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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Pelagonien" title="Schlacht von Pelagonien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schlacht von Pelagonien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Битка при Пелагония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Пелагония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pelag%C3%B2nia" title="Batalla de Pelagònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Pelagònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Pelagonie" title="Bitva u Pelagonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Pelagonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Pelagonia" title="Schlacht bei Pelagonia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Pelagonia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μάχη της Πελαγονίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Πελαγονίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Pelagonia" title="Batalla de Pelagonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Pelagonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نبرد پلاگونیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد پلاگونیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_P%C3%A9lagonia" title="Bataille de Pélagonia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Pélagonia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Pelagonia" title="Battaglia di Pelagonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Pelagonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="პელაგონიის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პელაგონიის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagoniai_csata" title="Pelagoniai csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pelagoniai csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1259)" title="Пелагониска битка (1259) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пелагониска битка (1259)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B4%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ペラゴニアの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペラゴニアの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Pelagoni%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Pelagonią – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Pelagonią" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Pelag%C3%B4nia" title="Batalha de Pelagônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Pelagônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_din_Pelagonia" title="Bătălia din Pelagonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia din Pelagonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Битва при Пелагонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Пелагонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пелагонијска битка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пелагонијска битка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagonian_taistelu" title="Pelagonian taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pelagonian taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Pelagonia" title="Trận Pelagonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Pelagonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q763428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pelagonia&params=40_49_N_21_34_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.817°N 21.567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.817; 21.567</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle between Frankish and Byzantine forces in 1259</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Pelagonia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaean%E2%80%93Latin_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaean–Latin wars">Nicaean–Latin wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirote%E2%80%93Nicaean_conflict" title="Epirote–Nicaean conflict">Epirote–Nicaean conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Early summer or autumn of 1259</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Plain of <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Pelagonia&params=40_49_N_21_34_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.817°N 21.567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.817; 21.567</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Decisive Nicaean victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Collapse of the Epiroto-Latin League</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a></li> <li> •  <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a></li> <li> •  <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a></li> <li> •  <a href="/wiki/Triarchs_of_Negroponte" class="mw-redirect" title="Triarchs of Negroponte">Triarchs of Negroponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Palaiologos_(brother_of_Michael_VIII)" title="John Palaiologos (brother of Michael VIII)">John Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Strategopoulos" title="Alexios Strategopoulos">Alexios Strategopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Doukas">John Doukas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John Doukas</a> <small>(defected)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Briel" title="Geoffrey of Briel">Geoffrey of Briel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sanudo" title="Angelo Sanudo">Angelo Sanudo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Pelagonia is located in Greece"><img alt="Battle of Pelagonia is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.986%;left:22.843%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Pelagonia"><img alt="Battle of Pelagonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Greece relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battles_of_the_Frankokratia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battles of the Frankokratia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine–Frankish_conflicts_of_the_Frankokratia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Byzantine–Frankish conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">Constantinople (1203)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Constantinople (1204)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Epirote–Latin wars</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas#Expansion_and_death" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Nicaean%E2%80%93Latin_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaean–Latin wars">Nicaean–Latin wars</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adramyttion_(1205)" title="Battle of Adramyttion (1205)">Adramyttion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rhyndacus_(1211)" title="Battle of the Rhyndacus (1211)">Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poimanenon" title="Battle of Poimanenon">Poimanenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1235)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1235)">Constantinople (1235)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(1241)" title="Battle of Constantinople (1241)">Constantinople (1241)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1260)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1260)">Constantinople & Galata (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Constantinople (1261)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Conflicts in the Morea</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Kountouras" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras">Grove of Kountouras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Prinitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Makryplagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_George" title="Battle of Saint George">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gardiki" title="Battle of Gardiki">Gardiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)" title="Battle of the Echinades (1427)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos#Despot_of_the_Morea" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Campaigns of Constantine XI</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Angevin–Byzantine conflict</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Demetrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licario" title="Licario">Licario's campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">Berat</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Wars with the Venetians, Catalans, and others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_occupation_of_Rhodes" title="Genoese occupation of Rhodes">Genoese occupation of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Settepozzi" title="Battle of Settepozzi">Settepozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1296%E2%80%931302)" title="Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)">Byzantine–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apros" title="Battle of Apros">Apros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Genoese_War_(1348%E2%80%931349)" title="Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)">Byzantine–Genoese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Michael_VIII" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of Michael VIII"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Michael_VIII" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of Michael VIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Michael_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of Michael VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Wars of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos"><span class="wrap">Michael VIII Palaiologos</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1260)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1260)">Constantinople & Galata (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Constantinople (1261)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Prinitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Settepozzi" title="Battle of Settepozzi">Settepozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Makryplagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Demetrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licario" title="Licario">Licario's campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus_(1277)" title="Battle of Pharsalus (1277)">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">Berat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Pelagonia</b> or <b>Battle of Kastoria</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place in early summer or autumn 1259, between the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and an anti-Nicaean alliance comprising <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a>. It was a decisive event in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, ensuring the eventual reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in 1261. </p><p>The rising power of Nicaea in the southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and the ambitions of its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, to recover Constantinople, led the formation of a coalition between the Epirote Greeks, under <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a>, and the chief Latin rulers of the time, the Prince of Achaea, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred of Sicily</a>. The details of the battle, including its precise date and location, are disputed as the primary sources give contradictory information; modern scholars usually place it either in July or in September, somewhere in the plain of <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a> or near <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a>. It appears that the barely concealed rivalries between the Epirote Greeks and their Latin allies came to the fore in the lead-up to the battle, possibly fanned by Palaiologos' agents. As a result, the Epirotes abandoned the Latins on the eve of the battle, while Michael II's bastard son <a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Doukas">John Doukas</a> defected to the Nicaean camp. The Latins were then set upon by the Nicaeans and routed, while many nobles, including Villehardouin, were taken captive. </p><p>The battle cleared the last obstacle to the Nicaean <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">reconquest of Constantinople</a> in 1261 and the re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a>. It also led to the brief conquest of Epirus and Thessaly by Nicaean forces, although Michael II and his sons rapidly managed to reverse these gains. In 1262, William of Villehardouin was released in exchange for three fortresses on the southeastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> peninsula. This foothold would be gradually expanded, and would over the next century become the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, the two main <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greek</a> contenders for the imperial legacy of Byzantium were the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> in western Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199310–15,_19–22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199310–15,_19–22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engendered a persistent rivalry between the two states as to which would first recover <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199313,_15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199313,_15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982342_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982342-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicaea gained an important advantage following the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> by the Nicaean emperor <a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1222–1254</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Vatatzes' conquests, the region of <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a> in western Macedonia became a border zone between the Nicaean and Epirote domains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275–276_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275–276-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Vatatzes died in 1254, the ruler of Epirus, <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1230–1268</span>), sponsored a rebellion against Nicaea in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and invaded the Nicaean domains, capturing the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a> and the local Nicaean governor, and future historian, <a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199328-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199735–36_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199735–36-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael II's advance on <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> was interrupted, however, when <a href="/wiki/Manfred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Sicily">Manfred of Sicily</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1258–1266</span>) landed his own troops in Albania and captured most of it, as well as <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. Like the earlier <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Norman</a> kings of Sicily, Manfred had his own ambitions in the Balkans, including Constantinople itself; and the enforced residence of his half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Constance</a>, the widow of Vatatzes, at the Nicaean court, only aggravated his feelings towards Nicaea. Thus, when Michael II offered to hand over Albania and Corfu as the dowry of his eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Helena_Angelina_Doukaina" title="Helena Angelina Doukaina">Helena</a>, Manfred accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael II now formed a wider anti-Nicaean alliance, by giving his second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Doukaina" title="Anna Komnene Doukaina">Anna</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Latinokratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinokratia">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Achaea" title="Prince of Achaea">Prince of Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1246–1278</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199328-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was also overlord of the other Latin states of southern Greece, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Triarchs_of_Negroponte" class="mw-redirect" title="Triarchs of Negroponte">Triarchs of Negroponte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael II also secured the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Serbia">Serbian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Urosh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Urosh I">Stephen Urosh I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1243–1276</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199328-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Vatatzes' son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1254–1258</span>), in turn sought the support of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh">Constantine Tikh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1257–1277</span>) giving him his own daughter <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina_Laskarina" title="Irene Doukaina Laskarina">Irene</a> in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he could campaign against Epirus, however, he died and was succeeded his young son <a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1258–1261</span>). Very soon, power was seized by the ambitious aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1259–1282</span>), first as regent and then as senior co-emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199736–37_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199736–37-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicaean_expedition_against_Epirus">Nicaean expedition against Epirus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nicaean expedition against Epirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg/180px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg/270px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg/360px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Miniature portrait of Michael VIII Palaiologos in full regalia</figcaption></figure> <p>Michael Palaiologos found himself faced with a powerful coalition that, according to the Byzantinist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Donald Nicol</a>, "seemed likely to threaten the possession not only of Thessalonica but even of Constantinople itself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Palaiologos did not tarry. Already in the autumn of 1258, his army crossed over into Europe, under his brother <a href="/wiki/John_Palaiologos_(brother_of_Michael_VIII)" title="John Palaiologos (brother of Michael VIII)">John Palaiologos</a>, who held the quasi-imperial rank of <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i></span>, and the <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Megas_domestikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Megas domestikos">megas domestikos</a></i></span> (commander-in-chief) <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Strategopoulos" title="Alexios Strategopoulos">Alexios Strategopoulos</a>, and wintered in Macedonia, where it was joined by local levies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Michael Palaiologos sent separate embassies to each of the three main allies, hoping to pry them apart by diplomacy. These efforts failed, as the three allies stood to gain much from a successful offensive against Nicaea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 1259, the Nicaeans went on the offensive, and advanced quickly westwards along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a>. Michael II of Epirus, who was encamped at <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a>, was caught off guard by the rapidity of their advance, and when the Nicaeans crossed the pass of <a href="/wiki/Vodena" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodena">Vodena</a> to face him, he was forced to hastily retreat with his troops across the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountains to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Avlona</a>, held by his ally Manfred. There the final negotiations for the marriage between Manfred and Helena were concluded: the wedding took place at <a href="/wiki/Trani,_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trani, Apulia">Trani</a> on 2 June 1259. In their retreat, which continued even during night, the Epirotes reportedly lost many men in the dangerous mountain passes, while the Nicaean generals captured <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deavolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deavolis">Deavolis</a> and other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962–63_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962–63-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331–32_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199331–32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Epirote ruler had lost much of his territory, but soon his Latin allies came to his aid. Manfred, preoccupied with his conflicts against the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelphs</a> in central Italy, did not come in person–although his presence is erroneously reported by near-contemporary sources like <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Gregoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros Gregoras">Nikephoros Gregoras</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matteo_Spinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matteo Spinelli (page does not exist)">Matteo Spinelli</a>—but sent 400 superbly outfitted German knights, who probably landed at Avlona to join Michael II's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953121–123_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953121–123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William of Villehardouin on the other hand campaigned at the head his forces. The Greek and French versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Morea" title="Chronicle of the Morea">Chronicle of the Morea</a></i> mention troops from Achaea, the Duchy of Athens, the <a href="/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte" title="Triarchy of Negroponte">Triarchy of Negroponte</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a> under William's command, implying a general feudal levy from the Frankish states of Greece, which were vassals of the Prince of Achaea. Many of the most distinguished nobles of Frankish Greece also took part in the expedition. The Achaean host crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naupaktos" class="mw-redirect" title="Naupaktos">Naupaktos</a> and marched to the Epirote capital of <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>, before crossing the Pindus at joining the forces of the other Frankish states at Thalassionon (possibly <a href="/wiki/Elassona" title="Elassona">Elassona</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123–124,_esp._note_115_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123–124,_esp._note_115-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael of Epirus in turn was accompanied by his elder son Nikephoros and further aided by his bastard son <a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Doukas">John Doukas</a>, who brought with him many <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a> region of Thessaly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aragonese <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i> gives the totals of 8,000 heavily-armed and 12,000 lightly-armed troops for William's army, including twenty dukes, counts, and barons; and 8,000 heavily-armed and 18,000 lightly-armed troops for the Epirote army. These numbers are universally considered as much exaggerated by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197687–88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197687–88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982345_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982345-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Nicaean side, the army comprised not only native Greek contingents from Asia, Macedonia and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, but also many mercenaries; according to the <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300 German knights, "all select, all hand-picked", 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> "choice <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archers">mounted archers</a>", 600 Serbian horsemen,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likewise "all good archers", and even <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> cavalry, as well as 1,500 Turkish and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124–125_(esp._notes_116,_117)_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124–125_(esp._notes_116,_117)-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Chronicle</i> mentions that the Germans were led by the "Duke of Karentana", usually identified with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>. The duke at the time was <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_III,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia">Ulrich III</a>, but he ruled for many years after 1259, and was probably not at the battle, where the <i>Chronicle</i> maintains that he was killed at the hand of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Briel" title="Geoffrey of Briel">Geoffrey of Briel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Karytaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron of Karytaina">Baron of Karytaina</a>. The modern editor of the Greek version of the chronicle, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petros_P._Kalonaros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petros P. Kalonaros (page does not exist)">Petros P. Kalonaros</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0._%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Πέτρος Π. Καλονάρος">el</a>]</span>, opined that the "Duke of Karantana" is a fictitious character symbolizing a brave warrior, and the name was chosen possibly under the influence of a corruption of the name Karytaina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_(note_116),_130–131_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_(note_116),_130–131-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964189_(note_70)_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964189_(note_70)-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also likely that Latin troops fought on the Nicaean side, although they are not explicitly mentioned: they were a prominent element of previous Nicaean armies, and Michael Palaiologos had relied on their support for his usurpation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total size of the Nicaean army is nowhere reported,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for a reference in the Greek <i>Chronicle</i> that it comprised 27 regiments (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">allagia</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964181_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964181-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the historian Deno John Geanakoplos, "the statements of the <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i> are often exaggerated", and "one gets a clear impression from the sources [...] that the allied forces surpassed those of Nicaea in size".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124,_125_(esp._note_119)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124,_125_(esp._note_119)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_in_the_sources">Differences in the sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences in the sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main Byzantine sources, George Akropolites, Nikephoros Gregoras, and <a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a>, offer considerably divergent accounts on the exact course of events before and during the battle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Western sources, chiefly the Greek and French versions of the <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i> and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Marino_Sanudo_Torcello" class="mw-redirect" title="Marino Sanudo Torcello">Marino Sanudo Torcello</a>, in turn differ from the Byzantine sources and from each other. The narrative of the <i>Chronicle</i> is generally considered less reliable, being riddled with errors and mix-ups, but often provides details not appearing elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–132_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–132-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_3)_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_3)-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account of the <i>Chronicle</i> focuses not on Prince William of Villehardouin, but on his nephew Geoffrey of Briel, whose deeds in the battle are presented in length, and in a style reminiscent of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Epic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poems">epic poems</a> on <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a>, whereas William is almost mentioned in passing. Briel was the only male grandchild of the first Villehardouin Prince of Achaea, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey I of Villehardouin">Geoffrey I of Villehardouin</a>, and hence a potential claimant to the Principality.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200973–74_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200973–74-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akropolites emphasizes the Nicaeans' use of strategy, and his account describes "a series of skirmishes on the road rather than a confrontation of two armies on a battlefield",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007363_(note_8)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007363_(note_8)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the impression that "the defeat of the allies at the hands of the Nicene forces came quickly and ingloriously",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the <i>Chronicle</i> is at pains to portray the fight as a heroic albeit doomed combat, exaggerating the number of the Nicaean troops, avoiding any mention of the Sicilian contingent, and stressing the role of Nicaean agents in spreading dissension among the allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregoras and Pachymeres, while following the earlier account of Akropolites in the main, contain elements also found in the <i>Chronicle</i>, including the role of a Nicaean agent, and praise for the valiant conduct of the Achaean nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200974–76_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200974–76-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the differences in the sources, numerous details of the battle remain unclear, from the exact date (proposed dates range from June to November), the location (Pelagonia or Kastoria), or the exact roles the various leaders played in the events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_4)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_4)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main suggestions for the date are by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Donald Nicol</a>, in early summer (July), and Deno Geanakoplos, in early fall (around September).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006276_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006276-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact location of the battle has been disputed, as the only clear toponym given in the sources is Boril's Wood (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Βορίλλα λόγγος</span></span>), which has been variously placed by modern researchers close to Prilep, Kastoria, or <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (then known as Pelagonia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278_(esp._note_13)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278_(esp._note_13)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the sources and the topography to reconstruct the movements of the armies, the modern scholars Freiderikos Rochontzis and Robert Mihajlovski have independently suggested as the battlefield the plain between <a href="/wiki/Florina" title="Florina">Florina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaimakchalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaimakchalan">Kaimakchalan</a>, north of Kastoria, near the modern settlement of <a href="/wiki/Vevi" title="Vevi">Vevi</a> (formerly known as Banitsa); a strategically important location where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Battle of Lyncestis</a> had been fought in 423 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Battle of Vevi</a> was fought in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278–283_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278–283-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[The Nicaeans] engaged the enemy, striking them with arrows from a distance. They began to attack the enemy from a place whose name is Borilla Longos. They allowed them neither to march freely in the daytime nor to rest at night. For they clashed with them in the day when they were watering their horses—if someone should distance himself to water his horse—and they fell upon them also on the road and, drawing near their carts and beasts of burden, they plundered their loads, while those who were guarding yielded. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Description of the Nicaean hit-and-run <a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategy of attrition">strategy of attrition</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a>, <i>The History</i>, §81<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Akropolites puts the location of the first clashes between the two armies at Boril's Wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360,_363_(note_8)_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360,_363_(note_8)-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of their numerical disadvantage, the Nicaeans had no choice but to employ strategy to overcome their opponents, aiming at the cohesion of the enemy alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–126,_132_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–126,_132-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all Greeks, the Epirotes mistrusted and hated the Franks as a result of the Fourth Crusade and the oppression of the Orthodox Greeks by the Roman Catholic clergy in the Frankish states, while the Franks despised the Greeks as cowardly, devious and <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">schismatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953126_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953126-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sebastokrator</i></span> John Palaiologos followed a deliberate strategy of attrition to wear down his opponents and impact their morale, while avoiding a direct confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akropolites ascribes this to advice given from the outset of the campaign by Michael Palaiologos to his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–127_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–127-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this plan, John distributed his men, leaving the heavily armed troops to occupy strong defensive positions on the hills, while his lighter Cuman, Turkish and Greek troops harassed the allied army with hit-and-run attacks, striking at their horses when they were being watered and plundering their supply trains. Faced with this constant harassment, Akropolites reports that the morale of the Epirote army withered, and Michael II with his troops withdrew towards <a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a>, while John Doukas deserted the allied cause and went over to the Nicaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–128_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–128-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199738_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199738-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregoras, however, reports that Michael II's flight was precipitated by John Palaiologos, who sent a false deserter to the Epirote camp, claiming that the Franks had secretly agreed with the <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sebastokrator</i></span> to betray the Epirotes in exchange for money. Persuaded, the Epirote ruler immediately fled his camp with as many men as he could gather, while the rest of the Epirote army too dispersed after his flight became known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pachymeres offers a completely different version, highlighting the discord present among the allies even before they met with the Nicaean army, allegedly as the result of some Achaean knights coveting John Doukas' beautiful Vlach wife. Matters were made worse when William of Villehardouin not only did not punish his men, but also insulted John Doukas for his illegitimate birth, infuriating the latter. John Doukas then entered into contact with John Palaiologos, and after extracting promises that his father and half-brother would not be harmed, persuaded them to withdraw during night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953128–129_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953128–129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pachymeres' account of William insulting John the Bastard is further confirmed by Marino Sanudo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953131–132_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953131–132-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The first battalion [the Nicaeans] had was that of the Germans, and when the renowned lord of Karytaina saw them, he immediately rushed at them, and they couched their lances. The first he met and to whom he dealt a blow of the lance was he who was called Duke of Carinthia, and striking him on the chest, where his shield was raised for protection, he flung him lifeless onto the ground together with his horse. After that he slew two others who were the Duke’s kinsmen. The lance which he held shattered into three pieces, and so he quickly drew his sword and began to do battle in earnest with the Germans, and all those who came to fight him he mowed down like hay in a field. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Briel" title="Geoffrey of Briel">Geoffrey of Briel</a> kills the '<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">Duke of Carinthia</a>', <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Morea" title="Chronicle of the Morea">Chronicle of the Morea</a></i>, Greek version, vv. 4017–4032<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross2009314_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross2009314-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Whatever the true course of events, on the next morning, when the Epirote flight was discovered by their Latin allies, they too tried to withdraw, but it was too late. The Nicaeans fell upon them, and in addition, according to Pachymeres, John Doukas and his Vlachs attacked from the rear. Many Latins were killed, while most of the survivors were taken prisoner. Gregoras reports that the 400 Germans surrendered to only four Nicaeans (possibly high-ranking commanders), while the forces of William of Villehardouin scattered. The Prince himself was discovered hiding in a pile of hay (Akropolites) or a shrub (Pachymeres) near Kastoria, and some thirty of his most senior barons were likewise taken captive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i> offers a variant account, but confuses the leading personages, claiming that "Theodore Doukas" (an error for John Doukas) was the commander of the Nicaean forces, and placing Nikephoros at the head of the Epirote army. According to the <i>Chronicle</i>, the Nicaean commander tried to frighten his opponents by lighting many camp fires and using cattle to simulate marching troops, and sent an agent to the allied camp to persuade the Despot of the vastly superior size of the Nicaean force. The stratagem worked in so far as the Epirote troops fled during the night, while the Nicaeans, emboldened by this, moved to confront the Achaeans. The Achaeans, with Geoffrey of Briel leading the van, managed to rout the German knights who were the Nicaeans' first line; but the <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sebastokrator</i></span> ordered his Hungarian and Cuman horse archers to shoot indiscriminately at the horses of the Franks and the Germans, bringing the knights down and forcing them to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–131_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–131-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964181,_187–191_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964181,_187–191-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Geanakoplos, although differing in details, the various accounts can be reconciled to form a more complete picture of the battle. Certainly the crucial turning point, Michael II's flight on the eve of the battle, is easy to explain even without a Nicaean stratagem: the Epirote ruler was disquieted by the presence of such a strong Frankish army, and feared that in the event of an allied victory, he would be likely to lose his own territory to the Latins, fears which would have been confirmed with the clash between his son John Doukas and William of Villehardouin in the days leading up to the battle. Conversely, if the Nicaeans won, not only his rule, but his own life would be in danger, leading him to choose flight instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953132–133_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953132–133-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political map of the Balkans and Asia Minor in circa 1265" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/280px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/420px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg/560px-ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Map of the restored <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> and the surrounding states in 1265</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle was a decisive event<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongnon1969247_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongnon1969247-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201391_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201391-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the subsequent history of the Balkans. With the collapse of the Epirote–Latin league, Michael Palaiologos was free to pursue the reconquest of Constantinople and the revival of the Byzantine Empire: the rump <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> was now cut off from any aid, and the capture of Villehardouin deprived it, in the words of Donald Nicol, "of its only capable defender".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332–33_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199332–33-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in 1260, Michael Palaiologos <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1260)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1260)">attacked</a> Constantinople, as one of the knights taken prisoner in Pelagonia, and whose house was in the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">city walls</a>, had promised to open a gate for the emperor's troops. He failed to do so, and Palaiologos launched an unsuccessful assault on <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1969229_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1969229-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199333_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199333-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantinople was <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">finally captured</a>, almost by chance, by Alexios Strategopoulos on 25 July 1261, allowing for the re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1969230–232_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1969230–232-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199334–36_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199334–36-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nicaean victory at Pelagonia also led to immediate, but short-lived, territorial expansion in Greece: John Palaiologos invaded Thessaly and the Duchy of Athens up to <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, while Alexios Strategopoulos and <a href="/wiki/John_Raoul_Petraliphas" title="John Raoul Petraliphas">John Raoul Petraliphas</a> were tasked with reducing Epirus proper. Strategopoulos and Petraliphas crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a>, bypassed <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, which they left under siege, and captured the Epirote capital, <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>, forcing Michael II to flee to the island of <a href="/wiki/Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a>. At Arta they found and released many Nicaean prisoners, including Akropolites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199332-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007365–366_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007365–366-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next year, however, the Nicaean successes were largely undone: John Doukas defected back to his father, and Michael II with an Italian mercenary army landed at Arta, and the Epirote population rallied to his cause. The Epirotes routed the Nicaeans, and Strategopoulos himself was captured and briefly held prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199332-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was a particularly heavy blow to the Principality of Achaea. It was the first heavy defeat it had ever suffered, and at a stroke lost most of its soldiers and a greater part of its nobles. Alongside the Prince, his close relatives <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselin_of_Toucy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselin of Toucy (page does not exist)">Anselin of Toucy</a> and Geoffrey of Briel were also captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969122_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969122-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the entire <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> peninsula was also opened up to Michael Palaiologos' ambitions. The emperor offered to set free Villehardouin and his nobles and provide for comfortable retainers for them, if they were to hand over the Principality to him; and while Villehardouin refused this offer, after the fall of Constantinople he finally agreed to hand over a number of fortresses and swear an oath of allegiance to Palaiologos in exchange for his freedom. This was ratified by the so-called "Parliament of Ladies" (as most of the male nobles of Achaea were prisoners), and in early 1262 Villehardouin was released, and the forts of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>, as well as the district of <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a>, were handed over to the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969122–125_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969122–125-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1959154–155_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1959154–155-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there the Byzantines would launch repeated attempts to conquer Achaea, and although these failed for the moment,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were extremely costly to the Achaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969125–135_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969125–135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201383_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201383-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the longer term, the foothold gained by the Byzantines in the region would form the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199749_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199749-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Byzantine culture enjoyed its last flowering before the Ottoman conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982353–354_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982353–354-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991a1409–1410_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991a1409–1410-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat at Pelagonia also ended the supremacy of the Principality of Achaea in the affairs of Frankish Greece, and the Nicaean/Byzantine offensive that followed further curtailed its political independence. No longer able to confront the resurgent Byzantines, Prince William turned to the successors of Manfred of Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> of Naples, for aid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201384–86,_91–92_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201384–86,_91–92-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as, faced with a common enemy, did the Greek rulers of Epirus and Thessaly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201398–99_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201398–99-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">Treaty of Viterbo</a> in 1267, after which, in the words of the historian Peter Lock, "The Frankish states of the Aegean [...] became virtual marcher lordships of the Angevin kingdom of Naples and no longer lordships in their own right. They become subsumed in the power politics of the Mediterranean as viewed from a Neapolitan perspective".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201391–92_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201391–92-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek and French versions of the <i>Chronicle</i> are in agreement, whereas the later Aragonese and Italian versions give exaggerated numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians point out that if true, this is a remarkable fact, given the close relations of the Serbian king with the anti-Nicaean alliance. Thus <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Kenneth Setton</a> suggests that rather than a royal army, it may instead have been "some disaffected Serbian nobleman [...] with his own followers" who joined the Nicaeans on his own account.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is therefore likely that the <i>Chronicle</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>'s author relied on an epic on Briel's life as his main source for the events of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In one of these conflicts, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Battle of Prinitza</a>, a small Frankish force routed a far more numerous Byzantine army. The <i>Chronicle of the Morea</i> has an envoy from Michael Palaiologos berating the Byzantine commander (another of Michael's brothers, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Palaiologos_(half-brother_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)">Constantine</a>) for neglecting the lessons of Pelagonia and confronting the Franks head on instead of by stratagem, and of not shooting at their horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964214–215_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964214–215-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982350–351_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982350–351-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 136; <a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, pp. 340–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199310–15,_19–22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199310–15,_19–22_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, pp. 10–15, 19–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199313,_15-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199313,_15_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, pp. 13, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982342-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982342_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihajlovski2006">Mihajlovski 2006</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275–276-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006275–276_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihajlovski2006">Mihajlovski 2006</a>, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997731_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199328-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199328_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199735–36-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199735–36_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartusis1997">Bartusis 1997</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199737_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartusis1997">Bartusis 1997</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199736–37-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199736–37_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartusis1997">Bartusis 1997</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199331-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1959">Geanakoplos 1959</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962–63-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos195962–63_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1959">Geanakoplos 1959</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199331–32-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199331–32_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953121–123-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953121–123_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 121–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123–124,_esp._note_115-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123–124,_esp._note_115_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 123–124, esp. note 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953123_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197687–88-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197687–88_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982345-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982345_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197685_(esp._note_3)_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 85 (esp. note 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124–125_(esp._notes_116,_117)-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124–125_(esp._notes_116,_117)_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 124–125 (esp. notes 116, 117).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_(note_116),_130–131-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_(note_116),_130–131_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 124 (note 116), 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964189_(note_70)-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964189_(note_70)_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurier1964">Lurier 1964</a>, p. 189 (note 70).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964181-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964181_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurier1964">Lurier 1964</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124,_125_(esp._note_119)-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953124,_125_(esp._note_119)_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 124, 125 (esp. note 119).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–129_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–132-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–132_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 130–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_3)-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_3)_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon1969">Bon 1969</a>, p. 121 (note 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200976-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200976_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross2009">Shawcross 2009</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200973–74-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200973–74_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross2009">Shawcross 2009</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007363_(note_8)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007363_(note_8)_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, p. 363 (note 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200975_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross2009">Shawcross 2009</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross200974–76-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross200974–76_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross2009">Shawcross 2009</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_4)-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969121_(note_4)_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon1969">Bon 1969</a>, p. 121 (note 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991b1619–1620_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot1991b">Talbot 1991b</a>, pp. 1619–1620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006276-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006276_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihajlovski2006">Mihajlovski 2006</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278_(esp._note_13)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278_(esp._note_13)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihajlovski2006">Mihajlovski 2006</a>, p. 278 (esp. note 13).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982347_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278–283-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihajlovski2006278–283_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihajlovski2006">Mihajlovski 2006</a>, pp. 278–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360,_363_(note_8)-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007360,_363_(note_8)_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, pp. 360, 363 (note 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–126,_132-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–126,_132_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 125–126, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953126-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953126_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–127-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953125–127_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 125–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–128-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953127–128_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199738-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199738_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartusis1997">Bartusis 1997</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953128–129-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953128–129_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953131–132-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953131–132_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross2009314-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross2009314_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawcross2009">Shawcross 2009</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–131-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953130–131_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964181,_187–191-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964181,_187–191_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurier1964">Lurier 1964</a>, pp. 181, 187–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953132–133-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1953132–133_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1953">Geanakoplos 1953</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongnon1969247-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongnon1969247_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongnon1969">Longnon 1969</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201391-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201391_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199332–33-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332–33_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1969229-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1969229_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1969">Wolff 1969</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199333-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199333_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1969230–232-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1969230–232_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1969">Wolff 1969</a>, p. 230–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199334–36-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199334–36_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199332-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199332_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol 1993</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007365–366-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007365–366_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969122-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969122_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon1969">Bon 1969</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969122–125-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969122–125_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon1969">Bon 1969</a>, pp. 122–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1959154–155-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1959154–155_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeanakoplos1959">Geanakoplos 1959</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurier1964214–215-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurier1964214–215_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurier1964">Lurier 1964</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982350–351-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982350–351_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon1969125–135-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon1969125–135_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon1969">Bon 1969</a>, pp. 125–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201383-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201383_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartusis199749-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartusis199749_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartusis1997">Bartusis 1997</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982353–354-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochontzis1982353–354_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochontzis1982">Rochontzis 1982</a>, pp. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1991a1409–1410-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1991a1409–1410_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot1991a">Talbot 1991a</a>, pp. 1409–1410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201384–86,_91–92-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201384–86,_91–92_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, pp. 84–86, 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201398–99-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201398–99_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock201391–92-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock201391–92_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pelagonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartusis1997" class="citation book cs1">Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUs-hHd89xAC"><i>The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1620-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Byzantine+Army%3A+Arms+and+Society+1204%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1620-2&rft.aulast=Bartusis&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUs-hHd89xAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBon1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bon, Antoine (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BefarA&volume_number=213&issue_number=1"><i>La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d'Achaïe</i></a> [<i>The Frankish Morea. Historical, Topographic and Archaeological Studies on the Principality of Achaea</i>] (in French). Paris: De Boccard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869621129">869621129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Mor%C3%A9e+franque.+Recherches+historiques%2C+topographiques+et+arch%C3%A9ologiques+sur+la+principaut%C3%A9+d%27Acha%C3%AFe&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=De+Boccard&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869621129&rft.aulast=Bon&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcefael.efa.gr%2Fdetail.php%3Fsite_id%3D1%26actionID%3Dpage%26serie_id%3DBefarA%26volume_number%3D213%26issue_number%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deno_John_Geanakoplos" class="mw-redirect" title="Deno John Geanakoplos">Geanakoplos, Deno John</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291057">"Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia–1259"</a>. <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>7</b>: 99–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291057">10.2307/1291057</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291057">1291057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Greco-Latin+Relations+on+the+Eve+of+the+Byzantine+Restoration%3A+The+Battle+of+Pelagonia%E2%80%931259&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=99-141&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos" title="Deno Geanakoplos">Geanakoplos, Deno John</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPscAAAAYAAJ"><i>Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434">1011763434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Michael+Palaeologus+and+the+West%2C+1258%E2%80%931282%3A+A+Study+in+Byzantine-Latin+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1011763434&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPscAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2013" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oqrAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500</i></a>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05139-3"><bdi>978-0-582-05139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franks+in+the+Aegean%2C+1204%E2%80%931500&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05139-3&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oqrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongnon1969" class="citation book cs1">Longnon, Jean (1969) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusTwo.i0020&id=History.CrusTwo">"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff" title="Robert Lee Wolff">Wolff, Robert Lee</a>; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6YRA3XHH2ASDG8R"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311</i></a> (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6"><bdi>0-299-04844-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Frankish+States+in+Greece%2C+1204%E2%80%931311&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Later+Crusades%2C+1189%E2%80%931311&rft.place=Madison%2C+Milwaukee%2C+and+London&rft.pages=234-275&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-04844-6&rft.aulast=Longnon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Darticle%26did%3DHistory.CrusTwo.i0020%26id%3DHistory.CrusTwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurier1964" class="citation book cs1">Lurier, Harold E., ed. (1964). <i>Crusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of Morea</i>. New York and London: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62-9367">62-9367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusaders+as+Conquerors%3A+The+Chronicle+of+Morea&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62-9367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrides2007" class="citation book cs1">Macrides, Ruth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_0LdWboHXwC"><i>George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1"><bdi>978-0-19-921067-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Akropolites%3A+The+History+%E2%80%93+Introduction%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921067-1&rft.aulast=Macrides&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_0LdWboHXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihajlovski2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mihajlovski, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11217477">"The Battle of Pelagonia 1259: A New Look through the March Routes and Topography"</a>. <i>Byzantinoslavica</i>. <b>64</b>: 275–284. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-7712">0007-7712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinoslavica&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Pelagonia+1259%3A+A+New+Look+through+the+March+Routes+and+Topography&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=275-284&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0007-7712&rft.aulast=Mihajlovski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11217477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC"><i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43991-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochontzis1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rochontzis, Freiderikos (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmakedonika.528">"Η αναβίωση του Ελληνισμού και η παρακμή της Φραγκοκρατίας: μάχη της Καστοριάς (1259 μ.Χ.)"</a> [The rebirth of Hellenism and decline of Frankocracy: The Battle of Kastoria (1259 AD)]. <i>Makedonika</i> (in Greek). <b>22</b>: 340–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmakedonika.528">10.12681/makedonika.528</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0076-289X">0076-289X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Makedonika&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%3A+%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82+%281259+%CE%BC.%CE%A7.%29&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=340-357&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fmakedonika.528&rft.issn=0076-289X&rft.aulast=Rochontzis&rft.aufirst=Freiderikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fmakedonika.528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4OPORrVeXQC"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</i></a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0"><bdi>0-87169-114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87169-114-0&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4OPORrVeXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2009" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross, Teresa (2009). <i>The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Crusader Greece</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955700-4"><bdi>978-0-19-955700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Morea%3A+Historiography+in+Crusader+Greece&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955700-4&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1991a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary</a> (1991). "Morea, Despotate of". 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Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1409–1410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morea%2C+Despotate+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1409-1410&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Alice-Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1991b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Pelagonia, Battle of". 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Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1619–1620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelagonia%2C+Battle+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1619-1620&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Alice-Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff" title="Robert Lee Wolff">Wolff, Robert Lee</a>; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6YRA3XHH2ASDG8R"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311</i></a> (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 186–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04844-6"><bdi>0-299-04844-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+Empire+of+Constantinople%2C+1204%E2%80%931261&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Later+Crusades%2C+1189%E2%80%931311&rft.place=Madison%2C+Milwaukee%2C+and+London&rft.pages=186-233&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-04844-6&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistory.CrusTwo.p0213%26id%3DHistory.CrusTwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pelagonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#66023C;color:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Greece" title="Template:Byzantine Greece"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:gold">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Greece" title="Template talk:Byzantine Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:gold">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:gold">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece"><span style="color: gold">Byzantine Greece</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Theme of the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Theme of Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Theme of Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Theme of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Theme of Strymon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Theme of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Theme of the Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Theme of Cephallenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Theme of Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclaviniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclaviniae">Sclaviniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielis" title="Danielis">Danielis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Choniates" title="Michael Choniates">Michael Choniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sgouros" title="Leo Sgouros">Leo Sgouros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Gabalas" title="Leo Gabalas">Leo Gabalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chomatenos" title="Demetrios Chomatenos">Demetrios Chomatenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Apokaukos" title="John Apokaukos">John Apokaukos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I Doukas of Thessaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas">Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Thomas I Komnenos Doukas">Thomas I Komnenos Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Demetrios Kydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Orsini" title="Nicholas Orsini">Nicholas Orsini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Asen" title="Andronikos Asen">Andronikos Asen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Orsini" title="John II Orsini">John II Orsini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Monomachos" title="Michael Monomachos">Michael Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Angelos_(sebastokrator)" title="John Angelos (sebastokrator)">John Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gabrielopoulos" title="Stephen Gabrielopoulos">Stephen Gabrielopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Kantakouzenos" title="Manuel Kantakouzenos">Manuel Kantakouzenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Preljubovi%C4%87" title="Thomas Preljubović">Thomas Preljubović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_de%27_Buondelmonti" title="Esau de' Buondelmonti">Esau de' Buondelmonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Angelos_Philanthropenos" title="Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos">Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos" title="Theodore II Palaiologos">Theodore II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_scholars_in_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine scholars in Renaissance">Byzantine scholars in Renaissance</a></li> <li><i>Historians</i>: <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scylitzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scylitzes">John Scylitzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Glykas" title="Michael Glykas">Michael Glykas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kodinos" title="George Kodinos">George Kodinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Major centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Greek states after 1204</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Thessaly">Thessaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire"><span style="color: black">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_persecution_of_paganism_under_Theodosius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Under the Heraclian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(676%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)">Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(805_or_807)" title="Siege of Patras (805 or 807)">Siege of Patras (805 or 807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Muslim conquest of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Byzantine reconquest of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars" title="Byzantine–Norman wars">Byzantine–Norman wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(1185)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (1185)">Sack of Thessalonica (1185)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Kountouras" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras">Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Battle of Klokotnitsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Under the Palaiologos dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Reconquest of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Battle of Prinitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Battle of Makryplagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Battle of Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus_(1277)" title="Battle of Pharsalus (1277)">Battle of Pharsalus (1277)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Battle of Demetrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Genoese_War_(1348%E2%80%931349)" title="Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)">Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_of_Thessalonica" title="Zealots of Thessalonica">Zealots of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)" title="Battle of the Echinades (1427)">Battle of the Echinades (1427)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Morea revolt of 1453–1454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Ottoman conquest of the Morea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Miracles of Saint Demetrius">Miracles of Saint Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Anthology" title="Greek Anthology">Greek Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Byzantine dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelokastro_(Corfu)" title="Angelokastro (Corfu)">Angelokastro (Corfu)</a></li> <li>Athens <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles,_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Athens">Soteira Lykodemou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Chios" title="Castle of Chios">Castle of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Parigoritissa" title="Church of the Parigoritissa">Church of the Parigoritissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymoteicho_Fortress" title="Didymoteicho Fortress">Didymoteicho Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraklos_Castle" title="Feraklos Castle">Feraklos Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiki_Castle,_Corfu" title="Gardiki Castle, Corfu">Gardiki Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassiopi_Castle" title="Kassiopi Castle">Kassiopi Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_John_the_Theologian" title="Monastery of Saint John the Theologian">Monastery of Saint John the Theologian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Metropolis,_Veria" title="Old Metropolis, Veria">Old Metropolis of Veria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia_Episkopi" title="Panagia Episkopi">Panagia Episkopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia_Kontariotissa" title="Panagia Kontariotissa">Panagia Kontariotissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleochristian_and_Byzantine_monuments_of_Thessaloniki" title="Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki">Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia_Ekatontapiliani" title="Panagia Ekatontapiliani">Panagia Ekatontapiliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patras_Castle" title="Patras Castle">Patras Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Panagia" title="Porta Panagia">Porta Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Theodore_Tyro_and_Theodore_Stratelates_Church,_Serres" title="Saints Theodore Tyro and Theodore Stratelates Church, Serres">Saints Theodoroi, Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikala_Castle" title="Trikala Castle">Trikala Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frankokratia_(1204–1797)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frankokratia" title="Template:Frankokratia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frankokratia" title="Template talk:Frankokratia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankokratia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankokratia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frankokratia_(1204–1797)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> (1204–1797)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">Constantinople 1203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">Constantinople 1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitio_terrarum_imperii_Romaniae" title="Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae">Partitio Romaniae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Kountouras" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras">Kountouras Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nymphaeum_(1214)" title="Treaty of Nymphaeum (1214)">Treaty of Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1235)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1235)">Constantinople 1235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_occupation_of_Rhodes" title="Genoese occupation of Rhodes">Genoese occupation of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Euboeote_Succession" title="War of the Euboeote Succession">War of the Euboeote Succession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1260)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1260)">Constantinople 1260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Constantinople 1261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">Treaty of Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Prinitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Makryplagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Settepozzi" title="Battle of Settepozzi">Settepozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Demetrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Alexios_Kallergis" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Alexios Kallergis">Revolt of Alexios Kallergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros" title="Battle of Halmyros">Halmyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manolada" title="Battle of Manolada">Manolada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Genoese_War_(1348%E2%80%931349)" title="Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)">Byzantine–Genoese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Saint_Titus" title="Revolt of Saint Titus">Revolt of Saint Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)" title="Battle of the Echinades (1427)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1444)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1444)">Rhodes 1444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_Sifis_Vlastos" title="Conspiracy of Sifis Vlastos">Vlastos' conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">1st Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">Rhodes 1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)">2nd Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Rhodes 1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)">3rd Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">4th Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">5th Ottoman–Venetian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">6th Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)">7th Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">Fall of the Republic of Venice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin Empire"><img alt="Latin Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg/50px-Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg/75px-Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg/100px-Arms_of_Courtenay-Constantinople.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Principality of Achaea"><img alt="Principality of Achaea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republic of Venice"><img alt="Republic of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg/50px-Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Lion_of_Saint_Mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="449" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knights hospitaller"><img alt="Knights hospitaller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_(early).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republic of Genoa"><img alt="Republic of Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Major centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarentza" title="Glarentza">Glarentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">States and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Akova" title="Barony of Akova">Akova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Arcadia" title="Barony of Arcadia">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Argos_and_Nauplia" title="Lordship of Argos and Nauplia">Argos and Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Bodonitsa" title="Marquisate of Bodonitsa">Bodonitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Chalandritsa" title="Barony of Chalandritsa">Chalandritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Estamira" title="Barony of Estamira">Estamira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Geraki" title="Barony of Geraki">Geraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Gritzena" title="Barony of Gritzena">Gritzena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Kalavryta" title="Barony of Kalavryta">Kalavryta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Karytaina" title="Barony of Karytaina">Karytaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Nikli" title="Barony of Nikli">Nikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Passavant" title="Barony of Passavant">Passavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Patras" title="Barony of Patras">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Veligosti" title="Barony of Veligosti">Veligosti and Damala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Vostitsa" title="Barony of Vostitsa">Vostitsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Salona" title="Lordship of Salona">Salona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Neopatras" title="Duchy of Neopatras">Duchy of Neopatras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos" title="County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos">County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Chios" title="Lordship of Chios">Lordship of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maona_of_Chios_and_Phocaea" title="Maona of Chios and Phocaea">Maona of Chios and Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_Company" title="Navarrese Company">Navarrese Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Hospitaller Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte" title="Triarchy of Negroponte">Triarchy of Negroponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands_under_Venetian_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian Islands under Venetian rule">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Modon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Coron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Morea" title="Kingdom of the Morea">Kingdom of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parga" title="Parga">Parga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_empresses" title="List of Latin empresses">Latin Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea#Princes_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Princes of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Achaea" title="Princess of Achaea">Princesses of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailli_of_the_Principality_of_Achaea" title="Bailli of the Principality of Achaea">Baillis of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Archbishopric_of_Patras" title="Latin Archbishopric of Patras">Archbishops of Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Archbishopric_of_Corinth" title="Latin Archbishopric of Corinth">Archbishops of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocco_family" title="Tocco family">Tocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco" title="Carlo I Tocco">Carlo I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acciaioli_family" title="Acciaioli family">Acciaioli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_I_Acciaioli" title="Antonio I Acciaioli">Antonio I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gattilusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gattilusi">Gattilusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavicini_family" title="Pallavicini family">Pallavicini family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villehardouin_family" title="Villehardouin family">Villehardouin family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey I of Villehardouin">Geoffrey I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_I_Sanudo" title="Marco I Sanudo">Marco I Sanudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_I,_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat">Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat</a></li> <li>Knights Hospitaller <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson" title="Pierre d'Aubusson">Pierre d'Aubusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Heredia" title="Juan Fernández de Heredia">Juan Fernández de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam" title="Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam">Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulques_de_Villaret" title="Foulques de Villaret">Foulques de Villaret</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Flor" title="Roger de Flor">Roger de Flor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaccaria" title="Zaccaria">Zaccaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martino_Zaccaria" title="Martino Zaccaria">Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurione_II_Zaccaria" title="Centurione II Zaccaria">Centurione II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cultural impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Morea" title="Chronicle of the Morea">Chronicle of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Tocco" title="Chronicle of the Tocco">Chronicle of the Tocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assizes_of_Romania" title="Assizes of Romania">Assizes of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Catholic Church in the Middle East">Catholic Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholic Church in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_literature" title="Cretan literature">Cretan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school (painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Greece">Cuisine of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Frankish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyrokastro_Castle" title="Argyrokastro Castle">Argyrokastro Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlemoutsi" title="Chlemoutsi">Chlemoutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomvourgo" title="Exomvourgo">Exomvourgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes" title="Fortifications of Rhodes">Fortifications of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Magne" title="Grand Magne">Grand Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isova" title="Isova">Isova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarino_castle" title="Old Navarino castle">Old Navarino castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platamon_Castle" title="Platamon Castle">Platamon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaraka_Monastery" title="Zaraka Monastery">Zaraka Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Genoese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Chios" title="Castle of Chios">Castle of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene" title="Castle of Mytilene">Castle of Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Venetian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Monastery" title="Arkadi Monastery">Arkadi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourtzi_Castle" title="Bourtzi Castle">Bourtzi Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangokastello" title="Frangokastello">Frangokastello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_of_Rethymno" title="Fortezza of Rethymno">Fortezza of Rethymno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Chania" title="Fortifications of Chania">Fortifications of Chania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Heraklion" title="Fortifications of Heraklion">Fortifications of Heraklion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneto_Monastery" title="Gouverneto Monastery">Gouverneto Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koules_Fortress" title="Koules Fortress">Koules Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplou_Monastery" title="Toplou Monastery">Toplou Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fortress" title="New Fortress">New Fortress, Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Fortress,_Corfu" title="Old Fortress, Corfu">Old Fortress, Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamidi" title="Palamidi">Palamidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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