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</button> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Habitat destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Deforestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overexploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overexploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Overexploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overexploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Poaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_Acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_Acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ocean Acidification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_Acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Culling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_Wildlife_Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_Wildlife_Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Illegal Wildlife Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_Wildlife_Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Species conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leatherback_sea_turtle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leatherback_sea_turtle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leatherback sea turtle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leatherback_sea_turtle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Habitat_conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Habitat conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Habitat_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red-cockaded_woodpecker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-cockaded_woodpecker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Red-cockaded woodpecker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-cockaded_woodpecker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation_genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Florida_panther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_panther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Florida panther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_panther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife_Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wildlife Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccine_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vaccine administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-government_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-government_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-government involvement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-government_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-government involvement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-government_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Non-governmental organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife conservation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حفظ الحياة البرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حفظ الحياة البرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artenschutz" title="Artenschutz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artenschutz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservaci%C3%B3n_de_la_vida_silvestre" title="Conservación de la vida silvestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conservación de la vida silvestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkonservado" title="Naturkonservado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturkonservado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="حفاظت حیات وحش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حفاظت حیات وحش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Conservation des espèces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conservation des espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%B3%B4%EC%A0%84" title="야생생물보전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야생생물보전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="वन्य जीवन की बातचीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वन्य जीवन की बातचीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8" title="שימור חיות בר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימור חיות בר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ವನ್ಯಜೀವಿ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವನ್ಯಜೀವಿ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Wildlife conservation" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservacion" title="Conservacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conservacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yovvoyi_tabiatni_muhofaza_qilish" title="Yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_chroniony" title="Gatunek chroniony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek chroniony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="වනජීවී සංරක්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වනජීවී සංරක්ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wildlife conservation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์ป่าคุ้มครอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ป่าคุ้มครอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaban_hayat%C4%B1_koruma" title="Yaban hayatı koruma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaban hayatı koruma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83" title="Охорона тваринного світу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Охорона тваринного світу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%E1%BB%93n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_hoang_d%C3%A3" title="Bảo tồn động vật hoang dã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảo tồn động vật hoang dã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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width="276" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ankeny_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg/414px-Ankeny_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ankeny_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg/552px-Ankeny_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Ankeny Wildlife Refuge in Oregon.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wildlife conservation</b> refers to the practice of protecting wild <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> in order to maintain healthy <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Major threats to wildlife include <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, degradation, fragmentation, <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, pollution, climate change, and the illegal wildlife trade. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> estimates that 42,100 species of the ones assessed are at risk for <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding to all existing species, a 2019 UN report on <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> put this estimate even higher at a million species. It is also being acknowledged that an increasing number of ecosystems on Earth containing endangered species are disappearing. To address these issues, there have been both national and international governmental efforts to preserve Earth's wildlife. Prominent conservation agreements include the 1973 <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES) and the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD).<sup id="cite_ref-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also numerous <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">nongovernmental organizations</a> (NGO's) dedicated to conservation such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_wildlife">Threats to wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Threats to wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG/275px-Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG/413px-Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG/550px-Lacanja_burn_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>A forest burned for agriculture in southern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_destruction">Habitat destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Habitat destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a> decreases the number of places where wildlife can live in. <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> breaks up a continuous tract of habitat, often dividing large wildlife populations into several smaller ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human-caused <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and fragmentation are primary drivers of species declines and extinctions. Key examples of human-induced habitat loss include deforestation, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">agricultural expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. Habitat destruction and fragmentation can increase the vulnerability of wildlife populations by reducing the space and resources available to them and by increasing the likelihood of conflict with humans. Moreover, destruction and fragmentation create smaller habitats. Smaller habitats support smaller populations, and smaller populations are more likely to go extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankham-2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankham-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant shift in human behavior, resulting in mandatory and voluntary limitations on movement. As a result, people have started utilizing green spaces more frequently, which were previously habitats for wildlife. Unfortunately, this increased human activity has caused destruction to the natural habitat of various species.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deforestation">Deforestation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> is the clearing and cutting down forests on purpose. Deforestation is a cause of human-induced habitat action destruction, by cutting down habitats of different species in the process of removing trees. Deforestation is often done for several reasons, often for either agricultural purposes or for <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, which is the obtainment of timber and wood for use in construction or fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation causes many threats to wildlife as it not only causes habitat destruction for the many animals that survive in forests, as more than 80% of the world's species live in forests but also leads to further climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation is a main concern in the tropical forests of the world. Tropical forests, like the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>, are home to the most biodiversity out of any other biome, making deforestation there an even more prevalent issue, especially in populated areas, as in these areas deforestation leads to habitat destruction and the endangerment of many species in one area.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some policies have been enacted to attempt to stop deforestation in different parts of the world, like the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a> of 1964 which designated specific areas wilderness to be protected.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overexploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a> is the harvesting of animals and plants at a rate that's faster than the species' ability to recover. While often associated with <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a>, overexploitation can apply to many groups including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The danger of overexploitation is that if too many of a species offspring are taken, then the species may not recover.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, overfishing of top marine predatory fish like tuna and salmon over the past century has led to a decline in fish sizes as well as fish numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg/275px-Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg/413px-Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg/550px-Illegal_wildlife_trade_confiscated_skins.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Confiscated animal pelts from the illegal <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">wildlife trade</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poaching">Poaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> for illegal <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife trading">wildlife trading</a> is a major threat to certain species, particularly endangered ones whose status makes them economically valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such species include many large mammals like African elephants, tigers, and rhinoceros (traded for their <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">tusks</a>, skins, and horns respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less well-known targets of poaching include the harvest of protected plants and animals for souvenirs, food, skins, pets, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Wildlife_Fund_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Wildlife_Fund-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poaching causes already small populations to decline even further as hunters tend to target threatened and endangered species because of their rarity and large profits.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Wildlife_Fund_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Wildlife_Fund-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_Acidification">Ocean Acidification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ocean Acidification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/220px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/330px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/440px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100</figcaption></figure> <p>As carbon dioxide levels increase concentration in the atmosphere, they increase in the ocean as well. Typically, the ocean will absorb carbon from the atmosphere, where it can be sequestered in the deep ocean and sea floor; this is a process called the <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a>. Increased carbon dioxide emissions and increased stratification (which slows the biological pump) decrease the ocean pH, making it more acidic. <a href="/wiki/Calcifying_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcifying organism">Calcifying organisms</a> such as coral are especially susceptible to decreased pH, resulting in mass bleaching events, inevitably destroying a habitat for many of coral's diverse inhabitants. Research (conducted through methods such as coral fossils and ancient <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> carbon analysis) suggests <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification_in_the_Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef">ocean acidification</a> has occurred in the geological past (more likely at a slower pace), and correlate with past extinction events.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culling">Culling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></div> <p>Culling is the deliberate and selective killing of wildlife by governments for various purposes. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">shark culling</a>, in which "shark control" programs in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) have killed thousands of <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, and other marine life.<sup id="cite_ref-afd_au_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afd_au-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queensland "shark control" program alone has killed about 50,000 sharks — it has also killed more than 84,000 marine animals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afd_au_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afd_au-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also examples of population culling in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">bison in Montana</a> and swans, geese, and deer in New York and other places.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/275px-Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/413px-Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/550px-Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_-_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide range of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> negatively impact wildlife health. For some pollutants, simple exposure is enough to do damage (e.g. pesticides). For others, its through inhaling (e.g. air pollutants) or ingesting it (e.g. toxic metals). Pollutants affect different species in different ways so a pollutant that is bad for one might not affect another. </p> <ul><li><b>Air pollutants</b>: Most <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollutants</a> come from burning fossil fuels and industrial emissions. These have direct and indirect effects on the health of wildlife and their ecosystems. For example, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulfur oxides</a> (SO<sub>x</sub>) can damage plants and stunt their growth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulfur oxides also contribute to acid rain, harming both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Other air pollutants like <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">ground-level ozone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particulate_pollution" title="Particulate pollution">particulate matter</a> decrease air quality.</li> <li><b>Heavy metals</b>: Heavy metals like <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a> naturally occur at low levels in the environment, but when ingested in high doses, can cause organ damage and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How toxic they are depends on the exact metal, how much was ingested, and the animal that ingested it. Human activities such as mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels, and various industrial processes have contributed to the rise in heavy metal levels in the environment.</li> <li><b>Toxic chemicals</b>: There are many sources of toxic chemical pollution including industrial wastewater, oil spills, and pesticides. There's a wide range of toxic chemicals so there's also a wide range of negative health effects. For example, synthetic pesticides and certain industrial chemicals are <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>. These pollutants are long-lived and can cause cancer, reproductive disorders, immune system problems, and nervous system problems.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <p>Humans are responsible for present-day <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> currently changing Earth's environmental conditions. It is related to some of the aforementioned threats to wildlife like <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and pollution. Rising temperatures, melting ice sheets, changes in precipitation patterns, severe <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, more frequent <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, storm intensification, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean">ocean acidification</a>, and rising sea levels are some of the effects of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenomena like droughts, wildfires, heatwaves, intense storms, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification_in_the_Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef">ocean acidification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>, directly lead to habitat destruction. For example, longer dry seasons, warmer springs, and dry soil has been observed to increase the length of wildfire season in forests, shrublands and grasslands. Increased severity and longevity of wildfires can completely wipe out entire ecosystems, causing them to take decades to fully recover. Wildfires are a prime example of the direct negative effect climate change has on wildlife and ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a warming climate, fluctuating precipitation, and changing weather patterns will impact species ranges. Overall, the effects of climate change increase stress on ecosystems, and species unable to cope with the rapidly changing conditions will go extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While modern climate change is caused by humans, <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">past climate change events</a> occurred naturally and have led to extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_Wildlife_Trade">Illegal Wildlife Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illegal Wildlife Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The illegal wildlife trade is the illegal trading of plants and wildlife. This illegal trading is worth an estimate of 7-23 billion<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an annual trade of around 100 million plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-www.sheffield.ac.uk-2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.sheffield.ac.uk-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 it was found that this trade has caused a 60% decline in species abundance, and 80% for endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-www.sheffield.ac.uk-2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.sheffield.ac.uk-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This trade can be devastating to both humans and animals. It has the capacity to spread zoonotic diseases to humans, as well as contribute to local extinction. The pathogens to humans may be spread through small animal vectors like ticks, or through ingestion of food and water. Extinction can be caused due to non-native species being introduced that become invasive. An example of how this may happen is through by-catch.These new species will outcompete the native species and take over, therefore causing the local or global extinction of a species.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the fittest animals in the species being hunted or poached, the less fit organisms will mate, causing less fitness in the generations to come. In addition to species fitness being lowered and therefore endangering species, the illegal wildlife trade has ecological costs. Sex-ratio balances may be tipped or reproduction rates are slowed, which can be detrimental to vulnerable species. The recovery of these populations may take longer due to the reproduction rates being slower.<sup id="cite_ref-KKIENERM_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKIENERM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wildlife trade also causes issues for natural resources that people use in their everyday lives. Ecotourism is how some people bring in money to their homes, and with depleting the wildlife, this may be a factor in taking away jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-KKIENERM_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKIENERM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illegal wildlife trade has also become normalized through various social media outlets. There are TikTok accounts that have gone viral for their depiction of exotic pets, such as various monkey and bird species. These accounts show a cute and fun side of owning exotic pets, therefore indirectly encouraging illegal wildlife trade. On March 30, 2021, TikTik joined the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online. They, along with other big social media companies work to protect species from illegal, harmful trade online.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that machine learning can filter through social media posts to identify indications of illegal wildlife trade. This filtration system is able to search for keywords, pictures, and phrases that indicate illegal wildlife trade, and report it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_conservation">Species conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Species conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_(17665415746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg/275px-Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg/413px-Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg/550px-Leatherback_Sea_Turtle_%2817665415746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Leatherback sea turtle (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is estimated that, because of human activities, current species extinction rates are about 1000 times greater than the <a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">background extinction rate</a> (the 'normal' extinction rate that occurs without additional influence).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>, out of all species assessed, over 42,100 are at risk of extinction and should be under <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 25% are mammals, 14% are birds, and 40% are amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because not all species have been assessed, these numbers could be even higher. A 2019 UN report assessing global biodiversity extrapolated IUCN data to all species and estimated that 1 million species worldwide could face extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation of a select species are often prioritized on several factors which include significant economic and ecological value, as well as desirability or attractiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, because resources are limited, sometimes it is not possible to give all species that need conservation due consideration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leatherback_sea_turtle">Leatherback sea turtle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leatherback sea turtle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">Leatherback sea turtle</a></div> <p>The leatherback sea turtle (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>) is the largest turtle in the world, is the only turtle without a hard shell, and is endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Fisheries_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Fisheries-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found throughout the central Pacific and Atlantic Oceans but several of its populations are in decline across the globe (though not all). The leatherback sea turtle faces numerous threats including being caught as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>, harvest of its eggs, loss of nesting habitats, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Fisheries_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Fisheries-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US where the leatherback is listed under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a>, measures to protect it include reducing bycatch captures through fishing gear modifications, monitoring and protecting its habitat (both nesting beaches and in the ocean), and reducing damage from marine pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is currently an international effort to protect the leatherback sea turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_conservation">Habitat conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Habitat conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_(5806270700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg/132px-Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg/199px-Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg/265px-Red-cockaded_woodpecker_feeding_young_%285806270700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Red-cockaded woodpecker (<i>Picoides borealis</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a> is the practice of protecting a habitat<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to protect the species within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes preferable to focusing on a single species especially if the species in question has very specific habitat requirements or lives in a habitat with many other endangered species. The latter is often true of species living in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>, which are areas of the world with an exceptionally high concentration of endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these hotspots are in the tropics, mainly tropical forests like the Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat conservation is usually carried out by setting aside protected areas like national parks or nature reserves. Even when an area isn't made into a park or reserve, it can still be monitored and maintained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-cockaded_woodpecker">Red-cockaded woodpecker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Red-cockaded woodpecker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red-cockaded_woodpecker" title="Red-cockaded woodpecker">Red-cockaded woodpecker</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg/220px-Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg/330px-Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg/440px-Picoides_borealis_USMC2005729133853B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption>Red-cockaded Woodpecker (picoides borealis)</figcaption></figure> <p>The red-cockaded woodpecker (<i>Picoides borealis)</i> is an endangered bird in the southeastern US.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It only lives in longleaf pine savannas which are maintained by wildfires in mature pine forests. Today, it is a rare habitat (as fires have become rare and many pine forests have been cut down for agriculture) and is commonly found on land occupied by US military bases, where pine forests are kept for military training purposes and occasional bombings (also for training) set fires that maintain pine savannas.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodpeckers live in tree cavities they excavate in the trunk. In an effort to increase woodpecker numbers, artificial cavities (essentially birdhouses planted within tree trunks) were installed to give woodpeckers a place to live. An active effort is made by the US military and workers to maintain this rare habitat used by red-cockaded woodpeckers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_genetics">Conservation genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservation genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_panther(2)_(5164633462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg/277px-Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg/416px-Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg/554px-Florida_panther%282%29_%285164633462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Florida panther (<i>Puma concolor coryi</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a> studies genetic phenomena that impact the conservation of a species. Most conservation efforts focus on managing population size, but conserving genetic diversity is typically a high priority as well. High genetic diversity increases survival because it means greater capacity to adapt to future environmental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankham-2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankham-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, effects associated with low genetic diversity, such as <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> and loss of diversity from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a>, often decrease species survival by reducing the species' capacity to adapt or by increasing the frequency of genetic problems. Though not always the case, certain species are under threat because they have very low genetic diversity. As such, the best conservation action would be to restore their genetic diversity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Florida_panther">Florida panther</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Florida panther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a></div> <p>The Florida panther is a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a> (specifically <i>Puma concolor coryi)</i> that resides in the state of Florida and is currently endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-www.fws.gov-2018_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.fws.gov-2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Florida panther's range covered the entire southeastern US. In the early 1990s, only a single population with 20-25 individuals were left. The population had very low genetic diversity, was highly inbred, and suffered from several genetic issues including kinked tails, cardiac defects, and low fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankham-2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankham-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, eight female Texas cougars were introduced to the Florida population. The goal was to increase genetic diversity by introducing genes from a different, unrelated puma population. By 2007, the Florida panther population had tripled and offspring between Florida and Texas individuals had higher fertility and less genetic problems. In 2015, the US Fish and Wildlife Service estimated there were 230 adult Florida panthers and in 2017, there were signs that the population's range was expanding within Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-www.fws.gov-2018_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.fws.gov-2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_methods">Conservation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conservation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_Monitoring">Wildlife Monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wildlife Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_(44187676292).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg/250px-Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg/375px-Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg/500px-Asiatic_Wild_Dogs_%2844187676292%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Non-invasive monitoring of the <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> is crucial for knowledge about its conservation status.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monitoring of wildlife populations is an important part of conservation because it allows managers to gather information about the status of threatened species and to measure the effectiveness of management strategies. Monitoring can be local, regional, or range-wide, and can include one or many distinct populations. Metrics commonly gathered during monitoring include population numbers, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity, although many other metrics may be used. </p><p>Monitoring methods can be categorized as either "direct" or "indirect". Direct methods rely on directly seeing or hearing the animals, whereas indirect methods rely on "signs" that indicate the animals are present. For terrestrial vertebrates, common direct monitoring methods include direct observation, <a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark-recapture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transects" class="mw-redirect" title="Transects">transects</a>, and variable plot surveys. Indirect methods include track stations, fecal counts, food removal, open or closed burrow-opening counts, burrow counts, runaway counts, knockdown cards, snow tracks, or responses to audio calls.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For large, terrestrial vertebrates, a popular method is to use camera traps for population estimation along with mark-recapture techniques. This method has been used successfully with tigers, black bears and numerous other species.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Remote_camera" title="Remote camera">Trail cameras</a> can be triggered remotely and automatically via sound, infrared sensors, etc. <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a>-based animal individual re-identification methods have been developed to automate such <i>sight-resight</i> calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark-recapture methods are also used with genetic data from non-invasive hair or fecal samples.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such information can be analyzed independently or in conjunction with photographic methods to get a more complete picture of population viability. </p><p>When designing a wildlife monitoring strategy, it is important to minimize harm to the animal and implement the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rs_(animal_research)" title="Three Rs (animal research)">3Rs principles</a> (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In wildlife research, this can be done through the use of non-invasive methods, sharing samples and data with other research groups, or optimizing traps to prevent injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccine_administration">Vaccine administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vaccine administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distributing vaccinations to wildlife who are particularly vulnerable is useful in conservation to prevent or decelerate extreme population declination in a species from disease and also decrease the risk of a <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic</a> spillover to humans. A pathogen that has never once been exposed to a specific species' evolutionary pathway can have detrimental impacts on the population. In most cases, these risks escalate in conjunction to other <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a> stressors, such as climate change or habitat loss, that ultimately lead a population to extinction without human intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods of vaccination varies depending on both the extent and efficiency of limiting the transmission of disease, and can be applied <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">intranasally</a> (IN), or injected either <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_administration" title="Subcutaneous administration">subcutaneously</a> (SC) or <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscularly</a> (IM).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation efforts regarding vaccinations often only serve the purpose of preventing disease related extinction. Rather than completely cleansing the population of the pathogen, infection rates are limited to a smaller percentage of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Case study: Ethiopian Wolf</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_wolf_(Canis_simensis_citernii)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_wolf_%28Canis_simensis_citernii%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3892" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii)</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian Wolf</a> (<i>Canis</i> <i>simensis</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canid</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, is an endangered species with less than 440 wolves remaining in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-African_Wildlife_Foundation_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-African_Wildlife_Foundation-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wolves are primarily exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">rabies virus</a> by domestic dogs and are facing extreme population declines, especially in the southern Ethiopia region of the <a href="/wiki/Bale_Mountains" title="Bale Mountains">Bale Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-African_Wildlife_Foundation_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-African_Wildlife_Foundation-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sillero-Zubiri-2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sillero-Zubiri-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter this, oral vaccinations are administered to these wolves within favorable bait that is widely distributed around their territories. The wolves consume the bait and with it ingest the vaccine, developing an immunity to rabies as antibodies are produced at significant levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sillero-Zubiri-2016_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sillero-Zubiri-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves within these packs who did not ingest the vaccine will be protected by <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a> as fewer wolves are exposed to the virus. With continued periodic vaccinations, conservationists will be able to spend more resources on further proactive efforts to help prevent their extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Sillero-Zubiri-2016_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sillero-Zubiri-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_involvement">Government involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a> was passed to protect US species deemed in danger of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern at the time was that the country was losing species that were scientifically, culturally, and educationally important. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES) was passed as part of an international agreement to prevent the global trade of endangered wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the World Conservation Strategy was developed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> with help from the UN Environmental Programme, World Wildlife Fund, UN Food and Agricultural Organization, and UNESCO.<u><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></u> Its purpose was to promote the conservation of living resources important to humans. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) was agreed on at the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">UN Conference on Environment and Development</a> (often called the Rio Earth Summit) as an international accord to protect the Earth's biological resources and diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the National Wildlife Federation, wildlife conservation in the US gets a majority of its funding through appropriations from the federal budget, annual federal and state grants, and financial efforts from programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Reserve_Program" title="Conservation Reserve Program">Conservation Reserve Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Reserve_Program" title="Wetlands Reserve Program">Wetlands Reserve Program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Habitat_Incentives_Program" title="Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substantial amount of funding comes from the sale of hunting/fishing licenses, game tags, stamps, and excise taxes from the purchase of hunting equipment and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Endangered Species Act is a continuously updated list that remains up-to-date on species that are endangered or threatened. Along with the update of the list, the Endangered Species Act also seeks to implement actions to protect the species within its list.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Endangered Species Act also lists the species that the act has recovered. It is estimated that the act has prevented the extinction of about 291 species, like <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a>, since its implementation through its different recovery plans and the protection that it provides for these threatened species.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-government_involvement">Non-government involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-government involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, as the public became dissatisfied with government environmental conservation efforts, people began supporting private sector conservation efforts which included several <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) .<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-1993_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-1993-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing this rise in support for NGOs, the U.S. Congress made amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a> in 1979 and 1986 “earmarking U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funds for [biodiversity]”.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-1993_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-1993-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990 till now, environmental conservation NGOs have become increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID funds dispersed for preserving the environment and its natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the terrorist attacks on <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> and the start of former President Bush's <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>, maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and its natural resources became a “priority” to “prevent international tensions” according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002<sup id="cite_ref-usaid1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act.<sup id="cite_ref-usaid1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaid1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_organizations">Non-governmental organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-governmental organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> exist to actively promote, or be involved with, wildlife conservation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF) <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_and_Flora_International" title="Fauna and Flora International">Fauna and Flora International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildTeam" title="WildTeam">WildTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">Traffic (conservation programme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Wildlife_Defence_Force" title="African Wildlife Defence Force">African Wildlife Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Cambodia%27s_Wildlife" title="Save Cambodia's Wildlife">Save Cambodia's Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildEarth_Guardians" title="WildEarth Guardians">WildEarth Guardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(ecology)" title="Refuge (ecology)">Refuge (ecology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CITES:_Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_dn_Flora_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php">"What is CITES?"</a>. <i>CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna dn Flora</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CITES%3A+Convention+on+International+Trade+in+Endangered+Species+of+Wild+Fauna+dn+Flora&rft.atitle=What+is+CITES%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cites.org%2Feng%2Fdisc%2Fwhat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/history/default.shtml">"History of the Convention"</a>. <i>Convention on Biological Diversity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fhistory%2Fdefault.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain-2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2013_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCainBowmanHacker2013" class="citation book cs1">Cain, Michael L.; Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2013). <i>Ecology</i> (3rd ed.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zsl.org&rft.atitle=ZSL+%26%23124%3B+A+science-driven+conservation+charity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zsl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife+conservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_conservation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Ingersoll1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ernest Ingersoll</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana 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href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_of_species" title="Template talk:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_of_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation of species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation<br />biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Conservation" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_behavior" title="Conservation behavior">Conservation behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation-dependent species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">Conservation-induced extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">Ex-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">In-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation" title="Mutualisms and conservation">Mutualisms and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology_of_parasites" title="Conservation biology of parasites">Conservation biology of parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">Species translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">Conservation agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_finance" title="Conservation finance">Conservation finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_management_system" title="Conservation management system">Conservation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_psychology" title="Conservation psychology">Conservation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">Community-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_conservation" title="Tropical rainforest conservation">Tropical rainforest conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Conservation_and_Development_Project" title="Integrated Conservation and Development Project">Integrated Conservation and Development Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">Other effective area-based conservation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation" title="Roadless area conservation">Roadless area conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_conservation" title="Roadside conservation">Roadside conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-based_conservation" title="Site-based conservation">Site-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">Conservation easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserve" title="Conservation reserve">Conservation reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_analysis_(conservation)" title="Gap analysis (conservation)">Gap analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_conservation_value_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High conservation value area">High conservation value area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" title="Landscape-scale conservation">Landscape-scale conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxan" title="Marxan">Marxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30 target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Human–wildlife conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_natural_regeneration" title="Assisted natural regeneration">Assisted natural regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem restoration">Ecosystem restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">Rewilding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_rewilding" title="Sea rewilding">marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By taxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_hotel" title="Insect hotel">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper_conservation" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation">Hawaiian honeycreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_fungi" title="Conservation of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Land mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx_reintroduction" title="Arabian oryx reintroduction">Arabian oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India" title="Cheetah reintroduction in India">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of elephants">Elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Indian elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises" title="Conservation of slow lorises">Slow loris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_conservation" title="Tiger conservation">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dolphin_(India)" title="Project Dolphin (India)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Gray nurse shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation" title="Manatee conservation">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_painted_turtles" title="Conservation of painted turtles">Painted turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter_conservation" title="Sea otter conservation">Sea otter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation" title="Plant cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Forest conservation in the United States">forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation issues">List of conservation issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_conservation_organizations" title="List of nature conservation organizations">List of organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservationists" title="List of conservationists">List of people</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservation_biology" title="Category:Conservation biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservation_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conservation by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand#Biodiversity_and_conservation" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoos" title="Category:Zoos">Category: Zoos</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Category: Aquariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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