} p.credit a { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);text-decoration:none; opacity: 0.3; } .blog-posts .post-header .title { font-size: 18px !important; line-height: 1.4 !important; } .posts-container .inner-wrap, .blog-recent .inner-wrap { border-radius:0 !important; } .blog-recent .inner-wrap { box-shadow: none !important; } .blog-recent .post-featured-img { max-height: 159px; } .blog-recent .meta-category { display: none; } .blog-recent { margin-bottom:0 !important; padding-bottom:0 !important; } .blog-recent .post { transition: all .5s ease; } .blog-recent .post:focus, .blog-recent .post:hover { box-shadow: 10px 10px 0 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 10%); } .conservation .inner-wrap, .conservation .article-content-wrap { background-color:#113628 !important; } .conservation h3.title { color:#fff !important; } #header-secondary-outer { background: #232323; } #header-secondary-outer a span, #header-secondary-outer i { color: #fff !important; font-weight: 300; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 1px; } .rsmail, #rsm_subscribe108 { display: flex; margin: 0 auto; } #rsm_email108 { border-radius: 30px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; padding: 10px 30px; min-width: 400px; } .rsmail .button.btn.btn-primary { border-radius: 30px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border: 0; padding: 10px 30px; text-transform: uppercase; background-color: #fff; color: #002d62; } #menu-footer-menu li, .footer p { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1) !important; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2; padding: 5px 0; } #menu-footer-menu li:first-child, .footer p:first-child { border-top: 0 !important; } #menu-footer-menu li a:hover, .footer p:hover { transition: all .15s ease-in-out !important; } .item-active { color: #ffd204 !important; } .masonry.classic_enhanced .masonry-blog-item .article-content-wrap, .blog-recent[data-style*="classic_enhanced"] .article-content-wrap { padding:0; padding-top: 20px; } .company-section .using-image { background-size: 80%; } g#worldmap { opacity: 0.5; } /* Testimonial */ .nectar_single_testimonial[data-style="bold"] p{ font-size:36px; line-height:140%; } .nectar_single_testimonial[data-style="bold"] p span{ margin-bottom: -70px; margin-top: -30px; } .home .large-featured-post-title { text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.5); } .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .inner-wrap { width:70%; } #boxed .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .recent-post-container, .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .recent-post-container { padding-bottom: 7% !important; } .recent-post-container.container { padding-left: 12%; padding-right: 12%; } /* NEWS POSTS */ .meta-category .style-underline, .nectar-post-grid-item__meta-wrap .meta-date, .nectar-post-grid-item__meta-wrap .meta-reading-time { font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--accent) !important; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; } .category-position-before-title.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .item-meta-extra { font-size: 1rem; } .nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap.item-meta-extra .meta-excerpt { color: #333 !important; } .nectar-post-grid[data-text-hover-color=dark] .nectar-underline .post-heading { background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--accent) 0, var(--accent) 100%); } .nectar-post-grid-wrap[data-style=content_under_image] .nectar-post-grid[data-shadow-hover=yes][data-card=yes] .nectar-post-grid-item:hover:after { box-shadow: 0 2px 20px rgba(30,30,30,.15) !important; } .nectar-post-grid-wrap .load-more-wrap { margin-top: 30px !important; } .nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap { border-bottom-left-radius: 0 !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0 !important; } .nectar-post-grid-wrap[data-style="content_under_image"] [data-grid-item-height="30vh"] .nectar-post-grid-item-bg { height: 26vh; } .nectar-hor-list-item { padding: 13px 22px; } .nectar-post-grid-wrap:not([data-style=content_overlaid]) .nectar-post-grid-item .content .meta-excerpt { max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.4; } .nectar-recent-post-bg { background-position: center top !important; } .nectar-event-date { margin-top: 10px; color: var(--accent) !important; font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 0.9rem; } .nectar-event-venue { font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 0.9rem; } .nectar-event-details { margin-top: 20px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: .7em; align-items: center; pointer-events: none; } .nectar-post-grid .nectar-event-details>span:not(:nth-child(1)):before { height: 2px; width: 2px; display: block; background-color: currentColor; border-radius: 100px; margin-right: .7em; content: ''; } .page-submenu .full-width-section { border-bottom: 1px solid #e8eaef; } .page-headers .wpb_wrapper { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 600px; padding: 10% 0 0; } .page-headers .wpb_wrapper div {width: 100%; } .page-headers h1 {margin-bottom: 20px !important;} .icon-breadcrumbs { margin: 0 10px; background: transparent !important; } .subtitle { margin-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 5px; } .team-member img { border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: var(--boxshadow); } .row .col .team-member h4 { font-size: 22px; } .row .col .team-member p.description, .team-member p.description { padding: 0; margin: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-top: 0; color: #555; font-size: 16px; } .row .col .team-member .position { font-weight: 700; color: var(--accent); font-size: 16px; } .wpb_gallery .nectar-flickity .flickity-slider .cell .item-meta p { color: #8d9aaf; padding-left: 30px; border-left: 15px solid var(--accent); } body .row .toggle .toggle-title, body .toggle .toggle-title a { font-size: 20px !important; font-weight: 500 !important; color: black; } /* EVENTS */ @media (min-width: 768px) { .tribe-events-back, .tribe-events-content p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .tribe-events-schedule { margin: var(--tec-spacer-1) 0 var(--tec-spacer-3); } .tribe-events-event-image img { width: 100%; height: auto; } } .tribe-events-sub-nav li { list-style-type: none; } .tribe-events-schedule h2 { font-weight: 700; color: var(--accent); } .tribe-events-content p { margin-bottom:0; } /* Pricing */ .pricing-table[data-style=flat-alternative] ul li { line-height: 1.5; } .nectar_single_testimonial { font-family: var(--bodyfont); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 0; } /* Form */ .forminator-checkbox-label { color: #000 !important; } body[data-fancy-form-rcs="1"] .fancy-select-wrap label, .forminator-label { color: var(--accent) !important; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; } body[data-fancy-form-rcs="1"] .fancy-select-wrap { padding-top: 0; } .et-db #et-boc .et_pb_module .forminator-ui.forminator-custom-form[data-design=default] select.forminator-select2+.forminator-select .selection span[role=combobox].select2-selection--single, .forminator-ui.forminator-custom-form[data-design=default] select.forminator-select2+.forminator-select .selection span[role=combobox].select2-selection--single { border-color: var(--extra-color-3); } .et-db #et-boc .et_pb_module .forminator-ui.forminator-custom-form[data-design=default] .forminator-error-message, .forminator-ui.forminator-custom-form[data-design=default] .forminator-error-message { font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1.3 !important; } .forminator-ui .forminator-button { padding: 22px 36px 22px 34px !important; } .forminator-ui .forminator-button:hover { color: #fff !important; -webkit-box-shadow: 0; box-shadow: 0; } /* Blogs */ #page-header-bg .subheader { font-size: 18px; padding-bottom: 20px; } .blog_next_prev_buttons {margin-top: 0px;} .container-wrap #author-bio #author-info p { max-width: 100%; opacity: .7; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 15px;} .container-wrap #author-bio #author-info {width: 90% !important; } #author-bio { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.04); padding: 20px 30px; margin-bottom: 2%; } .post .content-inner {padding-bottom: 4%;} .container-wrap #author-bio #author-info h3 { font-size: 25px; padding-bottom: 10px;} /* Form */ .forminator-error-message { font-size: 0.9rem; } .forminator-row { margin-top: 5px; } .forminator-button.forminator-button-submit { margin-top: 20px !important; color: #fff !important; } .forminator-button.forminator-button-submit:hover { background: var(--secondary) !important; } .forminator-textarea--wrap textarea { background: transparent !important; } .select2-results { background: #fff !important; } .forminator-select.forminator-select-dropdown-container--open .forminator-select-dropdown.forminator-dropdown--material .select2-results .select2-results__options .select2-results__option { border-bottom: 1px solid #ccd8e2; transition: .5s; } .select2-results__option:hover { background: rgba(204,216,226,0.35); } /* SITEMAP */ .wsp-pages-title { display: none; } .wsp-pages-list { margin-top:4%; } .wsp-pages-list li { list-style-type: none; } .wsp-pages-list > li { margin-top: 15px; } .wsp-pages-list ul ul { margin-top: 10px; } .wsp-pages-list > li > ul { margin-top: 1rem; } .wsp-pages-list ul li { position: relative; } .wsp-pages-list ul li::before { content: ""; display: inline-block; width: 1rem; height: 100%; border-left: 1px #ccc solid; position: absolute; top: -0.75rem; } .wsp-pages-list ul li::before { content: ""; display: inline-block; width: 1rem; height: 1.5rem; border-bottom: 1px #ccc solid; position: absolute; top: -0.75rem; } .wsp-pages-list li:first-child { border-top: 0; } .wsp-pages-list > li > a { font-weight: bold; } .wsp-pages-list ul li a { padding-left: 30px; } .wpb_gallery .nectar-flickity .flickity-slider .cell .item-meta .title { display: none; } body.material #slide-out-widget-area[class*=slide-out-from-right] .off-canvas-menu-container li { line-height: 2; } .nectar-recent-post-slide { display: flex; } .recent-post-container.container { align-self: flex-end; } #page-header-bg h1, .nectar-box-roll .overlaid-content h1 { font-family: var(--headerfont); } .nectar-button.regular:after, .forminator-button:after { background-color: transparent; } .nectar-button.regular:after, .forminator-button:after, body.material #slide-out-widget-area[class*="slide-out-from-right"] .off-canvas-menu-container li a:after { border-color: transparent; } /*events*/ #tribe-events-pg-template { width: 100%; } .tribe-events-event-image img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; } /* reports */ .report-template-default .blog_next_prev_buttons { display: none !important; } .single-report-row.post-area { display: flex; gap: 50px; align-items: center; max-width: 800px; margin: 2% auto 0 auto; } .single-report-row .report-heading { text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 0.8rem; letter-spacing: 1px; color: var(--accent); font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px; } .single-report-row .report-content { margin-bottom: 24px; } #password-page { margin-bottom: 5%; } #password-page .using-image { background-image: url('/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASEAN-1-scaled.jpg'); } .passcode-input { display: flex; max-width: 500px; } .breadcrumb_last stronmg { font-family: var(--bodyfont) !important; } #pwbox-12512 { background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1) !important; height: 60px; font-family: var(--bodyfont) !important; } .password-btn { height: 60px; font-family: var(--bodyfont) !important; text-transform: uppercase; border-radius-top-left: 0 !important; border-radius-bottom-left: 0 !important; } .membership-msg { margin-top: 15px; } .tribe-events-single ul.tribe-related-events li .tribe-related-event-info { padding-left: 4%; padding-bottom: 2%; } .forminator-ui .forminator-button.forminator-button-upload { padding: 11px 18px 11px 18px !important } /* Events */ .tribe-common--breakpoint-medium.tribe-events .tribe-events-l-container { padding-bottom: 0; } .type-tribe_event_series .post-featured-img { display: none; } .sml_namelabel, .sml_emaillabel { display: none; } .sml_subscribe { display: flex; justify-content: center; } .sml_nameinput { border-radius: 30px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; padding: 10px 20px !important; min-width: 200px; border-right: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2) !important; } .sml_nameinput::placeholder, .sml_emailinput::placeholder { color: #fff !important; opacity: 1 !important; } .btn.sml_submitbtn { border: 0; padding: 10px 20px; text-transform: uppercase; background-color: #fff; color: #002d62; height: 45px; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; } .btn.sml_submitbtn:hover { background: var(--secondary) !important; color: #fff !important; } .forminator-checkbox__label.forminator-consent__label p { padding-bottom:0; } body #header-secondary-outer[data-lhe=animated_underline] nav>.sf-menu>li:not([class*=button_])>a .menu-title-text:after { border-width: 0px; } .tribe-events-pro-venue__meta-featured-image-wrapper { display: none !important; } .tribe-events-pro-venue__meta-details { padding: 10% 5% !important; min-height: 400px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .tribe-events-event-image { width: 50% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1001px) { .nectar-flickity[data-controls*=arrows_overlaid]:not(.masonry) .flickity-viewport { margin: 24px 0 !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1389px) { #header-outer #top .sf-menu > .sf-with-ul > a { font-size: 13px; } .nectar-responsive-text.breadcrumb { margin-top: 50px; margin-bottom:0; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1260px) { #header-outer #top .sf-menu > .sf-with-ul > a, #header-outer[data-lhe="animated_underline"] #top nav > ul > li > a { font-size: 12px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1151px) and (max-width: 1231px) { .sf-sub-indicator { display: none; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1001px) and (max-width: 1280px) { /* Small desktops */ #menu-item-11879 .nectar-button { display: none; } .off-canvas-menu-container.mobile-only .nectar-button { margin-top: 15px; } .nectar-post-grid-wrap[data-style=content_under_image] .nectar-post-grid[data-card=yes] .nectar-post-grid-item .content { padding: max(7%, 10px); } .page-headers .wpb_wrapper { padding-top: 15%; } #ajax-content-wrap .font_size_desktop_60px.nectar-recent-posts-element .large-featured-post-title, .font_size_desktop_60px.nectar-recent-posts-element .large-featured-post-title { font-size: 30px !important; } .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured.multiple_featured>.container .controls { display: none; } .vc_col-md-9, .vc_col-sm-9 { width: 65%; } .vc_col-md-9 + .vc_col-md-3, .vc_col-sm-9 +.vc_col-sm-3 { width: 35%; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1000px) and (max-width: 1024px) { #ajax-content-wrap .custom_font_size_20px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading, .custom_font_size_20px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading { font-size: 16px; } #ajax-content-wrap .font_line_height_1-3.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading, .nectar-post-grid-wrap:not([data-style=content_overlaid]) .content .item-main { line-height: 1.2; } .category-position-before-title.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .item-meta-extra, .nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item__meta-wrap>span:not(:nth-child(1)):before { display: none; } body .container-wrap .inner_row[data-column-margin="50px"] .child_column { padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1024px) and (min-width: 768px) { .team-col .wpb_column { width: 33%; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1000px) and (max-width: 1600px) { #ajax-content-wrap .font_size_desktop_60px.nectar-recent-posts-element .large-featured-post-title, .font_size_desktop_60px.nectar-recent-posts-element .large-featured-post-title { font-size: 45px; } .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .controls { margin-top: 130px; } #header-outer[data-lhe="animated_underline"] #top nav > ul > li > a { margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; } #header-outer #logo img, #header-outer .logo-clone img, #header-outer .logo-spacing img { height: 36px; } .sf-menu.sf-js-enabled.sf-arrows { margin-right: 20px !important; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .home .flickity-page-dots { display: none; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1000px) and (max-width: 1180px) { /* ipad air */ #ajax-content-wrap .custom_font_size_20px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading, .custom_font_size_20px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading, #header-outer .custom_font_size_20px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading { font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; } #slide-out-widget-area.slide-out-from-right-hover .inner-wrap>.inner .off-canvas-menu-container .menu > li { margin: 25px 0 !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1366px) { /* iPad pro */ .nectar-post-grid .nectar-event-details>span:not(:nth-child(1)):before { display: none; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1024px) { .row .col .team-member h4 { font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10px; } .row .col .team-member .position { line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .row .col .team-member p.description, .team-member p.description { line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 15px; } #slide-out-widget-area[data-dropdown-func=separate-dropdown-parent-link] .off-canvas-menu-container li ul, .material #slide-out-widget-area[class*=slide-out-from-right] .off-canvas-menu-container li ul { margin-top: 10px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 999px) { .full-width-content .vc_col-sm-12 .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .recent-post-container, .full-width-content .vc_col-sm-12 .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured.multiple_featured>.container { padding-left: 10%; padding-right: 10%; } #boxed .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured[data-padding="14%"] .recent-post-container, .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured[data-padding="14%"] .recent-post-container { padding-top: 25%; padding-bottom: 25%; } .tabbed[data-style*=vertical] .wpb_tabs_nav li { font-size: 16px; } .tabbed[data-style*=vertical] .wpb_tabs_nav { text-align: left; width: 40%; } .tabbed[data-style*=vertical]>div { width: 60%; padding-left: 30px; } .nectar-flickity[data-controls*=arrows_overlaid]:not(.masonry) .flickity-viewport {margin: 0 !important;} #ajax-content-wrap .container-wrap .nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading, .container-wrap .font_size_tablet_17px.nectar-post-grid .nectar-post-grid-item .post-heading { font-size: 17px !important; } .nectar-post-grid-wrap .load-more-wrap {margin: 10px 0 !important;} .nectar-flickity.nectar-carousel.nectar-carousel:not(.masonry) .flickity-viewport { margin-top: 30px; } .nectar-carousel-flickity-fixed-content .nectar-button { margin-top: 0; } .single-report-row.post-area { display: block; } .single-report-row.post-area .vc_col-sm-6 { width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { body[data-bg-header=true].archive .container-wrap { padding-top: 0 !important; } .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured.multiple_featured>.container .controls { text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; } #rsm_email108 { max-width: 85%; min-width: auto; } .page-headers .wpb_wrapper { height: 400px; } #password-page.page-headers .wpb_wrapper { height: 100vh; } #password-page { margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .nectar-flickity[data-control-style=material_pagination] .flickity-page-dots, .nectar-flickity[data-controls=material_pagination] .flickity-page-dots { bottom: -55px; text-align: center !important; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; } .row .col h5, body h5, #slide-out-widget-area .nectar-ext-menu-item .inherit-h5, #ajax-content-wrap .nectar-inherit-h5 { line-height: 1.3; } div[data-style="minimal"] .toggle > .toggle-title a { padding: 15px 70px 15px 0; } body.single-post.material[data-bg-header=true] .container-wrap { padding-top: 10% !important; } .material .related-post-wrap h3.related-title { padding-top: 7%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 690px) { .vc_row.top-level.full-width-content .nectar-recent-posts-single_featured .recent-post-container > .inner-wrap { padding-top: 24px; padding-left: 5%; padding-right: 5%; } p.credit {text-align:right; margin-top: -150px; z-index: 9999; margin-right: 20px;line-height:1;} p.credit img {display: inline; width: 70px; margin-top: -10px; } p.credit a { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.2);text-decoration:none; font-size: 12px; } .nectar-hor-list-item .nectar-list-item[data-text-align=left] { padding-right: 0; } .team-col .wpb_column { width: 50%; } .nectar-flickity:not(.masonry) .flickity-viewport { overflow: visible !important; } .clients.no-carousel img { max-height: 70px; text-align: center; } .tabbed[data-style*=vertical] .wpb_tabs_nav { text-align: left; width: 100%; } .tabbed[data-style*=vertical]>div { width: 100%; padding-left: 0px; } #slide-out-widget-area.slide-out-from-right-hover .inner-wrap>.inner .off-canvas-menu-container li { line-height: 2 !important; } p.credit { margin-right: 0; margin-top: -30px; background: var(--accent); text-align: center; padding-bottom: 30px; } #slide-out-widget-area.slide-out-from-right-hover .inner-wrap>.inner .off-canvas-menu-container li:last-child { margin-top: 24px; } #slide-out-widget-area.slide-out-from-right-hover .menu-title-text { font-size: 16px; } } @media only screen and (min-device-width: 1024px) and (max-device-width: 1366px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (orientation: portrait) { /* Styles for iPad Pro in portrait */ .nectar-post-grid-wrap[data-style="content_under_image"] [data-grid-item-height="30vh"] .nectar-post-grid-item-bg { height: 15vh; } }</style><link 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data-query='{"post_type":"post","posts_per_page":"4","order":"DESC","orderby":"date","offset":"0","cpt_name":"post","custom_query_tax":"","ignore_sticky_posts":"","exclude_current_post":""}' data-load-more-color='black' data-load-more-text='Load More'><div class="nectar-post-grid-filters" data-active-color="default" data-align="default" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-sortable=""><div><a href="#" data-filter="commentaries" data-total-count="231">Commentaries</a></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid custom_font_size_20px font_size_tablet_18px font_size_phone_16px font_line_height_1-3 category-position-before-title tablet-cols-2 " data-indicator="" data-indicator-style="default" data-indicator-text-color="#fff" data-indicator-color="#000" data-indicator-text="View" data-columns="4" data-hover-effect="animated_underline" data-text-style="default" data-border-radius="5px" data-grid-item-height="30vh" data-grid-spacing="15px" data-text-layout="top_left" data-text-color="dark" data-text-hover-color="dark" data-shadow-hover="yes" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-animation-stagger="100" data-cat-click="default" data-lock-aspect="yes" data-text-align="left" data-card="yes" style="--post-grid-border-radius:5px;" ><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="11617" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="BKHS: Capitalising on the “Connectivity Contest” to Reshape Globalisation" href="https://siiaonline.org/bkhs-capitalising-on-the-connectivity-contest-to-reshape-globalisation/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201080%201080'%2F%3E" alt="" height="1080" width="1080" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-1024x1024.jpg" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-300x300.jpg 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-150x150.jpg 150w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-570x570.jpg 570w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-500x500.jpg 500w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18-700x700.jpg 700w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-18.jpg 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/bkhs-capitalising-on-the-connectivity-contest-to-reshape-globalisation/" aria-label="BKHS: Capitalising on the “Connectivity Contest” to Reshape Globalisation"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/bkhs-capitalising-on-the-connectivity-contest-to-reshape-globalisation/"><span>BKHS: Capitalising on the “Connectivity Contest” to Reshape Globalisation</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">Globalisation connotes massive flows of people, goods, services and capital, resulting in increased integration and interdependence of economies and societies. This process has created unprecedented economic growth and development. However,&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="11590" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="The Business Times: An SEZ with Johor could be a Game Changer" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-an-sez-with-johor-could-be-a-game-changer/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201080%201080'%2F%3E" alt="" height="1080" width="1080" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-1024x1024.jpg" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-300x300.jpg 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-150x150.jpg 150w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-570x570.jpg 570w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-500x500.jpg 500w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14-700x700.jpg 700w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-14.jpg 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-an-sez-with-johor-could-be-a-game-changer/" aria-label="The Business Times: An SEZ with Johor could be a Game Changer"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-an-sez-with-johor-could-be-a-game-changer/"><span>The Business Times: An SEZ with Johor could be a Game Changer</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">When the leaders of Singapore and Malaysia met at end-October, a broad agenda appropriately reflected the breadth of ties. Notwithstanding this, or that it was the first leaders’ retreat held&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="11592" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="The Straits Times: Biden-Xi Summit &#8211; Beyond Hello and a Handshake" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-straits-times-biden-xi-summit-beyond-hello-and-a-handshake/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201080%201080'%2F%3E" alt="" height="1080" width="1080" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-1024x1024.jpg" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-300x300.jpg 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-150x150.jpg 150w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-570x570.jpg 570w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-500x500.jpg 500w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15-700x700.jpg 700w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-15.jpg 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-straits-times-biden-xi-summit-beyond-hello-and-a-handshake/" aria-label="The Straits Times: Biden-Xi Summit &#8211; Beyond Hello and a Handshake"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/the-straits-times-biden-xi-summit-beyond-hello-and-a-handshake/"><span>The Straits Times: Biden-Xi Summit &#8211; Beyond Hello and a Handshake</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">Expectations are rising about a meeting between United States President Joe Biden and China’s leader Xi Jinping in mid-November. “We’re aiming to have a constructive conversation, meeting between the leaders in&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="11580" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="The Business Times: Haze and the Business Heat" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-haze-and-the-business-heat/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201080%201080'%2F%3E" alt="" height="1080" width="1080" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-1024x1024.jpg" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-300x300.jpg 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-150x150.jpg 150w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-570x570.jpg 570w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-500x500.jpg 500w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12-700x700.jpg 700w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_ArticlesCommentariesMedia-Note-12.jpg 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-haze-and-the-business-heat/" aria-label="The Business Times: Haze and the Business Heat"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/the-business-times-haze-and-the-business-heat/"><span>The Business Times: Haze and the Business Heat</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">After some years of blue skies, the fires and haze have returned, and these are triggering responses. Malaysia’s Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change Minister Nik Nazmi blames fires abroad&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="insights" data-column-margin="default" data-midnight="dark" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row full-width-section top_margin_0px bottom_margin_0px" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; "><div class="row-bg-wrap" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-animation-delay="" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap row-bg-layer" ><div class="row-bg viewport-desktop" style=""></div></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col left_padding_tablet_0px top_padding_desktop_4pct top_padding_phone_10pct right_padding_tablet_0px " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="fws_67f7285b76108" data-midnight="" data-column-margin="default" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-bottom" style=""><div class="row-bg-wrap"><div class="row-bg" ></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12 left"><div class="vc_col-sm-6 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="nectar-responsive-text nectar-link-underline-effect"><h4>Insights</h4></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_col-sm-6 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column top_padding_phone_20px " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="nectar-cta alignment_tablet_default alignment_phone_left display_tablet_inherit display_phone_inherit " data-color="default" data-using-bg="false" data-style="curved-arrow-animation" data-display="block" data-alignment="right" data-text-color="custom" ><h6 style="color: #002e6d;"><span class="link_wrap" ><a class="link_text" role="button" href="https://siiaonline.org/category/insights/"><span class="text">View all articles</span><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 22 22" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet"> <g transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,12,11)"> <g transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-1,3)"> <path class="line" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round" fill-opacity="0" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.5" d="M 7 3.3 L -3.2 3.3 C -5 3.3 -6.5 1.8 -6.5 0 L -6.5 -2.5"></path> </g> <g transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,4,-0.5)"> <path class="arrow" fill-opacity="0" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="#000" d="M -2.5 5 C -2.5 5 2.5 0 2.5 0"></path> <path class="arrow" fill-opacity="0" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="#000" d="M -2.5 -5 C -2.5 -5 2.5 0 2.5 0"></path> </g> </g> </svg></a></span></h6></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class='nectar-post-grid-wrap text-color-dark additional-meta-size-small spacing-15px' 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data-query='{"post_type":"post","posts_per_page":"4","order":"DESC","orderby":"date","offset":"0","cpt_name":"post","custom_query_tax":"","ignore_sticky_posts":"","exclude_current_post":""}' data-load-more-color='black' data-load-more-text='Load More'><div class="nectar-post-grid-filters" data-active-color="default" data-align="default" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-sortable=""><div><a href="#" data-filter="insights" data-total-count="237">Insights</a></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid custom_font_size_20px font_size_tablet_18px font_size_phone_16px font_line_height_1-3 category-position-before-title tablet-cols-2 " data-indicator="" data-indicator-style="default" data-indicator-text-color="#fff" data-indicator-color="#000" data-indicator-text="View" data-columns="4" data-hover-effect="animated_underline" data-text-style="default" data-border-radius="5px" data-grid-item-height="30vh" data-grid-spacing="15px" data-text-layout="top_left" data-text-color="dark" data-text-hover-color="dark" data-shadow-hover="yes" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-animation-stagger="100" data-cat-click="default" data-lock-aspect="yes" data-text-align="left" data-card="yes" style="--post-grid-border-radius:5px;" ><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="14305" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="China’s Revival: How Real It Is and the Role of its Partners" href="https://siiaonline.org/chinas-revival-how-real-it-is-and-the-role-of-its-partners/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201200%20355'%2F%3E" alt="" height="355" width="1200" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Chinas-Revival_Insights-1024x303.webp" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Chinas-Revival_Insights-1024x303.webp 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Chinas-Revival_Insights-300x89.webp 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Chinas-Revival_Insights.webp 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/chinas-revival-how-real-it-is-and-the-role-of-its-partners/" aria-label="China’s Revival: How Real It Is and the Role of its Partners"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/chinas-revival-how-real-it-is-and-the-role-of-its-partners/"><span>China’s Revival: How Real It Is and the Role of its Partners</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">As China reasserts itself on the global stage with increased investments into the Global South, ASEAN has been a clear beneficiary. Despite some headwinds and the volatile geo-strategic environment, the&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="14262" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="Towards 8% Growth: Can Indonesia Balance Productivity and Sustainability?" href="https://siiaonline.org/towards-8-growth-can-indonesia-balance-productivity-and-sustainability/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201200%20355'%2F%3E" alt="" height="355" width="1200" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Towards-8-per-cent-Growth_Insights-1024x303.webp" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Towards-8-per-cent-Growth_Insights-1024x303.webp 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Towards-8-per-cent-Growth_Insights-300x89.webp 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Towards-8-per-cent-Growth_Insights.webp 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/towards-8-growth-can-indonesia-balance-productivity-and-sustainability/" aria-label="Towards 8% Growth: Can Indonesia Balance Productivity and Sustainability?"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/towards-8-growth-can-indonesia-balance-productivity-and-sustainability/"><span>Towards 8% Growth: Can Indonesia Balance Productivity and Sustainability?</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">As part of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto’s push towards 8 per cent economic growth, Indonesia is aiming to expand its agricultural commodities industries. Can this be done alongside ecosystem conservation&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nectar-post-grid-item nectar-underline" style="background-color: #ffffff;" data-post-id="14062" data-has-img="true"><div class="inner"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap"><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg-wrap-inner"><a class="bg-wrap-link" aria-label="Politics and Power Struggles: South Korea&#8217;s Leadership Crisis" href="https://siiaonline.org/politics-and-power-struggles-south-koreas-leadership-crisis/"></a><div class="nectar-post-grid-item-bg"><img decoding="async" class="nectar-lazy skip-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%202560%20758'%2F%3E" alt="" height="758" width="2560" data-nectar-img-src="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Insights_Politics-and-Power-Struggles-1024x303.webp" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Insights_Politics-and-Power-Struggles-1024x303.webp 1024w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Insights_Politics-and-Power-Struggles-300x89.webp 300w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Insights_Politics-and-Power-Struggles-1536x455.webp 1536w, https://siiaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Insights_Politics-and-Power-Struggles-2048x606.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div></div><div class="content"><a class="nectar-post-grid-link" href="https://siiaonline.org/politics-and-power-struggles-south-koreas-leadership-crisis/" aria-label="Politics and Power Struggles: South Korea&#8217;s Leadership Crisis"></a><div class="item-main"><h3 class="post-heading"><a href="https://siiaonline.org/politics-and-power-struggles-south-koreas-leadership-crisis/"><span>Politics and Power Struggles: South Korea&#8217;s Leadership Crisis</span></a></h3><div class="nectar-post-grid-item__excerpt-wrap item-meta-extra"><span class="meta-excerpt">South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol has been indicted for being a “ringleader of an insurrection”, following his declaration of martial law on December 3rd. 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Against&hellip;</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="fws_67f7285b7978a" data-column-margin="default" data-midnight="dark" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row has-global-section full-width-content vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-top contain top_margin_0px bottom_margin_0px" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; "><div class="row-bg-wrap" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-animation-delay="" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap row-bg-layer" ><div class="row-bg viewport-desktop" style=""></div></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col left_padding_desktop_10pct left_padding_phone_0px top_padding_desktop_2pct top_padding_phone_15pct right_padding_desktop_10pct right_padding_phone_0px " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="fws_67f7285b79ac5" data-column-margin="default" data-midnight="dark" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row full-width-content vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-top contain top_margin_0px bottom_margin_0px" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; "><div class="row-bg-wrap" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-animation-delay="" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap row-bg-layer" ><div class="row-bg viewport-desktop" style=""></div></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left"><div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col left_padding_desktop_10pct left_padding_phone_0px top_padding_desktop_2pct top_padding_phone_0px right_padding_desktop_10pct right_padding_phone_0px " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="fws_67f7285b79bfe" data-midnight="" data-column-margin="default" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-middle top_padding_phone_0px bottom_padding_tablet_5pct bottom_padding_phone_7pct right_padding_phone_5pct left_padding_phone_5pct" style=""><div class="row-bg-wrap"><div class="row-bg" ></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12 left"><div class="vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-md-6 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column force-tablet-text-align-center force-phone-text-align-center top_padding_desktop_2pct top_padding_phone_0px right_padding_phone_0px bottom_padding_desktop_4pct " data-t-w-inherits="small_desktop" data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" ><div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="nectar-responsive-text nectar-link-underline-effect"><h3>Be Involved</h3></div><div class="nectar-responsive-text nectar-link-underline-effect"><p>Our achievements in research and analysis are possible with the incredible support from our members and community. 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