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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flabellum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flabelo" title="Flabelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Flabelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flabelo" title="Flabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian ceremonial fan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about liturgical fans in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. For fans in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern rites</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Liturgical fan in Eastern Christianity">Liturgical fan in Eastern Christianity</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus of corals, see <a href="/wiki/Flabellum_(coral)" title="Flabellum (coral)">Flabellum (coral)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flabella" redirects here. For the accessory bone, see <a href="/wiki/Fabella" title="Fabella">fabella</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flabellum" title="Special:EditPage/Flabellum">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flabellum%22">"Flabellum"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flabellum%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flabellum%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flabellum%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flabellum%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flabellum%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png/220px-Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png/330px-Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png/440px-Ancient_Egyptian_Fans_and_Oars.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian flabella (top center) and lotus motifs. 1868, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">NYPL</a> picture collection</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flabellum</b> (plural <b>flabella</b>), in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> liturgical use, is a <a href="/wiki/Fan_(implement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (implement)">fan</a> made of metal, leather, silk, parchment or feathers, intended to keep away insects from the consecrated Body and Blood of Christ and from the priest,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to show honour. The ceremonial use of such fans dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, and an example was found in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>. A flabellum is also a fan-shaped structure on the fifth legs of <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crabs</a> (Xiphosura). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flabellum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flabella were in use in both pagan rituals and in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> from very early days.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a></i>, a work of the fourth century, state (VIII, 12): "Let two of the <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, on each side of the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>, hold a fan, made up of thin membranes, or of the feathers of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>, or of fine cloth, and let them silently drive away the small animals that fly about, that they may not come near to the <a href="/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice (cup)">cups</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg/170px-10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg/255px-10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg/340px-10185_pius_bxii_bin_btiara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> carried on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i> while being flanked by the papal flabella</figcaption></figure> <p>Flabella were originally used liturgically in the West as well as the East,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they fell into disuse for the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> about the fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the foregoing liturgical uses, a flabellum, in the shape of a fan, later of an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baldachin" title="Baldachin">canopy</a>, was used as a mark of honour for <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>, two fans of this kind were used at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a> whenever the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> was carried in state on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i> to or from an altar or audience-chamber. Through the influence of Count Ditalmo di Brozza, the fans formerly used at the Vatican were presented by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1902 to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Drexel" title="Joseph William Drexel">Joseph Drexel</a>'s widow; in return, she replaced them with a more gorgeous and costly pair. The old ones were subsequently exhibited in the museum of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Mrs. Drexel's collection of fans never fully fit into the scope of the Penn Museum, however, and was returned to her family in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread is formed of great ostrich plumes tipped with peacock feathers; on the palm (base of the fan) are the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">arms of the Holy See</a>, worked in heavy gold on a crimson field, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">tiara</a> being studded with rubies and emeralds. The new pair of flabella is on display in the Vatican museum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Cathedral" title="Lisbon Cathedral">Lisbon Patriarchal Cathedral</a> also holds two flabella and one <i>sedia gestatoria</i> in its museum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought the right of the cardinal patriarchs to use such honour was granted after the efforts of King <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V of Portugal</a> that obtained the titles and other honours such as the use of a dove, symbolizing the Holy Spirit, above the cardinal patriarch's <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a>, in imitation of that of the popes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flabellum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the ornaments found belonging to the church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Riquier" title="Saint-Riquier">Saint-Riquier</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a> (813), there is a silver flabellum (Migne, P. L., CLXXIV, 1257), and for the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Cisoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisoin">Cisoin</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lisle</a>, another flabellum of silver is noted in the will of <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_of_Friuli" title="Eberhard of Friuli">Everard</a> (died 937), the founder of that abbey. When, in 1777, Martène wrote his "Voyage Littéraire", the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Tournus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Tournus">Abbey of Tournus</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a> river in France, possessed an old flabellum, which had an ivory handle two feet long, and was beautifully carved; the two sides of the ivory circular disc were engraved with fourteen figures of saints. Pieces of this fan, dating from the eighth century, are in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Cluny">Musée Cluny</a> at Paris, and in the Collection Carrand. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png/170px-Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png/255px-Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png/340px-Te-Deum_celebrado_no_Dia_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_S%C3%A9_Patriarcal_de_Lisboa_1965-01-22_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gon%C3%A7alves_Cerejeira" title="Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira">Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira</a> making use of the patriarchal flabella in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Very ornate and impractical flabella were made in gold and jewels in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> period; the example in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum">Metropolitan Museum</a> is especially intricate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of the Eastern Christian style is also found in the Slavic <i>ripidion</i> of the thirteenth century, preserved at Moscow, and in the one shown in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaspileon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaspileon (page does not exist)">Megaspileon</a> monastery in Greece. On this latter disc are carved the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> and Child and it is encircled by eight medallions containing the images of <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">cherubim</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>. </p><p>The inventory, taken in 1222, of the treasury of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, enumerates a silver fan and two of parchment. </p><p>The richest and most beautiful specimen is the flabellum of the thirteenth century in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Kremsm%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Kremsmünster">Abbey of Kremsmünster</a> in Upper Austria. It has the shape of a Greek cross and is ornamented with <a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">fretwork</a> and the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, had a fan made of peacock feathers, and <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>'s inventory mentions a silver handle of a fan, which was gilded and had upon it the enamelled picture of the bishop. Haymo (Hamo Hethe), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">Bishop of Rochester</a> (died 1352), gave to his church a fan of silver with an ivory handle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flabellum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06089a.htm">"Flabellum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition&rft.atitle=Looking+Back%3A+The+Historic+Fans+of+the+Pope+Now+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pezzati&rft.aufirst=Andro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Flooking-back-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlabellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sedelisboa.pt/treasury/?lang=en">"Treasury: A unique collection in the world, at the service of evangelization"</a>. <i>Sé de Lisboa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Forms and uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">After the Second Vatican Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary Form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sine_populo" title="Sine populo">sine populo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_Mass" title="Votive Mass">Votive Mass</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ritual_Masses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Masses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual Masses">Ritual Masses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mass" title="Blue Mass">Blue Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_and_Conventual_Mass" title="Chapter and Conventual Mass">Chapter and Conventual Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Mass" title="Coronation Mass">Coronation Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Mass">Gold Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuptial_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuptial Mass">Nuptial Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Mass">Rose Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Month%27s_mind" title="Month's mind">Month's mind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mass">White Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Order of Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Pre-Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_prayers" title="Vesting prayers">Vesting prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges me</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidi_aquam" title="Vidi aquam">Vidi aquam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_hymn" title="Processional hymn">Processional hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Liturgy of<br />the Word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_43" title="Psalm 43">Psalm 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Entrance Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Act" title="Penitential Act">Penitential Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confiteor" title="Confiteor">Confiteor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">Dominus vobiscum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Oremus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms#Roman_Catholic_usage" title="Psalms">Responsorial Psalm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle (liturgy)">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleluia#Roman_Rite" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)" title="Tract (liturgy)">Tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">sequence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)#Uses_in_the_Western_Churches" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">Credo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">Universal Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Liturgy of<br />the Eucharist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orate_fratres" title="Orate fratres">Orate fratres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Secret_(liturgy)" title="Secret (liturgy)">prayer over the gifts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Sursum corda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">Hosanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Eucharistic Prayer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass" title="Canon of the Mass">Canon of the Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">oblation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">epiclesis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">anamnesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_rubrics_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon">texts and rubrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_digits" title="Canonical digits">Canonical digits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_rubrics_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="History of the Roman Canon">history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embolism_(liturgy)" title="Embolism (liturgy)">embolism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_doxology" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic doxology">doxology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)" title="Pax (liturgy)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei" title="Agnus Dei">Agnus Dei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dona_nobis_pacem" title="Dona nobis pacem">Dona nobis pacem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Holy Communion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">Communion antiphon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcommunion" title="Postcommunion">Postcommunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(liturgy)" title="Dismissal (liturgy)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ite,_missa_est" title="Ite, missa est">Ite, missa est</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benedicamus_Domino" title="Benedicamus Domino">Benedicamus Domino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Gospel" title="Last Gospel">Last Gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Post-Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_Prayers" title="Leonine Prayers">Leonine Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">Recessional hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_altar_servers" title="Female altar servers">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat boy">Boat boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)" title="Cantor (Christianity)">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">Crucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_minister_of_Holy_Communion" title="Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion">Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_congress" title="Eucharistic congress">Eucharistic Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">Altar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar crucifix">Altar crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">Altar rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antependium" title="Antependium">Antependium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)#Candles_and_candlesticks" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">Candles and candlesticks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_candlestick_(Catholic_Church)" title="Triple candlestick (Catholic Church)">Triple candlestick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">Paschal candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">Sanctuary lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice veil">Chalice veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_bench" title="Communion bench">Communion bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_(liturgy)" title="Corporal (liturgy)">Corporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credence_table" title="Credence table">Credence table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">Kneeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavabo" title="Lavabo">Lavabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">Misericord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall (liturgy)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">Piscina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purificator" class="mw-redirect" title="Purificator">Purificator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Liturgical<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday#Christian_use_of_ashes" title="Ash Wednesday">Ashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">Aspergillum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">Chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">Ciborium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_(instrument)" title="Crotalus (instrument)">Crotalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory#Collection_of_alms" title="Offertory">Collection basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion-plate" title="Communion-plate">Communion-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">Cruet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeliary" title="Evangeliary">Evangeliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistula_(liturgical_object)" title="Fistula (liturgical object)">Fistula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funghellino" title="Funghellino">Funghellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuterge" title="Manuterge">Manuterge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">Paten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyx" title="Pyx">Pyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">Sacramental wine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">Thurible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_books_of_the_Roman_Rite" title="Liturgical books of the Roman Rite">Liturgical books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6remoniale_Episcoporum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cæremoniale Episcoporum">Ceremonial of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gradual" title="Roman Gradual">Roman Gradual</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduale_Simplex" title="Graduale Simplex">Graduale Simplex</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestments</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">Alb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amice" title="Amice">Amice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">Chasuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">Dalmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeral_veil" title="Humeral veil">Humeral veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">Stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">Surplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicle" title="Tunicle">Tunicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimpa" title="Vimpa">Vimpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Catholic_Church_liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Calendars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">General Roman Calendar of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">General Roman Calendar of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascensiontide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic<br />discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concelebration" title="Concelebration">Concelebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_etiquette" title="Church etiquette">Church etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844">Canon 844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_the_developmentally_disabled" title="Communion and the developmentally disabled">Communion and the developmentally disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">Communion under both kinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church#Eucharistic_Fast" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Eucharistic fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent_Communion" title="Frequent Communion">Frequent Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuflection" title="Genuflection">Genuflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">Head cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_communion" title="Infant communion">Infant communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intinction" title="Intinction">Intinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_sacrament" title="Reserved sacrament">Reserved sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_communion" title="Spiritual communion">Spiritual communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_after_Communion" title="Thanksgiving after Communion">Thanksgiving after Communion</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anima_Christi" title="Anima Christi">Anima Christi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharistic<br />theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Blood of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiousion" title="Epiousion">Epiousion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_persona_Christi" title="In persona Christi">In persona Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_roots_of_Catholic_Eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology">Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirae_caritatis" title="Mirae caritatis">Mirae caritatis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_fidei_(encyclical)" title="Mysterium fidei (encyclical)"><i>Mysterium fidei</i> (encyclical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist" title="Origin of the Eucharist">Origin of the Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvific nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_Melchizedek" title="Priesthood of Melchizedek">Priesthood of Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Catholic:_Objective,_substantial_and_entire" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Eucharist" title="Year of the Eucharist">Year of the Eucharist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Regulations<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Accentus" title="Accentus">Accentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">Ad orientem</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_populum" title="Versus populum">versus populum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(liturgy)" title="Commemoration (liturgy)">Commemoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mass" title="Order of Mass">Ordinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proper_(liturgy)" title="Proper (liturgy)">Propers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_multis" title="Pro multis">Pro multis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_the_Apostolic_Tradition" title="Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition">Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">effects of prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" title="Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Dicastery for Divine Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_de_Eucharistia" title="Ecclesia de Eucharistia">Ecclesia de Eucharistia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">benediction</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominicae_cenae" title="Dominicae cenae">Dominicae Cenae</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Holy_Hour" title="Holy Hour">Holy Hour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fermentum" title="Fermentum">Fermentum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="History of the Roman Canon">History of the Roman Canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">Lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">Liturgical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII">Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missale_Romanum_(apostolic_constitution)" title="Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution)"><i>Missale Romanum</i> (apostolic constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercoranism" title="Stercoranism">Stercoranism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_sollecitudini" title="Tra le sollecitudini">Tra le sollecitudini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papacy" title="Template:Papacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papacy" title="Template talk:Papacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_See(Full_communion)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Papal household">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_assistant_to_the_Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince assistant to the Papal throne">Prince assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">for Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Orders of chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities_in_Rome" title="Pontifical universities in Rome">in Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Pontifical colleges in Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Major Seminary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Canonised popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country" title="List of popes by country">Popes by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">Sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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