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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Decentralised development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decentralised_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decentralised development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decentralised_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confederal_policy_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederal_policy_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Confederal policy alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederal_policy_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_and_imperial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_and_imperial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unification and imperial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_and_imperial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_and_Nazi_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_and_Nazi_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interwar and Nazi regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interwar_and_Nazi_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interwar and Nazi regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interwar_and_Nazi_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systemic_exclusion_of_Jews_and_undesirables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_exclusion_of_Jews_and_undesirables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Systemic exclusion of Jews and undesirables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_exclusion_of_Jews_and_undesirables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_incorporated_into_the_Reich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_incorporated_into_the_Reich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Territories incorporated into the Reich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories_incorporated_into_the_Reich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-war policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-war policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_access_to_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_access_to_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Expansion of access to citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Entitlement by birth or descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entitlement_by_birth_or_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Naturalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_of_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reform of 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relinquishment_and_deprivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relinquishment_and_deprivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Relinquishment and deprivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relinquishment_and_deprivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclamation_of_nationality_revoked_under_Nazi_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclamation_of_nationality_revoked_under_Nazi_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Reclamation of nationality revoked under Nazi rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclamation_of_nationality_revoked_under_Nazi_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German nationality law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Nationality Act<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz</i></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064291857&view=1up&seq=641">RGBl at 583</a>, revised as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stag/BJNR005830913.html">BGBl III at 102-1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">13th Reichstag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1913<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz''_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz''-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commenced</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1914<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Administration" title="Federal Office of Administration">Federal Office of Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Related legislation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Reich Citizenship Law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Federal_Expellee_Law" title="Federal Expellee Law">Federal Expellee Law</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#FFFFCC;"><b>Status:</b> Amended</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>German nationality law</b> details the conditions by which an individual is a <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">national</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The primary law governing these requirements is the Nationality Act, which came into force on 1 January 1914. Germany is a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> (EU) and all German nationals are <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">EU citizens</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">automatic and permanent permission to live and work</a> in any EU or <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) country and may vote in <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">elections to the European Parliament</a>. </p><p>Any person born to a married German parent is typically a German national at birth, regardless of the place of birth. Children of unmarried couples in which only the father is German must be <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimised</a> for them to acquire German nationality. Individuals born in Germany to two foreign parents may also receive German nationality at birth if at least one of their parents has lived in the country for five years and is entitled to live in the country indefinitely (meaning any person with a <a href="/wiki/German_residence_permit" title="German residence permit">settlement permit</a>, or citizenship of another EU country or <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>). Foreign nationals may naturalise after residing in Germany for at least five years and demonstrating knowledge in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>. Although non-EU/Swiss naturalisation candidates are expected to renounce their previous nationalities, the majority are granted permission to retain their old statuses. </p><p>Germany is composed of territory historically part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> that was separated into numerous small German states whose residents held citizenship of their locality. Over the course of the 19th century, the various German states moved towards integration into a single entity that culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871. German citizenship was generally held by virtue of being a citizen of a German state, and state citizenship remained a principally important concept in German law until the country's transition to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a>. </p><p>Between 1933 and 1945, any person considered "undesirable" by the state (particularly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and political dissidents) was stripped of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> and targeted for <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalisation</a>. Any person deprived of their German citizenship during this time based on political, racial, or religious grounds, as well as their direct descendants, are eligible to reclaim German citizenship at any time. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Germany was split into <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. While West Germany continued to enforce existing pre-war nationality legislation and claimed all East Germans as its citizens, East Germany adopted a separate nationality law in 1967 which remained in force until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between the meaning of the terms <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a country and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be possible for a non-national to obtain a degree of <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> commonly associated with citizenship (e.g. residence or working rights) while it is also possible for a national to be prohibited from exercising certain rights (e.g. children barred from voting). In German, the term "nationality" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsangehörigkeit</i></span>) refers to state membership while "citizenship" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsbürgerschaft/Bürgerschaft</i></span>) describes a person's participation in national society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBös20005–6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBös20005–6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decentralised_development">Decentralised development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decentralised development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:471px;max-width:471px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg/153px-Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg/230px-Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg/306px-Map_Holy_Roman_Empire_1789.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1789</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Confederation_1815.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/German_Confederation_1815.svg/153px-German_Confederation_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/German_Confederation_1815.svg/230px-German_Confederation_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/German_Confederation_1815.svg/306px-German_Confederation_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1815</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/German_Empire_1914.svg/153px-German_Empire_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/German_Empire_1914.svg/230px-German_Empire_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/German_Empire_1914.svg/306px-German_Empire_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1914</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Germany lacked a strong central authority for much of its history. Consequently, regulations on nationality and citizenship developed at an uneven pace among the numerous Holy Roman vassal realms and German states with inconsistent rules.</div></div></div></div> <p>Until the early 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German lands constituted the core part of the highly decentralised <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton201327–28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxton201327–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">roughly 1,800 individual political entities within the Empire</a> had varying (or non-existent) definitions on who they considered to be members of their polity. "Citizenship" in this context was tied to a person's settlement in a particular municipality and individuals found outside of their ordinary places of residence could be deported to other parts of imperial territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997724,_726_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997724,_726-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">modern concept of citizenship</a>, as a formal and legal relationship between an individual and a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that confers privileges to holders and a status that persists beyond continued territorial residence, emerged during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogt1996126–127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogt1996126–127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this model of citizenship was imported into the German territories that became part of the French-led <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, though any applicable legislation from this period was repealed in the 1810s shortly after French defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Outside of this Confederation, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> enacted its first codified regulations based on the modern citizenship concept in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997722,_725_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997722,_725-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> was created in 1815 as a permanent replacement for the Holy Roman Empire and included virtually all of the former Empire's territory. This political structure was not a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal state</a> and sovereign power remained with the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">38 individual member states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenzsch198918_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenzsch198918-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each state continued to hold jurisdiction over citizenship, but the vast majority of them passed no specific codified laws on the subject until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997727,_731_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997727,_731-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> enacted its first citizenship law in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolcke199769_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolcke199769-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than through naturalisation, Prussian citizenship was only passed by descent from a Prussian father (or mother, if the parents were unmarried).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmowski200831_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmowski200831-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederal_policy_alignment">Confederal policy alignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Confederal policy alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div> <p>Any applicable contemporary legislation in the Confederation was inconsistent among the states and generally ineffectual at determining the citizenship of a particular person. State regulations often assumed the existence of some type of citizenship that a child would inherit from their father at the time of their birth. However, any person born in the 18th century who would have been a citizen of an area of the Holy Roman Empire that no longer existed as a political entity would have had an undefined status in state law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997731–733_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997731–733-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, every state had concluded by the 1820s at least one treaty with some or all other members of the Confederation that detailed the deportation of undesirable persons without state citizenship and process of "implicit <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalisation</a>". A German who resided in another state for at least 10 years was considered to have been naturalised implicitly in their new place of domicile. An implicitly naturalised father would have automatically passed his changed citizenship status to his entire family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997734–735_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997734–735-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In seven states, this process was extended to any alien who fulfilled the minimum residence requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997743_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997743-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These interstate treaties additionally clarified the position of persons with unclear status, who were granted the contemporary existing citizenship of their birthplace (if that was uncertain, then the place where they were found).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997734–735_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997734–735-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germans lost their state citizenship if they left state territory with the intent to reside elsewhere permanently, had obtained formal permission to emigrate, or otherwise continuously lived outside of their home state for at least 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997732_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997732-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theoretically, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Constitution of the German Confederation">Constitution of the German Confederation</a> created a common German nationality. Article 18 of the document detailed a set of basic rights for every German; any subject of a German state was entitled to freely purchase property in any part of the Confederation, emigrate to other states willing to admit them, enlist in another state's armed forces or civil service, and were exempt from a tax on emigration. In practice, the member states did not permit Germans from other states to freely immigrate into their territories, rendering these constitutional rights generally moot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997729–731_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997729–731-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> expanded on this idea of a unified German nationality; any state citizen of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">short-lived 1848–1849 German Empire</a> was also a German national, and all German nationals held the same rights as citizens of any German state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997746_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997746-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multilateral negotiations among the states resumed after the German Confederation was reconstituted in 1849. Prussia and 20 other states agreed on the Gotha Treaty in 1851, which lowered the residence requirement for implicit naturalisation to five years and introduced a formal distinction between emigration to other German states and emigration to jurisdictions outside of the Confederation. All German states had acceded to this treaty by 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997747–748_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997747–748-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_and_imperial_law">Unification and imperial law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unification and imperial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/220px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/330px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/440px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Even after unification in 1871, each German state maintained a separate citizenship. A citizen of any state was also a citizen of the German Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederation was dissolved in 1866 as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. Prussia formed a new union, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, consisting of all the German states north of the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>. Four southern states (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>) remained independent until their accession to the union during the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902139_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia's 1842 citizenship law served as the basis for federal nationality regulations, which were adopted that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997750–751_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997750–751-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlekowski_von_Koppenfels20028_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlekowski_von_Koppenfels20028-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> negotiated during this time a set of individual <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Treaties" title="Bancroft Treaties">Bancroft Treaties</a> with the North German Confederation and the four southern states for mutual recognition of each other's naturalised citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter1978826_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter1978826-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the North German victory against France, the Confederation was reformed into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902139_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International bilateral agreements with the southern German states became superseded by imperial law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter1978826_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter1978826-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the annexed region of <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a>, residents were allowed a choice between German and French nationalities. Individuals electing to remain French were required to permanently depart for France by 1 October 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanger2020152_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanger2020152-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although those who did not leave by then were allowed to remain, with German citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Confederation members <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (closely aligned with Austria) and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (permanently neutral under the 1867 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1867)" title="Treaty of London (1867)">Treaty of London</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) continued as independent states outside of the German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeenendaal2020153_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeenendaal2020153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1915237–241_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1915237–241-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State citizenship remained principally important in almost all of Germany; imperial citizenship was held by virtue of holding state citizenship, which continued to be acquired in separate processes per state, and German passports listed a holder's nationality as Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon, or whichever label was applicable. However, because Alsatian-Lorrainers and white residents of <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a> were not domiciled in a federal state, they were simply "German".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997751_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997751-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a German nationality based on ethnicity and descent became a core principle in the 1913 Imperial and State Citizenship Act (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_SotoPlett1995107,_117_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_SotoPlett1995107,_117-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While prior regulations had maintained preexisting models of state membership through residency, this law made descent from German heritage the primary qualification for nationality. Before the law's enactment on January 1, 1914, Germans who lived abroad for more than 10 years were automatically deprived of their nationality<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker1992115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker1992115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after this reform, any former national who remained living overseas (as well as any of their descendants) were able to apply for German nationality with no requirement to reestablish residence in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478–479_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478–479-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who became nationals in this way were granted "direct imperial citizenship" rather than citizenship of any particular state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1918362_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1918362-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germans could still be automatically denaturalised after extended residence overseas or obtaining another nationality, but this could be avoided by registering their intent to continue holding German citizenship at a German consulate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubaker1992115_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubaker1992115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreigners resident in Germany who held no criminal record, maintained their own housing, and provided for themselves and their families could apply for naturalisation. However, fulfilling the technical requirements did not give applicants the right to become German nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_Imperial_and_State_Citizenship_Law218–219_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_Imperial_and_State_Citizenship_Law218–219-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final approval for a grant of nationality was given at the sole discretion of the imperial government, which was extremely restrictive in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only applicants who had served for at least one year in the German military or those who were employed by the German government and had met the other naturalisation requirements were entitled to become German nationals by right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_Imperial_and_State_Citizenship_Law220_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_Imperial_and_State_Citizenship_Law220-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial subjects (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzgebietsangehörige</i></span>) held an unclearly defined legal status and were never granted German nationality at large.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any children of mixed-race heritage had to be officially approved for "European" status, subject to detailed examination of an applicant's heritage, education, professional background, and social standing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2012356_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2012356-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any other native resident of a German colony, or foreigners domiciled there, would have been required to naturalise to acquire German nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeb190047_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeb190047-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_and_Nazi_regulations">Interwar and Nazi regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interwar and Nazi regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:471px;max-width:471px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weimar_Republic_1930.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weimar_Republic_1930.svg/153px-Weimar_Republic_1930.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weimar_Republic_1930.svg/230px-Weimar_Republic_1930.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Weimar_Republic_1930.svg/306px-Weimar_Republic_1930.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1930</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Reich_(1939).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_Reich_%281939%29.svg/153px-German_Reich_%281939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_Reich_%281939%29.svg/230px-German_Reich_%281939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/German_Reich_%281939%29.svg/306px-German_Reich_%281939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938 after annexing <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg/153px-Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg/230px-Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg/306px-Germany_March_-_September_1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Germany before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> in 1939</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Germany's rapid incorporation of neighbouring territories in the 1930s added a large number of new German citizens.</div></div></div></div> <p>After its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, Germany lost control of several territories. France regained Alsace–Lorraine and all residents who had been French before 1870, as well as their descendants, automatically reacquired French nationality. However, any person descended from a German father or grandfather who was not previously French did not qualify for automatic reacquisition and were required to naturalise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoswell2000143_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell2000143-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any person domiciled in <a href="/wiki/South_Jutland_County" title="South Jutland County">Northern Schleswig</a> on 15 June 1920 obtained Danish nationality, but could opt for reversion to German nationality provided that they elected to do so before 1923 and resettled in Germany within 12 months of their decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission_for_Democracy_through_Law199875_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission_for_Democracy_through_Law199875-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Germans who remained living in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">newly independent Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> became Polish and Danziger nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynot197224_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynot197224-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis192490_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis192490-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_exclusion_of_Jews_and_undesirables">Systemic exclusion of Jews and undesirables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systemic exclusion of Jews and undesirables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></div> <p>The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> reiterated the same basic principles for nationality as in the 1913 law while additionally providing citizens with basic entitlements for protection by the government within and without Germany, and shielding them from extradition to foreign countries. As the country transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a> in 1933, state citizenship was abolished as a separate concept and became subsumed into German citizenship as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailbronner2006217_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailbronner2006217-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new regime enacted the 1933 Denaturalisation Act which enabled the selective revocation of nationality from any person considered "undesirable" who had naturalised between 1918 and 1933. Although the Interior Ministry announced that this measure would first be implemented with the approximately 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Jewry" title="Eastern European Jewry">Jews from eastern Europe</a> who were living in Germany at that time, the vast majority of these Jews had encountered great difficulty in naturalising under the Weimar government, meaning that they were not actually affected by this change because they remained foreign citizens. This change instead affected political dissidents who fled Germany after Hitler's rise to power, who subsequently had their nationality revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchleunes1970110–112_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchleunes1970110–112-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the subsequent years, Jews were progressively excluded from participation in German society with ever more restrictive regulations prohibiting their activity in core sectors of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchleunes1970113–123_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchleunes1970113–123-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated with the enactment of the 1935 Reich Citizenship Act, which created a tiered citizenship hierarchy; members of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> became Reich citizens (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsbürger</i></span>), who held an elevated status over existing state subjects (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsangehörige</i></span>). Reich citizenship could be acquired by obtaining a certificate of citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1937570_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1937570-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Reich citizenship technically held no special privileges and non-Aryans remained state citizens who were entitled to state protection in theory, this law provided the legal basis for further depriving civil and political rights from people who were deemed undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010116_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010116-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1937571_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1937571-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were specifically barred from holding Reich citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010116_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010116-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they (along with <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romanis</a>) formally lost their right to vote in German elections on 7 March 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001216-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further regulations in 1940 automatically removed state citizenship from individuals who became domiciled abroad; <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> were included in the definition of "abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010117,_121_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2010117,_121-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All remaining German Jews who were permanently domiciled overseas were denaturalised under the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Act on 27 November 1941 and lost their status as state subjects. Between 150,000 to 180,000 people lost their German nationality through this decree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettPeglau201458_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettPeglau201458-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021696–698_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021696–698-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territories_incorporated_into_the_Reich">Territories incorporated into the Reich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Territories incorporated into the Reich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas annexed by Germany">Areas annexed by Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> was integrated into the German state following <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> on 13 March 1938. Austrians retained their existing citizenship until 3 July 1938, when all Austrians were granted Reich citizenship, regardless if they were resident in the country or not. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austrian nationality law</a> was fully abrogated and replaced by German nationality law on 30 July 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClute196264_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClute196264-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> also automatically became Reich citizens when Germany annexed that territory following the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> on 29 September 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021157_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021157-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech citizens in the Sudetenland were allowed to apply for Reich citizenship provided that they or their parents had resided in that area on or before 1 October 1910. However, this was subject to discretionary approval by German authorities and rejected applicants were required to depart permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell2000123_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell2000123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the remaining Czech territory that was incorporated into Germany as the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> in 1939, Reich citizenship was only granted automatically to members of the <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a>. All other Czechoslovak citizens became Protectorate subjects, but ethnic Germans resident in the Protectorate could subsequently apply to become Reich citizens. Although Protectorate subjects did not hold citizenship and were excluded from employment in the government and armed forces, discriminatory policies based on Czech ancestry were never adopted to the same degree as they were for Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021156_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021156-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, any Protectorate subject who had even distant German ancestry could apply for Reich citizenship, provided that they were willing to undergo a process of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> and were not of Jewish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021158_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert2021158-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic Germans in <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">eastern areas directly annexed by Germany</a> were granted Reich citizenship on 1 September 1939 if they were Danzig citizens or on 26 October 1939 if they were Polish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Military_Tribunal1949760_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Military_Tribunal1949760-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish citizenship was completely abolished, and any person who did not otherwise become a Reich citizen was stateless. Poles who were selected to be forcibly Germanised were given Reich citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosher201819–20_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosher201819–20-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_policies">Post-war policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:471px;max-width:471px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Germany_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/138px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/207px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/276px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Germany_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/138px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/207px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/276px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_map_of_Germany.svg/183px-Locator_map_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_map_of_Germany.svg/275px-Locator_map_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_map_of_Germany.svg/366px-Locator_map_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Reunited Germany</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Germany was divided into two states during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The American, British, and French occupation zones combined to become West Germany, while the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet-controlled region</a> became East Germany. The <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">East German states</a> acceded to West Germany in 1990, ending the division of Germany.</div></div></div></div> <p>Following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Germany was <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupied by Allied forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmannGeorgieffSenik20201450_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippmannGeorgieffSenik20201450-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria was reestablished as a separate sovereign state on 27 April 1945 and any person of Austrian origin would have ceased to hold German citizenship from that date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauterpacht1951249_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauterpacht1951249-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic Germans in post-war Czechoslovakia were deprived of their Czechoslovak citizenship under the <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a>, and more than 2.8 million affected people were deported to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaršová2007164_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaršová2007164-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, 3.6 million Germans were expelled from Poland, including from <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former German territories</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2012532,_536_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2012532,_536-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany itself was divided into two states in 1949, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (West Germany, FRG) and the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany, GDR).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippmannGeorgieffSenik20201450_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippmannGeorgieffSenik20201450-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the initial period following the division of Germany, both German governments maintained the idea of a common German nationality. East Germany gradually asserted a separate legal tradition and nationality over the following two decades that culminated with the adoption of its own nationality law in 1967 divergent from pre-war regulations. By contrast, the West German government regarded itself as the sole continuation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> and continued to regulate nationality under the 1913 Imperial and State Citizenship Act, assuming responsibility for all former citizens of the Reich according to its 1937 borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014795–797_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014795–797-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with West German non-recognition of a separate East German status, all <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member states treated <a href="/wiki/East_German_passport" title="East German passport">East German passport</a> holders as <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> persons until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014814_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014814-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued application of the 1913 law allowed the West German government to claim East Germans as its own nationals and to issue passports to any who managed to flee East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former East Germans who left the GDR without obtaining permission from the authorities were liable to imprisonment on their return to East Germany until the two governments normalised relations with the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972" title="Basic Treaty, 1972">Basic Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014795–796_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014795–796-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDR subsequently acknowledged any East German who had left the country between 7 October 1949 and 31 December 1971 as having lost East German nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014811_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehrig2014811-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a general trend of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">anti-communist movements in Eastern Europe</a> beginning in 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a> began the process of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. East Germany ceased to exist on 3 October 1990 and its constituent states became a part of the Federal Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrowein1992152–154_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrowein1992152–154-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic Germans who were displaced as a result of the Second World War were eligible for special resettlement and nationality acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20205_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20205-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Expellee_Law" title="Federal Expellee Law">Federal Expellee Law</a> defines a qualifying person as any ethnic German who was domiciled in the former eastern territories of Germany, or in any area outside of pre-1938 German borders and were deported or forced to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1996160_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1996160-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This right to citizenship extended to any descendants of an ethnic German, as well as their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1996149_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1996149-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1.4 million people from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries resettled in West Germany under these provisions between 1950 and 1987. Special admission for ethnic Germans was restricted in 1993 following democratisation of Eastern Europe; applicants became subject to a German language requirement and an entry quota of 225,000 people, which was later reduced to 100,000 in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202021_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eligibility for citizenship through ethnic German background has since been limited to individuals born before 1993, effectively ending future resettlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonetsChudinovskikh202018_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonetsChudinovskikh202018-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_integration">European integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizenship</a></div> <p>West German involvement in <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> began in the immediate post-war period of the late 1940s. Initial cooperation was focused on the economy through the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for European Economic Co-operation</a> as a condition for receiving aid from the United States provided by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. The post-war political situation created the circumstances that facilitated the establishment of further organisations to integrate <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> along common social and security policies. West Germany became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC) in 1951, a set of organisations that eventually developed into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent201732–37_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent201732–37-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West German citizens participated in their first <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">European Parliament elections in 1979</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been able to work in other EC/EU countries under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of movement for workers">freedom of movement for workers</a> established by the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiskind1992899,_906_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiskind1992899,_906-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDR accession to the Federal Republic in 1990 did not affect German membership in the EC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrowein1992159_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrowein1992159-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the creation of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizenship</a> by the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastrict_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maastrict Treaty">Maastrict Treaty</a>, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a> regardless of their employment status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiener1997529,_544_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiener1997529,_544-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobler2020482–483_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobler2020482–483-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahlGrolimund200612_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahlGrolimund200612-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_access_to_citizenship">Expansion of access to citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expansion of access to citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debate over nationality law following German reunification focused on the integration of immigrants into the national community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the West German government had actively recruited foreign labour since 1955, immigrants were not considered part of German society and an official integration policy did not become a government priority until the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnil2005453–454_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnil2005453–454-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A growing number of migrant workers had children who were born in Germany, educated domestically, and later employed in the country but still held foreign nationality despite their long periods of residence and assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20203-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naturalisation regulations were relaxed in 1991 to allow noncitizens between the ages of 16 and 23 to acquire citizenship if they had been legally domiciled in Germany for eight years, attended a school in the country for at least six years, had no criminal convictions, and renounced their previous nationalities. All other immigrants became eligible for naturalisation if they had lived in the country for 15 years, were self-subsistent, held no criminal record, and forfeit any other nationalities. These changes were implemented at the discretion of the government until they were codified in legislation in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More substantial changes were adopted in 1999, when <a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">birthright citizenship</a> was introduced for children born since 1 January 2000 to noncitizen immigrants who had resided in Germany for at least eight years. Any such children who held another nationality at birth were required to choose between their German and foreign nationalities on reaching the age of 18. As a transitional arrangement, children born between 1990 and 1999 to applicable parents could also acquire citizenship by special registration, provided that their parents had registered them by the end of 2000. Until this change, German nationality had been transmitted to subsequent generations only by descent rather than by birth within Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202–3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202–3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Requirements for naturalisation candidates were further relaxed in the 1999 reform as well; the residence requirement was reduced from 15 to eight years and immigrants from other EU countries or Switzerland no longer needed to renounce their previous citizenship before acquiring German nationality, provided that the relevant country reciprocated this treatment in its respective nationality law. This condition of reciprocity was removed in a subsequent 2007 amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20203_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20203-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, denaturalisation rules applying to Germans who acquired another nationality were tightened. Although Germans who became citizens of another country also typically lost German nationality before 2000, those who had remained domiciled within Germany were exempted from this. Immigrants who renounced their previous nationality to become German nationals were able to subsequently reacquire that foreign nationality at a later date; this was particularly prevalent among the naturalised Turkish population, encouraged by the Turkish government. The denaturalisation exception was removed as part of the 1999 reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20203–4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20203–4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 nationality law reform, effective 26 June 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will decrease the residency requirement for naturalisation from eight to five years, allow birthright citizenship for children of those who have been German residents for five years (rather than eight years), and permit multiple nationality – removing all previous requirements to renounce previous citizenships upon German naturalisation and to renounce German citizenship after acquisition of a foreign citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition_and_loss_of_nationality">Acquisition and loss of nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acquisition and loss of nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entitlement_by_birth_or_descent">Entitlement by birth or descent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Entitlement by birth or descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children born within Germany automatically receive German nationality at birth if at least one married parent is a German national.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202020_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202020-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals born overseas to at least one married German parent are also German nationals, unless that parent was born after 31 December 1999 and is ordinarily resident in a foreign country; they may alternatively acquire German nationality if they would otherwise be <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> or their births are registered at a <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">German diplomatic mission</a> before their first birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20208_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20208-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children born in the country to two foreign parents since 1 January 2000 automatically receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent has habitually resided in Germany for at least eight years and possesses indefinite permission to remain. This usually means holding a settlement permit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20207_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner20207-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EU citizens are automatically granted right of permanent residence after living in the country for at least five years.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children born in Germany to such parents between 1990 and 1999 also qualified for citizenship, provided that their parents had registered them for that status by the end of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202–3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalckeVink20202–3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor children who are adopted by German citizens within the country receive citizenship at the time of adoption,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those who are adopted outside of Germany (regardless of age) may acquire citizenship at governmental discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202013_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202013-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1953, German women who married foreign men automatically lost their German citizenship. Consequently, children resulting from these marriages would not have been German citizens at birth. Even after 1953, citizenship by descent was as a rule mostly transmitted patrilineally. Only children of married German fathers and unmarried German mothers received citizenship at birth until this was again amended in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranz2017370_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2017370-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, children of unmarried German fathers born since 1993 must have their paternity formally established; those born before 1993 were additionally required to have claimed citizenship before age 23 and must have been resident in Germany for three years at the time of application.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who had lost citizenship or were ineligible for it as a direct result of this previous legislative gender imbalance have been able to acquire citizenship by declaration for a ten-year period that began on 20 August 2021. Successful applicants obtaining citizenship through this pathway are not required to renounce any alternative nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalisation">Naturalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Naturalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreigners may <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalise</a> as German citizens after legally residing in the country for at least five years. In practice, qualifying individuals usually possess a permanent residence permit or citizenship of an EU/EFTA country, though that isn't strictly required. Applicants must demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages" title="Common European Framework of Reference for Languages">B1 proficiency</a> in the German language, pass a citizenship test, declare loyalty to a free and democratic system, prove their self-sufficiency without state assistance, and hold no criminal record. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202013,_17_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202013,_17-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persons convicted of racist, antisemitic, or xenophobic acts are permanently barred from naturalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The requisite period of residence may be reduced to three years for applicants who successfully complete the <i><a href="/wiki/Integrationskurs" title="Integrationskurs">Integrationskurs</a></i> (integration course) and can demonstrate C1 proficiency in German, or for spouses of German citizens who have been married for at least two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202017,_20_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202017,_20-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 168,775 individuals naturalised as German citizens in 2022, with 74.2 per cent of them retaining their previous nationalities after being granted a <i><a href="/wiki/Beibehaltungsgenehmigung" title="Beibehaltungsgenehmigung">Beibehaltungsgenehmigung</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_of_2024">Reform of 2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reform of 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> passed a draft law that provides for the following reforms, among others: </p> <ul><li>The residency requirement for naturalization will be reduced to five years. With "special integration efforts", naturalization is possible after just three years.</li> <li>Dual citizenship is generally possible.</li> <li>Children born in Germany to foreign parents in the future will be granted German citizenship without further reservation if at least one parent has been living legally in Germany for more than five years.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council (Germany)">Federal Council</a> decided on 2 February 2024 not to call on the Mediation Committee (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: "Vermittlungsausschuss").<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nationality Modernisation Act (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: "Staatsangehörigkeitsmodernisierungsgesetz") was promulgated on 26 March 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with two exceptions, came into force three months later, on 27 June 2024. Dual citizenship is now allowed without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relinquishment_and_deprivation">Relinquishment and deprivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relinquishment and deprivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German nationality can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, provided that the declarant already possesses another nationality. German children who are adopted by foreigners and acquire the nationality of their new parents automatically cease to be German at the time of adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202019_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202019-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizenship may be stripped from a person who fraudulently acquired it within 10 years of that person having become a German citizen, or from dual nationals who engage in terrorist activities at any time<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202016_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202016-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or voluntarily serve in foreign armed forces without prior permission from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_GrootVink201421–22_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_GrootVink201421–22-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 6 July 2011, this permission is automatically granted to dual nationals of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a> or NATO countries who serve in the militaries of their alternate nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 7 November 2024, new applications for German citizenship may be declined for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">criticism of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclamation_of_nationality_revoked_under_Nazi_rule">Reclamation of nationality revoked under Nazi rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reclamation of nationality revoked under Nazi rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></div> <p>Any person who had their citizenship revoked between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945 on political, racial, or religious grounds, and their direct descendants, are entitled to reclaim German citizenship. </p><p>Until 2019, applicants qualified only if the primary claimant to German citizenship had that status rescinded through the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Act (which stripped citizenship from all Jews domiciled abroad on 27 November 1941) or individually deprived under the 1933 Denaturalisation Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021696–698_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021696–698-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions had prevented nationality restoration to: descendants of formerly German married women or unmarried fathers, children adopted before 1977 by qualified former German citizens, descendants of women who involuntarily lost German nationality after fleeing the country and marrying foreign men, and descendants of former Germans who applied for nationality renunciation before being stripped of their status. </p><p>These limitations were relaxed by ministerial decree by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community">Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021699_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021699-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by naturalising people otherwise eligible if not for the restrictions as normal applicants for Citizenship, with all requirements for naturalisation (including Language, Residence and Application Fees) waived by the Minister of the Interior. </p><p>The restrictions were fully lifted when codified into legislation in 2021 as Section 15 of the Nationality Act.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa requirements for German citizens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz''-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz''_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaatsangehörigkeitsgesetz"><i>Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoy1914478_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlournoy1914">Flournoy 1914</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bva.bund.de/EN/Services/Citizens/ID-Documents-Law/Citizenship/citizenship_node.html">"Citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Administration" title="Federal Office of Administration">Federal Office of Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104222249/https://www.bva.bund.de/EN/Services/Citizens/ID-Documents-Law/Citizenship/citizenship_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton2013356_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroxton2013">Croxton 2013</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroxton201327–28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroxton201327–28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroxton2013">Croxton 2013</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997724,_726-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahrmeir1997724,_726_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahrmeir1997">Fahrmeir 1997</a>, pp. 724, 726.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogt1996126–127-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogt1996126–127_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogt1996">Vogt 1996</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Germany+is+making+it+easier+for+Nazi+victims%27+descendants+to+get+citizenship&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20210625%2Fhow-germany-is-making-it-easier-for-nazi-victims-descendants-to-get-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202017,_20-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202017,_20_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarahatHailbronner2020">Farahat & Hailbronner 2020</a>, pp. 17, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/bundestag-staatsangehoerigkeitsrecht-einbuergerungen-100.html">"Was sich bei der Einbürgerung ändern soll"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Bundesregierung+informiert&rft.atitle=Modernisierung+des+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeitsrechts+%7C+Schnellere+Einb%C3%BCrgerungen+unter+strengeren+Voraussetzungen&rft.date=2024-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2Fbreg-de%2Faktuelles%2Fmodernisierung-staatsangehoerigkeitsrecht-2215610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightHille2024" class="citation news cs1">Knight, Ben; Hille, Peter (27 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-new-citizenship-reform-takes-effect/a-69465727">"Germany's citizenship law changes take effect – DW – 06/27/2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240729144515/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-new-citizenship-reform-takes-effect/a-69465727">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+citizenship+law+changes+take+effect+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+06%2F27%2F2024&rft.date=2024-06-27&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Hille%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-new-citizenship-reform-takes-effect%2Fa-69465727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202019-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202019_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarahatHailbronner2020">Farahat & Hailbronner 2020</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202016-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarahatHailbronner202016_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarahatHailbronner2020">Farahat & Hailbronner 2020</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_GrootVink201421–22-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_GrootVink201421–22_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_GrootVink2014">de Groot & Vink 2014</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australien.diplo.de/au-en/service/03-citizenship/basics/2408686">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Am I a German citizen?' - Basics of German citizenship law"</a>. Missions of the Federal Republic of Germany in Australia. 21 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106005138/https://australien.diplo.de/au-en/service/03-citizenship/basics/2408686">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Am+I+a+German+citizen%3F%27+-+Basics+of+German+citizenship+law&rft.pub=Missions+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+in+Australia&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralien.diplo.de%2Fau-en%2Fservice%2F03-citizenship%2Fbasics%2F2408686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20241107/german-parliament-passes-controversial-anti-semitism-resolution">https://www.thelocal.de/20241107/german-parliament-passes-controversial-anti-semitism-resolution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20241107%2Fgerman-parliament-passes-controversial-anti-semitism-resolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643">"Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution – DW – 11/06/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Germany+passes+controversial+antisemitism+resolution+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+11%2F06%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution%2Fa-70715643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021699-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2021699_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2021">Wolfe 2021</a>, pp. 699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateson2021" class="citation news cs1">Bateson, Ian (25 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-lifts-restrictions-for-descendants-of-nazi-victimsto-get-citizenship/a-58046004">"Germany lifts restrictions for descendants of Nazi victims to get citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106083807/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-lifts-restrictions-for-descendants-of-nazi-victimsto-get-citizenship/a-58046004">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+lifts+restrictions+for+descendants+of+Nazi+victims+to+get+citizenship&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-lifts-restrictions-for-descendants-of-nazi-victimsto-get-citizenship%2Fa-58046004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publications">Publications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil2005" class="citation journal cs1">Anil, Merih (2005). "No More Foreigners? The Remaking of German Naturalization and Citizenship Law, 1990-2000". <i>Dialectical Anthropology</i>. <b>29</b> (3/4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 453–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-005-1544-4">10.1007/s10624-005-1544-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29790750">29790750</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144959358">144959358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=No+More+Foreigners%3F+The+Remaking+of+German+Naturalization+and+Citizenship+Law%2C+1990-2000&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=453-470&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144959358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29790750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10624-005-1544-4&rft.aulast=Anil&rft.aufirst=Merih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaršová2007" class="citation book cs1">Baršová, Andrea (2007). 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In Bauböck, Rainer (ed.). <i>Citizenship Policies in the New Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. pp. 163–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-922-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-922-1"><bdi>978-90-5356-922-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt45kf02.11">j.ctt45kf02.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Czech+citizenship+legislation+between+past+and+future&rft.btitle=Citizenship+Policies+in+the+New+Europe&rft.pages=163-184&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt45kf02.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-922-1&rft.aulast=Bar%C5%A1ov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettPeglau2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Philip W.; Peglau, Andreas (2014). 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No. 5. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022095526/https://ces.fas.harvard.edu/publications/000091-the-legal-construction-of-membership-nationality-law-in-germany-and-the-united-states">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CES+Germany+%26+Europe+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Construction+of+Membership%3A+Nationality+Law+in+Germany+and+the+United+States&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6s&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fces.fas.harvard.edu%2Fpublications%2F000091-the-legal-construction-of-membership-nationality-law-in-germany-and-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Boswell, Laird (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11840">"From Liberation to Purge Trials in the "Mythic Provinces": Recasting French Identities in Alsace and Lorraine, 1918–1920"</a>. <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 129–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-23-1-129">10.1215/00161071-23-1-129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144215756">144215756</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Liberation+to+Purge+Trials+in+the+%22Mythic+Provinces%22%3A+Recasting+French+Identities+in+Alsace+and+Lorraine%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-162&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-23-1-129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144215756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Laird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F11840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Rogers (1992). <i>Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-13178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-13178-1"><bdi>978-0-674-13178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Nationhood+in+France+and+Germany&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-13178-1&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase1902" class="citation book cs1">Case, Nelson (1902). <i>European Constitutional History; or, The Origin and Development of the Governments of Modern Europe, From the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Close of the Nineteenth Century</i>. 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"Changing Frames: Identity and Citizenship of New Guineans of German Heritage during the Interwar Years". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>47</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 347–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2012.714092">10.1080/00223344.2012.714092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41710255">41710255</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144044090">144044090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=Changing+Frames%3A+Identity+and+Citizenship+of+New+Guineans+of+German+Heritage+during+the+Interwar+Years&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=347-367&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144044090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41710255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223344.2012.714092&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Cameron B. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geoimlj35&div=30">"Descendants of Holocaust Refugees Face Maze of Discriminatory and Arbitrary Requirements in Reclaiming German Citizenship"</a></span>. <i>Georgetown Immigration Law Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center" title="Georgetown University Law Center">Georgetown University Law Center</a>: 695–700. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4370">0891-4370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106083809/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fgeoimlj35&div=30">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/HeinOnline" title="HeinOnline">HeinOnline</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Immigration+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Holocaust+Refugees+Face+Maze+of+Discriminatory+and+Arbitrary+Requirements+in+Reclaiming+German+Citizenship&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=695-700&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0891-4370&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Cameron+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fgeoimlj35%26div%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Stephanie (2010). "Citizenship, Law and Injustice: The Misuse of Citizenship and Law in Germany and the United States". In Dominello, Francesca (ed.). <i>State Power and the Legal Regulation of Evil</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 113–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9781848880290_012">10.1163/9781848880290_012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-029-0"><bdi>978-1-84888-029-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citizenship%2C+Law+and+Injustice%3A+The+Misuse+of+Citizenship+and+Law+in+Germany+and+the+United+States&rft.btitle=State+Power+and+the+Legal+Regulation+of+Evil&rft.pages=113-123&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9781848880290_012&rft.isbn=978-1-84888-029-0&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynot1972" class="citation journal cs1">Wynot, Edward D. Jr. (1972). "The Polish Germans, 1919-1939: National Minority in a Multinational State". <i>The Polish Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>: 23–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777027">25777027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Germans%2C+1919-1939%3A+National+Minority+in+a+Multinational+State&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-64&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25777027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wynot&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStaatsangehörigkeitsgesetz"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stag/"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz</i></span></a> (StAG) <i>[Nationality Act]</i>  of 22 July 1913 (in German)</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.integrationsbeauftragte.de/ib-de">Federal Office for Migration, Refugees, and Integration</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationality_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_nationality_law" title="Angolan nationality law">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_nationality_law" title="Beninese nationality law">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_nationality_law" title="Burkinabe nationality law">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_nationality_law" title="Cape Verdean nationality law">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_nationality_law" title="Central African nationality law">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_nationality_law" title="Chadian nationality law">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_nationality_law" title="Comorian nationality law">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese nationality law">Congo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_nationality_law" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_nationality_law" title="Djiboutian nationality law">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_nationality_law" title="Equatoguinean nationality law">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationality_law" title="Eritrean nationality law">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationality_law" title="Ethiopian nationality law">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_nationality_law" title="Guinean nationality law">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_nationality_law" title="Bissau-Guinean nationality law">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_nationality_law" title="Ivorian nationality law">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationality_law" title="Libyan nationality law">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_nationality_law" title="Malagasy nationality law">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_nationality_law" title="Malian nationality law">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_nationality_law" title="Mauritanian nationality law">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_nationality_law" title="Nigerien nationality law">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_nationality_law" title="São Toméan nationality law">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_nationality_law" title="Senegalese nationality law">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationality_law" title="Somali nationality law">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland citizenship and nationality">Somaliland</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nationality_law" title="Sudanese nationality law">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationality_law" title="Tunisian nationality law">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi citizenship and nationality">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_nationality_law" title="Costa Rican nationality law">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nationality_law" title="Cuban nationality law">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_nationality_law" title="Dominican Republic nationality law">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_nationality_law" title="Salvadoran nationality law">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Greenland <small>(Kingdom of Denmark)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_nationality_law" title="Guatemalan nationality law">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_nationality_law" title="Honduran nationality law">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_nationality_law" title="Panamanian nationality law">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islander_citizenship_and_nationality" title="United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality">US Virgin Islands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationality_law" title="Argentine nationality law">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_nationality_law" title="Bolivian nationality law">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_nationality_law" title="Chilean nationality law">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law" title="Colombian nationality law">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_nationality_law" title="Ecuadorian nationality law">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_nationality_law" title="Surinamese nationality law">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_nationality_law" title="Bahraini nationality law">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_nationality_law" title="Bhutanese nationality law">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_nationality_law" title="Cambodian nationality law">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_nationality_law" title="East Timorese nationality law">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationality_law" title="Jordanian nationality law">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_nationality_law" title="Kazakhstani nationality law">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstani nationality law (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laotian nationality law (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nationality_law" title="Mongolian nationality law">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_nationality_law" title="Omani nationality law">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">Palestine</a><sup><small></small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_nationality_law" title="Qatari nationality law">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_nationality_law" title="Saudi Arabian nationality law">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani nationality law (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationality_law" title="Thai nationality law">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen nationality law">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationality law (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_passport" title="Vietnamese passport">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni nationality law (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European Union</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law" title="Bulgarian nationality law">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationality_law" title="Croatian nationality law">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationality_law" title="Czech nationality law">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationality_law" title="Finnish nationality law">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationality_law" title="Icelandic nationality law">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_nationality_law" title="Latvian nationality law">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_nationality_law" title="Liechtensteiner nationality law">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law" title="Lithuanian nationality law">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationality_law" title="Norwegian nationality law">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationality_law" title="Romanian nationality law">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationality_law" title="Slovenian nationality law">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nationality_law" title="Swedish nationality law">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Rest of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law" title="Armenian nationality law">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_nationality_law" title="Andorran nationality law">Andorra</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationality_law" title="Azerbaijani nationality law">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian citizenship">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_nationality_law" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina nationality law">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan nationality law">Kosovo</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_nationality_law" title="Moldovan nationality law">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_nationality_law" title="Monégasque nationality law">Monaco</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationality_law" title="Montenegrin nationality law">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_North_Macedonia" title="Nationality law of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_nationality_law" title="San Marino nationality law">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationality_law" title="Serbian nationality law">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationality_law" title="Ukrainian nationality law">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_nationality_law" title="Micronesian nationality law">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_nationality_law" title="Marshallese nationality law">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_nationality_law" title="Palauan nationality law">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoan_citizenship_and_nationality" title="American Samoan citizenship and nationality">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union#Migration" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">Denaturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">Renunciation of citizenship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Birth aboard aircraft and ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_sanguinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius sanguinis">Ius sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius soli">Ius soli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By result</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Open border with <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Partially recognized.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationality_law" title="Category:Nationality law"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100694580#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4623573-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85026206">United States</a></span></li><li><span 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