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<li id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity and Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Ottoman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_War_(1853–1856)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_War_(1853–1856)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Crimean War (1853–1856)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_War_(1853–1856)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Balkan_War_(1912–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Balkan_War_(1912–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>First Balkan War (1912–1913)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Balkan_War_(1912–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I:_Gallipoli_Campaign_(1914–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I:_Gallipoli_Campaign_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>World War I: Gallipoli Campaign (1914–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I:_Gallipoli_Campaign_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Turkish Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallipoli</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جاليبولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاليبولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelibolu_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Gelibolu yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gelibolu yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্যালিপলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যালিপলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Галіпальскі паўвостраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галіпальскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Галіпальскі паўвостраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галіпальскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Галиполи (полуостров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галиполи (полуостров)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipolje_(poluostrvo)" title="Galipolje (poluostrvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galipolje (poluostrvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Gal%C2%B7l%C3%ADpoli" title="Península de Gal·lípoli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Península de Gal·lípoli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula" title="Gallipoli Peninsula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gallipoli Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(halv%C3%B8)" title="Gallipoli (halvø) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gallipoli (halvø)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbinsel_Gelibolu" title="Halbinsel Gelibolu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halbinsel Gelibolu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelibolu_poolsaar" title="Gelibolu poolsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gelibolu poolsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Gal%C3%ADpoli" title="Península de Galípoli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Península de Galípoli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalipolis" title="Kalipolis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalipolis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(Turkia)" title="Gallipoli (Turkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gallipoli (Turkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گالیپولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گالیپولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_de_Gallipoli" title="Péninsule de Gallipoli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péninsule de Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(skiereil%C3%A2n)" title="Gallipoli (skiereilân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gallipoli (skiereilân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%94%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="겔리볼루반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겔리볼루반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Գալիպոլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալիպոլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Gallipoli" title="Semenanjung Gallipoli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semenanjung Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_di_Gallipoli" title="Penisola di Gallipoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penisola di Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="גליפולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גליפולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಲಿಪೊಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಲಿಪೊಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გელიბოლუს ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გელიბოლუს ნახევარკუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelibolu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Callipolitana" title="Paeninsula Callipolitana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paeninsula Callipolitana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(Hallefinsel)" title="Gallipoli (Hallefinsel) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gallipoli (Hallefinsel)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipolio_pusiasalis" title="Galipolio pusiasalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galipolio pusiasalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(f%C3%A9lsziget)" title="Gallipoli (félsziget) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gallipoli (félsziget)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Галиполе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галиполе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipori_(k%C5%ABrae)" title="Karipori (kūrae) – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Karipori (kūrae)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(schiereiland)" title="Gallipoli (schiereiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gallipoli (schiereiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="ガリポリ半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリポリ半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(Tyrkia)" title="Gallipoli (Tyrkia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gallipoli (Tyrkia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_de_Gallipoli" title="Peninsula de Gallipoli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peninsula de Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gelibolu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گیلی پولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیلی پولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_(p%C3%B3%C5%82wysep)" title="Gallipoli (półwysep) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gallipoli (półwysep)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%ADpoli" title="Galípoli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galípoli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Галлипольский полуостров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галлипольский полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gallipoli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipoli" title="Galipoli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galipoli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Галипоље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галипоље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galipolje" title="Galipolje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galipolje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipolin_niemimaa" title="Gallipolin niemimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gallipolin niemimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipolihalv%C3%B6n" title="Gallipolihalvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gallipolihalvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="கலிபோலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="กัลลิโพลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กัลลิโพลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelibolu_Yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Gelibolu Yarımadası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gelibolu Yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Галліполі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галліполі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گیلی پولی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گیلی پولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="加里波利半岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加里波利半岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="加里波利半島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加里波利半島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="加里波利半島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加里波利半島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gallipoli&params=40_21_N_26_27_E_region:TR_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">26°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.350°N 26.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.350; 26.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli_Peninsula&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Peninsula">Gallipoli Peninsula</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula in northwestern Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the peninsula. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gallipoli (disambiguation)">Gallipoli (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png/310px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png/465px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png/620px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the Gallipoli peninsula and surrounding area</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_(5734713946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg/310px-View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg/465px-View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg/620px-View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Cove" title="ANZAC Cove">ANZAC Cove</a> in Gallipoli</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gallipoli</b> <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Gelibolu Yarımadası</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Chersónisos tis Kallípolis</i></span>) is located in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> strait to the east. </p><p>Gallipoli is the Italian form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Καλλίπολις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kallípolis</i></span>), meaning 'beautiful city',<sup id="cite_ref-lid_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the original name of the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gelibolu</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, the peninsula was known as the <b>Thracian Chersonese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Θρακικὴ Χερσόνησος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrakiké Chersónesos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Chersonesus Thracica</i>). </p><p>The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> (formerly known as the Hellespont), and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros" title="Gulf of Saros">Gulf of Saros</a> (formerly the bay of Melas). In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">antiquity</a>, it was protected by the <a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese)">Long Wall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brownson1921_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownson1921-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldfather1933_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfather1933-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pliny1855_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny1855-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch1919_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch1919-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a defensive structure built across the narrowest part of the peninsula near the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> traversed by the wall was only 36 <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> in breadth<sup id="cite_ref-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 6.5 km (4.0 mi), but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia<sup id="cite_ref-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 77.5 km (48.2 mi). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages">Antiquity and Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracian_Chersonese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thracian_Chersonese.svg/220px-Thracian_Chersonese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thracian_Chersonese.svg/330px-Thracian_Chersonese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thracian_Chersonese.svg/440px-Thracian_Chersonese.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Thracian Chersonese</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonese">Thracian Chersonese</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χερσόνησος</span></span>, 'peninsula'<sup id="cite_ref-lid_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including <a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a>, Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀλωπεκόννησος</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madytos_(Thrace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madytos (Thrace)">Madytos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a>. The peninsula was renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, as well as from its control of the shipping route from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the Thracian tribe of <a href="/wiki/Dolonci" title="Dolonci">Dolonci</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δόλογκοι</span></span>) (or 'barbarians' according to <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>) held possession of the peninsula before Greek colonizers arrived. Then, settlers from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolian</a> stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-herod_6.34_nepos_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod_6.34_nepos_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> statesman <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Elder" title="Miltiades the Elder">Miltiades the Elder</a> founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, augmenting its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltiades the Younger">Miltiades the Younger</a>, about 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> in 493 BC after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> (499–478 BC). </p><p>The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of <a href="/wiki/Cleruchy" title="Cleruchy">cleruchies</a> on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> gained control after the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Battle of Aegospotami</a> in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. During the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, whose king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> sought its possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. </p><p>After the death of Philip's son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Alexander's successors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> established his capital <a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a> here. In 278 BC, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> in Asia Minor settled in the area. In 196 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a>, who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> in 188 BC. At the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid dynasty</a> in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ager_publicus" title="Ager publicus">ager publicus</a></i></span>) and during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> it was imperial property. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallipolimap2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallipolimap2.png/220px-Gallipolimap2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallipolimap2.png/330px-Gallipolimap2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gallipolimap2.png/440px-Gallipolimap2.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Map of the peninsula and its surroundings</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thracian Chersonese was part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from its foundation in 395 AD. In 443 AD, <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Gelibolu" title="Sanjak of Gelibolu">Sanjak of Gelibolu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_conquest">Ottoman conquest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a month after the devastating 1354 earthquake the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Gallipoli" title="Fall of Gallipoli">besieged and captured</a> the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Crusade">Savoyard Crusade</a> recaptured Gallipoli for Byzantium in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> living there were allowed to continue their everyday activities. In the 19th century, Gallipoli (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">گلیبولو</span>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Gelibolu</i></span>) was a district (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Kaymakamlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakamlik">kaymakamlik</a></i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Adrianople">Vilayet of Adrianople</a>, with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimean_War_(1853–1856)"><span id="Crimean_War_.281853.E2.80.931856.29"></span>Crimean War (1853–1856)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crimean War (1853–1856)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG/220px-Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG/330px-Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG/440px-Port_de_Gallipoli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>The port of Gallipoli, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Gallipoli became a major <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">encampment</a> for British and French forces in 1854 during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, and the harbour was also a stopping-off point between the western Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Plus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Victorian_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1854 British and French engineers constructed an 11.5 km (7.1 mi) line of defence to protect the peninsula from a possible Russian attack and secure control of the route to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 414">: 414 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Balkan_War_(1912–1913)"><span id="First_Balkan_War_.281912.E2.80.931913.29"></span>First Balkan War (1912–1913)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Balkan War (1912–1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a> and several minor skirmishes took place where the Ottoman army fought in the Greek villages near Gallipoli".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Persecutions_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_before_the_European_war_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persecutions_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_before_the_European_war-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars</a> mention destruction and massacres in the area by the Ottoman army against Greek and Bulgarian population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Government, under the pretext that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a>. Seven of the Greek villagers who stayed two minutes later than the three-hour limit allowed for the evacuation were shot by the soldiers. After the end of the Balkan War the exiles were allowed to return. But as the Government allowed only the Turks to rebuild their houses and furnish them, the exiled Greeks were compelled to remain in Gallipoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I:_Gallipoli_Campaign_(1914–1918)"><span id="World_War_I:_Gallipoli_Campaign_.281914.E2.80.931918.29"></span>World War I: Gallipoli Campaign (1914–1918)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I: Gallipoli Campaign (1914–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_Site" title="Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site">Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_at_Gallipoli_(13901951593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg/220px-Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg/330px-Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg/440px-Landing_at_Gallipoli_%2813901951593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG/220px-Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG/330px-Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG/440px-Gallipoli_ANZAC_Cove_Sphinx_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War I (1914–1918), French, British, and allied forces (Australian, New Zealand, Newfoundland, Irish and Indian) fought the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> (1915–1916) in and near the peninsula, seeking to secure a sea route to relieve their eastern ally, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russia</a>. The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces. </p><p>In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporus Strait">Bosporus Strait</a> at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British, and British Empire forces. The first Australian troops landed at <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Cove" title="ANZAC Cove">ANZAC Cove</a> early in the morning of 25 April 1915. After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916. </p><p>The campaign, one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> victories during the war, is considered by historians as a humiliating <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> failure. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turks</a> regard it as a defining moment in their nation's history and national identity,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. </p><p>The Ottoman Empire instituted the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Star_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)">Gallipoli Star</a> as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I. </p><p>The campaign was the first major military action of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZACs</a>) as independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>, setting a foundation for Australian and New Zealand military history, and contributing to their developing national identities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "<a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">ANZAC Day</a>". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">"returned soldiers"</a> in Australia and New Zealand. </p><p>On the Allied side, one of the promoters of the expedition was Britain's <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, whose bullish optimism caused damage to his reputation that took years to repair. </p><p>Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ottoman Empire deported <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greek residents</a> from Gallipoli and the surrounding region and from the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">sea of Marmara</a>, to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Terrible_Fate_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terrible_Fate-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Terrible_Fate_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terrible_Fate-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks then plundered the houses and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only, then on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Battalions_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)">labour battalions</a> of the Ottoman army). The rest were "scattered… among the farms like ownerless cattle."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan bishop</a> of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.<sup id="cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also mentions that "The Turks, like beasts of prey, immediately plundered all the Christians' property and carried it off. The inhabitants and refugees of my district are entirely without shelter, awaiting to be sent no one knows where ...".<sup id="cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape of women and young girls, as well as their forced conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Muhacirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhacirs">Muhacirs</a> appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants were deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they did not leave.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)"><span id="Greco-Turkish_War_.281919.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22</a>, considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as <i>Kallipolis</i>. However, Greece was forced to cede Eastern Thrace after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> of October 1922. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. </p><p>In 1920, after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Russian White army</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a>, a significant number of <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">émigré soldiers</a> and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>. From there, many went to European countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, where they found refuge. </p><p>There are now many <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_cemeteries_and_memorials_on_the_Gallipoli_Peninsula" title="List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula">cemeteries and war memorials</a> on the Gallipoli peninsula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_Republic">Turkish Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turkish Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, <a href="/wiki/Eceabat" title="Eceabat">Eceabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fan" title="Keşan">Keşan</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Şarköy">Şarköy</a>. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale Province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bican" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Bican">Ahmed Bican</a> (1398 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1466</span>), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> (1465/70 – 1553<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), admiral, geographer and cartographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%82l%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Âlî">Mustafa Âlî</a> (1541–1600), Ottoman historian, politician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Vembo" title="Sofia Vembo">Sofia Vembo</a> (1910–1978), Greek singer and actress</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lid-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lid_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lid_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1940). "Καλλίπολις". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis"><i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i></a>. Revised and augmented throughout by Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051701/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkalli%2Fpolis">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span> – via Perseus Digital Library Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dkalli%252Fpolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownson1921-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brownson1921_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (January 1921). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/xenophonmemorabi00xeno"><i>Hellenica, Volume II</i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Lewis_Brownson" title="Carleton Lewis Brownson">Brownson, Carleton L.</a> Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674990999" title="Special:BookSources/9780674990999"><bdi>9780674990999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenica%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1921-01&rft.isbn=9780674990999&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fxenophonmemorabi00xeno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfather1933-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldfather1933_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (January 1933). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diodorussiculus09diod"><i>Library of History, Volume I</i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather" title="Charles Henry Oldfather">Oldfather, Charles H.</a> Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674993075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674993075"><bdi>9780674993075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+History%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1933-01&rft.isbn=9780674993075&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiodorussiculus09diod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny1855-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny1855_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Plinius Secundus, Gaius</a> (1855). <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">Bostock, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Riley, Henry Thomas</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&redirect=true"><i>The Natural History</i></a>. London: H. G. Bohn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102938/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137&redirect=true">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Plinius+Secundus&rft.aufirst=Gaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch1919-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch1919_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (January 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0072%3Achapter%3D19%3Asection%3D1"><i>Lives</i></a> (in Ancient Greek). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Perrin" title="Bernadotte Perrin">Perrin, Bernadotte</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674991101" title="Special:BookSources/9780674991101"><bdi>9780674991101</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225185610/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0072:chapter%3D19:section%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1919-01&rft.isbn=9780674991101&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0072%253Achapter%253D19%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herod_6.36_xen_3.2_scy_67_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i>The Histories</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.36">vi. 36</a>; Xenophon, ibid.; Pseudo-Scylax, <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax" title="Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax">Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax</a></i>, 67 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100745/http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/gjs/skylax_for_www_02214.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herod_6.34_nepos_1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herod_6.34_nepos_1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=6.34.1">vi. 34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&redirect=true">Archived</a> 25 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Nepos, Cornelius</a>, <i>Lives of Eminent Commanders</i>, "Miltiades", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233658/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nepos.htm#Miltiades">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C"><i>Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Vintage. 2011. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844139156" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844139156"><bdi>978-1844139156</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YN6NwHqq4C">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attila+the+Hun%3A+Barbarian+Terror+and+the+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1844139156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-YN6NwHqq4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowley, Roger. 1453: <i>The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West</i>. New York: Hyperion, 2005. p 31 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-0850-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-0850-3">1-4013-0850-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03183c.htm">"Callipolis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Callipolis&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03183c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plus_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222234538/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html">"Crimea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Crimea/Black_Sea_1854/04_28.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbenyon.plus.com%2FCrimea%2FBlack_Sea_1854%2F04_28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victorian-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victorian_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html">"Charles Usherwood's Service Journal, 1852–1856: despatch"</a>. <i>victorianweb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021128225126/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/usher/despatch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Charles+Usherwood%27s+Service+Journal%2C+1852%E2%80%931856%3A+despatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fcrimea%2Fusher%2Fdespatch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). <i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I</i>. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers+Vol+I&rft.place=Chatham&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Whitworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirinian2017" class="citation book cs1">Shirinian, George N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ"><i>Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785334320" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785334320"><bdi>978-1785334320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2C+and+Greeks%2C+1913-1923&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1785334320&rft.aulast=Shirinian&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlwEDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstourian2020" class="citation book cs1">Astourian, Stephan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ"><i>Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-450-6"><bdi>978-1-78920-450-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+and+State+Violence+in+Turkey%3A+The+Construction+of+a+National+Identity+from+Empire+to+Nation-State&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-450-6&rft.aulast=Astourian&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJ3UDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persecutions_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_before_the_European_war-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Persecutions_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_before_the_European_war_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownPapadopoulos1919" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Carroll N; Papadopoulos, Alexander (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00papa"><i>Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European war</i></a>. Oxford university press. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecutions+of+the+Greeks+in+Turkey+before+the+European+war&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Carroll+N&rft.au=Papadopoulos%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersecutionsofgr00papa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft/page/132/mode/2up"><i>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War</i></a>. Washington, D.C. 1914. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+War&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofinternat00inteuoft%2Fpage%2F132%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich"><i>Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918</i></a>. Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+of+the+Greeks+in+Turkey%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Constantinople+%5BLondon%2C+Printed+by+the+Hesperia+Press%5D&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersecutionofgre00consrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/gallipoli#:~:text=The%20events%20of%201915%20created,status%20within%20Turkey's%20national%20identity">"Gallipoli: a Turkish view | Australian War Memorial"</a>. <i>www.awm.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Gallipoli%3A+a+Turkish+view+%7C+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fvisit%2Fexhibitions%2Fgallipoli%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520events%2520of%25201915%2520created%2Cstatus%2520within%2520Turkey%27s%2520national%2520identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/gallipoli/report/d01b#:~:text=The%20national%20significance%20of%20the,and%20remembrance%2C%20into%20iconic%20status.">"Chapter 1 - The Significance of the Gallipoli Peninsula"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i>. 6 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+-+The+Significance+of+the+Gallipoli+Peninsula&rft.date=2024-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FCommittees%2FSenate%2FFinance_and_Public_Administration%2FCompleted_inquiries%2F2004-07%2Fgallipoli%2Freport%2Fd01b%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520national%2520significance%2520of%2520the%2Cand%2520remembrance%252C%2520into%2520iconic%2520status.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/gallipoli-in-brief#:~:text=In%20New%20Zealand%20(and%20Australia,grew%20out%20of%20this%20pride.">"Gallipoli in brief | NZ History"</a>. <i>nzhistory.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Gallipoli+in+brief+%7C+NZ+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwar%2Fthe-gallipoli-campaign%2Fgallipoli-in-brief%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520New%2520Zealand%2520%28and%2520Australia%2Cgrew%2520out%2520of%2520this%2520pride.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2012" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC"><i>The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674058538" title="Special:BookSources/9780674058538"><bdi>9780674058538</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062721/https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin-Baghdad+Express%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Germany%27s+Bid+for+World+Power&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=9780674058538&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6k5HzkboGvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terrible_Fate-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terrible_Fate_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrible_Fate_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Benjamin (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ"><i>Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442223196" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442223196"><bdi>978-1442223196</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Fate%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2013-12&rft.isbn=978-1442223196&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXlfAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/">"The Meaning of Gallipoli to Hellenism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202301/https://www.thenationalherald.com/128395/the-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Gallipoli+to+Hellenism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalherald.com%2F128395%2Fthe-meaning-of-gallipoli-to-hellenism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee"><i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674916456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674916456"><bdi>978-0674916456</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=greek%2BGallipoli%2Bdeportee">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04&rft.isbn=978-0674916456&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHSPDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreek%252BGallipoli%252Bdeportee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf">"Ana Sayfa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015913/http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ana+Sayfa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergiler.ankara.edu.tr%2Fdergiler%2F19%2F821%2F10412.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallipoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_peninsulas_of_Turkey" title="List of peninsulas of Turkey">Peninsulas of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main peninsulas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anadolu (Anatolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Trakya (Thrace)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsulas in Thrace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca_Peninsula" title="Çatalca Peninsula">Çatalca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gelibolu (Gallipoli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsulas in Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Peninsula" title="Boztepe Peninsula">Boztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Peninsula" title="Kocaeli Peninsula">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armutlu_Peninsula" title="Armutlu Peninsula">Armutlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula">Kapıdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula,_Turkey" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Turkey">Karaburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvercin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Güvercin Island">Güvercin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilek_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilek Peninsula">Dilek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodrum_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodrum Peninsula (page does not exist)">Bodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dat%C3%A7a_Peninsula" title="Datça Peninsula">Datça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula_(Mu%C4%9Fla_Province)" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula (Muğla Province)">Kapıdağ (Muğla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozburun_Peninsula" title="Bozburun Peninsula">Bozburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurba%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Çukurbağ Peninsula">Çukurbağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_Peninsula" title="Teke Peninsula">Teke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related geographical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capes_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Capes of Turkey">Capes of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfs_of_Turkey" title="Gulfs of Turkey">Bays of Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi Antique City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">The Ancient City of Sardis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Ancient City of Stratonikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Archaeological Site of Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Archaeological site of Laodikeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Archaeological Site of Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">The Bodrum Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgi" title="Birgi">Historic Town of Birgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">The Historical Port City of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mausoleum_of_Hecatomnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mausoleum of Hecatomnus (page does not exist)">Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%A7in" title="Beçin">Medieval City of Beçin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niksar" title="Niksar">Early Period of Anatolian Turkish Heritage: Niksar, The Capital of Danishmend Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudurnu" title="Mudurnu">Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_Delta" title="Kızılırmak Delta">Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Har%C5%9Fena" title="Mount Harşena">Mount Harşena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_kings_of_Pontus" title="Tombs of the kings of Pontus">Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%C4%B1ca_Cave" title="Ballıca Cave">Nature Park of Ballıca Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma" title="Basilica Therma">Basilica Therma (Sarıkaya Roma Hamamı)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram_Mosque" title="Hacı Bayram Mosque">Haci Bayram Mosque and its Surrounding Area (the Haci Bayram District)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">Haci Bektas Veli Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Historic Town of Beypazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Historical Monuments of Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0vriz_relief" title="İvriz relief">Ivriz Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koramaz_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koramaz Valley (page does not exist)">Koramaz Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz" title="Lake Tuz">Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunpazar%C4%B1" title="Odunpazarı">Odunpazari Historical Urban Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahi_Evren" title="Tomb of Ahi Evren">Tomb of Ahi Evran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aghtamar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar">Akdamar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshab-%C4%B1_Kehf_Kulliye" title="Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye">Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye (Islamic-Ottoman Social Complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Historic City of Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemaliye" title="Kemaliye">Historic Town of Kemaliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tombstones_of_Ahlat_the_Urartian_and_Ottoman_citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel">The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Tushpa/Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">The Bridge of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Bridge" title="Uzunköprü Bridge">The Bridge of Uzunköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Çanakkale (Dardanelles)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_Site" title="Gallipoli Peninsula Historical Site">Gelibolu (Gallipoli)</a> Battles Zones in the First World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_Bayezid_II" title="Complex of Sultan Bayezid II">Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alahan_Monastery" title="Alahan Monastery">Alahan Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Cities_of_Lycian_Civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization (page does not exist)">Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Ancient City of Anazarbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Ancient City of Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Ancient city of Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Ancient City of Korykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Archaeological Site of Perge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Archaeological Site of Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflatun_P%C4%B1nar" title="Eflatun Pınar">Eflatun Pinar: The Hittite Spring Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_G%C3%BCll%C3%BCk-Termessos_National_Park" title="Mount Güllük-Termessos National Park">Güllük Dagi National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" title="Church of Saint Peter">Hatay, St. Pierre Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karain_Cave" title="Karain Cave">Karain Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekova" title="Kekova">Kekova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Tarsus" title="Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus">St.Paul Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Well" title="Saint Paul's Well">Saint Paul's Well</a> and surrounding historic quarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasianus_Titus_Tunnel" title="Vespasianus Titus Tunnel">Vespasianus Titus Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesemek_Quarry_and_Sculpture_Workshop" title="Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop">Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yivliminare_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Yivliminare Mosque">Yivli Minaret Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia<br />region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Archeological Site of Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smail_Fakirullah_Tomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmail Fakirullah Tomb (page does not exist)">Ismail Fakirullah Tomb and its Light Refraction Mechanism</a></li> <li>Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (<a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabadi_Bridge" title="Malabadi Bridge">The Malabadi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin Cultural Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livas%27_and_kastels_in_Gaziantep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livas' and kastels in Gaziantep (page does not exist)">The Underground Water Structures in Gaziantep; Livas' and Kastels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerzevan_Castle" title="Zerzevan Castle">Zerzevan Castle and Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeynel_Abidin_Mosque_Complex" title="Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex">Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis">Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruciye_Medrese" title="Buruciye Medrese">Buruciye Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacabey_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacabey Medrese (page does not exist)">Cacabey Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ifte_Medrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çifte Medrese (page does not exist)">Çifte Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese_(Erzurum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese (Erzurum)">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Erzurum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese_(Sivas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Çifte Minareli Medrese (Sivas)">Çifte Minareli Medrese</a> (Sivas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_Medrese_(Sivas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gök Medrese (Sivas)">Gök Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince_Minaret_Medrese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ince Minaret Medrese">Ince Minaret Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatay_Madrasa,_Konya" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatay Madrasa, Konya">Karatay Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabiye_Madrasa" title="Sahabiye Madrasa">Sahabiye Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutiye_Medrese" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakutiye Medrese">Yakutiye Medrese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountainous_Phrygia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountainous Phrygia (page does not exist)">Mountainous Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Caravanserais_on_the_route_from_Denizli_to_Dogubeyazit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit">Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit</a></li> <li>Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akoca_Castle" title="Akçakoca Castle">Akçakoca Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amasra Castle">Amasra Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Castle" title="Çandarlı Castle">Çandarlı Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Castle" title="Çeşme Castle">Çeşme Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C3%A7a_Castle" title="Foça Castle">Foça Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvercinada" title="Güvercinada">Güvercinada Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Fortress" title="Sinop Fortress">Sinop Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle" title="Yoros Castle">Yoros Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/216145542505796641546">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052846">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gallipoli (Turecko : poloostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge489600&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnm6js23sn02p">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558076905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/501386">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gallipoli&params=40_21_N_26_27_E_region:TR_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">26°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.350°N 26.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.350; 26.450</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&oldid=1259556105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&oldid=1259556105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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