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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_extant_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_extant_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview of extant monuments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_extant_monuments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of extant monuments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_extant_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Byzantine_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Byzantine_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Byzantine Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Byzantine_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Comnenian and Paleologan periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Byzantine_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Byzantine_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late Byzantine Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Byzantine_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structural evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Byzantine_architecture_in_Eastern_Orthodox_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Byzantine_architecture_in_Eastern_Orthodox_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Post-Byzantine architecture in Eastern Orthodox countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Byzantine_architecture_in_Eastern_Orthodox_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Byzantine_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Byzantine_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Neo-Byzantine architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Byzantine_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_Byzantine_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_Byzantine_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Important Byzantine monuments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Important_Byzantine_monuments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Important Byzantine monuments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Important_Byzantine_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hagia_Irene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagia_Irene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hagia Irene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagia_Irene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Hagia_Irene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Hagia_Irene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>History of Hagia Irene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Hagia_Irene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagia_Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagia_Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hagia Sophia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagia_Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_of_Hagia_Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_Hagia_Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Construction of Hagia Sophia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_Hagia_Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Hagia_Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Hagia_Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>History of Hagia Sophia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Hagia_Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisantynse_argitektuur" title="Bisantynse argitektuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bisantynse argitektuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة بيزنطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة بيزنطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura_bizantina" title="Arquiteutura bizantina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura bizantina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_memarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bizans memarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans memarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Византия архитектураһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Византия архитектураһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Візантыйская архітэктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Візантыйская архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Византийска архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijska_arhitektura" title="Bizantijska arhitektura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizantijska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_romana_d%27Orient" title="Arquitectura romana d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura romana d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_architektura" title="Byzantská architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byzantská architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinsk_arkitektur" title="Byzantinsk arkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Byzantinsk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Architektur" title="Byzantinische Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Βυζαντινή αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινή αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_bizantina" title="Arquitectura bizantina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura bizantina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_arkitekturo" title="Bizanca arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_arkitektura" title="Bizantziar arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="معماری بیزانسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری بیزانسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_byzantine" title="Architecture byzantine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture byzantine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_bizantina" title="Arquitectura bizantina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura bizantina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%94%ED%8B%B4_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="비잔틴 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비잔틴 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բյուզանդիայի ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդիայի ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantska_arhitektura" title="Bizantska arhitektura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizantska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Romawi_Timur" title="Arsitektur Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_bizantina" title="Architettura bizantina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura bizantina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות ביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות ביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიური არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიური არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Bizánci építészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci építészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Византиска архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византиска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_architectuur" title="Byzantijnse architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Byzantijnse architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ビザンティン建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビザンティン建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_arkitektur" title="Bysantinsk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bysantinsk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_arkitektur" title="Bysantinsk arkitektur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bysantinsk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_bizanty%C5%84ska" title="Architektura bizantyńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura bizantyńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_bizantina" title="Arquitetura bizantina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura bizantina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_bizantin%C4%83" title="Arhitectura bizantină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura bizantină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Архитектура Византии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура Византии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byzantine architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Byzantská architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byzantská architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinska_arhitektura" title="Bizantinska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Византијска архитектура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византијска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantin_arkkitehtuuri" title="Bysantin arkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysantin arkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_arkitektur" title="Bysantinsk arkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bysantinsk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturang_Bisantino" title="Arkitekturang Bisantino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekturang Bisantino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பைசண்டைன் கட்டிடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைசண்டைன் கட்டிடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="สถาปัตยกรรมไบแซนไทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมไบแซนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_mimarisi" title="Bizans mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Візантійська архітектура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійська архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_Byzantine" title="Kiến trúc Byzantine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc Byzantine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_Bizantina" title="Arkitektura Bizantina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arkitektura Bizantina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="拜占庭式建築 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拜占庭式建築" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="拜占庭式建筑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜占庭式建筑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Byzantine architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #EEEEEE;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/149px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/224px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/298px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5514" data-file-height="3681" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg/149px-Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg/224px-Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg/298px-Ravenna_San_Vitale_201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="3163" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg/149px-Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg/224px-Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg/298px-Kerch_ChurchOfStJohn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2461" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/149px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/224px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg/298px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4309" data-file-height="3443" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Kerch" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St John the Baptist, Kerch">Church of St John the Baptist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, Basilica of San Vitale</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">4th century – 1453</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/140px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/210px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/280px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Aristocracy and bureaucracy</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_culture" title="Template talk:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Byzantine architecture</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> established a new Roman capital in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of the Byzantine Empire</a> in 1453. There was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman Empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from late <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a>. The style continued to be based on arches, vaults and domes, often on a large scale. Wall <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gold_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold background">gold backgrounds</a> became standard for the grandest buildings, with <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> a cheaper alternative. </p><p>The richest interiors were finished with thin plates of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or coloured and patterned stone. Some of the columns were also made of marble. Other widely used materials were bricks and stone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaics made of stone or glass <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a> were also elements of interior architecture. Precious wood furniture, like beds, chairs, stools, tables, bookshelves and silver or golden cups with beautiful reliefs, decorated Byzantine interiors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Byzantine architecture drew upon earlier elements of Roman and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Stylistic drift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">technological advancement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">political</a> and territorial changes meant that a distinct style gradually resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Greek cross</a> plan in <a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">church architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil architecture continued <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> trends; the Byzantines built impressive fortifications and bridges, but generally not <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a> on the same scales as the Romans. </p><p>This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) rather than the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and its environs. Its architecture dramatically influenced the later <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval architecture</a> throughout Europe and the Near East. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_0423_Ravenna_(132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg/220px-2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg/330px-2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg/440px-2017_0423_Ravenna_%28132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (Italy), decorated with elaborate and glamorous mosaics</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg/220px-Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg/330px-Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg/440px-Fethiye_Museum_9625.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a>, also known as the Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos (Greek: Θεοτόκος ἡ Παμμακάριστος, "All-Blessed Mother of God"), is one of the most famous Greek Orthodox Byzantine churches in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg/220px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg/330px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg/440px-Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator_Nesebar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_Pantocrator,_Nesebar" title="Church of Christ Pantocrator, Nesebar">Church of Christ Pantocrator</a> (13th-14th century), <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, late Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> style, UNESCO World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> became Christian (after having extended eastwards) with its new capital at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, its architecture became more sensuous and ambitious. This new style with exotic domes and richer mosaics would come to be known as "Byzantine" before it traveled west to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Most of the churches and basilicas have high-riding domes, which created vast open spaces at the centers of churches, thereby heightening the light. The round arch is a fundamental of Byzantine style. Magnificent golden mosaics with their graphic simplicity brought light and warmth into the heart of churches. Byzantine capitals break away from the Classical conventions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> with sinuous lines and naturalistic forms, which are precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic style</a>. </p><p>In the same way the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> is the most impressive monument for <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> remained the iconic church for <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The temples of these two religions differ substantially from the point of view of their interiors and exteriors. For Classical temples, only the exterior was important, because only the priests entered the interior, where the statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated was kept. The ceremonies were held outside, in front of the temple. Instead, Christian liturgies were held inside the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Columns">Columns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byzantine columns are quite varied, mostly developing from the classical <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a>, with the ornamentation undercut with drills, and <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted shafts</a> almost entirely abandoned. The block of stone was left rough as it came from the quarry, and the sculptor evolved new designs to his own fancy, so that one rarely meets with many repetitions of the same design. One of the most remarkable designs features leaves carved as if blown by the wind; the finest example being at the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_(Thessaloniki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)">Hagia Sophia (Thessaloniki)</a>. Those in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mark,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice">Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice</a> (1071) specially attracted <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s fancy. Others appear in <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (549). </p><p>The column in <a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="San Vitale, Ravenna">San Vitale, Ravenna</a> (547) shows above it the <a href="/wiki/Dosseret" class="mw-redirect" title="Dosseret">dosseret</a> required to carry the <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a>, the springing of which was much wider than the abacus of the column. On eastern columns the eagle, the lion and the lamb are occasionally carved, but treated conventionally. </p><p>There are two types of columns used at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>: Composite and Ionic. The Composite column that emerged during the Late <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, mainly in Rome, combines the Corinthian with the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic column">Ionic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Composite_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite column">Composite columns</a> line the principal space of the nave. Ionic columns are used behind them in the side spaces, in a mirror position relative to the Corinthian or Composite orders (as was their fate well into the 19th century, when buildings were designed for the first time with a monumental Ionic order). At Hagia Sophia, though, these are not the standard imperial statements. The columns are filled with foliage in all sorts of variations. In some, the small, lush leaves appear to be caught up in the spinning of the scrolls – clearly, a different, nonclassical sensibility has taken over the design. </p><p>The columns at Basilica of San Vitale show wavy and delicate floral patterns similar to decorations found on belt buckles and dagger blades. Their inverted pyramidal form has the look of a basket. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine Ionic column from National Museum of Medieval Art (Korçë, Albania)"><img alt="Byzantine Ionic column from National Museum of Medieval Art (Korçë, Albania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg/170px-Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg/255px-Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg/340px-Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_NMMA_-_Durres_Byzantinisches_Kapitell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine Ionic column from <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Medieval_Art_(Albania)" title="National Museum of Medieval Art (Albania)">National Museum of Medieval Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, Albania)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_(1901)_(14597482728).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of a Byzantine Corinthian column"><img alt="Illustration of a Byzantine Corinthian column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg/97px-A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg/145px-A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg/194px-A_history_of_architecture_in_Italy_from_the_time_of_Constantine_to_the_dawn_of_the_renaissance_%281901%29_%2814597482728%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of a Byzantine Corinthian column</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine composite column from Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy)"><img alt="Byzantine composite column from Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg/170px-Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg/255px-Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg/340px-Ravenna_Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_capitel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine composite column from <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_(15468276434).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine basket column from Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey)"><img alt="Byzantine basket column from Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/170px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/255px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/340px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine basket column from <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_extant_monuments">Overview of extant monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview of extant monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/280px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/420px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg/560px-Istanbul_Hagia_Irene_IMG_8067_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> is a former Greek <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> located in the outer courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in Istanbul. It is the only Byzantine church in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> that has not been converted into a mosque. The Hagia Irene today operates as a museum and concert hall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buildings increased in geometric <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">complexity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> and plaster were used in addition to <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> in the decoration of important public structures, <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">classical orders</a> were used more freely, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> replaced carved decoration, complex <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> rested upon massive <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>, and windows filtered light through thin sheets of <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> to softly illuminate interiors. Most of the surviving structures are sacred, with secular buildings having been destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_architecture">Early architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantApollininner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SantApollininner.jpg/220px-SantApollininner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SantApollininner.jpg/330px-SantApollininner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SantApollininner.jpg/440px-SantApollininner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (6th century)</figcaption></figure><p> Prime examples of early Byzantine architecture date from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s reign and survive in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and Istanbul, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Sophia,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Sophia, Sofia">Church of St Sophia</a>). </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia,_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/330px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/440px-Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Saint Sofia Church, Bulgaria</a>, 6th century AD</figcaption></figure><p> One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a>. </p><p>In Ravenna, the longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>, and the octagonal, centralized structure of the church of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a>, commissioned by Emperor Justinian but never seen by him, was built. Justinian's monuments in Istanbul include the domed churches of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>(both discussed in more detail below), but there is also an earlier, smaller church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (locally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Little Hagia Sophia</a>"), which might have served as a model for both in that it combined the elements of a longitudinal basilica with those of a centralized building. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/220px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/330px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/440px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The 6th-century church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was substantially rebuilt after an earthquake in the 8th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other structures include the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a>, the innovative <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">walls of Constantinople</a> (with 192 towers) and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a> (with hundreds of recycled classical columns). A mosaic in the church begun <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">by the Ostrogoths</a>, San Apollinare in Nuovo in Ravenna, depicts an early Byzantine palace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jvari (monastery)">Jvari Monastery</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> churches of <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a> all date primarily from the 7th century and provide a glimpse on architectural developments in the Byzantine provinces following the age of Justinian. </p><p>Remarkable engineering feats include the 430 m long <a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">Sangarius Bridge</a>, the pointed arch of <a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a>, as well as the dome of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Byzantine_Architecture">Middle Byzantine Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Byzantine Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a>, it is presumed that <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>'s votive church of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_the_Pharos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of the Pharos">Theotokos of the Pharos</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia" title="Nea Ekklesia">Nea Ekklesia</a></i> (both no longer existent) served as a model for most <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> sanctuaries of the period, including the <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilo" title="Cattolica di Stilo">Cattolica di Stilo</a> in southern Italy (9th century), the monastery church of <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Lukas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosios Lukas">Hosios Lukas</a> in Greece (c. 1000), <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a> (a pet project of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine IX</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (c. 1050). All three of the later churches display the important shifts in architectural design that occurred following the end of Iconoclasm, when architectural design and decoration became more standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/170px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/255px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg/340px-20090803_hosiosloukas36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>External view of the 11th-century monastery of <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> in Greece. It is representative of the Byzantine art during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Sophia_(Ohrid).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/220px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/330px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/440px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5457" data-file-height="3414" /></a><figcaption>Rear courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid">Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid</a>, 9th century, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, now <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid">Hagia Sophia church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ochrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrid">Ochrid</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>), built in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I of Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev">eponymous cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) testify to a vogue for multiple subsidiary domes set on drums, which would gain in height and narrowness with the progress of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periods">Comnenian and Paleologan periods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comnenian and Paleologan periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenian period">Komnenian period</a> is almost non-existent, with the notable exceptions of the Elmali Kilise and other rock sanctuaries of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and of the Churches of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Pantokrator (Constantinople)">Pantokrator</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Theotokos Kyriotissa</a> in Istanbul. Most examples of this architectural style and many of the other older Byzantine styles only survive on the outskirts of the Byzantine world, as most significant and ancient churches and buildings were in Asia Minor. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, almost all churches that ended up within the Turkish borders were destroyed or converted into mosques. Some were abandoned as a result of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_genocides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian genocides (page does not exist)">Greek and Christian genocides</a> from 1915 to 1923. Similar styles can be found in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and other Slavic lands, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> (<a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torcello_Cathedral" title="Torcello Cathedral">Torcello Cathedral</a>). </p><p>In Middle Byzantine architecture "cloisonné masonry" refers to walls built with a regular mix of stone and <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, often with more of the latter. The exterior of the 11th- or 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is an example, though it is even more renowned for Late Byzantine additions discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Byzantine_Architecture">Late Byzantine Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late Byzantine Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paleologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleologus">Paleologan</a> period is well represented in a dozen former churches in Istanbul, notably <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">St Saviour at Chora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">St Mary Pammakaristos</a>. Unlike their Slavic counterparts, the Paleologan architects never accented the vertical thrust of structures. As a result, the late medieval architecture of Byzantium (barring the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>) is less prominent in height. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_(Thessaloniki)" title="Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)">Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)</a> is cited as an archetypal structure of the late period with its exterior walls intricately decorated with complex brickwork patterns or with glazed ceramics. Other churches from the years immediately predating the fall of Constantinople survive on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mistra</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Brontochion_Monastery" title="Brontochion Monastery">Brontochion Monastery</a>). That site also has preserved secular architecture such as the Palace of the Despots and several houses. </p><p>In the late Byzantine period, c. 1310, a highly ornate <a href="/wiki/Parecclesion" title="Parecclesion">parekklesion</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in Constantinople for the tomb of Michael Glabas Tarchaniotes, a Byzantine aristocrat and general who lived c. 1235 to c. 1305–08.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It displays the attenuated proportions favored in the late Byzantine era, as well as shifts in style in the mosaics' treatment of figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_evolution">Structural evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structural evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/220px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/330px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/440px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>The geometric conception of the Hagia Sophia is based on mathematical formulas of Heron of Alexandria. It avoids use of irrational numbers for square diagonals and circle circumferences and contrieves thus a highly elaborated mathematical space</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the building of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine's</a> churches in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> there were two chief types of plan in use: the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilican</a>, or axial, type, represented by the basilica at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>, and the circular, or central, type, represented by <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)" title="Domus Aurea (Antioch)">the great octagonal church</a> once at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/220px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/330px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/440px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The St. George Rotunda; some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Those of the latter type we must suppose were nearly always <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a>, for a central <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> would seem to furnish their very purpose. The central space was sometimes surrounded by a very thick wall, in which deep recesses, to the interior, were formed, as at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">Church of St. George, Sofia</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> in the 4th century as a cylindrical domed structure built on a square base, and the noble <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda#Rotunda_of_Galerius" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Church of Saint George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (5th century), or by a vaulted aisle, as at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (4th century); or annexes were thrown out from the central space in such a way as to form a cross, in which these additions helped to counterpoise the central vault, as at the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (5th century). The most famous church of this type was that of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Holy Apostles, Constantinople</a>. Vaults appear to have been early applied to the basilican type of plan; for instance, at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (6th century), the long body of the church is covered by two domes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/170px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/255px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/340px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> under renovation, showing many features of the grandest Byzantine architecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Saint Sergius</a>, Constantinople, and San Vitale, Ravenna, churches of the central type, the space under the dome was enlarged by having apsidal additions made to the octagon. Finally, at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (6th century) a combination was made which is perhaps the most remarkable piece of planning ever contrived. A central space of 100 ft (30 m) square is increased to 200 ft (60 m) in length by adding two <a href="/wiki/Hemicycle" title="Hemicycle">hemicycles</a> to it to the east and the west; these are again extended by pushing out three minor apses eastward, and two others, one on either side of a straight extension, to the west. This unbroken area, about 260 ft (80 m) long, the larger part of which is over 100 ft (30 m) wide, is entirely covered by a system of domical surfaces. Above the <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conchs</a> of the small <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apses</a> rise the two great <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domes</a> which cover the hemicycles, and between these bursts out the vast dome over the central square. On the two sides, to the north and south of the dome, it is supported by vaulted aisles in two stories which bring the exterior form to a general square. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/170px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/255px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/340px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>The apse of the church with cross at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>. Nearly all the decorative surfaces in the church have been lost.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the Holy Apostles (6th century) five domes were applied to a cruciform plan; the central dome was the highest. After the 6th century there were no churches built which in any way competed in scale with these great works of Justinian, and the plans more or less tended to approximate to one type. The central area covered by the dome was included in a considerably larger square, of which the four divisions, to the east, west, north and south, were carried up higher in the vaulting and roof system than the four corners, forming in this way a sort of <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>. Sometimes the central space was square, sometimes octagonal, or at least there were eight piers supporting the dome instead of four, and the nave and transepts were narrower in proportion. </p><p>If we draw a square and divide each side into three so that the middle parts are greater than the others, and then divide the area into nine from these points, we approximate to the typical setting out of a plan of this time. Now add three apses on the east side opening from the three divisions, and opposite to the west put a narrow entrance porch running right across the front. Still in front put a square court. The court is the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> and usually has a <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountain</a> in the middle under a <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (building)">canopy</a> resting on pillars. The entrance porch is the <i><a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a></i>. Directly under the center of the dome is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)" title="Ambon (liturgy)">ambo</a></i>, from which the Scriptures were proclaimed, and beneath the ambo at floor level was the place for the choir of singers. Across the eastern side of the central square was a screen which divided off the <i>bema</i>, where the altar was situated, from the body of the church; this screen, bearing images, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> was protected by a canopy or <i><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">ciborium</a></i> resting on pillars. Rows of rising seats around the curve of the apse with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>'s throne at the middle eastern point formed the synthronon. The two smaller compartments and apses at the sides of the bema were sacristies, the <i><a href="/wiki/Diaconicon" title="Diaconicon">diaconicon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prothesis (liturgy)">prothesis</a></i>. The ambo and bema were connected by the <i>solea</i>, a raised walkway enclosed by a railing or low wall. </p><p>The continuous influence from the East is widely shown in the fashion of decorating external <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> walls of churches built about the 12th century, in which bricks roughly carved into form are set up so as to make bands of ornamentation which it is quite clear are imitated from Cufic writing. This fashion was associated with the disposition of the exterior brick and stone work generally into many varieties of pattern, zig-zags, key-patterns etc.; and, as similar decoration is found in many Persian buildings, it is probable that this custom also was derived from the East. The domes and vaults to the exterior were covered with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or with tiling of regional variety. The window and door frames were of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. The interior surfaces were adorned all over by <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> in the higher parts of the edifice, and below with incrustations of marble slabs, which were frequently of very beautiful varieties, and disposed so that, although in one surface, the coloring formed a series of large panels. The better marbles were <a href="/wiki/Bookmatched" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmatched">opened out</a> so that the two surfaces produced by the division formed a symmetrical pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg/280px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg/420px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg/560px-Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_panorama_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a> medieval Byzantine Greek Orthodox church preserved as the Chora Museum in the Edirnekapı neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_West">In the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultimately, Byzantine architecture in the West gave way to <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. But a great part of current Italy used to belong to the Byzantine Empire before that. Great examples of Byzantine architecture are still visible in Ravenna (for example Basilica di <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a> which architecture influenced the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen" title="Palatine Chapel, Aachen">Palatine Chapel</a> of Charlemagne). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_East">In the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg/220px-Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg/330px-Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg/440px-Dongola_Throne_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> was heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As for the East, Byzantine architectural tradition exerted a profound influence on early <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad architecture</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> era (661-750), as far as the Byzantine impact on early Islamic architecture is concerned, the Byzantine arts formed a fundamental source to the new Muslim artistic heritage, especially in Syria. There are considerable Byzantine influences which can be detected in the distinctive early Islamic monuments in Syria (709–715). While these give clear reference in plan - and somewhat in decoration - to Byzantine art, the plan of the Umayyad Mosque has also a remarkable similarity with 6th- and 7th-century Christian basilicas, but it has been modified and expanded on the transversal axis and not on the normal longitudinal axis as in the Christian basilicas. The tile work, geometric patterns, multiple arches, domes, and polychrome brick and stone work that characterize Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a> were influenced heavily by Byzantine architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Byzantine_architecture_in_Eastern_Orthodox_countries">Post-Byzantine architecture in Eastern Orthodox countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-Byzantine architecture in Eastern Orthodox countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other Orthodox countries the Byzantine architecture persisted even longer, from the 16th up to the 18th centuries, giving birth to local post-Byzantine schools of architecture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg/220px-St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg/330px-St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg/440px-St_Demetrius_Tarnovo_Klearchos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki,_Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Church of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Veliko Tarnovo">Church of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Veliko Tarnovo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In Medieval Bulgaria: The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_medieval_Bulgarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture">Preslav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Tarnovo</a> architectural schools.</li> <li>In Medieval Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_architectural_school" title="Raška architectural school">Raška architectural school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardar_architectural_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar architectural school">Vardar architectural school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morava_architectural_school" title="Morava architectural school">Morava architectural school</a>.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg/280px-Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg/420px-Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg/560px-Fethiye_Museum_9620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Dome of the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a>, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Byzantine_architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neo-Byzantine architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a> was followed in the wake of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a>, resulting in such jewels as <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> from about 1850 to 1880 a related style known as <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a> was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the Byzantine style with Moorish architecture. It was developed on a wide-scale basis in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin" title="Grigory Gagarin">Grigory Gagarin</a> and his followers who designed <a href="/wiki/St_Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral" title="St Volodymyr's Cathedral">St Volodymyr's Cathedral</a> in Kyiv, <a href="/wiki/File:Kronstadt_Naval_Cathedral_1.jpg" title="File:Kronstadt Naval Cathedral 1.jpg">St Nicholas Naval Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral_in_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church,_Belgrade" title="St. Mark's Church, Belgrade">Saint Mark's church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Athos_Monastery" title="New Athos Monastery">New Athos Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Athos" title="New Athos">New Athos</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>. The largest Neo-Byzantine project of the 20th century was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava" title="Church of Saint Sava">Church of Saint Sava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_Byzantine_monuments">Important Byzantine monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Important Byzantine monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagia_Irene">Hagia Irene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hagia Irene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG/220px-Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG/330px-Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG/440px-Hagia_Irene_exterior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5298" data-file-height="3366" /></a><figcaption>Exterior view of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the less famous Byzantine churches is <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>. This church served as a model church for the more famous church, Hagia Sophia. Construction on the church began in the 4th century. This was the first church that was built in Constantinople, but due to its location, it was severely damaged by earthquakes and the Nika riots, and required repair several times. The Hagia Irene is defined by its large atrium, and is in fact the only surviving building of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to have such a feature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction">Construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hagia Irene is composed mainly of three materials: stone, brick, and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. Bricks 70 cm x 35 cm x 5 cm were used, and these bricks were glued together using mortar approximately 5 cm thick. The <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> chosen for the construction of the church had to be lightweight, durable, and strong. Volcanic materials were chosen for this purpose, as volcanic concrete is very light and durable. Perhaps the most definite feature of the Hagia Irene is the strict contrast between the interior and exterior design. While the plain outside composed of stone and brick favors functionality, the interior is decorated in elaborate mosaics, decorative marble, and, in some places, covered in plaster. Another important characteristic of the church include two domes that follow one behind another, the first being a lower oval, and the second being a higher semi-circle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_Hagia_Irene">History of Hagia Irene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History of Hagia Irene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history Hagia Irene has undergone several changes. There were multiple repairs due to the Nika riots and earthquakes. When the Ottomans took over Hagia Irene they repurposed it and made a few changes, but none as drastic as what was done to Hagia Sophia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Hagia Irene is still standing and open to visitors as a museum. It is open everyday, except for Tuesdays. </p><p><b>Construction of Hagia Irene</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Timeline<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Time </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>4th C. </td> <td>Construction began </td></tr> <tr> <td>532 </td> <td>Church was burned during Nika riots </td></tr> <tr> <td>548 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Emperor Justinian</a> repaired the church </td></tr> <tr> <td>740 </td> <td>Significant damages from earthquakes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1453 </td> <td>Constantinople was conquered by the Ottomans - became a weapons storehouse </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700 </td> <td>Became a museum </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908-1978 </td> <td>Served as a military museum. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagia_Sophia">Hagia Sophia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hagia Sophia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous example of Byzantine architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, and it has been described as "holding a unique position in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an architectural and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine culture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodox civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M130_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hagia Sophia held the title of largest church in the world until the Ottoman Empire sieged the Byzantine capital. After the fall of Constantinople, the church was used by the Muslims for their religious services until 1931, when it was reopened as a museum in 1935. Translated from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the name Hagia Sophia means "Holy Wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_of_Hagia_Sophia">Construction of Hagia Sophia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Construction of Hagia Sophia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_February_2013_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>Exterior view of Hagia Sophia</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction is a combination of longitudinal and central structures. This church was a part of a larger complex of buildings created by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>. This style influenced the construction of several other buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. Hagia Sophia should have been built to withstand earthquakes, but since the construction of Hagia Sophia was rushed this technology was not implemented in the design, which is why the building has had to be repaired so many times due to damages from the earthquakes. The dome is the key feature of Hagia Sophia as the domed basilica is representative of Byzantine architecture. Both of the domes collapsed at different times throughout history due to earthquakes and had to be rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_Hagia_Sophia">History of Hagia Sophia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History of Hagia Sophia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original construction of Hagia Sophia was possibly ordered by Constantine, but ultimately carried out by his son Constantius II in 360. Constantine's building of churches, specifically the Hagia Sophia, was considered an incredibly significant component in his shift of the centralization of power from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the east, and was considered the high-point of religious and political celebration. The construction of the final version of the Hagia Sophia, which still stands today, was overseen by Emperor Justinian. Between the rule of these two Emperors, Hagia Sophia was destroyed and rebuilt twice. Following its reconstruction, Hagia Sophia was considered the center of Orthodox Christianity for 900 years, until the fall of Constantinople to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Timeline </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Time </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>360 </td> <td>Construction began </td></tr> <tr> <td>404 </td> <td>Hagia Sophia was burned down in public riot. </td></tr> <tr> <td>415 </td> <td>Construction begins on the next version of Hagia Sophia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>532 </td> <td>The church is once again demolished during Nika riots. </td></tr> <tr> <td>537 </td> <td>The final version of Hagia Sophia opens to Christian worship after five more years of construction. </td></tr> <tr> <td>558 </td> <td>Earthquake - dome collapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td>859 </td> <td>Fire damage </td></tr> <tr> <td>869 </td> <td>Earthquake damage </td></tr> <tr> <td>989 </td> <td>More earthquake damage </td></tr> <tr> <td>1317 </td> <td>Large buttresses added </td></tr> <tr> <td>1453 </td> <td>Constantinople fell to the Ottomans - converted into a mosque </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td>Hagia Sophia is converted into a museum by secularists </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>Reverted to a mosque </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey"><img alt="One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/161px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/241px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/322px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of Jesus in Pammakaristos Church in Istanbul"><img alt="Mosaic of Jesus in Pammakaristos Church in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg/170px-Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg/255px-Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg/340px-Fethiye_Museum_9607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of Saint Antony, the desert Father in Pammakaristos Church in Istanbul"><img alt="Mosaic of Saint Antony, the desert Father in Pammakaristos Church in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg/170px-Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg/255px-Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg/340px-Fethiye_Museum_9593.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of Saint Antony, the desert Father in <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_San_Marco_(9739277391).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine mosaics in St Mark's Basilica, Venice"><img alt="Byzantine mosaics in St Mark's Basilica, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg/170px-Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg/255px-Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg/340px-Basilica_San_Marco_%289739277391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3419" data-file-height="2341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine mosaics in <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of St. Sophia's Church, Sofia (6th century)"><img alt="Interior of St. Sophia's Church, Sofia (6th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/170px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/255px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/340px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">St. Sophia's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (6th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic above the entrance portal of the Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč (6th century)"><img alt="Mosaic above the entrance portal of the Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč (6th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg/117px-Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg/175px-Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg/233px-Croatia_Porec_Euphrasius_Basilika_BW_2014-10-08_11-13-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="3426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic above the entrance portal of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica" title="Euphrasian Basilica">Euphrasian Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Poreč</a> (6th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki (8th century)"><img alt="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki (8th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/170px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/255px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/340px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki</a> (8th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa,_Ohrid,_Macedonia,_2014-04-17,_DD_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Narthex of St. Sophia, build in Ohrid in the First Bulgarian Empire (9th century), now in North Macedonia"><img alt="Narthex of St. Sophia, build in Ohrid in the First Bulgarian Empire (9th century), now in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG/170px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG/255px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG/340px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5128" data-file-height="2754" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narthex of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid">St. Sophia</a>, build in <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> (9th century), now in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_(7390192098).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Church of St. George, Sofia, 4th century"><img alt="Interior of Church of St. George, Sofia, 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg/114px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg/170px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg/227px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0529_-_Church_of_St_George_%287390192098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="4313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">Church of St. George, Sofia</a>, 4th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agkistro Byzantine bath"><img alt="Agkistro Byzantine bath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/170px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/255px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/340px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Agkistro Byzantine bath</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica Cistern"><img alt="Basilica Cistern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/170px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/255px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg/340px-Basilica_Cistern_after_restoration_2022_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDimitriu_Hurmuziadis1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dimitriu Hurmuziadis, Lucia (1979). <i>Cultura Greciei</i> (in Romanian). Editura științifică și encyclopedică. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultura+Greciei&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+encyclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Dimitriu+Hurmuziadis&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraur1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graur, Neaga (1970). <i>Stiluri în arta decorativă</i> (in Romanian). Cerces. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiluri+%C3%AEn+arta+decorativ%C4%83&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cerces&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Graur&rft.aufirst=Neaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1365642/Byzantine-architecture">"Byzantine architecture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byzantine+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1365642%2FByzantine-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitriu_Hurmuziadis1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dimitriu Hurmuziadis, Lucia (1979). <i>Cultura Greciei</i> (in Romanian). Editura științifică și enciclopedică. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultura+Greciei&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Dimitriu+Hurmuziadis&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2021" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Middle Byzantine Church Architecture". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/middle-byzantine-church-architecture/"><i>Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art</i></a>. Smarthistory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Byzantine+Church+Architecture&rft.btitle=Smarthistory+Guide+to+Byzantine+Art&rft.pub=Smarthistory&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks.pub%2Fsmarthistoryguidetobyzantineart%2Fchapter%2Fmiddle-byzantine-church-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout2021" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Late Byzantine Church Architecture". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/late-byzantine-church-architecture/"><i>Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Byzantine+Church+Architecture&rft.btitle=Smarthistory+Guide+to+Byzantine+Art&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks.pub%2Fsmarthistoryguidetobyzantineart%2Fchapter%2Flate-byzantine-church-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodlewski2013" class="citation book cs1">Godlewski, Włodzimierz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/template/main/file/Dongola_guide/Dongola_guide_book.pdf"><i>Dongola-ancient Tungul. Archaeological guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-903796-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-903796-6-1"><bdi>978-83-903796-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dongola-ancient+Tungul.+Archaeological+guide&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-903796-6-1&rft.aulast=Godlewski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcma.uw.edu.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ftemplate%2Fmain%2Ffile%2FDongola_guide%2FDongola_guide_book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusílekPodolkaKarková2016" class="citation journal cs1">Musílek, Josef; Podolka, Luboš; Karková, Monika (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.770">"The Unique Construction of the Church of Hagia Irene in Istanbul for The Teaching of Byzantine Architecture"</a>. <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. <b>161</b>: 1745–1750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.770">10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.770</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7058">1877-7058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Unique+Construction+of+the+Church+of+Hagia+Irene+in+Istanbul+for+The+Teaching+of+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=1745-1750&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.770&rft.issn=1877-7058&rft.aulast=Mus%C3%ADlek&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=Podolka%2C+Lubo%C5%A1&rft.au=Karkov%C3%A1%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2016.08.770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996">Heinle & Schlaich 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2009">Cameron 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M130-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M130_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1982">Meyendorff 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich" class="citation news cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/a-monumental-struggle-to-preserve-hagia-sophia-92038218/">"A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=A+Monumental+Struggle+to+Preserve+Hagia+Sophia&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fa-monumental-struggle-to-preserve-hagia-sophia-92038218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlachýMusílekPodolkaKarková2016" class="citation journal cs1">Plachý, Jan; Musílek, Josef; Podolka, Luboš; Karková, Monika (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.825">"Disorders of the Building and its Remediation - Hagia Sophia, Turkey the Most the Byzantine Building"</a>. <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. <b>161</b>: 2259–2264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.825">10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.825</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-7058">1877-7058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Disorders+of+the+Building+and+its+Remediation+-+Hagia+Sophia%2C+Turkey+the+Most+the+Byzantine+Building&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=2259-2264&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2016.08.825&rft.issn=1877-7058&rft.aulast=Plach%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Mus%C3%ADlek%2C+Josef&rft.au=Podolka%2C+Lubo%C5%A1&rft.au=Karkov%C3%A1%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2016.08.825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Cohen, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2400/"><i>Architecture in Religion: The History of the Hagia Sophia and Proposals For Returning It To Worship</i></a> (MA thesis). Florida International University. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25148%2Fetd.FI14060867">10.25148/etd.FI14060867</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Architecture+in+Religion%3A+The+History+of+the+Hagia+Sophia+and+Proposals+For+Returning+It+To+Worship&rft.inst=Florida+International+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25148%2Fetd.FI14060867&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.fiu.edu%2Fetd%2F2400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Byzantine_Art" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Byzantine Art">Byzantine Art</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Art&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cameron, Averil (2009). <bdi lang="el">Οι Βυζαντινοί</bdi> (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3"><bdi>978-960-453-529-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Psychogios&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-453-529-3&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996" class="citation cs2">Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996), <i>Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen</i>, Stuttgart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6"><bdi>3-421-03062-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuppeln+aller+Zeiten%2C+aller+Kulturen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-421-03062-6&rft.aulast=Heinle&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Schlaich%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1982). <i>The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church</i>. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3"><bdi>978-0-913836-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Legacy+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Yonkers&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-90-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bogdanovic, Jelena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2IpDwAAQBAJ">"The Framing of Sacred Space: The Canopy and the Byzantine Church"</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0190465182" title="Special:BookSources/0190465182">0190465182</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆurčić1979" class="citation book cs1">Ćurčić, Slobodan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T77qAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gračanica: King Milutin's Church and Its Place in Late Byzantine Architecture</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271002187" title="Special:BookSources/9780271002187"><bdi>9780271002187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gra%C4%8Danica%3A+King+Milutin%27s+Church+and+Its+Place+in+Late+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780271002187&rft.aulast=%C4%86ur%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT77qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Fletcher, Banister</a>; Cruickshank, Dan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC"><i>Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture</i></a>, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9">0-7506-2267-9</a>. Cf. Part Two, Chapter 11.</li> <li>Mango, Cyril, <i>Byzantine Architecture</i> (London, 1985; Electa, Rizzoli).</li> <li>Ousterhout, Robert; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyCBQgAACAAJ"><i>Master Builders of Byzantium</i></a>, Princeton University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00535-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00535-4">0-691-00535-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Byzantine_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041128043444/http://www.patriarchate.org/ecumenical_patriarchate/chapter_4/index.html">Overview of Byzantine architecture in Constantinople</a> (archived 28 November 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/permanentexhibition/ancient_world_to_Byzantium/temples_of_the_new_religion/">The temples of the new religion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/permanentexhibition/ancient_world_to_Byzantium/christianization/">Christianization of the ancient temples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlvarchive.org">Photographs and Plans of Byzantine Architecture in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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