CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>French battleship Masséna - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8a143302-82c5-446c-a1e1-f8db92ef0724","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"French_battleship_Masséna","wgTitle":"French battleship Masséna","wgCurRevisionId":1160772387,"wgRevisionId":1160772387,"wgArticleId":7095570,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Use shortened footnotes from December 2022","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Commons category link is on Wikidata","CS1 errors: missing title","World War I battleships of France","Ships built in France","1895 ships","Battleships of the French Navy","Scuttled vessels","World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea","Ships sunk as breakwaters"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"French_battleship_Masséna","wgRelevantArticleId":7095570,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3005686","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-1200px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="807"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-800px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="538"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-640px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="430"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="French battleship Masséna - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-French_battleship_Masséna rootpage-French_battleship_Masséna skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=French+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=French+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=French+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=French+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_characteristics_and_machinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics_and_machinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General characteristics and machinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics_and_machinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament_and_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament_and_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Armament and armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament_and_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">French battleship <i>Masséna</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%A9na_(1895)" title="Masséna (1895) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masséna (1895)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%A9na_(cuirass%C3%A9)" title="Masséna (cuirassé) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masséna (cuirassé)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%A9na_(pre-dreadnought_csatahaj%C3%B3)" title="Masséna (pre-dreadnought csatahajó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Masséna (pre-dreadnought csatahajó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8A_(%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6)" title="マッセナ (戦艦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マッセナ (戦艦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%A9na_(1895)" title="Masséna (1895) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masséna (1895)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%C3%A9na_(coura%C3%A7ado)" title="Masséna (couraçado) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Masséna (couraçado)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massena" title="Massena – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Massena" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS_Mass%C3%A9na_(1895)" title="FS Masséna (1895) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FS Masséna (1895)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A1%9E%E7%B4%8D%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="馬塞納號戰艦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬塞納號戰艦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3005686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&oldid=1160772387" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&id=1160772387&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrench_battleship_Mass%25C3%25A9na"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrench_battleship_Mass%25C3%25A9na"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass%C3%A9na_(ship,_1895)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3005686" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French Navy's pre-dreadnought battleship</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <caption><i>Masséna</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-300px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-450px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif/lossless-page1-600px-French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="3624" /></a></span><div><i>Masséna</i></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Class overview</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Preceded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Succeeded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/42px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/63px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/84px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em">France</span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>Masséna</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>September 1892</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>July 1895</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Commissioned</td><td>June 1898</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Scuttled 9 November 1915</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>11,735 tonnes (11,550 long tons)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>112.65 m (369 ft 7 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>20.27 m (66 ft 6 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draught</td><td>8.84 m (29 ft 0 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>3 <a href="/wiki/Triple_expansion_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple expansion engine">triple expansion engines</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>17 kn (31 km/h; 20 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>667</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_305_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1893/96_gun" title="Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96 gun">305 mm/45 (12 in)</a> Modèle 1893 guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_274_mod%C3%A8le_1887/1893" title="Canon de 274 modèle 1887/1893">274 mm/45 (10.8 in)</a> Modèle 1893 guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_138_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1893_naval_gun" title="Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1893 naval gun">138 mm/45 (5.5 in)</a> Modèle 1891 guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_100_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1891" title="Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891">100 mm (3.9 in)</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × 450 mm <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> (submerged)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armour</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 450 mm (18 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a>: 400 mm (16 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">Conning tower</a>: 350 mm (14 in)</li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i><b>Masséna</b></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleship of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, built in the 1890s. She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships, along with <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel" title="French battleship Charles Martel"><i>Charles Martel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Carnot" title="French battleship Carnot"><i>Carnot</i></a>, that were ordered in response to the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sovereign-class_battleship" title="Royal Sovereign-class battleship"><i>Royal Sovereign</i> class</a>. She was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a>. <i>Masséna</i> significantly exceeded her design weight and suffered from serious stability problems that inhibited accurate firing of her guns; as a result, she was considered to be an unsuccessful design. </p><p><i>Masséna</i> served in both the Northern and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Squadron (France)">Mediterranean Squadrons</a> during her career, which included a period as the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the Northern Squadron. She was withdrawn from service before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. The following year, she was <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulked</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>. She was later towed to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Helles" title="Cape Helles">Cape Helles</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> peninsula where on 9 November 1915 she was scuttled to create a breakwater to protect the evacuation of the Allied expeditionary force withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg/220px-French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg/330px-French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg/440px-French_battleship_Brennus_NH_82700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4460" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Brennus" title="French battleship Brennus"><i>Brennus</i></a>, which formed the basis for <i>Masséna</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s design</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1889, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Defence_Act_1889" title="Naval Defence Act 1889">Naval Defence Act</a> that resulted in the construction of the eight <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sovereign-class_battleship" title="Royal Sovereign-class battleship"><i>Royal Sovereign</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>; this major expansion of naval power led the French government to pass its reply, the <i>Statut Naval</i> (Naval Law) of 1890. The law called for a total of twenty-four "<i>cuirasses d'escadre</i>" (squadron battleships) and a host of other vessels, including <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defense_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal defense ship">coastal defence battleships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>. The first stage of the program was to be a group of four squadron battleships that were built to different designs but met the same basic characteristics, including armour, armament, and displacement. The naval high command issued the basic requirements on 24 December 1889; <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displacement</a> would not exceed 14,000 tonnes (14,000 long tons; 15,000 short tons), the primary armament was to consist of 34-centimetre (13 in) and 27 cm (11 in) guns, the <a href="/wiki/Belt_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt armour">belt armour</a> should be 45 cm (18 in), and the ships should maintain a top speed of 17 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (31 km/h; 20 mph). The <a href="/wiki/Secondary_armament" title="Secondary armament">secondary battery</a> was to be either 14 cm (5.5 in) or 16 cm (6.3 in) caliber, with as many guns fitted as space would allow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse22–23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse22–23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic design for the ships was based on the previous battleship <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Brennus" title="French battleship Brennus"><i>Brennus</i></a>, but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline, the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Magenta_(1890)" title="French ironclad Magenta (1890)"><i>Magenta</i></a>, which moved two of the main battery guns to single <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wing_turret" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing turret">wings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the navy had stipulated that displacement could be up to 14,000 tons, political considerations, namely parliamentary objections to increases in naval expenditures, led the designers to limit displacement to around 12,000 tonnes (12,000 long tons; 13,000 short tons). Five naval architects submitted proposals to the competition; the design for <i>Masséna</i> was prepared by Louis de Bussy, the Inspector General of Naval Construction, who had previously designed the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Redoutable" title="French ironclad Redoutable"><i>Redoutable</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armoured_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured cruiser">armoured cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me" title="French cruiser Dupuy de Lôme"><i>Dupuy de Lôme</i></a>. Though the program called for four ships to be built in the first year, five were ultimately ordered: <i>Masséna</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel" title="French battleship Charles Martel"><i>Charles Martel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Carnot" title="French battleship Carnot"><i>Carnot</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse25,_32_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse25,_32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Masséna</i> introduced the three-shaft arrangement for battleship propulsion systems; all previous <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> used two <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>. This would be the standard for all French <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> type battleships until the <a href="/wiki/Danton-class_battleship" title="Danton-class battleship"><i>Danton</i> class</a> begun in 1907. She and her half-sisters nevertheless were disappointments in service; they generally suffered from stability problems, and <a href="/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="Louis-Émile Bertin">Louis-Émile Bertin</a>, the Director of Naval Construction in the late 1890s, referred to the ships as "chavirables" (prone to capsizing). All five of the vessels compared poorly to their British counterparts, particularly their contemporaries of the <a href="/wiki/Majestic-class_battleship" title="Majestic-class battleship"><i>Majestic</i> class</a>. The ships suffered from a lack of uniformity of equipment, which made them hard to maintain in service, and their mixed gun batteries comprising several calibers made gunnery in combat conditions difficult, since shell splashes were hard to differentiate. Many of the problems that plagued the ships in service were a result of the limitation on their displacement, particularly their stability and <a href="/wiki/Seakeeping" title="Seakeeping">seakeeping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_38–40_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_38–40-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics_and_machinery">General characteristics and machinery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General characteristics and machinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png/220px-French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png/330px-French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png/440px-French_battleship_Massena_plan_and_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Plan and profile drawing of <i>Masséna</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Masséna</i> was 112.65 metres (369 ft 7 in) long <a href="/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars" title="Length between perpendiculars">between perpendiculars</a>, and had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 20.27 m (66 ft 6 in) and a <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draught</a> of 8.84 m (29 ft 0 in). She was designed to displace 10,835 long tons (11,009 t) at normal load, but she was significantly overweight when completed, and she displaced 11,735 long tons (11,920 t). This caused the ship to sit lower in the water than intended, which partially submerged her <a href="/wiki/Armoured_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured belt">armoured belt</a>, and in less favorable conditions, the belt was submerged completely. She was built with a pronounced snout bow to improve her buoyancy, which distinguished her from her half-sisters. Also unlike most of her half-sisters, she had a relatively minimal <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructure</a>, which avoided the top-heaviness that plagued the other ships. Her <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> deck was cut down to the main deck aft. The ship was fitted with two heavy military masts with <a href="/wiki/Fighting_top" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting top">fighting tops</a>. She had a crew of 667 officers and enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell294-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Masséna</i> had three vertical <a href="/wiki/Triple_expansion_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple expansion engine">triple expansion engines</a> each driving a single screw, with steam supplied by twenty-four <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagrafel_d%27Allest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagrafel d'Allest (page does not exist)">Lagrafel d'Allest</a> <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a>. The boilers were ducted into a pair of widely spaced <a href="/wiki/Funnel_(ship)" title="Funnel (ship)">funnels</a>. Her propulsion system was rated at 14,200 <a href="/wiki/Metric_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric horsepower">metric horsepower</a> (14,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower" title="Horsepower">ihp</a>), which allowed the ship to steam at a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph); this was a knot slower than her design speed of 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph). Her failure to reach her designed speed was largely a result of the fact that she was significantly overweight. With only two-thirds of her boilers operating for more economic cruising, these figures fell to 9,780 metric horsepower (9,650 ihp) and 15.49 kn (28.69 km/h; 17.83 mph), respectively. As built, she could carry 650 t (640 long tons; 720 short tons) of coal, though additional space allowed for up to 800 t (790 long tons; 880 short tons) in total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91–93_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather91–93-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament_and_armour">Armament and armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armament and armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_battleship_Massena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/French_battleship_Massena.jpg/220px-French_battleship_Massena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/French_battleship_Massena.jpg/330px-French_battleship_Massena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/French_battleship_Massena.jpg/440px-French_battleship_Massena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><i>Masséna</i> early in her career</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Masséna</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main armament consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_305_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1893/96_gun" title="Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96 gun">Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 guns</a> in two single-gun turrets, one each fore and aft. Each turret had an arc of fire of 250°.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons140_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons140-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The placement of the forward gun turret close to the bow placed a great deal of weight too far forward. This exacerbated stability problems with the ship, and rendered accurate shooting more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather93_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather93-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also mounted two <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_274_mod%C3%A8le_1887/1893" title="Canon de 274 modèle 1887/1893">Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 guns</a> in two single-gun turrets, one amidships on each side, <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsoned</a> out over the tumblehome of the ship's sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell294-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 305 mm guns were an experimental 45 <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">caliber</a> version and had a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> of 800 metres per second (2,625 ft/s), which produced a muzzle energy of 30,750 foot-tons and allowed the shells to penetrate up to 610 mm (24 in) of iron armour at a range of 1,800 m (2,000 yd). This was sufficiently powerful to allow <i>Masséna</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main guns to easily penetrate the armour of most contemporary battleships. The 274 mm guns, which were 45 calibers long, had a similar muzzle velocity, but being significantly smaller than the 305 mm guns, produced a muzzle energy of 22,750 foot-tons and 460 millimetres (18 in) of iron penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper805_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper805-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman204_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman204-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her secondary armament consisted of eight <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_138_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1893_naval_gun" title="Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1893 naval gun">Canon de 138.6 mm Modèle 1891 guns</a>, which were mounted in manually operated single turrets at the corners of the superstructure with 160° arcs of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons140_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons140-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For defence against torpedo boats, <i>Masséna</i> carried eight <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_100_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1891" title="Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891">100 mm (3.9 in)</a> quick-firing guns, twelve <a href="/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss" title="QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss">3-pounder</a> quick-firers, and eight 1-pounder guns. Her armament suite was rounded out by four 450 mm (18 in) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>, two of which were submerged in the ship's hull, the other two in trainable deck launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship's armour was constructed with <a href="/wiki/Harvey_armor" title="Harvey armor">Harvey steel</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Schneider-Creusot" title="Schneider-Creusot">Schneider-Creusot</a>. The main belt was 250 to 450 mm (9.8 to 17.7 in) thick, and ran for a length of 110 m (360 ft) along the hull. The belt terminated some 10 m (33 ft) from the stern, where it was capped with a transverse <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkhead</a> that was 250 mm (9.8 in). The belt was 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) wide. Above the belt was 101 mm (4.0 in) thick side armour. The bulkheads at either end of the armoured belt were 240 mm (9.4 in) thick. The main battery guns were protected with 350 to 400 mm (14 to 16 in) of armour, and the secondary turrets had 99 mm (3.9 in) thick sides. The main armoured deck was 69 mm (2.7 in) thick, and the splinter deck below it was 38 mm (1.5 in) thick. The <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a> had 350 mm (14 in) thick sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massena2-Bougault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Massena2-Bougault.jpg/220px-Massena2-Bougault.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Massena2-Bougault.jpg/330px-Massena2-Bougault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Massena2-Bougault.jpg/440px-Massena2-Bougault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>A postcard showing <i>Masséna</i> at sea</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Masséna</i> was laid down at the <i><a href="/wiki/Ateliers_et_Chantiers_de_la_Loire" title="Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire">Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire</a></i> shipyard in September 1892 and launched nearly three years later on 24 July 1895. She was completed in June 1898 and entered service with the French fleet. Throughout the ship's peacetime career, she was occupied with routine training exercises that included gunnery training, combined maneuvers with torpedo boats and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, and practicing attacking <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coastal fortifications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell294-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was commissioned in time for the Northern Squadron maneuvers conducted in July 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw_&_Dredge514_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw_&_Dredge514-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was assigned as the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the Northern Squadron and flew the flag of Vice Admiral Ménard. The Northern Squadron conducted annual training exercises in June; the following month, they joined the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Squadron (France)">Mediterranean Squadron</a> for combined fleet maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"France"412_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"France"412-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, four engineering officers were seriously injured while disassembling a pipe to repair it. They had disassembled it too quickly, and were severely scalded by escaping steam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Casualties"228_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Casualties"228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June and July that year, she participated in extensive joint maneuvers conducted with the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Mediterranean_(France)" title="Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean (France)">Mediterranean Squadron</a>; she was still Ménard's flagship during this period. The Northern Squadron initially held its own maneuvers in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, which included a simulated <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the squadron in Brest, after which the squadron made mock attacks on the island of <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Belle Île">Belle Île</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Quiberon" title="Quiberon">Quiberon</a>. In early July, the squadron met the Mediterranean Squadron off <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal before the two units steamed north to <a href="/wiki/Quiberon_Bay" title="Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a> and entered Brest on 9 July. <i>Masséna</i> and the rest of the Northern Squadron were tasked with attacking <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> two days later. The maneuvers concluded with a <a href="/wiki/Naval_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval review">naval review</a> in Cherbourg on 19 July for President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse217–218_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse217–218-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, the ship was transferred from the Northern Squadron to the Mediterranean, where she was assigned to the <i>Division de réserve</i> (Reserve Division) along with her four half-sisters and the old battleship <i>Brennus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August, the ship participated in a gunnery trial with the new battleship <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren"><i>Suffren</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Longue" title="Île Longue">Île Longue</a>. A mild steel plate 55 centimetres (21.7 in) thick, measuring 225 by 95 centimetres (7 ft 5 in by 3 ft 1 in), was attached to the side of <i>Suffren</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s forward turret to determine the resistance of an armour plate to a large-calibre shell. <i>Masséna</i> anchored 100 metres (330 ft) away from <i>Suffren</i> and fired a number of 305-millimetre (12 in) shells at the plate. The first three were training shells that knocked splinters off the armour plate. The last two shells, fired with full charges, cracked the plate, but <i>Suffren</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s turret was fully operational, as was her Germain electrical fire-control system and the six <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> placed in the turret were unharmed. One splinter struck <i>Masséna</i> above her armour belt and left a 15-centimetre sized hole in her hull. Another 50-kilogram (110 lb) splinter landed within a few metres of the Naval Minister, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pelletan" title="Camille Pelletan">Camille Pelletan</a>, who was observing the trials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaresse13–15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaresse13–15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png/220px-French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png/330px-French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png/440px-French_battleship_Massena_as_breakwater.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>Masséna</i> scuttled as a breakwater off Gallipoli in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>During her period in the Reserve Division, <i>Masséna</i> was manned with a reduced crew that would be completed with <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_forces_of_France" title="Military reserve forces of France">naval reservists</a> if the vessel needed to be activated for maneuvers or to take the place of a front-line battleship during a refit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Masséna</i> was present for the 1907 fleet maneuvers, which again saw the Northern and Mediterranean Squadrons unite for large-scale operations held off the coast of <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a> and in the western Mediterranean. The exercises consisted of three phases and began on 2 July and concluded on 30 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyland64–68_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyland64–68-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 January 1908, she joined the battleships <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_R%C3%A9publique" title="French battleship République"><i>République</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Patrie" title="French battleship Patrie"><i>Patrie</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Gaulois" title="French battleship Gaulois"><i>Gaulois</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Charlemagne" title="French battleship Charlemagne"><i>Charlemagne</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Saint_Louis" title="French battleship Saint Louis"><i>Saint Louis</i></a>, and <i>Jauréguiberry</i> for a cruise in the Mediterranean, first to <a href="/wiki/Golfe-Juan" title="Golfe-Juan">Golfe-Juan</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Mer" title="Villefranche-sur-Mer">Villefranche-sur-Mer</a>, where the squadron stayed for a month. <i>Masséna</i> hosted President <a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> during a major fleet review held off Toulon on 4 September 1911. On 16 October 1912, <i>Masséna</i>, <i>Gaulois</i>, <i>Saint Louis</i>, <i>Carnot</i>, <i>Bouvet</i>, and <i>Jauréguiberry</i> were activated for training duties as the 3rd Squadron of the Mediterranean Squadron; in July 1913, they were joined by <i>Charlemagne</i>. The squadron was dissolved on 11 November and <i>Masséna</i> returned to the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223,_225,_229,_233_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223,_225,_229,_233-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1914, the French <a href="/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Naval Ministers of France">Naval Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Ernest Monis</a> decided to discard <i>Masséna</i>, owing to the cost of maintaining the obsolete battleship, which was by then more than fifteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill505_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill505-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulk</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell294-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> had launched an invasion at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> in an attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, knock the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> out of the war, and open a route to supply Russia via the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. Too old for active service, <i>Masséna</i> did not take part in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>, which had stalled by the end of 1915, having made no significant progress. The Entente decided to withdraw from the operation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite8–10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite8–10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the old battleship did see some use here. <i>Masséna</i> was towed from <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Helles" title="Cape Helles">Cape Helles</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Peninsula">Gallipoli Peninsula</a> late in 1915, and scuttled there on 9 November to form a <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> to protect the evacuation effort that withdrew the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> expeditionary force in January 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmigielski192_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmigielski192-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass%C3%A9na_(ship,_1895)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Masséna (ship, 1895)">Masséna (ship, 1895)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse22–23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse22–23_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp223-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp223_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRopp">Ropp</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse25,_32-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse25,_32_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 25, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_38–40-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_38–40_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 32, 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell294-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell294_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell">Campbell</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather91–93-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91–93_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeather">Leather</a>, p. 91–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons140-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons140_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons140_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbons">Gibbons</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather93-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather93_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeather">Leather</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper805-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper805_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper">Cooper</a>, p. 805.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman204-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman204_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeather91-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeather91_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeather">Leather</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse32,_217_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 32, 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw_&_Dredge514-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw_&_Dredge514_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaw_&_Dredge">Maw & Dredge</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"France"412-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"France"412_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"France"">"France"</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Casualties"228-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Casualties"228_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Casualties"">"Casualties"</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse217–218-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse217–218_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaresse13–15-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaresse13–15_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaresse">Caresse</a>, pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyland64–68-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyland64–68_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeyland">Leyland</a>, pp. 64–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223,_225,_229,_233-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse223,_225,_229,_233_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse">Jordan & Caresse</a>, pp. 223, 225, 229, 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill505-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill505_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill">Gill</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite8–10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite8–10_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite">Haythornthwaite</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmigielski192-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmigielski192_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmigielski">Smigielski</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2"><i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905</i></a></span>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-133-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1860%E2%80%931905&rft.place=London&rft.pages=283-333&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-133-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=N.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaresse2023" class="citation book cs1">Caresse, Philippe (2023). "The Battleship <i>Masséna</i>". In Jordan, John (ed.). <i>Warship 2023</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 142–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5713-2"><bdi>978-1-4728-5713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battleship+Mass%C3%A9na&rft.btitle=Warship+2023&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=142-158&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-5713-2&rft.aulast=Caresse&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaresse" class="citation book cs1">Caresse, Philippe (2010). "The Drama of the Battleship Suffren". In Jordan, John (ed.). <i>Warship 2010</i>. London: Conway. pp. 9–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-110-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-110-1"><bdi>978-1-84486-110-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Drama+of+the+Battleship+Suffren&rft.btitle=Warship+2010&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-26&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-110-1&rft.aulast=Caresse&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Casualties"" class="citation journal cs1">"Casualties". <i>Notes on Naval Progress</i>. Washington, DC: United States Office of Naval Intelligence: 228–229. July 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+on+Naval+Progress&rft.atitle=Casualties&rft.pages=228-229&rft.date=1900-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, George F., ed. (1898). "French Battleship "Massena"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (4): 805.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=French+Battleship+%22Massena%22&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=805&rft.date=1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"France"" class="citation journal cs1">"France". <i>Notes on Naval Progress</i>. Washington, DC: United States Office of Naval Intelligence: 412–415. July 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+on+Naval+Progress&rft.atitle=France&rft.pages=412-415&rft.date=1901-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Friedman" title="Norman Friedman">Friedman, Norman</a> (2011). <i>Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7"><bdi>978-1-84832-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Weapons+of+World+War+One%3A+Guns%2C+Torpedoes%2C+Mines+and+ASW+Weapons+of+All+Nations%3B+An+Illustrated+Directory&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-100-7&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Tony (1983). <i>The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships: A Technical Directory of Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day</i>. New York: Crescent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-37810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-37810-6"><bdi>978-0-517-37810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Battleships%3A+A+Technical+Directory+of+Capital+Ships+from+1860+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-517-37810-6&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, C. C. (1914). "Professional Notes". <i>Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute</i>. <b>40</b>: 475–618. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-798X">0041-798X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=Professional+Notes&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=475-618&rft.date=1914&rft.issn=0041-798X&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Haythornthwaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip J. Haythornthwaite">Haythornthwaite, Philip</a> (2004) [1991]. <i>Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey</i>. Campaign Series #8. London: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98288-1"><bdi>978-0-275-98288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli+1915%3A+Frontal+Assault+on+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.series=Campaign+Series+%238&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98288-1&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). <i>French Battleships of World War One</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-639-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Battleships+of+World+War+One&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-639-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Caresse%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeather" class="citation book cs1">Leather, John (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwarshipsinr0000leat"><i>World Warships in Review: 1860–1906</i></a></span>. London: Redwood Burn Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-356-08076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-356-08076-5"><bdi>978-0-356-08076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Warships+in+Review%3A+1860%E2%80%931906&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Redwood+Burn+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-356-08076-5&rft.aulast=Leather&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwarshipsinr0000leat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyland" class="citation journal cs1">Leyland, John (1908). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Chapter IV: Foreign Naval Manoeuvres". <i>The Naval Annual</i>. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 64–82. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828">496786828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Naval+Annual&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV%3A+Foreign+Naval+Manoeuvres&rft.pages=64-82&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496786828&rft.aulast=Leyland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaw_&_Dredge" class="citation journal cs1">Maw, W. H. & Dredge, J., eds. (1898). <i>Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal</i>. <b>LXVI</b>. London: Offices for Advertisement and Publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering%3A+An+Illustrated+Weekly+Journal&rft.volume=LXVI&rft.date=1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRopp" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ropp" title="Theodore Ropp">Ropp, Theodore</a> (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). <i>The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-141-6"><bdi>978-0-87021-141-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+a+Modern+Navy%3A+French+Naval+Policy%2C+1871%E2%80%931904&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-141-6&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmigielski" class="citation book cs1">Smigielski, Adam (1985). "France". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre"><i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i></a>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 190–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8"><bdi>978-0-87021-907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1906%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=190-220&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-907-8&rft.aulast=Smigielski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallworldsfightin00rgre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+battleship+Mass%C3%A9na" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masséna" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="Template:French battleship Masséna"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="Template talk:French battleship Masséna"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French battleship Masséna"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masséna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Masséna</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Masséna</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a></li> <li>Followed by: <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_France" title="List of battleships of France">List of battleships of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battleships_of_France" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_battleships" title="Template:French battleships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_battleships" title="Template talk:French battleships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_battleships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French battleships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battleships_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_France" title="List of battleships of France">Battleships of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">Pre-dreadnoughts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Brennus" title="French battleship Brennus"><i>Brennus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel" title="French battleship Charles Martel"><i>Charles Martel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Carnot" title="French battleship Carnot"><i>Carnot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Masséna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne-class_battleship" title="Charlemagne-class battleship"><i>Charlemagne</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_I%C3%A9na" title="French battleship Iéna"><i>Iéna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren"><i>Suffren</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique-class_battleship" title="République-class battleship"><i>République</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9-class_battleship" title="Liberté-class battleship"><i>Liberté</i> class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danton-class_battleship" title="Danton-class battleship"><i>Danton</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnoughts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courbet-class_battleship" title="Courbet-class battleship"><i>Courbet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretagne-class_battleship" title="Bretagne-class battleship"><i>Bretagne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-class_battleship" title="Normandie-class battleship"><i>Normandie</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon-class_battleship" title="Lyon-class battleship"><i>Lyon</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkerque-class_battleship" title="Dunkerque-class battleship"><i>Dunkerque</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richelieu-class_battleship" title="Richelieu-class battleship"><i>Richelieu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace-class_battleship" title="Alsace-class battleship"><i>Alsace</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>X</dt> <dd>Cancelled</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_naval_ship_classes_of_World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWI_French_ships" title="Template:WWI French ships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWI_French_ships" title="Template talk:WWI French ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWI_French_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWI French ships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_naval_ship_classes_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">French naval ship classes of World War I</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courbet-class_battleship" title="Courbet-class battleship"><i>Courbet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretagne-class_battleship" title="Bretagne-class battleship"><i>Bretagne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-class_battleship" title="Normandie-class battleship"><i>Normandie</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon-class_battleship" title="Lyon-class battleship"><i>Lyon</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry" title="French battleship Jauréguiberry"><i>Jauréguiberry</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Bouvet" title="French battleship Bouvet"><i>Bouvet</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne-class_battleship" title="Charlemagne-class battleship"><i>Charlemagne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren"><i>Suffren</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique-class_battleship" title="République-class battleship"><i>République</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9-class_battleship" title="Liberté-class battleship"><i>Liberté</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danton-class_battleship" title="Danton-class battleship"><i>Danton</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coast_defense_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast defense ship">Coast defense ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Henri_IV" title="French battleship Henri IV"><i>Henri IV</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armoured cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me" title="French cruiser Dupuy de Lôme"><i>Dupuy de Lôme</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiral_Charner-class_cruiser" title="Amiral Charner-class cruiser"><i>Amiral Charner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Pothuau" title="French cruiser Pothuau"><i>Pothuau</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Jeanne_d%27Arc_(1899)" title="French cruiser Jeanne d'Arc (1899)"><i>Jeanne d'Arc</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueydon-class_cruiser" title="Gueydon-class cruiser"><i>Gueydon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupleix-class_cruiser" title="Dupleix-class cruiser"><i>Dupleix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloire-class_cruiser" title="Gloire-class cruiser"><i>Gloire</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta-class_cruiser" title="Léon Gambetta-class cruiser"><i>Léon Gambetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Jules_Michelet" title="French cruiser Jules Michelet"><i>Jules Michelet</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Ernest_Renan" title="French cruiser Ernest Renan"><i>Ernest Renan</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet-class_cruiser" title="Edgar Quinet-class cruiser"><i>Edgar Quinet</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Amiral_C%C3%A9cille" title="French cruiser Amiral Cécille"><i>Amiral Cécille</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbin-class_cruiser" title="Forbin-class cruiser"><i>Forbin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troude-class_cruiser" title="Troude-class cruiser"><i>Troude</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friant-class_cruiser" title="Friant-class cruiser"><i>Friant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linois-class_cruiser" title="Linois-class cruiser"><i>Linois</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descartes-class_cruiser" title="Descartes-class cruiser"><i>Descartes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Assas-class_cruiser" title="D'Assas-class cruiser"><i>D'Assas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_D%27Entrecasteaux" title="French cruiser D'Entrecasteaux"><i>D'Entrecasteaux</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Guichen_(1897)" title="French cruiser Guichen (1897)"><i>Guichen</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Ch%C3%A2teaurenault_(1898)" title="French cruiser Châteaurenault (1898)"><i>Châteaurenault</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Estr%C3%A9es-class_cruiser" title="D'Estrées-class cruiser"><i>D'Estrées</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Jurien_de_la_Gravi%C3%A8re" title="French cruiser Jurien de la Gravière"><i>Jurien de la Gravière</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Motte-Picquet-class_cruiser" title="La Motte-Picquet-class cruiser"><i>La Motte-Picquet</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durandal-class_destroyer" title="Durandal-class destroyer"><i>Durandal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram%C3%A9e-class_destroyer" title="Framée-class destroyer"><i>Framée</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertuisane-class_destroyer" title="Pertuisane-class destroyer"><i>Pertuisane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arquebuse-class_destroyer" title="Arquebuse-class destroyer"><i>Arquebuse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claymore-class_destroyer" title="Claymore-class destroyer"><i>Claymore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branlebas-class_destroyer" title="Branlebas-class destroyer"><i>Branlebas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahi-class_destroyer" title="Spahi-class destroyer"><i>Spahi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltigeur-class_destroyer" title="Voltigeur-class destroyer"><i>Voltigeur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasseur-class_destroyer" title="Chasseur-class destroyer"><i>Chasseur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouclier-class_destroyer" title="Bouclier-class destroyer"><i>Bouclier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisson-class_destroyer" title="Bisson-class destroyer"><i>Bisson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enseigne_Roux-class_destroyer" title="Enseigne Roux-class destroyer"><i>Enseigne Roux</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Enseigne_Gabolde" title="French destroyer Enseigne Gabolde"><i>Enseigne Gabolde</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M89-class_destroyer" title="M89-class destroyer"><i>M89</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurier-class_destroyer" title="Aventurier-class destroyer"><i>Aventurier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabe-class_destroyer" title="Arabe-class destroyer"><i>Arabe</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir%C3%A8ne-class_submarine_(1901)" title="Sirène-class submarine (1901)"><i>Sirène</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette-class_submarine" title="Aigrette-class submarine"><i>Aigrette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Argonaute_(1905)" title="French submarine Argonaute (1905)"><i>Argonaute</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89meraude-class_submarine_(1906)" title="Émeraude-class submarine (1906)"><i>Émeraude</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circ%C3%A9-class_submarine_(1907)" title="Circé-class submarine (1907)"><i>Circé</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluvi%C3%B4se-class_submarine" title="Pluviôse-class submarine"><i>Pluviôse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumaire-class_submarine" title="Brumaire-class submarine"><i>Brumaire</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Archim%C3%A8de_(1909)" title="French submarine Archimède (1909)"><i>Archimède</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Mariotte" title="French submarine Mariotte"><i>Mariotte</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Amiral_Bourgois" title="French submarine Amiral Bourgois"><i>Amiral Bourgois</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Charles_Brun" title="French submarine Charles Brun"><i>Charles Brun</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorinde-class_submarine" title="Clorinde-class submarine"><i>Clorinde</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Z%C3%A9d%C3%A9-class_submarine" title="Gustave Zédé-class submarine"><i>Gustave Zédé</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite-class_submarine" title="Amphitrite-class submarine"><i>Amphitrite</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellone-class_submarine" title="Bellone-class submarine"><i>Bellone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me-class_submarine" title="Dupuy de Lôme-class submarine"><i>Dupuy de Lôme</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane-class_submarine_(1916)" title="Diane-class submarine (1916)"><i>Diane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joessel-class_submarine" title="Joessel-class submarine"><i>Joessel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange-class_submarine" title="Lagrange-class submarine"><i>Lagrange</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armide-class_submarine" title="Armide-class submarine"><i>Armide</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Byrne-class_submarine" title="O'Byrne-class submarine"><i>O'Byrne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplane carrier">Seaplane carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_seaplane_carrier_Foudre" title="French seaplane carrier Foudre"><i>Foudre</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>S</dt> <dd>Single ship of class</dd> <dt>C</dt> <dd>Completed after the war</dd> <dt>X</dt> <dd>Cancelled</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_November_1915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Template:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_November_1915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1915</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in November 1915">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">4 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Le_Calvados" title="SS Le Calvados"><i>Le Calvados</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Nov: <a href="/wiki/TSS_Hibernia_(1899)" title="TSS Hibernia (1899)">HMS <i>Tara</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_E20" title="HMS E20">HMS <i>E20</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Clan_Macalister_(1903)" title="SS Clan Macalister (1903)"><i>Clan Macalister</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_France_(1896)" title="SS France (1896)"><i>France</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Undine" title="SMS Undine">SMS <i>Undine</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Ancona" title="SS Ancona"><i>Ancona</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Wacousta" title="SS Wacousta"><i>Wacousta</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Californian" title="SS Californian"><i>Californian</i></a>, <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Masséna</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Bosnia_(1898)" title="SS Bosnia (1898)"><i>Bosnia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Nov: <i><a href="/wiki/TSS_Wandra_(1907)" title="TSS Wandra (1907)">Wandra</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Anglia" title="HMHS Anglia">HMHS <i>Anglia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Nov: <i><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-13" title="SM UC-13">SM <i>UC-13</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">4 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-8" title="SM UC-8">SM <i>UC-8</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Albemarle_(1901)" title="HMS Albemarle (1901)">HMS <i>Albemarle</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914" title="List of shipwrecks in 1914">1914</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914" title="List of shipwrecks in 1914"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in 1915">1915</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916" title="List of shipwrecks in 1916"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916" title="List of shipwrecks in 1916">1916</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in October 1915">October 1915</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in October 1915"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1915"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1915">December 1915</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Masséna&oldid=1160772387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Masséna&oldid=1160772387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_battleships_of_France" title="Category:World War I battleships of France">World War I battleships of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_France" title="Category:Ships built in France">Ships built in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1895_ships" title="Category:1895 ships">1895 ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battleships_of_the_French_Navy" title="Category:Battleships of the French Navy">Battleships of the French Navy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scuttled_vessels" title="Category:Scuttled vessels">Scuttled vessels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_shipwrecks_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea">World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships_sunk_as_breakwaters" title="Category:Ships sunk as breakwaters">Ships sunk as breakwaters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_shortened_footnotes_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use shortened footnotes from December 2022">Use shortened footnotes from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 June 2023, at 17:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-rrxzf","wgBackendResponseTime":1090,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.774","walltime":"0.959","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7427,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":130440,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9170,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84452,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 856.052 1 -total"," 24.68% 211.266 3 Template:Military_navigation"," 18.66% 159.701 50 Template:Ship"," 13.49% 115.497 1 Template:WWI_French_ships"," 13.13% 112.394 10 Template:Cite_book"," 12.66% 108.386 32 Template:Sfn"," 9.16% 78.433 1 Template:French_battleship_Masséna"," 6.81% 58.318 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.74% 57.703 51 Template:Convert"," 6.65% 56.887 87 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.489","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11475136,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Casualties\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;France\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaresse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaresse2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaythornthwaite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan_\u0026amp;_Caresse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeather\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaw_\u0026amp;_Dredge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRopp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmigielski\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 51,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Massena\"] = 1,\n [\"French battleship Masséna\"] = 1,\n [\"French battleships\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ship begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ship career\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ship characteristics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ship class overview\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ship image\"] = 1,\n [\"November 1915 shipwrecks\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 15,\n [\"Ship\"] = 17,\n [\"Shipboxflag\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"WWI French ships\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-rrxzf","timestamp":"20241203031152","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"French battleship Mass\u00e9na","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3005686","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3005686","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-09-21T18:29:10Z","dateModified":"2023-06-18T17:50:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/bd\/French_battleship_Massena_NH_74863.tif","headline":"French Navy's pre-dreadnought battleship"}</script> </body> </html>