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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval European Universities</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/250px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/375px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg/500px-Archiginnasio_ora_blu_Bologna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bologna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna University">Bologna University</a> in Italy, established in 1088 A.D., is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/250px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/375px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/500px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1224 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg/250px-Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg/375px-Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg/500px-Mob_Quad_from_Chapel_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a>, late medieval quarters of Merton College, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>list of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval universities</a></b> comprises <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> (more precisely, <i><a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">studia generalia</a></i>) which existed in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes short-lived foundations and European educational institutions whose university status is a matter of debate. The <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree-awarding</a> university with its <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a> organization and relative autonomy is a product of medieval <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the year 1500, over eighty universities were established in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial universities in Latin America">university was introduced to the New World</a>, marking the beginning of its worldwide spread as the center of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher learning</a> everywhere (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest universities">List of oldest universities</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">Studium generale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></div> <p>There were many institutions of learning (<i>studia</i>) in the Middle Ages in <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin Europe</a>—<a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a>, "schools of rhetoric" (law faculties), etc. Historians generally restrict the term "medieval university" to refer to an institution of learning that was referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">studium generale</a></i> in the Middle Ages. </p><p>There is no official strict definition of a <i>studium generale</i>, the term having emerged from customary usage. The following properties were common among them, and are often treated as defining criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-Rashdall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashdall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>It received students from everywhere (not merely the local district or region);</li> <li>It engaged in higher learning—i.e., that it went beyond teaching the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Liberal Arts">Arts</a>, and had at least one of the higher faculties (<a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law">Law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Medicine">Medicine</a>).</li> <li>A significant part of the teaching was done by <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Masters</a> (teachers with a higher degree)</li> <li>It enjoyed the privilege of <i>jus ubique docendi</i>—i.e., masters of that school were entitled to teach in any other school without a preliminary examination.</li> <li>Its teachers and students were allowed to enjoy any clerical <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefices</a> they might have elsewhere without meeting the mandatory residency requirements prescribed by <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a></li> <li>It enjoyed some degree of autonomy from local civil and diocesan authorities.</li></ol> <p>Charters issued by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> were often needed to ensure privileges 4–6. The fourth condition (teaching elsewhere without examination) was originally considered by scholars of the time to be the most important criterion, with the result that the appellation <i>studium generale</i> was customarily reserved to refer only to the oldest and most prestigious schools—specifically Salerno, Bologna, Paris, and sometimes Oxford—until this oligopoly was broken by papal and imperial charters in the course of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashdall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashdall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth criterion (continued benefices) was the closest there was to an "official" definition of a <i>studium generale</i> used by the Church and academics from the 14th century onwards, although there were some notable exceptions (e.g., neither Oxford nor Padua received this right, but they were nonetheless universally considered "<i>Studia Generalia</i> by custom").<sup id="cite_ref-Rashdall_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashdall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians have tended to focus on the first three requirements (students from everywhere, at least one higher faculty, teaching by masters). This has led to contention in making lists of Medieval universities. Some Italian universities, for instance, were quick to obtain papal charters and thus the privileges and title of a <i>studium generale</i>, but their student catchment never went much beyond the local district or they had only a couple of masters engaged in teaching. Other comparable schools (notably the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> of France), may have had wider student catchment and more masters, but neglected or failed to secure the chartered privileges and thus were never referred to as <i>studia generalia</i>. It is common to include the former and exclude the latter from lists of "Medieval universities", but some historians have disputed this convention as arbitrary and unreflective of the state of higher learning in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have discarded the <i>studium generale</i> definition, and come up with their own criteria for a definition of a "university"—narrowing it by requiring, for instance, that a university have all three higher faculties (Theology, Law, Medicine) in order to be considered a "Medieval university" (very few had all three), whereas others widen it to include some of the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral schools">cathedral schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace school">palace schools</a> and universities outside of <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin Europe</a> (notably in the Greek and Islamic world, for example the <a href="/wiki/Pandidakterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandidakterion">Pandidakterion</a> founded by the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> in 425 or <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a> in Morocco founded by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a> in 859, which may be the "first university in the world and the oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world"<sup id="cite_ref-Pierre_Riché_1999_176_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierre_Riché_1999_176-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>There is also contention on the founding dates of many universities. Using the date of acquisition of a papal and royal/imperial charter is inadequate, as the older universities, believing their status and reputations sufficient and indisputable, refused or resisted asking for an official charter for a long time. Some historians trace the founding of a university to the first date when evidence of some kind of teaching was done in that locality, even if only local and limited. Others wait until there is evidence of higher learning, a wide student catchment, the emergence of its masters teaching elsewhere or a more definitive mention of it as a <i>studium generale</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ranking</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Contemporaneous location</th> <th>Current location</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>C. 1088 (1158 charter granted)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bologna,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna, Italy">Bologna, Italy</a></td> <td>The first university in the sense of a higher-learning, degree-awarding institute, the word <i>universitas</i> having been coined at its foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_Janin_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_Janin_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ridder-Symoens_1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridder-Symoens_1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teaching there started much earlier since, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Sagredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Sagredo">Gerard Sagredo</a>, who was born in AD 980, learnt liberal arts there; by that time, the town already had a corporation of <i>legis doctores</i> and <i>causidici</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pierre_Riché_1999_176_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierre_Riché_1999_176-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1045-1150 (1200 charter granted)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td> <td>The school predates the foundation of the university proper and is attested in 1045<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which places its founding before that. The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of the University of Bologna) became the model for all later medieval universities. The University of Paris was known as a <i>universitas magistrorum et scholarium</i> (a guild of teachers and scholars), by contrast with the Bolognese <i>universitas scholarium</i>. <p>The university had four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest as students had to graduate there to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four <i>nationes</i> according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England. The last came to be known as the Alemannian (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1096–1167 (1248 charter granted)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, United Kingdom</td> <td>"Claimed to be the oldest university in the English speaking world, there is no clear date of foundation of Oxford University, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-OxHist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teaching suspended in 1209 (owing to the town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (owing to the <a href="/wiki/St_Scholastica_Day_riot" title="St Scholastica Day riot">St Scholastica riot</a>), but was continuous during the English Civil War (1642–1651)—the university was Royalist. <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls College">All Souls College</a> and University College have repeatedly claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that they own documents proving that teaching in Oxford started in the year 825, but these documents have never been produced (allegedly, John Speed dated his famous 1605 Oxford maps based on these documents). However, it was not until 1254 that Pope Innocent IV granted to Oxford the university charter by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> ("Querentes in agro"). </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1198 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">University of Hilandar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1217%E2%80%931346)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)">Kingdom of Serbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">Serbian Orthodox Hilandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Archbishop of Serbia</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> university.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a point of the Serbian academic, intellectual, educational, religious and cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was closed in the end of 15th century after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Notable members are philosopher <a href="/wiki/Domentijan" title="Domentijan">Domentijan</a>, translator and transcriber <a href="/wiki/Grigorije_of_Hilandar" title="Grigorije of Hilandar">Grigorije</a>, scribe <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_the_Hilandarian" title="Gabriel the Hilandarian">Gavrilo</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Teodosije_the_Hilandarian" title="Teodosije the Hilandarian">Teodosije</a>, mechanical engineer <a href="/wiki/Lazar_the_Serb" title="Lazar the Serb">Lazar</a> and printer <a href="/wiki/Hieromonk_Makarije" title="Hieromonk Makarije">Makarije</a>. Today was reopened as monastery. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>1204</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vicenza" title="University of Vicenza">University of Vicenza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Commune of Vicenza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, Italy</td> <td>Laical <a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">studium generale</a>, it was closed early, in 1209. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>1209 (1231 charter granted)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, United Kingdom</td> <td>Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209, and royal charter was granted in 1231. The university takes 1209 as its official anniversary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>1212</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Palencia" title="University of Palencia">University of Palencia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, Spain</td> <td>It was the oldest <i><a href="/wiki/Studium_Generale" class="mw-redirect" title="Studium Generale">Studium Generale</a></i> in the Iberian Peninsula. It disappeared c. 1264, and its remains transferred to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>1218 (probably older)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salamanca,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanca, Spain">Salamanca, Spain</a></td> <td>It is the oldest university in operation in the Hispanic world. Although there are records of the university granting degrees many years before (James Trager's <i>People's Chronology</i> sets its foundation date in 1134), it received the royal chart of foundation as "<i>Estudio General</i>" only in 1218, making it possibly the fourth or even the third oldest European university in continuous operations. However, it was the first European university to receive the title of "university" as such, granted by king of Castile and León, Alfonso X, and the Pope in 1254. Having been excluded from the university in 1852 by the Spanish government, the Faculties of Theology and Canon Law became the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 1940. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>1222 (probably older)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Commune of Padua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padua,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua, Italy">Padua, Italy</a></td> <td>Founded by scholars and professors after leaving Bologna. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>1224</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naples,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples, Italy">Naples, Italy</a></td> <td>The first public university, founded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>1229</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">County of Toulouse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toulouse,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse, France">Toulouse, France</a></td> <td>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VII,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse</a>, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1229)" title="Treaty of Paris (1229)">Treaty of Paris (1229)</a> ending the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a>. The treaty marks an unofficial end to the political autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">County of Toulouse</a>, and because he was suspected of sympathizing with the heretics, Raymond VII was forced to finance the teaching of theology as a means to dissolve the heretic movement. As a consequence, the teaching was done by members of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> in Toulouse in 1216 to oppose heresy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>1235 (1306)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">University of Orléans</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duchy of Orléans">Duchy of Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>In 1219, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Pope Honorius III</a> forbade the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> in the University of Paris. Then, a number of teachers and disciples took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>. In 1235 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a>, in a bull, affirmed that teaching <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> was not forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, in 1298, promulgated the sixth book of the <i>Decretals</i>, he appointed the doctors of Bologna and the doctors of Orléans to comment upon it. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> also studied law and letters in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and, by a papal bull published at Lyon, 27 January 1306, he endowed the Orléans institutes with the title and privileges of a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>1240</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">University of Siena</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siena,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena, Italy">Siena, Italy</a></td> <td>Originally called <i>Studium Senese</i>, was founded by Commune of Siena in 1240. In 1321, the <i>studium</i> was able to attract a larger number or pupils owing to a mass exodus from the prestigious University of Bologna. Closed temporarily in 1808–1815 when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany. On 7 November 1990 the university celebrated its 750th anniversary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>1241</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valladolid,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valladolid, Spain">Valladolid, Spain</a></td> <td>One hypothesis is that its foundation is the result of the transfer of Palencia's <i>studium generale</i> between 1208 and 1241 by Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and Bishop Tello Téllez de Meneses. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>1261</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northampton_(thirteenth_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Northampton (thirteenth century)">University of Northampton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a></td> <td>The University of Northampton was founded in 1261 by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. Abolished in 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>1262</td> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Valley_Scholars" title="College of the Valley Scholars">College of the Valley Scholars</a></td> <td>Kingdom of England</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></td> <td>The College was founded in 1262 by <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Bridport" title="Giles of Bridport">Giles of Bridport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury" title="Bishop of Salisbury">Bishop of Salisbury</a>, and dissolved in 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>1272</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Murcia" title="University of Murcia">University of Murcia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murcia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Murcia, Spain">Murcia, Spain</a></td> <td>The University of Murcia was founded in 1272 by King Alfonso X of Castile. It had no continuity after the 14th century, until it was refounded in 1915. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>1220 <p>(1289) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a></td> <td>Lordship of Montpellier, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montpellier,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Montpellier, France">Montpellier, France</a></td> <td>A bull issued by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289, combined all the long-existing schools, since 1160, into a university. The first statutes were given by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Urach" title="Conrad of Urach">Conrad of Urach</a> in 1220. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>1290</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Macerata" title="University of Macerata">University of Macerata</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a>, Italy</td> <td>The University of Macerata (Italian: <i>Università degli Studi di Macerata</i>) was founded in 1290, organized into seven faculties. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>1290</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coimbra,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coimbra, Portugal">Coimbra, Portugal</a></td> <td>Began its existence in Lisbon with the name <i>Studium Generale</i> (Portuguese: <i>Estudo Geral</i>). <i>Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis</i>, the royal charter announcing the institution of the university, was dated 1 March of that year, although efforts had been made at least since 1288 to create this first university in Portugal. The papal confirmation was also given in 1290 (on 9 August of that year), during the papacy of Pope Nicholas IV. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>1293</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid#History" title="Complutense University of Madrid">University of Alcalá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalá de Henares, Spain">Alcalá de Henares, Spain</a></td> <td>The University of Alcalá was founded by King Sancho IV of Castile as <i>Studium Generale</i> in 1293 in Alcalá de Henares. It was granted university status in a papal bull in 1499, and quickly gained international fame thanks to the patronage of Cardinal Cisneros and the production of the <a href="/wiki/Complutensian_Polyglot_Bible" title="Complutensian Polyglot Bible">Complutensian Polyglot Bible</a> in 1517, which is the basis for most of the current translations. The university moved to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> in 1836 by royal decree. The Moyano Law of 1857 established Complutense as the sole university in Spain authorized to confer the title of doctor on any scholar. This law remained in effect until 1969. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>1300</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lleida" title="University of Lleida">University of Lleida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, Spain</td> <td>Founded in 1300 as <i>Estudi General</i>, after a 1297 granting papal bull. It was closed down in 1717 along with the banning of the rest of Catalan universities and the original political institutions of Catalonia. Refounded on 12 December 1991. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>1303</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Sapienza_University_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sapienza University of Rome">La Sapienza University of Rome</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome, Italy</a></td> <td>Founded by Pope Boniface VIII, but became a state university in 1935. According to the <i>Catholic Encyclopaedia</i>, the university "remained closed during the entire pontificate of Clement VII". </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>1308</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perugia" title="University of Perugia">University of Perugia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perugia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugia, Italy">Perugia, Italy</a></td> <td>Attested by the Bull of Pope Clement V. On 19 May 1355, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> issued a bull confirming the papal erection and raising it to the rank of an imperial university. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>1320</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medieval_University_of_Dublin" title="Medieval University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</a></td> <td>Papal brief granted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> in 1311 to <a href="/wiki/John_de_Leche" title="John de Leche">John de Leche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin" title="Archbishop of Dublin">Archbishop of Dublin</a>, but it was not acted on until his successor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Bicknor" title="Alexander de Bicknor">Alexander de Bicknor</a>, issued an instrument establishing the university in 1320. The university had power to confer degrees, and three <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of theology">doctors of theology</a> were appointed. It was based at <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a>. The university struggled to attract benefactors and disappeared at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation</a> (1530s). It has no relation to the current <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a>, which was founded in 1592. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>1321</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence, Italy">Florence, Italy</a></td> <td>The University of Florence evolved from the <i>Studium Generale</i> established by the Florentine Republic in 1321. The <i>studium</i> was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>1336</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Camerino" title="University of Camerino">University of Camerino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camerino" title="Camerino">Camerino</a>, Italy</td> <td>The great poet and jurist <a href="/wiki/Cino_da_Pistoia" title="Cino da Pistoia">Cino da Pistoia</a>, living in Marche in the years 1319–1321, and in Camerino in the spring of 1321, remembers the territory blooming with juridical schools. Camerino had been a center of learning since no later than 1200, offering degrees in civil law, canonical law, medicine, and literary studies. Gregory XI took the decision upon the request of <a href="/wiki/Da_Varano" title="Da Varano">Gentile III da Varano</a> with the papal edict of 29 January 1377, directed to the commune and to the people, authorizing Camerino to confer (after appropriate examination) bachelor and doctoral degrees with apostolic authority. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>1339</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Grenoble">University of Grenoble</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grenoble,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenoble, France">Grenoble, France</a></td> <td>The university was founded in 1339 by Dauphin <a href="/wiki/Humbert_II_of_Viennois" title="Humbert II of Viennois">Humbert II of Viennois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Pope Benedict XII</a> to teach civil and canon law, medicine, and the liberal arts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>1343</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa, Italy">Pisa, Italy</a></td> <td>It was formally founded on 3 September 1343, by an edict of Pope Clement VI, although there had been lectures on law in Pisa since the 11th century. Today it is one of the most important universities in Italy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>1348</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_University_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University of Prague">Charles University of Prague</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague,_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague, Czech Republic">Prague, Czech Republic</a></td> <td>Three of four faculties closed in 1419, joined with Jesuit university and renamed Charles-Ferdinand University in 1652, split into German and Czech parts in 1882. The Czech branch temporarily closed during the Nazi occupation (1939–1945), and the German branch definitively closed in 1945. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>1349</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Perpignan">University of Perpignan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, France</td> <td>Founded in 1349 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a>, it was closed in 1794. Refounded in 1971, and in 1979 as independent university with the name <i>Université de Perpignan Via Domicia</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>1356</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">University of Angers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angers,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Angers, France">Angers, France</a></td> <td>Founded in 1356, closed down in 1793, and re-established in 1971. By 1080, the <i>Studium</i> or the School of Angers was already a renowned scholarly institution. It received the title "university" in 1356, and in 1364, Charles V granted the university its autonomy and privileges. </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>1361</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">House of Visconti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pavia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavia, Italy">Pavia, Italy</a></td> <td>Closed for short periods during the Italian Wars, Napoleonic wars, and Revolutions of 1848. </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>1364</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków, Poland">Kraków, Poland</a></td> <td>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir the Great</a> under the name <i>Studium Generale</i>, it was commonly referred to as the Kraków Academy. The institution's development stalled upon the king's death in 1370, owing primarily to a lack of funding. The academy lacked a permanent location, so lectures were held across the city at various churches and in the Kraków Cathedral School. Further development again resumed in the 1390s, by the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">King Władysław Jagiełło</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga of Poland</a>; at which point the school became a fully functioning university with a permanent location. The university was forcibly shut down during the German <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)</a>. The staff was deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, and many of its collections were deliberately destroyed by the occupying German authorities. Within a month after the city's liberation, the university again reopened with some of the original pre-war staff who survived the occupation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>1365</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a></td> <td>Modeled on the University of Paris. </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>1367</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs,_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pécs, Hungary">Pécs, Hungary</a></td> <td>The first Hungarian university was founded by the Hungarian king Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos), in 1367 in Pécs.<sup id="cite_ref-Universities_in_the_Middle_Ages_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universities_in_the_Middle_Ages-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>1379</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Erfurt, Germany">Erfurt, Germany</a></td> <td>Disestablished 1816 and reopened 1994. The first universities founded in the German-speaking world were Prague (1348), Vienna (1365), and Erfurt (1379). The University of Erfurt claims to be the oldest university in what is present day Germany, although it was closed for 178 years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidelberg University (founded 1386, before actual teaching started in Erfurt) also claims to be Germany's oldest university.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>1380</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dyrrachium">University of Dyrrachium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Medieval Kingdom of Albania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>Established in 1380 it was a theological university (<a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">Studium generale</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> (Dyrrhachium), <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Medieval Kingdom of Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university was established around 1380, and then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> in 1396, amid the mounting Turkish threats in south-eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>1386</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruprecht_Karl_University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg">Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg, Germany">Heidelberg, Germany</a></td> <td>Founded by Rupert I, Elector Palatine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>1388</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne#1388–1798" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cologne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne, Germany">Cologne, Germany</a></td> <td>Founded by the city council of the Free City of Cologne. Pope Urban VI granted a university charter in the year of foundation. Closed in 1798, refounded in 1919. </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>1391</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara" title="University of Ferrara">University of Ferrara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">House of Este</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferrara,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrara, Italy">Ferrara, Italy</a></td> <td>Founded by Marquis Alberto d'Este. </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>1395</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda_University" title="Óbuda University">University of Óbuda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda" title="Óbuda">Óbuda</a>, Hungary</td> <td>Founded by the Hungarian king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>. On 6 October 1395 Pope Boniface IX signed Óbuda University’s first deed of foundation on the Hungarian king’s, Sigismund of Luxemburg’s request, thus this university became the country’s second and the capital’s first university.<sup id="cite_ref-Universities_in_the_Middle_Ages_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universities_in_the_Middle_Ages-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>1396</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zadar" title="University of Zadar">University of Zadar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_the_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in the union with Hungary">Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zadar,_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zadar, Croatia">Zadar, Croatia</a></td> <td>Founded by Raimund de Vineis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>1404</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turin,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin, Italy">Turin, Italy</a></td> <td>Founded by the Prince Louis of Piedmont during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus VIII">Amadeus VIII</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>1409</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig, Germany">Leipzig, Germany</a></td> <td>Founded when German-speaking staff left Prague due to the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> crisis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>1409</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">University of Provence</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">County of Provence</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>Founded as a <i>studium generale</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II of Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Provence" title="List of rulers of Provence">Count of Provence</a>, and recognized by a papal bull issued by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa" title="Council of Pisa">Pisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V" title="Antipope Alexander V">Antipope Alexander V</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>1413</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, United Kingdom</td> <td>Founded by a papal bull </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>1419</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostock,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostock, Germany">Rostock, Germany</a></td> <td>During the Reformation, "the Catholic university of Rostock closed altogether and the closure was long enough to make the re-founded body feel a new institution". </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>1423</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Université de Besançon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a></td> <td>Dole/Besançon, France</td> <td>Founded by Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>1425</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leuven,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuven, Belgium">Leuven, Belgium</a></td> <td>Founded by a papal bull. </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>1432</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Lower_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen Lower Normandy">University of Caen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caen,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Caen, France">Caen, France</a></td> <td>Founded by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford</a>, during the period of English control of Normandy during the Hundred Years' War. When the French regained control of Normandy the university was recognized by French King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>1434</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Catania" title="University of Catania">University of Catania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catania,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania, Italy">Catania, Italy</a></td> <td>The oldest in Sicily. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>1441</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">University of Bordeaux</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux, France">Bordeaux, France</a></td> <td>Founded by a papal bull. </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>1446</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Girona" title="University of Girona">University of Girona</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Girona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Girona, Spain">Girona, Spain</a></td> <td>Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon (known as King Alfonso the Magnanimous) in 1446, when he granted the privilege of teaching degrees in grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, theology, law and medicine in the city of Girona, which led to the creation of the General Studies ("Estudis Generals"). </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>1450</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Spain">Barcelona, Spain</a></td> <td>Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon as <i>Estudi general de Barcelona</i> after the unification of all university education. For forty-nine years before that foundation, however, the city had had a fledgling medical school founded by King Martin of Aragon, and in the 13th century Barcelona already possessed several civil and ecclesiastical schools. </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>1451</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, United Kingdom</td> <td>Founded by a papal bull. </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td>1453 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> on May 30, 1453, a day after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">the conquest of Constantinople</a> as a school of philosophy, medicine, law and letters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>1456</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greifswald,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Greifswald, Germany">Greifswald, Germany</a></td> <td>Teaching had started by 1436. Founded by initiative of Heinrich Rubenow, Lord Mayor of Greifswald (and first rector), with approval of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, under the protection of Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania. Teaching paused temporarily during the Protestant Reformation (1527–39). </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>1457</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a> (im Breisgau)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>Teaching started in 1460 (three weeks after the opening of the nearby University of Basel with which it was competing at the time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>1459</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">Basel</a></td> <td>City of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> after 1501</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>Established by papal bull in 1459, the university started teaching in 1460 and has never interrupted its activities since. The Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> triggered a crisis during which the university lost part of the students and faculty to its neighbouring rival in Freiburg-im-Breisgau. </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>1459</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt" title="University of Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></td> <td>Moved to <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> in 1800 and to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Maximilian University">Ludwig Maximilian University</a> in 1826</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>Place where <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a> were founded by professor <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a> in 1776 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>1460</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>1464</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bourges" title="University of Bourges">Bourges</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>1465</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Istropolitana" title="Universitas Istropolitana">Universitas Istropolitana</a></td> <td>Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Bratislava, Slovakia</a></td> <td>Founded by king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>1470</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>1471</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">Genoa</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>1474</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zaragoza" title="University of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>1476</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>1476</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">Tübingen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>1477</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td>1479</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>1483</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="University of the Balearic Islands">Palma, Majorca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>1485</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>On 3 May 1485 Pope Innocencio III established by papal bull. The university started teaching in 1485 and interrupted its activities since 1845. Refounded in 1969. </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>1489</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sig%C3%BCenza#University_of_Sigüenza" title="Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>1495</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="University of Santiago de Compostela">University of Santiago de Compostela</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td> <td> <p>The university traces its roots back to 1495, when a school was opened in Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-500years_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500years-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1504, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> approved the foundation of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>1495</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, United Kingdom</td> <td>Founded by a papal bull. </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>1498</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viadrina_European_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Viadrina European University">Viadrina European University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_on_the_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt on the Oder">Frankfurt on the Oder</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>1499</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">Valencia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="History of European research universities">History of European research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_by_country#Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges by country">List of universities and colleges in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">List of oldest universities in continuous operation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Storia d'Italia</i>. Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-02-03568-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-02-03568-7"><bdi>88-02-03568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+d%27Italia&rft.place=Torino&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1981-08-07&rft.isbn=88-02-03568-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelle_Donne2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010). <i>Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva</i> (in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8880828419" title="Special:BookSources/978-8880828419"><bdi>978-8880828419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dello+Studium+di+Napoli+in+et%C3%A0+sveva&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Mario+Adda+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8880828419&rft.aulast=Delle+Donne&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg_1992,_XIX–XX_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashdall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashdall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashdall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashdall_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashdall, H. (1895) <i>The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 8–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashdall, H. (1895) <i>The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages</i>, Vol. 2, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierre_Riché_1999_176-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre_Riché_1999_176_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre_Riché_1999_176_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Riché1999" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Riché (1999). <i>Ecoles et enseignement dans le haut moyen age</i>. Editions Picard. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecoles+et+enseignement+dans+le+haut+moyen+age&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Editions+Picard&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Pierre+Rich%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/">Top Universities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/">Archived</a> 17 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>World University Rankings</i> Retrieved 6 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_L._Gaston2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul L. Gaston (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18"><i>The Challenge of Bologna</i></a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57922-366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57922-366-3"><bdi>978-1-57922-366-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Bologna&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57922-366-3&rft.au=Paul+L.+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyjnHZ1IIlgC%26q%3Dthe%2Boldest%2Buniversity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld%2BBologna%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt_Janin_2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_Janin_2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3462-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3462-7">0-7864-3462-7</a>, p. 55f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridder-Symoens_1992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ridder-Symoens_1992_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC"><i>A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. 47–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Riché1999" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Riché (1999). <i>Ecoles et enseignement dans le haut moyen age</i>. Editions Picard. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecoles+et+enseignement+dans+le+haut+moyen+age&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Editions+Picard&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Pierre+Rich%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolphus_Ballard,_James_Tait.2010" class="citation book cs1">Adolphus Ballard, James Tait. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&pg=PA222"><i>British Borough Charters 1216–1307</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108010344" title="Special:BookSources/9781108010344"><bdi>9781108010344</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161615/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qc2l3vpLagC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Borough+Charters+1216%E2%80%931307&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108010344&rft.au=Adolphus+Ballard%2C+James+Tait.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Qc2l3vpLagC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxHist-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxHist_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history">"Introduction and history"</a>. University of Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020082611/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+and+history&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Forganisation%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOm_Datt_Upadhya1994" class="citation book cs1">Om Datt Upadhya (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCPx0R1TqOMC&pg=PA65"><i>The Art of Ajanta and Sopoćani: A Comparative Study : an Enquiry in Prāṇa Aesthetics</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 65ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0990-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0990-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ajanta+and+Sopo%C4%87ani%3A+A+Comparative+Study+%3A+an+Enquiry+in+Pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Aesthetics&rft.pages=65ff&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0990-1&rft.au=Om+Datt+Upadhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCPx0R1TqOMC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Parry2010" class="citation book cs1">Ken Parry (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA233"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 233ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=233ff&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.au=Ken+Parry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilde_De_Ridder-Symoens2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilde_De_Ridder-Symoens" title="Hilde De Ridder-Symoens">Hilde De Ridder-Symoens</a> (2003). Cambridge University Press (ed.). <i>A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54113-8"><bdi>978-0-521-54113-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+in+Europe%3A+Universities+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54113-8&rft.au=Hilde+De+Ridder-Symoens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Vulliez, « Les bulles constitutives de l'université d'Orléans du pape Clément V (27 janvier 1306) : un évènement ? 700e anniversaire de l'université d'Orléans (1306–2006) », Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de l'Orléanais, nouvelle série, vol. XVIII, no 150, octobre 2006, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5833955r/f14.image.r=universit%C3%A9%20d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.langFR"><i>Histoire de l'Université de lois d'Orléans, par Jean-Eugène Bimbenet</i></a>. 1853. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118203648/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5833955r/f14.image.r=universit%C3%A9%20d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.langFR">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unizd.hr&rft.atitle=University+of+Zadar+%3A+About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unizd.hr%2FAboutus%2Ftabid%2F5239%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiandradi.com/universiteti-i-durresit-i-themeluar-rreth-vitit-1380-nga-jahja-drancolli/testata-kryesore/gazeta/">Jahja Drançolli: Universiteti i Durrësit, i themeluar rreth vitit 1380</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234947/http://www.radiandradi.com/universiteti-i-durresit-i-themeluar-rreth-vitit-1380-nga-jahja-drancolli/testata-kryesore/gazeta/">Archived</a> 2017-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 25 mars 2016, RadiandRadi, Vizituar më 30.09.2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Jahja Drançolli: Universiteti i Durrësit (Shek. XV), Buletin i Fakultetit Filozofik, Nr. XXIII/1993, Prishtinë, 1995, fq. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul-University">"Istanbul University | university, Istanbul, Turkey | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 22, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110224222/http://documenta.elmundo.orbyt.es/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=La+Universidad+de+Santiago+cumple+500+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=1995-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fpapel%2Fhemeroteca%2F1995%2F03%2F22%2Fcampus%2F33767.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santiago de Compostela"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Santiago_de_Compostela">"Santiago de Compostela" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Santiago+de+Compostela&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=191&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+medieval+universities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36106-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36106-0">0-521-36106-0</a>, pp. 256–284</li> <li>Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. XIX–XX</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984</li> <li>Rüegg, Walter (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36107-1">978-0-521-36107-1</a></li> <li>Rüegg, Walter (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_University_in_Europe" title="A History of the University in Europe">A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36108-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36108-8">978-0-521-36108-8</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/List_of_early_modern_universities_in_Europe" title="List of early modern universities in Europe">Early modern age (1501–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_universities_in_Europe_(1801%E2%80%931945)" title="List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)">Late modern age (1801–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Europe_founded_after_1945" title="List of universities in Europe founded after 1945">Contemporary (post-1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Hispanic America (1538–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Spanish Philippines (1589–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">Thirteen Colonies (1636–1769)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">List of oldest universities in continuous operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_universities_in_Europe135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_universities_in_Europe" title="Template:List of universities in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_universities_in_Europe" title="Template talk:List of universities in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_universities_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of universities in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_universities_in_Europe135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Europe">List of universities in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Armenia" title="List of universities in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Austria" title="List of universities in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of universities in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belarus" title="List of universities in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium" title="List of universities in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of universities in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Estonia" title="List of universities in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland" title="List of universities in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of universities in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iceland" title="List of universities in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy" title="List of universities in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of universities in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malta" title="List of universities in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Moldova" title="List of universities in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Montenegro" title="List of universities in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of universities in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of universities in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Norway" title="List of universities in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland" title="List of universities in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Romania" title="List of universities in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_San_Marino" title="List of universities in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Serbia" title="List of universities in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Slovenia" title="List of universities in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Spain" title="List of universities in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland" title="List of universities in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ukraine" title="List of universities in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vatican_City" title="List of universities in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kosovo" title="List of universities in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of universities in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of universities in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&oldid=1276024116">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_universities&oldid=1276024116</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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