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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Extrinsic grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrinsic_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrinsic_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Intrinsic grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anglican responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anglican_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anglican responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anglican_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saepius_officio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saepius_officio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Saepius officio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saepius_officio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Anglican_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Anglican_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other Anglican responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Anglican_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsequent challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsequent challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gregory_Dix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregory_Dix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gregory Dix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregory_Dix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Jay_Hughes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Jay_Hughes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>John Jay Hughes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Jay_Hughes-sublist" 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apostolicae curae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolicae_Curae" title="Apostolicae Curae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apostolicae Curae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Papal bull by Leo XIII</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Apostolicae curae</i></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'With Apostolic care'</small><br /><small> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic letter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope <span class="nowrap">Leo XIII</span></a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pope Leo XIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg/75px-C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg/113px-C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg/150px-C_o_a_Leon_XIII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Signature date </span></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1896</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican orders">Anglican orders</a> are confirmed to be <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">invalid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/apost_letters/documents/litterae-apostolicae-apostolicae-curae-13-septembris-1896.html">In Latin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">AAS</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data">29 (1896-97): 193-203</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px"><div style="float: left;">← <i>Quod Romani Pontifices</i></div> <div style="float: right;"><i>Trans oceanum</i> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice,_canon_law.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scale of justice"><img alt="Scale of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Canon law of the Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><i>Ius vigens</i> (current law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_Doctrina" title="Indulgentiarum Doctrina">Indulgentiarum Doctrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li>Documents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus">Christus Dominus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius">Optatam totius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium ecclesiarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum ordinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_the_Church" title="Precepts of the Church">Precepts of the Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jus_antiquum" title="Jus antiquum">Jus antiquum</a></b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 33</span>-1140) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">The Apostolic Constitutions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_quadripartita" title="Collectio canonum quadripartita">Collectio canonum quadripartita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Quesnelliana" title="Collectio canonum Quesnelliana">Collectio canonum Quesnelliana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Wigorniensis" title="Collectio canonum Wigorniensis">Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmachian_forgeries" title="Symmachian forgeries">Symmachian forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Lay investiture controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">Plenitudo potestatis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus novum</b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1140</span>-1563) </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretist" title="Decretist">Decretist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaritae" title="Margaritae">Margaritae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">Jus commune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretales_Gregorii_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretales Gregorii IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretalist" title="Decretalist">Decretalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regul%C3%A6_Juris#Catholic_canonical_use" title="Regulæ Juris">Regulæ Juris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extravagantes" title="Extravagantes">Extravagantes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Septimus" title="Liber Septimus">Liber Septimus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus novissimum</b></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1563</span>-1918) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_Deus_(Pius_IV)" title="Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)"><i>Benedictus Deus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a></i></li></ul> <p><i><b>Jus codicis</b></i> (1918-present) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Sanctae" title="Ecclesiae Sanctae">Ecclesiae Sanctae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li></ul> <p>Other </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contractum_trinius" title="Contractum trinius">Contractum trinius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_judge-delegate" title="Papal judge-delegate">Papal judge-delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_Option" title="Right of Option">Right of option</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">Nomocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Exarch">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">Latin Church <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicam_sacram" title="Musicam sacram">Musicam sacram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scripturarum_thesaurus" title="Scripturarum thesaurus">Scripturarum thesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liturgiam_authenticam" title="Liturgiam authenticam">Liturgiam authenticam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacramental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844"><i>Communicatio in sacris</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments in the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defect of birth">Defect of birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Nullity of Sacred Ordination</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostolicae curae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">Dimissorial letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator#Catholic_Church" title="Consecrator">Episcopal consecrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Approbation (Catholic canon law)">Approbation (Catholic canon law)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_canons" title="Penitential canons">Penitential canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Theodori" title="Paenitentiale Theodori">Paenitentiale Theodori</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church">Seal of the Confessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_and_external_forum_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal and external forum (Catholic canon law)">Internal and external forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_on_the_importance_of_the_internal_forum_and_the_inviolability_of_the_Sacramental_Seal" title="Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal">Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_penitentiary" title="Canon penitentiary">Canon penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_Poenitentiae" title="Sacramentum Poenitentiae">Sacramentum Poenitentiae</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebret" title="Celebret">Celebret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sacramental#Catholic" title="Sacramental">Sacramentals</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_doctrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgentiarum doctrina">Indulgentiarum doctrina</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sacred places </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">Altars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Minor basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)#Catholic_Church" title="Oratory (worship)">Oratory</a> (chapel)</li></ul> <p>Sacred times </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Fast days and abstinence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitemini" title="Paenitemini">Paenitemini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimonial law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Canonical form (Latin Church) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ne_Temere" title="Ne Temere">Ne Temere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of Nullity</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetitum" title="Vetitum">Vetitum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediments to Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Clandestinity (Catholic canon law)">Clandestinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_of_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Impediment of crime">Impediment of crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">Disparity of cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamen" title="Ligamen">Ligamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_propriety" title="Public propriety">Public propriety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial dispensation">Matrimonial dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratum_sed_non_consummatum" title="Ratum sed non consummatum">Ratum sed non consummatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Validation_of_marriage" title="Validation of marriage">Sanatio in radice</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme authority, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular<br />churches</a>, and canonical structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><b>Supreme authority of the Church</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Conference of bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Churches <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li>Local particular churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of bishops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Abbacy <i>nullius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese (Roman Catholic)">Diocese/Archdiocese</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">Aeque principaliter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_persona_episcopi" title="In persona episcopi">In persona episcopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Diocesan Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery#Catholic_dioceses" title="Diocesan chancery">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">Vicar forane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)#Patriarchal_curia" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Eparchal curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">Mission <i>sui juris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic persons</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_of_priests_in_solidum" title="Team of priests in solidum">Team of priests <i>in solidum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeism" title="Trusteeism">Lay trusteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Pontifical council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of membership of Opus Dei">Types of membership of Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Association of the Christian faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquennial_visit_ad_limina" title="Quinquennial visit ad limina">Quinquennial visit ad limina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">Canonical coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonically_crowned_images" title="List of canonically crowned images">Canonically crowned images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computation_of_time_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Computation of time (Catholic canon law)">Computation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delegata_potestas_non_potest_delegari" title="Delegata potestas non potest delegari">Delegata potestas non potest delegari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">Derogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxa_Innocentiana" title="Taxa Innocentiana">Taxa Innocentiana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">Indult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Donation (Catholic canon law)">Donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">Interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obreption_and_subreption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Obreption and subreption (Catholic canon law)">Obreption & subreption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrogation" title="Obrogation">Obrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Resignation of the Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony#Catholic_Church" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacatio_legis" title="Vacatio legis">Vacatio legis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">Visitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Temporal goods (property)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefice#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Contract (Catholic canon law)">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altarage" title="Altarage">Stole fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">Temporalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_act_of_defection_from_the_Catholic_Church" title="Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church">Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Canonical age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_emancipation" title="Ecclesiastical emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy</a></li></ul> <p>Clerics </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">Regular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Clerics and public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">Incardination and excardination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (dispensation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Canonical faculties</a></li></ul> <p>Office </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_provision" title="Canonical provision">Canonical provision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">Canonical election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic and physical persons</a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">Jus patronatus</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a> </p> <br /><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Canonical documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctae_Sedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Sanctae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Censor librorum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Notary (Catholic canon law)">Notary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(canon_law)#Catholic_Church" title="Ordinance (canon law)">Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">Papal brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">Penitential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_positive_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_rescripts" title="Papal rescripts">Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Penal law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1324" title="Canon 1324">Canon 1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">Censure (Catholic canon law)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">Excommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excommunicable_offences_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church">List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinals_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (penal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae_and_ferendae_sententiae" title="Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae"><i>Latae sententiae</i> and <i>ferendae sententiae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_prayer_and_penance" title="Life of prayer and penance">Lifetime of prayer and penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_admonitions" title="Canonical admonitions">Canonical admonitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_prison" title="Ecclesiastical prison">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Procedural law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><i>Pars statica</i> (tribunals & ministers/parties) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical court">Tribunals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ministers of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial Vicar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Procurator (Catholic canon law)">Procurator</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Pars dynamica</i> (trial procedure) </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i> (matrimonial causes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_as_from_an_abuse" title="Appeal as from an abuse">Appeal as from an abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Presumption (Catholic canon law)">Presumption</a></li> <li>Penal procedure <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Canonization#Catholic_Church" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate"><i>Advocatus Diaboli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oblatio_vitae" title="Oblatio vitae">Oblatio vitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Positio" title="Positio">Positio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification_and_canonization_process_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification and canonization process in 1914">Beatification and canonization process in 1914</a></li></ul> <p>Election of the Roman Pontiff </p> <ul><li>Current law <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal practice and scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canon_law_legal_abbreviations_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canon law legal abbreviations (Catholic canon law)">List of legal abbreviations</a></li></ul> <p>Academic degrees </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li></ul> <p>Journals and Professional Societies </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Law_Society_of_America" title="Canon Law Society of America">Canon Law Society of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jurist_(journal)" title="The Jurist (journal)">The Jurist</a></i></li></ul> <p>Faculties of canon law </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Canon Law">School of Canon Law</a></li></ul> <p>Canonists </p> <ul><li>Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Hostiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemoine" title="Jean Lemoine">Jean Lemoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_(decretist)" title="Rufinus (decretist)">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke" title="Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke">Johannes Teutonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Trani" title="Geoffrey of Trani">Geoffrey of Trani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocard_(law)" title="Brocard (law)">Brocard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Modern & Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Corecco" title="Eugenio Corecco">Eugenio Corecco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Faris" title="John D. Faris">John D. Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Orsy" title="Ladislas Orsy">Ladislas Orsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclaustration" title="Exclaustration">Exclaustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_erection_of_a_house_of_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical erection of a house of religious">Canonical erection of a house of religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">Pontifical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_diocesan_right" title="Congregation of diocesan right">Diocesan right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institute of consecrated life</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism#Roman_Catholicism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">Clerics regular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_Sanctissimus" title="Cum Sanctissimus">Cum Sanctissimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primo_Feliciter" title="Primo Feliciter">Primo Feliciter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Provida Mater Ecclesia">Provida Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_laudis" title="Decretum laudis">Decretum laudis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template talk:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Apostolicae curae</b></i> is the title of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a>, issued in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, declaring all <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ordinations</a> to be "absolutely null and utterly void". The Anglican Communion made no official reply, but the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> published a response known by its Latin title <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Saepius_officio">Saepius officio</a></i> in 1897. </p><p>Leo XIII deemed Anglican <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordinations</a> <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">invalid</a> because he found the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a> deficient in intention and form. He declared that the rites expressed an intention to create a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> different from the sacrificing priesthood of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and to reduce ordination to a mere ecclesiastical institution instead of a sacramental conferral of actual grace by the action itself, thereby invalidating any sacramental <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>. He raised similar objection to the Anglican rite for the consecration of bishops, thus dismissing the entire subject of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> of Anglican priests and bishops from validly ordained 16th-century bishops. </p><p>The view of many Anglican bishops and defenders was that the required references to the sacrificial priesthood at the heart of the Roman argument never existed in many of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>' ordination liturgies, or in certain <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> ordination liturgies that the Catholic Church considered to be valid. In the Catholic view, the differences between these rites are a matter of tradition or custom, and indicate no intention to exclude a sacrificing priesthood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo XIII established a commission to consider the validity of Anglican orders after receiving an appeal for such a review from Fernand Portal, a Catholic and a former missionary, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a>, an Anglican. Following the establishment of the Church of England outside of papal authority, the Catholic Church did not recognize the consecrations of bishops by a prelate who accepted the supremacy of the English monarch and whose appointments lacked papal confirmation. Several centuries later, some hoped that a review in light of a contemporary understanding of grace that had developed in sacramental theology would support a different assessment. Leo's commission was equally divided between two opposing views, and Leo relied on his personal theologian, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Pierotti" title="Raffaele Pierotti">Raffaele Pierotti</a>, who was titled the Master of the Apostolic Palace (the role now called <a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian of the Pontifical Household</a>). Pierotti held a negative position on the validity of Anglican orders and believed that reaffirmation of their invalidity would result in many converts to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defect_of_Anglican_ordination_rites_asserted">Defect of Anglican ordination rites asserted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defect of Anglican ordination rites asserted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_XIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/170px-Leo_XIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/255px-Leo_XIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/340px-Leo_XIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>The bull of Pope Leo XIII declared all Anglican orders "absolutely null and utterly void"</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to <i>Apostolicae curae</i>, decisions had already been given by <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> that <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican orders</a> were <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">invalid</a>. The practices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> had supposed their invalidity. Whenever former Anglican <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> desired to be priests in the Catholic Church they were unconditionally <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> progressed, several members of the clergy and laity of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> argued that the Catholic Church practice of unconditionally ordaining clerical converts from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> arose out of a lack of inquiry into the validity of Anglican orders and from mistaken assumptions which, in the light of certain historical investigations, could no longer be asserted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who were interested in a corporate reunion of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> thought that, as a condition to such reunion, Anglican orders might be accepted as valid by the Catholic Church. A few Catholic writers thought that there was at least room for doubt and joined with them in seeking a fresh inquiry into the question and an authoritative judgment from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> who permitted the question to be re-examined. He commissioned a number of men, whose opinions on the matter were known to be divergent, to state the grounds for judgment in writing. He then summoned them to Rome and directed them to exchange writings. The pope placed at their disposal all the documents available and directed them to further investigate and discuss the matter. Thus prepared, he ordered them to meet in special sessions under the presidency of a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> appointed by him. Twelve such sessions were held in which "all were invited to free discussion". He then directed that the acts of those sessions, together with all the documents, should be submitted to a council of cardinals, "so that when all had studied the whole subject and discussed it in Our presence each might give his opinion". The final result was the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i>Apostolicae curae</i>, in which Anglican orders were declared to be invalid. The bull was issued in September 1896 and declared Anglican orders to be "absolutely null and utterly void":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2012175_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2012175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">ordinationes ritu anglicano actas irritas prorsus fuisse et esse, omninoque nullas.</span></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_XIII1896202_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_XIII1896202-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bull explained at length that the decision rested on extrinsic and on intrinsic grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrinsic_grounds">Extrinsic grounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extrinsic grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extrinsic grounds were said to be in the fact of the implicit approval of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> given to the constant practice of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sacrament" title="Conditional sacrament">unconditionally ordaining</a> former Anglican priests who desired to be priests in the Catholic Church and, also, in the explicit declarations of the Holy See as to the invalidity of Anglican orders on every occasion when its decision was given. According to the teaching of the Catholic Church, to attempt to confer orders a second time on the same person would be a sacrilege. Rome, by knowingly allowing the practice of ordaining former Anglican priests, supposed that their orders were invalid. The bull points out that orders received in the Church of England, according to the change introduced into the ritual under <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">King Edward VI</a>, were thought to be invalid by the Catholic Church. This was not through a custom grown up gradually, but from the date of that change in the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the reconciliation of the Church of England with the Holy See took place in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain#King_of_England_and_Ireland" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> sent Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> as <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">legate</a> to England with powers to meet the case. Those powers were "certainly not intended to deal with an abstract state of things, but with a specific and concrete issue". They were directed towards providing for holy orders in England "as the recognized condition of the circumstances and the times demanded". The powers given to Pole on 8 March 1554 distinguished two classes of priests: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the first, those who had really received sacred orders, either before the secession of Henry VIII, or, if after it and by ministers infected by error and schism, still according to the accustomed Catholic Rite; the second, those who were initiated according to the Edwardine Ordinal, who on that account could be promoted, since they had received an ordination that was null</p></blockquote> <p>The mind of Julius III appears also from the letter dated 29 January 1555 by which Pole delegated his powers to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich" title="Bishop of Norwich">Bishop of Norwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the same effect was a bull issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> on 20 June 1555 and a brief dated 30 October 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Apostolicae curae</i> also cites <a href="/wiki/John_Clement_Gordon" title="John Clement Gordon">John Clement Gordon</a> who had received orders according to the Edwardine ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> issued a decree on 17 April 1704 that he should be ordained unconditionally and he grounded his decision on the "defect of form and intention".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic_grounds">Intrinsic grounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intrinsic grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intrinsic reason for which Anglican orders were pronounced invalid by the bull, was the "defect of form and intention".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It set forth that "the Sacraments of the New Law, as sensible and efficient signs of invisible grace, ought both to signify the grace which they effect, and effect the grace which they signify".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite used in administering a sacrament must be directed to the meaning of that sacrament or else there would be no reason why the rite used in one sacrament may not effect another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What effects a sacrament is the intention of administering that sacrament and the rite used according to that intention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bull took note of the fact that in 1662 the form introduced in the Edwardine ordinal of 1552 had added to it the words: "for the office and work of a priest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it observed that this shows that the Anglicans themselves perceived that the first form was defective and inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome felt that even if this addition could give the form its due signification, it was introduced too late.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century had already elapsed since the adoption of the Edwardine ordinal and as the hierarchy had become extinct there remained no power of ordaining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same was held to be true of episcopal consecration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episcopate is thought to constitute the priesthood in the highest degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was concluded that the true priesthood was utterly eliminated from the Anglican rite and the priesthood was in no way conferred truly and validly in the episcopal consecration of the same rite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same reason the episcopate was in no way truly and validly conferred by it and this the more so because among the first duties of the episcopate is that of ordaining ministers for the Holy Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope went on to state that the Anglican ordinal had included what he felt were the errors of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. It could not be used to confer valid orders, nor could it later be purged of this original defect, chiefly because he felt the words used in it had a meaning entirely different from what would be required to confer the sacrament. The pope felt that not only was the proper form for the sacrament lacking in the Anglican ordinal, but the intention was also lacking. He concluded by explaining how carefully and how prudently this matter has been examined by the Holy See. He stated that those who examined it with him were agreed that the question had already been settled, but that it might be reconsidered and decided in the light of the latest controversies over the question. He then declared that ordinations conducted with the Anglican rite were "null and void", and implored those who were not Catholic and who wanted orders to return to the one sheepfold of Christ where they would find the true aids for salvation. He also invited those who were the ministers of religion in their various congregations to be reconciled to the Catholic Church, assuring them of his sympathy in their spiritual struggles. The bull concludes with the usual declaration of the authority of an apostolic letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglican_responses">Anglican responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglican responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No official reply was promulgated by the Church of England or by any other Anglican church. At the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of 1897 a subcommittee report made reference to "an examination of the position of the Church of England" by the Pope, but they declined to submit any resolution concerning "the Latin communion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1920246_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1920246-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saepius_officio"><i>Saepius officio</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Saepius officio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG/159px-Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG/239px-Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG/318px-Frederick_Temple_1900_Bradford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2044" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg/155px-Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg/233px-Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Williamdalrymplemaclagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a>, Archbishop of York</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, answered Pope Leo's charges in their written response, <i>Saepius officio: Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the bull </i>Apostolicae Curae<i> of H.H. Leo XIII</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, they asserted that the ordination ceremonies in question were biblically valid. They then provided pages of quotations, detailing Catholic and Eastern Orthodox liturgies that they considered guilty of the same alleged offenses. According to the archbishops, if the ordinations of the bishops and priests in the Anglican churches were invalid then, by the same measure, so must be the ordinations of clergy in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the charge of intent, the response argued that the readmission of the required phrases in 1662 were addressed more to the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> rather than the Roman controversy. They asserted also that the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> as a whole contained a strong sacrificial theology in the ordinal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They agreed that, at the time of the reunion of the churches under Queen Mary, many Edwardian priests were deprived for various reasons. They then demonstrated that not one priest was deprived on account of defect of order. Some were voluntarily reordained and others received anointing as a supplement to their previous ordination. Some, and perhaps the majority, remained in their benefices without reordination. By contrast all who were married had to put their wives away as invalidly married. In some cases, Edwardian priests were promoted to higher positions in the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued against the pope's example of John Clement Gordon, stating that—among other things—Gordon's desire for reordination had its roots in the discredited <a href="/wiki/Nag%27s_Head_Fable" title="Nag's Head Fable">Nag's Head Fable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan189714_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan189714-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic bishops of England and Wales issued a response to <i>Saepius officio</i>, entitled <i>A Vindication of the Bull 'Apostolicae Curae<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, and pointed out the Protestant theology of Cranmer and the English Reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1907_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1907-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Anglican_responses">Other Anglican responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Anglican responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Cardinal_Vaughan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Herbert_Cardinal_Vaughan.jpg/170px-Herbert_Cardinal_Vaughan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Herbert_Cardinal_Vaughan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vaughan" title="Herbert Vaughan">Herbert Vaughan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One evangelical response declared that "Christian teaching must be tested by the New Testament, not by any nebulous formula known as 'Catholic truth'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalleine1909315_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalleine1909315-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Anglican view was that of <a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a>, who succeeded Temple as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1903. He stressed "the strength and depth of the Protestantism of England" and regarded other differences with Rome as much more important than its views on Anglican orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1935232_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1935232-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helped by articles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, <i>Apostolicae curae</i> was understood to mean that orders conferred in the Church of England were not, to the Pope, orders in the Catholic sense. Anglican resentment began to abate. Vaughan's biographer comments that, "there would probably have been much more resentment had the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> declared in favour of Anglican orders and declared Anglican clergy 'massing priests'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormack1966254_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormack1966254-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless Vaughan saw fit to publish <i>A Vindication of the Bull 'Apostolicae Curae': A Letter on Anglican Orders by the Cardinal Archbishop and Bishops of the Province of Westminster</i> in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1907498VaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1907498VaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_challenges">Subsequent challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsequent challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregory_Dix">Gregory Dix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gregory Dix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944 <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dix" title="Gregory Dix">Gregory Dix</a>, an Anglican Benedictine monk of <a href="/wiki/Nashdom_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashdom Abbey">Nashdom Abbey</a>, published a defence of Anglican orders, arguing that "It is a commonplace of all theology, Roman or Anglican, that no public formulary can be or ought to be interpreted by the private sense attached to it by the compilers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDix195630_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDix195630-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Church of England", Dix says, "never committed itself in any way to his interpretation of the rites [Cranmer] had compiled and which the State compelled the Church to use", on which Paul F. Palmer commented: "Suffice it to note that Edward VI was recognized as the spiritual head of the Church of England. If the Oath of Supremacy meant anything, it meant at least this much."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dix opposed the projected <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">church union in South India</a>, which he saw as a possible model for similar schemes in England, and which in his view equated Anglican ordinations and those of <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and other Protestants: "What these proposals amount to is an official Anglican admission that Pope Leo XIII was right after all in his fundamental contention in <i>Apostolicae Curae</i>. [...] if these proposals were to be put into practice, the whole ground for believing in the Church of England which I have outlined would have ceased to exist."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Jay_Hughes">John Jay Hughes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: John Jay Hughes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1970 book, <i>Stewards of the Lord: A Reappraisal of Anglican Orders</i>, John Jay Hughes argued that there were enough flaws in and ambiguity surrounding the pope's apostolic letter to merit re-examination of the question of the invalidity of Anglican holy orders. Hughes himself had previously been an Anglican priest and was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sacrament" title="Conditional sacrament">conditionally ordained</a> in the Catholic Church. Other Anglican theological critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argued that apostolic succession had never been broken in the first place, due to valid ordinations tracing back to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a> and beyond to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basil_Hume">Basil Hume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basil Hume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle,_Cardinal_Hume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg/170px-Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg/255px-Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg/340px-Newcastle%2C_Cardinal_Hume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a> in Newcastle</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a>, Catholic Archbishop of Westminster (London, England), suggested that the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a> bishops in Anglican ordinations in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Agreement_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonn Agreement (religion)">Bonn Agreement</a> in the 20th century, along with changes of the consecratory prefaces, made it possible that some Anglican orders were valid, and that the 1896 document should be reconsidered.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I could not in practice dismiss all Anglican Orders as "null and void" because I know that a number of Anglican Bishops have in fact had the presence at their ordination of an Old Catholic or an Orthodox bishop, that is, somebody who, in the traditional theology of our Church, has been ordained according to a valid rite. As far as the Roman Catholic Church is concerned, I think it needs to look carefully again at <i>Apostolicae Curae</i> and its status. We need to discover whether the historical background upon which it was working and the argumentation upon which it was based is consonant with historical and theological truth as theologians and historians see it today.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1994, Hume reaffirmed the <i>Apostolicae curae</i> judgment that Anglican orders are invalid, but said that, in some "probably rare" cases, it could be doubted that the priestly ordination of a particular Anglican cleric was in fact invalid. If that cleric was to be admitted to ordained ministry in the Catholic Church, the need to avoid any doubt about the validity of the sacraments he would administer still required that he be ordained in the Catholic Church, though conditionally, not in the absolute way used when there is no doubt that the previous Anglican ordination was invalid. In one particular case, this view was approved by Rome. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While firmly restating the judgment of <i>Apostolicae Curae</i> that Anglican ordination is invalid, the Catholic Church takes account of the involvement, in some Anglican episcopal ordinations, of bishops of the Old Catholic Church of the Union of Utrecht who are validly ordained. In particular and probably rare cases the authorities in Rome may judge that there is a "prudent doubt" concerning the invalidity of priestly ordination received by an individual Anglican minister ordained in this line of succession. There are many complex factors that would require verification in each case. Of course, if there were other cases where sufficient evidence was available, the balance of that evidence may lead the authorities to reach a different judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-ewtn_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewtn-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the same time, he stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since the church must be in no doubt of the validity of the sacraments celebrated for the Catholic community, it must ask all who are chosen to exercise the priesthood in the Catholic Church to accept sacramental ordination in order to fulfill their ministry and be integrated into the apostolic succession.<sup id="cite_ref-ewtn_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewtn-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hume made these statements in relation to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Leonard" title="Graham Leonard">Graham Leonard</a>, formerly a bishop of the Church of England, who became a Catholic after retirement and, in 1994, was ordained a priest by Hume. This ordination was conditional due to "prudent doubt" about the invalidity of his ordination in the Church of England. Rome agreed with Hume's assessment that there was uncertainty in Leonard's case. He was later appointed a <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelate of Honour">Prelate of Honour</a> (both of which carry the title <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 3 August 2000. The prayer composed by Cardinal Hume for the ordination of Graham Leonard was used by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Vincent Nichols</a> (Archbishop of Westminster) at the 2021 ordination of the former Anglican Bishop <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nazir-Ali" title="Michael Nazir-Ali">Michael Nazir-Ali</a>, noting the "fruitfulness for salvation" of his ministry as an Anglican priest.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francesco_Coccopalmerio">Francesco Coccopalmerio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Francesco Coccopalmerio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, in remarks at an ecumenical forum that were later published, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Coccopalmerio" title="Francesco Coccopalmerio">Francesco Coccopalmerio</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a>, questioned the opinion expressed in <i>Apostolicae curae</i>: "When someone is ordained in the Anglican Church and becomes a parish priest in a community, we cannot say that nothing has happened, that everything is 'invalid'".<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cited the fact that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> presented his <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal ring">episcopal ring</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalice</a> to the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a> in 1966 as a recognition of <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">sacraments</a> celebrated in the Anglican Communion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What does it mean when Pope Paul VI gave a chalice to the Archbishop of Canterbury? If it was to celebrate the Lord's Supper, the Eucharist, it was meant to be done validly, no?” ... This is stronger than the pectoral cross, because a chalice is used not just for drinking but for celebrating the Eucharist. With these gestures the Catholic Church already intuits, recognises a reality.</p></blockquote> <p>Coccopalmerio said the current situation is "unclear": "The question of validity (of Anglican orders) is not a matter of law but of doctrine." He believes that the Catholic understanding of validity should be loosened, so that the context is taken into consideration in questions of validity of the sacraments. He points out that some issues that people pretend to be matters of faith are not so in reality, and are no reason for division between churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb2017_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canon lawyer <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a> objected to news coverage of Coccopalmerio's views that referred to Leo XIII's "remarks". He said that <i>Apostolicae curae</i>, as a papal bull, was arguably an infallible exercise of papal extraordinary magisterium, or at least "a prominent exercise of the ordinary papal magisterium which coalesced with several centuries of other ordinary exercises of papal-episcopal magisterium in rejecting the validity of Anglican orders to the point that Catholics must hold them invalid", as indicated in the official commentary that accompanied the Apostolic Letter <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></i>. Peters observed that the words attributed to the Coccopalmerio do not dispute the 1896 text directly, because the assertion that Anglican orders are invalid does not necessarily mean that when someone is ordained in the Anglican Church nothing has happened.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malines_Conversations_Group">Malines Conversations Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malines Conversations Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malines_Conversations" title="Malines Conversations">Malines Conversations</a></div> <p>In December 2021, the Malines Conversations Group, an independent Catholic-Anglican dialogues group, released a document titled <i>SORORES IN SPE - Sisters in Hope of the Resurrection: A Fresh Response to the Condemnation of Anglican Orders (1896)</i>. The document calls for the overturning of the decision of <i>Apostolicae curae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brian_Farrell_(bishop)" title="Brian Farrell (bishop)">Brian Farrell</a>, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, said that while his Vatican office did not sponsor the group's dialogue, "we are very happy", he said, that the question of Anglican orders was "being examined in the wholly different ecumenical context of today, when so much has been achieved in Anglican-Catholic relations."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaffirmation_by_the_Holy_See">Reaffirmation by the Holy See</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reaffirmation by the Holy See"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> issued a doctrinal commentary to accompany <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a>,</i> which established the formula of the profession of faith to be made by those assuming certain offices in the church. The congregation's commentary listed Leo XIII's declaration in <i>Apostolicae curae</i> on the invalidity of Anglican ordinations as an example of "those truths connected to revelation by historical necessity and which are to be held definitively, but are not able to be declared as divinely revealed". Anyone who denies such truths "would be in a position of rejecting a truth of Catholic doctrine and would therefore no longer be in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Catholic Church".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continuing authority of <i>Apostolicae curae</i> was affirmed in the essay "The Significance of the Apostolic Constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Anglicanorum_Coetibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicanorum Coetibus">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i>" by <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ghirlanda" title="Gianfranco Ghirlanda">Gianfranco Ghirlanda</a>, Rector of the Pontifical Gregorian University, released on 9 November 2009. In the essay, approved by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, Ghirlanda commented that "the ordination of ministers coming from Anglicanism will be absolute, on the basis of the Bull <i>Apostolicae curae</i> of Leo XIII of September 13, 1896".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several developments have complicated the possible re-examination of Anglican orders by the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> as priests and bishops in the Anglican Communion has been interpreted as expressing an understanding of ordination differing from that of the Catholic Church, which holds that male-only priesthood is a definitive teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the decision of some Anglican bodies to extend intercommunion to churches without the traditional understanding of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>, such as various Lutheran churches (see <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Porvoo Agreement">Porvoo Agreement</a>), also indicates a breaking with apostolic teaching and practice according to the Catholic Church. While the 1999 concordat in the United States between the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (ELCA) calls for Episcopal bishops to participate in the consecration of ELCA bishops, the agreement did not require the reordination of all ELCA bishops and ministers. This was done so that ELCA ministers ordained by these ELCA bishops could also serve in the Episcopal Church.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting on the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Porvoo Agreement">Porvoo Agreement</a>, Jesuit theologian and ecumenist, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Yarnold" title="Edward Yarnold">Edward Yarnold</a>, noted: "I am glad to acknowledge that the drafters of Porvoo made an effort not to contradict ARCIC, but although I have looked again and again, I cannot see that they were successful. The problem once again illustrates the impossibility of deciding which voice speaks for the Anglican Communion." And later in the same article: "What your ecumenical right-hand does must not contradict what is done by the left."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koch" title="Kurt Koch">Kurt Koch</a>, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, seemed to reiterate the same question at issue: "There are difficulties in the Anglican Communion and not all Anglican communities have the same convictions - that's a great problem for us." In the same interview, Koch added: "When the Anglican Church decides to have females in ministry, we must respect that", but he also stated that showing respect for their clergy does not mean Catholics can pretend the practice fits in with the Catholic understanding of a validly ordained ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other obstacles were mentioned by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, in a talk at a conference of Anglican bishops and laity at St Albans, England, in 2003. At that meeting he warned against a "mechanical" interpretation of the apostolic succession: "To stand in the apostolic succession is not a matter of an individual historical chain, but of collegial membership in a collegium which, as a whole, goes back to the apostles." He also noted that "a final solution [to recognition of Anglican orders] can be found only in the larger context of full communion in faith, sacramental life and shared apostolic vision". He specifically mentioned obstacles like "lay presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, and ethical problems such as abortion and homosexual partnerships".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position (with its emphasis on "doctrinal belief") seems to be in line with the attitude of Eastern Orthodoxy toward Anglican orders. <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a>, for example, notes in his book, <i>The Orthodox Church</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For Orthodoxy, the validity of ordinations does not depend simply on the fulfillment of certain technical conditions (external possession of the apostolic succession; correct form, matter and intention). The Orthodox also ask: What is the general sacramental teaching of the Christian body in question? What does it believe concerning the inner meaning of the apostolic succession and priesthood? How does it understand the eucharistic presence and sacrifice? Only when these questions have been answered can a decision be made about the validity or otherwise of ordinations. To isolate the problem of valid orders is to go up a blind alley. Realizing this, Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox in their discussions from the 1950s onwards have left the question of valid orders largely to one side, and have concentrated on more substantive and central themes of doctrinal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993320_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993320-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_episcopate_(Anglican_views)" title="Historic episcopate (Anglican views)">Historic episcopate (Anglican views)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laud was ordained <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> by his predecessor who himself had been ordained in a ceremony in which <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_de_Dominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcantonio de Dominis">Marcantonio de Dominis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Split-Makarska" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska">Roman Catholic Archbishop of Spolato</a>, was a co-consecrator. Anglican orders also descend through <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Curwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Curwin">Hugh Curwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin" title="Archbishop of Dublin">Archbishop of Dublin</a> (1557–1568), who was consecrated <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a> in the Roman rite in 1555 under Queen Mary I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss1965ch.&nbsp;64,_sec.&nbsp;III_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss1965ch.&nbsp;64,_sec.&nbsp;III-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Gara2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Gara, Margaret (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gRzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>No Turning Back: The Future of Ecumenism</i></a>. Liturgical Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814683385" title="Special:BookSources/9780814683385"><bdi>9780814683385</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Turning+Back%3A+The+Future+of+Ecumenism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780814683385&rft.aulast=O%27Gara&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gRzBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907644_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Riordan1907">O'Riordan 1907</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Riordan1907">O'Riordan 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2012175-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2012175_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy2012">McCarthy 2012</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_XIII1896202-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_XIII1896202_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeo_XIII1896">Leo XIII 1896</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1907645_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Riordan1907">O'Riordan 1907</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1920246-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1920246_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1920">Davidson 1920</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan1897_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempleMaclagan1897">Temple & Maclagan 1897</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan189714-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempleMaclagan189714_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempleMaclagan1897">Temple & Maclagan 1897</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1907-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1907_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1907">Smith 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalleine1909315-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalleine1909315_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalleine1909">Balleine 1909</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1935232-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1935232_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell1935">Bell 1935</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormack1966254-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormack1966254_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormack1966">McCormack 1966</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1907498VaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1907498VaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1907">Smith 1907</a>, p. 498; <a href="#CITEREFVaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898">Vaughan et al. 1898</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDix195630-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDix195630_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDix1956">Dix 1956</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/6/6.4/6.4.reviews-notices.pdf">Paul F. Palmer, Review of "Gregory Dix, <i>The Question of Anglican Orders: Letter to a Layman</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117224003/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/6/6.4/6.4.reviews-notices.pdf">Archived</a> 17 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Theological_Studies_(journal)" title="Theological Studies (journal)">Theological Studies</a></i>, vol. 6 (1945), issue 4, p. 548 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056394500600405">10.1177/004056394500600405</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dix, Gregory (1944). <i>The Question of Anglican Orders: Letters to a Layman</i> (Dacre Press, Westminster, England), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liturgicalnotes.blogspot.com/2016/07/anglican-orders.html">John Hunwicke, "Anglican Orders"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss1965ch.&nbsp;64,_sec.&nbsp;III-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss1965ch.&nbsp;64,_sec.&nbsp;III_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoss1965">Moss 1965</a>, ch. 64, sec. III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ct-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ct_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ct_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Interview with Basil Hume". <i>Church Times</i>. 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London: Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Vaughan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1965" class="citation book cs1">Moss, C. B. (1965) [1943]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katapi.org.uk/ChristianFaith/Contents.htm"><i>The Christian Faith: An Introduction to Dogmatic Theology</i></a>. London: SPCK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span> – via Katapi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Faith%3A+An+Introduction+to+Dogmatic+Theology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katapi.org.uk%2FChristianFaith%2FContents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Riordan1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Riordan_(priest)" title="Michael O'Riordan (priest)">O'Riordan, M.</a> (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apostolicae Curae"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apostolicae_Curae">"Apostolicae Curae" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Herbermann, Charles G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pace" title="Edward A. Pace">Pace, Edward A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Pallen, Condé B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan" title="Thomas Joseph Shahan">Shahan, Thomas J.</a>; Wynne, John J. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: The Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. <span class="nowrap">644–</span>645.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apostolicae+Curae&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E644-%3C%2Fspan%3E645&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=O%27Riordan&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Sydney F. (1907). "Anglican Orders". In <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Herbermann, Charles G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pace" title="Edward A. Pace">Pace, Edward A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Pallen, Condé B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan" title="Thomas Joseph Shahan">Shahan, Thomas J.</a>; Wynne, John J. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: The Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. <span class="nowrap">491–</span>498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglican+Orders&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sydney+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempleMaclagan1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Temple, Frederick</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">Maclagan, William</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a618699301churuoft"><i>Answer of the Archbishops of England to the Apostolic Letter of Pope Leo XIII on English Ordinations</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Answer+of+the+Archbishops+of+England+to+the+Apostolic+Letter+of+Pope+Leo+XIII+on+English+Ordinations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa618699301churuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanVaughanHedleyBagshawe1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vaughan" title="Herbert Vaughan">Vaughan, Herbert</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Vaughan_(bishop)" title="William Vaughan (bishop)">Vaughan, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Hedley_(bishop)" title="John Hedley (bishop)">Hedley, John Cuthbert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagshawe_(bishop)" title="Edward Bagshawe (bishop)">Bagshawe, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ilsley" title="Edward Ilsley">Ilsley, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lacy" title="Richard Lacy">Lacy, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Riddell" title="Arthur Riddell">Riddell, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Vertue" title="John Vertue">Vertue, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilkinson_(bishop_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle)" title="Thomas Wilkinson (bishop of Hexham and Newcastle)">Wilkinson, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_(bishop_of_Leeds)" title="William Gordon (bishop of Leeds)">Gordon, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Bilsborrow" title="John Bilsborrow">Bilsborrow, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Brownlow_(bishop)" title="William Brownlow (bishop)">Brownlow, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whiteside_(Archbishop_of_Liverpool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Whiteside (Archbishop of Liverpool)">Whiteside, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bourne" title="Francis Bourne">Bourne, Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Allen_(bishop)" title="Samuel Allen (bishop)">Allen, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Mostyn_(archbishop_of_Cardiff)" title="Francis Mostyn (archbishop of Cardiff)">Mostyn, Francis</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a618713902cathuoft"><i>A Vindication of the Bull 'Apostolicae Curae': A Letter on Anglican Orders by the Cardinal Archbishop and Bishops of the Province of Westminster</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vindication+of+the+Bull+%27Apostolicae+Curae%27%3A+A+Letter+on+Anglican+Orders+by+the+Cardinal+Archbishop+and+Bishops+of+the+Province+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+William&rft.au=Hedley%2C+John+Cuthbert&rft.au=Bagshawe%2C+Edward&rft.au=Ilsley%2C+Edward&rft.au=Lacy%2C+Richard&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Vertue%2C+John&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Gordon%2C+William&rft.au=Bilsborrow%2C+John&rft.au=Brownlow%2C+William&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Francis&rft.au=Allen%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Mostyn%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa618713902cathuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Timothy</a> (1993). <i>The Orthodox Church</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cox" title="Noel Cox">Cox, Noel</a> (2009). <i>The Catholicity of Ordained Ministry in the Anglican Communion: An Examination of the Ecclesiology Implicit in the Validity of Orders Debate</i>. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-12036-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-12036-3"><bdi>978-3-639-12036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholicity+of+Ordained+Ministry+in+the+Anglican+Communion%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Ecclesiology+Implicit+in+the+Validity+of+Orders+Debate&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+Germany&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag+Dr.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-639-12036-3&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_XIII2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> (2017) [1896]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_le13ac.htm"><i>Apostolicae curae</i></a>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostolicae+curae&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Leo+XIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocs_le13ac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApostolicae+curae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolicae_curae&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Apostolicae_curae" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_le13ac.htm">Apostolicae Curae in English</a> at the Catholic Library of <a href="/wiki/NewAdvent.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NewAdvent.org">NewAdvent.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/apost_letters/documents/litterae-apostolicae-apostolicae-curae-13-septembris-1896.html">Apostolicae Curae in Latin</a> from the Vatican's 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