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href="#Maintaining_gut_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maintaining gut flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintaining_gut_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_and_lymphatic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_and_lymphatic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Immune and lymphatic systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_and_lymphatic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appendicitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appendicitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appendicitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appendicitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Appendix (anatomy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendiks" title="Appendiks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Appendiks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زائدة دودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زائدة دودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="পৰিশেষিকা (শৰীৰস্থান) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিশেষিকা (শৰীৰস্থান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="অ্যাপেন্ডিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপেন্ডিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Апендикс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апендикс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvuljak" title="Crvuljak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crvuljak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A8ndix_vermiforme" title="Apèndix vermiforme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apèndix vermiforme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendix" title="Apendix – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apendix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluddyn_crog" title="Coluddyn crog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coluddyn crog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurmfortsatz" title="Wurmfortsatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wurmfortsatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0" title="އެޕެންޑިކްސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެޕެންޑިކްސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussripik" title="Ussripik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ussripik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Σκωληκοειδής απόφυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκωληκοειδής απόφυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ndice_vermiforme" title="Apéndice vermiforme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apéndice vermiforme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendico" title="Apendico – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apendico" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heste_sobre" title="Heste sobre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heste sobre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آپاندیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپاندیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice_il%C3%A9o-c%C3%A6cal" title="Appendice iléo-cæcal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appendice iléo-cæcal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aipindic" title="Aipindic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aipindic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ndice_vermiforme" title="Apéndice vermiforme – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apéndice vermiforme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2n-m%C3%AE" title="Lân-mî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lân-mî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EC%88%98" title="충수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="충수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Որդանման ելուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որդանման ելուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)" title="परिशिष्ट (शरीर रचना) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिशिष्ट (शरीर रचना)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvuljak" title="Crvuljak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvuljak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbai_cacing" title="Umbai cacing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umbai cacing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnlangi" title="Botnlangi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Botnlangi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice_vermiforme" title="Appendice vermiforme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Appendice vermiforme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="תוספתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוספתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A8w%C3%A8r_usus" title="Klèwèr usus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klèwèr usus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" title="Vermiform appendix – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Vermiform appendix" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аппендикс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аппендикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBviya_z%C3%AAde" title="Rûviya zêde – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûviya zêde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_vermiformis" title="Appendix vermiformis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Appendix vermiformis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81rpveida_pied%C4%93klis" title="Tārpveida piedēklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tārpveida piedēklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuermwutz" title="Wuermwutz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wuermwutz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirm%C4%97lin%C4%97_atauga" title="Kirmėlinė atauga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kirmėlinė atauga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormv%C3%B6rmig_aanhengsel" title="Wormvörmig aanhengsel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wormvörmig aanhengsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendis" title="Apendis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Apendis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9regny%C3%BAlv%C3%A1ny" title="Féregnyúlvány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Féregnyúlvány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="വിരരൂപ പരിശോഷിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിരരൂപ പരിശോഷിക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B" title="आंत्रपुच्छ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंत्रपुच्छ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendiks" title="Apendiks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apendiks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormvormig_aanhangsel" title="Wormvormig aanhangsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wormvormig aanhangsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एपेन्डिक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एपेन्डिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%AB%E5%9E%82" title="虫垂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虫垂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendiks" title="Appendiks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Appendiks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrostek_robaczkowy" title="Wyrostek robaczkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyrostek robaczkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%AAndice_vermiforme" title="Apêndice vermiforme – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apêndice vermiforme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendice_vermiform" title="Apendice vermiform – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apendice vermiform" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аппендикс человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппендикс человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Appendix (anatomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slepi%C4%8D" title="Slepič – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slepič" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvuljak" title="Crvuljak – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Crvuljak" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpilis%C3%A4ke" title="Umpilisäke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umpilisäke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskformiga_bihanget" title="Maskformiga bihanget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskformiga bihanget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apendiks" title="Apendiks – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apendiks" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குடல்வால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடல்வால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉండుకము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉండుకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ไส้ติ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไส้ติ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apandis" title="Apandis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apandis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Апендикс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апендикс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81" title="زائدہ دودیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زائدہ دودیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%83%DA%86%DB%95" title="سازاڭسىمان ئۆسۈكچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سازاڭسىمان ئۆسۈكچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%E1%BB%99t_th%E1%BB%ABa" title="Ruột thừa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruột thừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%91%E5%B0%BE" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tube attached to the intestine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Appendix</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg/200px-Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg/300px-Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg/400px-Tractus_intestinalis_appendix_vermiformis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Appendix with surrounding structures</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appendix_locations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Appendix_locations.svg/200px-Appendix_locations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Appendix_locations.svg/300px-Appendix_locations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Appendix_locations.svg/400px-Appendix_locations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1283" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Variations of the appendix</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midgut" title="Midgut">Midgut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Digestive system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_artery" title="Appendicular artery">Appendicular artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Appendicular_vein" title="Appendicular vein">Appendicular vein</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001065">D001065</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.7.02.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.7.02.007</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2976">2976</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma14542">14542</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9656" class="extiw" title="d:Q9656">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>appendix</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>appendices</b> or <b>appendixes</b>; also <b>vermiform appendix</b>; <b>cecal</b> (or <b>caecal</b>, <b>cæcal</b>) <b>appendix</b>; <b>vermix</b>; or <b>vermiform process</b>) is a finger-like, blind-ended tube connected to the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>, from which it <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develops in the embryo</a>. </p><p>The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>, located at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small</a> and the large intestines. The term "<a href="/wiki/Vermiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform">vermiform</a>" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and means "worm-shaped". The appendix was once considered a <a href="/wiki/Human_vestigiality" title="Human vestigiality">vestigial organ</a>, but this view has changed since the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that the appendix may serve an important purpose as a reservoir for beneficial <a href="/wiki/Gut_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut bacteria">gut bacteria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human appendix averages 9 cm (3.5 in) in length, ranging from 5 to 35 cm (2.0 to 13.8 in). The diameter of the appendix is 6 mm (0.24 in), and more than 6 mm (0.24 in) is considered a thickened or inflamed appendix. The longest appendix ever removed was 26 cm (10 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-record_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appendix is usually located in the lower right <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrant (anatomy)">quadrant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, near the right <a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">hip bone</a>. The base of the appendix is located 2 cm (0.79 in) beneath the <a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">ileocecal valve</a> that separates the large intestine from the small intestine. Its position within the abdomen corresponds to a point on the surface known as <a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a>. </p><p>The appendix is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a> in the lower region of the <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a>, by a short region of the <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesocolon</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesentery#Segments" title="Mesentery">mesoappendix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some identical twins—known as <a href="/wiki/Twin#Mirror_image_twins" title="Twin">mirror image twins</a>—can have a <a href="/wiki/Situs_inversus" title="Situs inversus">mirror-imaged anatomy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital condition</a> with the appendix located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen instead of the lower right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_malrotation" title="Intestinal malrotation">Intestinal malrotation</a> may also cause displacement of the appendix to the left side. </p><p>While the base of the appendix is typically located 2 cm (0.79 in) below the <a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">ileocecal valve</a>, the tip of the appendix can be variably located—in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>, outside the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> or behind the cecum.<sup id="cite_ref-Surgery_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of the different positions varies amongst populations with the retrocecal position being most common in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, with 67.3% and 58.3% occurrence respectively, in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> where the pelvic position is most common, with 55.8% and 57.7% occurrence respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In very rare cases, the appendix may not be present at all (<a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">laparotomies</a> for suspected appendicitis have given a frequency of 1 in 100,000).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes there is a semi-circular fold of <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> at the opening of the appendix. This <i>valve of the vermiform appendix</i> is also called <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Gerlach" title="Joseph von Gerlach">Gerlach's</a> valve.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintaining_gut_flora">Maintaining gut flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maintaining gut flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appendix_function_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Appendix_function_diagram.svg/220px-Appendix_function_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Appendix_function_diagram.svg/330px-Appendix_function_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Appendix_function_diagram.svg/440px-Appendix_function_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A possible function of the human appendix is a "safe house" for beneficial bacteria in the recovery from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although it has been long accepted that the immune tissue surrounding the appendix and elsewhere in the gut—called <a href="/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue" title="Gut-associated lymphoid tissue">gut-associated lymphoid tissue</a>—carries out a number of important functions, explanations were lacking for the distinctive shape of the appendix and its apparent lack of specific importance and function as judged by an absence of side effects following <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">its removal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBD4thEd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBD4thEd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the notion that the appendix is only <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> became widely held. </p><p>William Parker, Randy Bollinger, and colleagues at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> proposed in 2007 that the appendix serves as a haven for useful <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> when illness flushes the bacteria from the rest of the intestines.<sup id="cite_ref-health_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTBpaper_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTBpaper-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposition is based on an understanding that emerged by the early 2000s of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">intestinal bacteria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in combination with many well-known features of the appendix, including its architecture, its location just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine, and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue. </p><p>Research performed at <a href="/wiki/Winthrop%E2%80%93University_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop–University Hospital">Winthrop–University Hospital</a> showed that individuals without an appendix were four times as likely to have a recurrence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridioides_difficile_colitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clostridioides difficile colitis (page does not exist)"><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appendix, therefore, may act as a "safe house" for beneficial bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-health_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reservoir of bacteria could then serve to repopulate the <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">digestive system</a> following a bout of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> or to boost it following a milder gastrointestinal illness.<sup id="cite_ref-JTBpaper_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTBpaper-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_and_lymphatic_systems">Immune and lymphatic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immune and lymphatic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appendix has been identified as an important component of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mucosal_immunology" title="Mucosal immunology">mucosal immune function</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a>-mediated immune responses and <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">extrathymically</a> derived <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>. This structure helps in the proper movement and removal of waste matter in the digestive system, contains lymphatic vessels that regulate pathogens, and lastly, might even produce early defences that prevent deadly diseases. Additionally, it is thought that this may provide more immune defences from invading pathogens and getting the lymphatic system's B and T cells to fight the viruses and bacteria that infect that portion of the bowel and training them so that immune responses are targeted and more able to reliably and less dangerously fight off pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are different immune cells called <a href="/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell" title="Innate lymphoid cell">innate lymphoid cells</a> that function in the gut in order to help the appendix maintain digestive health.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research also shows a positive correlation between the existence of the appendix and the concentration of cecal lymphoid tissue, which supports the suggestion that not only does the appendix evolve as a complex with the cecum but also has major immune benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG/220px-Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG/330px-Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG/440px-Appendiceal_carcinoid_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>An appendiceal carcinoid tumor</figcaption></figure> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> of the appendix (in humans) are <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">carcinoid</a> tumors (appendiceal carcinoid).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Appendix_cancer" title="Appendix cancer">Appendix cancer</a> accounts for about 1 in 200 of all gastrointestinal malignancies. In rare cases, <a href="/wiki/Adenomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenomas">adenomas</a> are also present.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appendicitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a> is a condition characterized by <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the appendix. Pain often begins in the center of the abdomen, corresponding to the appendix's development as part of the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Midgut" title="Midgut">midgut</a>. This pain is typically a dull, poorly localized, <a href="/wiki/Viscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscus">visceral</a> pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_92-98_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_92-98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the inflammation progresses, the pain begins to localize more clearly to the right lower quadrant, as the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> becomes inflamed. This peritoneal inflammation, or <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>, results in <a href="/wiki/Rebound_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound tenderness">rebound tenderness</a> (pain upon removal of pressure rather than the application of pressure). In particular, it presents at <a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a>, 1/3 of the way along a line drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">umbilicus</a>. Typically, point (skin) pain is not present until the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_peritoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal peritoneum">parietal peritoneum</a> is inflamed, as well. Fever and an immune system response are also characteristic of appendicitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_92-98_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_92-98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other signs and symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and vomiting, low-grade fever that may get worse, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, abdominal bloating, or <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo-Appendicitis_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-Appendicitis-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appendicitis usually requires the removal of the inflamed appendix, in an <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">appendectomy</a> either by <a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">laparotomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</a>. Untreated, the appendix may rupture, leading to <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">shock</a>, and, if still untreated, death.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_92-98_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_92-98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></div> <p>The surgical removal of the appendix is called an <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">appendectomy</a>. This removal is normally performed as an emergency procedure when the patient is suffering from <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute (medical)">acute</a> appendicitis. In the absence of surgical facilities, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> are used to delay or avoid the onset of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. In some cases, the appendicitis resolves completely; more often, an inflammatory mass forms around the appendix. This is a relative <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindication</a> to surgery. </p><p>The appendix is also used for the construction of an efferent urinary conduit, in an operation known as the <a href="/wiki/Mitrofanoff_procedure" title="Mitrofanoff procedure">Mitrofanoff procedure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mingin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mingin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in people with a <a href="/wiki/Neurogenic_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurogenic bladder">neurogenic bladder</a>. </p><p>The appendix is also used as a means to access the colon in children with paralysed bowels or major rectal sphincter problems. The appendix is brought out to the skin surface and the child/parent can then attach a catheter and easily wash out the colon (via normal defaecation) using an appropriate solution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> suggested that the appendix was mainly used by earlier hominids for digesting fibrous vegetation, then evolved to take on a new purpose over time. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a>, appears to support this hypothesis. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. </p><p>As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-DescentOfMan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DescentOfMan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. Heather F. Smith of <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern University</a> and colleagues explained: </p> <blockquote><p>Recently ... improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science, pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe-house for symbiotic gut microbes, preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in societies without modern medicine. This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix. Three morphotypes of cecal-appendices can be described among mammals based primarily on the shape of the cecum: a distinct appendix branching from a rounded or sac-like cecum (as in many primate species), an appendix located at the apex of a long and voluminous cecum (as in the rabbit, greater glider and Cape dune mole rat), and an appendix in the absence of a pronounced cecum (as in the wombat). In addition, long narrow appendix-like structures are found in mammals that either lack an apparent cecum (as in monotremes) or lack a distinct junction between the cecum and appendix-like structure (as in the koala). A cecal appendix has evolved independently at least twice and represents yet another example of convergence in morphology between Australian marsupials and placentals in the rest of the world. Although the appendix has been lost by numerous species, it has also been maintained for more than 80 million years in at least one clade.<sup id="cite_ref-SEAL09_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEAL09-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a 2013 paper, the appendix was found to have independently evolved in different animals at least 32 times (and perhaps as many as 38 times) and to have been lost no more than six times throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-SEAL13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEAL13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent study using similar methods on an updated database yielded similar, though less spectacular results, with at least 29 gains and at the most 12 losses (all of which were ambiguous), and this is still significantly asymmetrical.<sup id="cite_ref-SEAL17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEAL17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This suggests that the cecal appendix has a selective advantage in many situations and argues strongly against its vestigial nature. Given that this organ may have a selective advantage in numerous situations, it appears to be associated with greater maximal longevity, for a given body mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Collard_et_al._2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collard_et_al._2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in a 2023 study, the protective functions conferred against diarrhea were observed in young primates.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complex evolutionary history of the appendix, along with a great heterogeneity in its evolutionary rate in various taxa, suggests that it is a recurrent trait.<sup id="cite_ref-LEAL11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEAL11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such a function may be useful in a culture lacking modern sanitation and healthcare practice, where <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> may be prevalent. Current <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> data on the cause of death in developing countries collected by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2001 show that acute diarrhea is now the fourth leading cause of disease-related death in developing countries (data summarized by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>). Two of the other leading causes of death are expected to have exerted limited or no selection pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdominal ultrasound showing a normal appendix between the external iliac artery and the abdominal wall"><img alt="Abdominal ultrasound showing a normal appendix between the external iliac artery and the abdominal wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg/120px-Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg/180px-Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg/240px-Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_appendix%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal ultrasound">Abdominal ultrasound</a> showing a normal appendix between the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external iliac artery</a> and the abdominal wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child"><img alt="Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png/60px-Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png/90px-Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png/120px-Blausen_0043_Appendix_Child.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system (frontal view)"><img alt="Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system (frontal view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/116px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/174px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/232px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system (frontal view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appendix_vermiformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vermiform appendix"><img alt="Vermiform appendix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Appendix_vermiformis.jpg/120px-Appendix_vermiformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Appendix_vermiformis.jpg/180px-Appendix_vermiformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Appendix_vermiformis.jpg/240px-Appendix_vermiformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vermiform appendix</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appendixcancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip"><img alt="Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Appendixcancer.jpg/120px-Appendixcancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Appendixcancer.jpg/180px-Appendixcancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Appendixcancer.jpg/240px-Appendixcancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mucinous <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> of the appendix tip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain"><img alt="Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg/120px-Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg/180px-Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg/240px-Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="3620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">Cross section</a> of the appendix with <i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius">Enterobius</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Micrograph of entry point of appendicular arteries (arrows at level of inner muscular layer), not to be confused with a perforation."><img alt="Micrograph of entry point of appendicular arteries (arrows at level of inner muscular layer), not to be confused with a perforation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg/114px-Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg/171px-Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg/227px-Micrograph_of_entry_point_of_appendicular_arteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Micrograph of entry point of <a href="/wiki/Appendicular_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendicular arteries">appendicular arteries</a> (arrows at level of inner muscular layer), not to be confused with a perforation.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meckel%27s_diverticulum" title="Meckel's diverticulum">Meckel's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_of_the_epididymis" title="Appendix of the epididymis">Appendix of the epididymis</a>, a detached efferent duct of the epididymis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendix testis">Appendix testis</a>, a vestigial remnant of the Müllerian duct</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">Epiploic appendix</a>, one of several small pouches of fat on the peritoneum along the colon and rectum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_of_the_laryngeal_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendix of the laryngeal ventricle">Appendix of the laryngeal ventricle</a>, a sac that extends from the laryngeal ventricle</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoappendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoappendix">Mesoappendix</a>, the portion of the mesentery that connects the ileum to the vermiform appendix</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKooijSahamiMeijerBuskens2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5011360">"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clinical_and_Experimental_Immunology" title="Clinical and Experimental Immunology">Clinical and Experimental 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2016.06.001">"Morphological evolution of the mammalian cecum and cecal appendix"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus Palevol</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CRPal..16...39S">2017CRPal..16...39S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2016.06.001">10.1016/j.crpv.2016.06.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Palevol&rft.atitle=Morphological+evolution+of+the+mammalian+cecum+and+cecal+appendix&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2016.06.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CRPal..16...39S&rft.au=Smith+H.+F.&rft.au=Parker+W.&rft.au=Kotz%C3%A9%2C+S.+H.&rft.au=Laurin%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crpv.2016.06.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collard_et_al._2021-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collard_et_al._2021_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollardBardinLaurinOgier‐Denis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Collard, Maxime K.; Bardin, Jérémie; Laurin, Michel; Ogier‐Denis, Eric (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13501">"The cecal appendix is correlated with greater maximal longevity in mammals"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>239</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1157–</span>1169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13501">10.1111/joa.13501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8546507">8546507</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=The+cecal+appendix+is+correlated+with+greater+maximal+longevity+in+mammals&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1157-%3C%2Fspan%3E1169&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8546507%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0021-8782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoa.13501&rft.aulast=Collard&rft.aufirst=Maxime+K.&rft.au=Bardin%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft.au=Ogier%E2%80%90Denis%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fjoa.13501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollardBardinMarquetLaurin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Collard, Maxime K.; Bardin, Jérémie; Marquet, Bertille; Laurin, Michel; Ogier-Denis, Éric (2023-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10517977">"Correlation between the presence of a cecal appendix and reduced diarrhea severity in primates: new insights into the presumed function of the appendix"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 15897. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..1315897C">2023NatSR..1315897C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-43070-5">10.1038/s41598-023-43070-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10517977">10517977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37741857">37741857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Correlation+between+the+presence+of+a+cecal+appendix+and+reduced+diarrhea+severity+in+primates%3A+new+insights+into+the+presumed+function+of+the+appendix&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15897&rft.date=2023-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10517977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatSR..1315897C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37741857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-023-43070-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Collard&rft.aufirst=Maxime+K.&rft.au=Bardin%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft.au=Marquet%2C+Bertille&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft.au=Ogier-Denis%2C+%C3%89ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10517977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEAL11-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEAL11_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurinEverettParker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laurin M, Everett ML, Parker W (April 2011). "The cecal appendix: one more immune component with a function disturbed by post-industrial culture". <i>Anatomical Record</i>. <b>294</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">567–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.21357">10.1002/ar.21357</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21370495">21370495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3237168">3237168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=The+cecal+appendix%3A+one+more+immune+component+with+a+function+disturbed+by+post-industrial+culture&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3237168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21370495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.21357&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Everett%2C+ML&rft.au=Parker%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726030646/http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/evolution_of_the_appendix_a_biological_remnant_no_more">"Evolution of the Appendix: A Biological 'Remnant' No More"</a>. <i>Duke Medicine News and Communications</i>. 21 August 2009 [20 August 2009]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/evolution_of_the_appendix_a_biological_remnant_no_more">the original</a> on 2012-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke+Medicine+News+and+Communications&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Appendix%3A+A+Biological+%27Remnant%27+No+More&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukehealth.org%2Fhealth_library%2Fnews%2Fevolution_of_the_appendix_a_biological_remnant_no_more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113818/http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/news/20071012/appendix-may-have-purpose">Appendix May Actually Have a Purpose</a>—2007 <a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a> article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l37/120102.htm">Anatomy photo:37:12-0102</a> at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Abdominal Cavity: The Cecum and the Vermiform Appendix"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/vestiges/appendix.html">"The vestigiality of the human vermiform appendix: A Modern Reappraisal"</a>—<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> argument that the appendix is vestigial</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithFisherEverettThomas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2009.01809.x">"Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolutionary_Biology" title="Journal of Evolutionary Biology">Journal of Evolutionary Biology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1984–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2009.01809.x">10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19678866">19678866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6112969">6112969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Comparative+anatomy+and+phylogenetic+distribution+of+the+mammalian+cecal+appendix&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1984-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6112969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19678866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2009.01809.x&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=HF&rft.au=Fisher%2C+RE&rft.au=Everett%2C+ML&rft.au=Thomas%2C+AD&rft.au=Bollinger%2C+RR&rft.au=Parker%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1420-9101.2009.01809.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppendix+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cho, Jinny (August 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227153301/http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/2009/08/27/scientists-refute-darwins-theory-appendix">"Scientists refute Darwin's theory on appendix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Duke_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicle (Duke University)">The Chronicle</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>). (News article on the above journal article.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vermiform_appendix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vermiform appendix">Appendix (anatomy)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li> <li>Spaces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sphincters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">upper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Curvatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No substructures</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appendix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis 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