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combined cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_combined_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic combined cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_combined_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steam_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Steam generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheng_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheng_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cheng cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheng_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Typical size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfired_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfired_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unfired boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfired_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_pressure_boiler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_pressure_boiler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dual pressure boiler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_pressure_boiler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_firing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_firing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Supplementary firing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_firing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_cycle_advanced_Rankine_subatmospheric_reheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_cycle_advanced_Rankine_subatmospheric_reheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Combined cycle advanced Rankine subatmospheric reheating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_cycle_advanced_Rankine_subatmospheric_reheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_for_combined_cycle_power_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_for_combined_cycle_power_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fuel for combined cycle power plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fuel_for_combined_cycle_power_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fuel for combined cycle power plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fuel_for_combined_cycle_power_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Managing_low-grade_fuels_in_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managing_low-grade_fuels_in_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Managing low-grade fuels in turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managing_low-grade_fuels_in_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hydrogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efficiency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel_heating_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_heating_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fuel heating value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_heating_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boosting_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boosting_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Boosting efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boosting_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_(IGCC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_(IGCC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_(IGCC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_solar_combined_cycle_(ISCC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_solar_combined_cycle_(ISCC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_solar_combined_cycle_(ISCC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottoming_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottoming_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bottoming cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottoming_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Combined cycle hydrogen power plant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Combined cycle hydrogen power plant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retrofitting_natural_gas_power_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrofitting_natural_gas_power_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Retrofitting natural gas power plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrofitting_natural_gas_power_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrous_oxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrous_oxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Nitrous oxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrous_oxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Corrosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Fuel handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_a_renewable_power_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_a_renewable_power_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Transition to a renewable power grid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_a_renewable_power_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Combined cycle power plant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="الدورة المركبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدورة المركبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombin%C9%99_tsiklli_elektrik_stansiya" title="Kombinə tsiklli elektrik stansiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kombinə tsiklli elektrik stansiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="قاریشیق سیکللی الکتریک مرکزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاریشیق سیکللی الکتریک مرکزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_combinat" title="Cicle combinat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicle combinat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroplynov%C3%A1_elektr%C3%A1rna" title="Paroplynová elektrárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paroplynová elektrárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-und-Dampf-Kombikraftwerk" title="Gas-und-Dampf-Kombikraftwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gas-und-Dampf-Kombikraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_combinado" title="Ciclo combinado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclo combinado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklo_konbinatu" title="Ziklo konbinatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ziklo konbinatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نیروگاه سیکل ترکیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه سیکل ترکیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_combin%C3%A9" title="Cycle combiné – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle combiné" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_combinado" title="Ciclo combinado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciclo combinado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombinirane_termoelektrane" title="Kombinirane termoelektrane – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kombinirane termoelektrane" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_gas_dan_uap" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga gas dan uap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga gas dan uap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_termoelettrica_a_ciclo_combinato" title="Centrale termoelettrica a ciclo combinato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centrale termoelettrica a ciclo combinato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="מחזור משולב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזור משולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJTEG-eenheid" title="SJTEG-eenheid – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="SJTEG-eenheid" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombin%C3%A1lt_ciklus" title="Kombinált ciklus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kombinált ciklus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoom-_en_gascentrale" title="Stoom- en gascentrale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoom- en gascentrale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB" title="コンバインドサイクル発電 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンバインドサイクル発電" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_gazowo-parowy" title="Układ gazowo-parowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ gazowo-parowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Cycle_Gas_Turbine" title="Combined Cycle Gas Turbine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Combined Cycle Gas Turbine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парогазовая установка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парогазовая установка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="display:block;margin:0.3em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Carnot_heat_engine" title="Carnot heat engine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The classical <a href="/wiki/Carnot_heat_engine" title="Carnot heat engine">Carnot heat engine</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_thermodynamics" title="Quantum thermodynamics">Quantum thermodynamics</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Equilibrium thermodynamics">Equilibrium</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">Non-equilibrium</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">Laws</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Zeroth law of thermodynamics">Zeroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Third law of thermodynamics">Third</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_system" title="Thermodynamic system">Systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_system" title="Closed system">Closed system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Open_system" title="Thermodynamic system">Open system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_system" title="Isolated system">Isolated system</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_state" title="Thermodynamic state">State</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">Ideal gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_gas" title="Real gas">Real gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">State of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase (matter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">Equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_volume" title="Control volume">Control volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_instruments" title="Thermodynamic instruments">Instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_process" title="Thermodynamic process">Processes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_process" title="Isobaric process">Isobaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isochoric_process" title="Isochoric process">Isochoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothermal_process" title="Isothermal process">Isothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">Adiabatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isentropic_process" title="Isentropic process">Isentropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isenthalpic_process" title="Isenthalpic process">Isenthalpic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasistatic_process" title="Quasistatic process">Quasistatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytropic_process" title="Polytropic process">Polytropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free expansion">Free expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)" title="Reversible process (thermodynamics)">Reversibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_process" title="Irreversible process">Irreversibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoreversible_thermodynamics" title="Endoreversible thermodynamics">Endoreversibility</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Cycles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">Heat engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">Thermal efficiency</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic_properties" title="List of thermodynamic properties">System properties</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Note: <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)" title="Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)">Conjugate variables</a> in <i>italics</i></div> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams" title="Thermodynamic diagrams">Property diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties" title="Intensive and extensive properties">Intensive and extensive properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Process_function" title="Process function">Process functions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" title="Work (thermodynamics)">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_function" title="State function">Functions of state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Temperature</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy" title="Introduction to entropy">introduction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)" title="Volume (thermodynamics)">Volume</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_potential" title="Chemical potential">Chemical potential</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Particle_number" title="Particle number">Particle number</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_quality" title="Vapor quality">Vapor quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_properties" title="Reduced properties">Reduced properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Material_properties_(thermodynamics)" title="Material properties (thermodynamics)">Material properties</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances" title="Thermodynamic databases for pure substances">Property databases</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Specific heat capacity</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">Compressibility</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations" title="Thermodynamic equations">Equations</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics)" title="Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)">Carnot's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clausius_theorem" title="Clausius theorem">Clausius theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation" title="Fundamental thermodynamic relation">Fundamental relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">Ideal gas law</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_relations" title="Maxwell relations">Maxwell relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsager_reciprocal_relations" title="Onsager reciprocal relations">Onsager reciprocal relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgman%27s_thermodynamic_equations" title="Bridgman's thermodynamic equations">Bridgman's equations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations" title="Table of thermodynamic equations">Table of thermodynamic equations</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential" title="Thermodynamic potential">Potentials</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy">Free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_entropy" title="Free entropy">Free entropy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">Internal energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy" title="Helmholtz free energy">Helmholtz free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_entropy" title="History of entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laws" title="Gas laws">Gas laws</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_perpetual_motion_machines" title="History of perpetual motion machines">"Perpetual motion" machines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy (arrow of time)">Entropy and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_and_life" title="Entropy and life">Entropy and life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_ratchet" title="Brownian ratchet">Brownian ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_demon" title="Maxwell's demon">Maxwell's demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_paradox" title="Heat death paradox">Heat death paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loschmidt%27s_paradox" title="Loschmidt's paradox">Loschmidt's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">Caloric theory</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva"><i>Vis viva</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">("living force")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Motive power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_physics" title="List of important publications in physics">Key publications</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_Which_Is_Excited_by_Friction" title="An Inquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat Which Is Excited by Friction">An Inquiry Concerning the<br />Source ... Friction</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of<br />Heterogeneous Substances</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire" title="Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire">Reflections on the<br />Motive Power of Fire</a></i></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Heat engines</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Art</li><li>Education</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_thermodynamic_surface" title="Maxwell's thermodynamic surface">Maxwell's thermodynamic surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(energy_dispersal)" title="Entropy (energy dispersal)">Entropy as energy dispersal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron">Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder" title="Théophile de Donder">de Donder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Massieu" title="François Massieu">Massieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tait_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Tait (physicist)">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Waterston" title="John James Waterston">Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">Nucleation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-assembly" title="Self-assembly">Self-assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder" title="Order and disorder">Order and disorder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gateway_Generating_Station_rectified.jpg/330px-Gateway_Generating_Station_rectified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gateway_Generating_Station_rectified.jpg/440px-Gateway_Generating_Station_rectified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4743" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Generating_Station" title="Gateway Generating Station">Gateway Generating Station</a>, a 530-megawatt combined cycle <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">natural gas-fired power station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Costa County">Contra Costa County</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>combined cycle power plant</b> is an assembly of <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a>. On land, when used to <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power generation">make electricity</a> the most common type is called a <b>combined cycle gas turbine</b> (<b>CCGT</b>) plant, which is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-fired power plant</a>. The same principle is also used for marine propulsion, where it is called a <a href="/wiki/Combined_gas_and_steam" title="Combined gas and steam">combined gas and steam</a> (COGAS) plant. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles improves overall efficiency, which reduces fuel costs. </p><p>The principle is that after completing its cycle in the first engine, the <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a> (the exhaust) is still hot enough that a second subsequent heat engine can extract energy from the heat in the exhaust. Usually the heat passes through a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> so that the two engines can use different working fluids. </p><p>By generating power from multiple streams of work, the overall efficiency can be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of the system of say 34% for a simple cycle, to as much as 64% net for the turbine alone in specified conditions for a combined cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-record_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_cycles">Historical cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically successful combined cycles have used <a href="/wiki/Mercury_vapour_turbine" title="Mercury vapour turbine">mercury vapour turbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_generator" title="Magnetohydrodynamic generator">magnetohydrodynamic generators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molten_carbonate_fuel_cell" title="Molten carbonate fuel cell">molten carbonate fuel cells</a>, with steam plants for the low temperature "bottoming" cycle. Very low temperature bottoming cycles have been too costly due to the very large sizes of equipment needed to handle the large mass flows and small temperature differences. However, in cold climates it is common to sell hot power plant water for hot water and space heating. Vacuum-insulated piping can let this utility reach as far as 90 km. The approach is called "<a href="/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined heat and power">combined heat and power</a>" (CHP). </p><p>In stationary and marine power plants, a widely used combined cycle has a large <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> (operating by the <a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a>). The turbine's hot exhaust powers a <a href="/wiki/Steam_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power plant">steam power plant</a> (operating by the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>). This is a <i>combined cycle gas turbine</i> (CCGT) plant. These achieve a best-of-class real (see below) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a> of around 64% in base-load operation. In contrast, a single cycle steam power plant is limited to efficiencies from 35 to 42%. Many new power plants utilize CCGTs. Stationary CCGTs burn <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Ships burn <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>. </p><p>Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles can also be used, but CCGT plants have advantages for both electricity generation and marine power. The gas turbine cycle can often start very quickly, which gives immediate power. This avoids the need for separate expensive <a href="/wiki/Peaker_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaker plant">peaker plants</a>, or lets a ship maneuver. Over time the secondary steam cycle will warm up, improving <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> and providing further power. </p><p>In November 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems_ISE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE">Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE</a> assessed the <a href="/wiki/Levelised_cost_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelised cost of energy">levelised cost of energy</a> for newly built power plants in the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Germany" title="Electricity sector in Germany">German electricity sector</a>. They gave costs of between 78 and €100 /MWh for CCGT plants powered by natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-fraunhofer-2013-lcoe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraunhofer-2013-lcoe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the capital costs of combined cycle power is relatively low, at around $1000/kW, making it one of the cheapest types of generation to install.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyzakis-etal-2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyzakis-etal-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aeo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_combined_cycle">Basic combined cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic combined cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic-cycles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basic-cycles.JPG/220px-Basic-cycles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basic-cycles.JPG/330px-Basic-cycles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Basic-cycles.JPG/440px-Basic-cycles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Topping and bottoming cycles</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">thermodynamic cycle</a> of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or <a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> cycle and the other is the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-yahya_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine power plant">gas turbine power plant</a> cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in the high temperature region. </p><p>The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cycle takes place at a lower temperature and is known as the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high temperature <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> to water and steam takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat_recovery_unit" title="Waste heat recovery unit">waste heat recovery</a> boiler in the bottoming cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases from the <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> reject heat. The feed water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_generators">Steam generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Steam generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam-turbines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Steam-turbines.JPG/220px-Steam-turbines.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Steam-turbines.JPG/330px-Steam-turbines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Steam-turbines.JPG/440px-Steam-turbines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Heat transfer from hot gases to water and steam</figcaption></figure> <p>The steam power plant takes its input heat from the high temperature exhaust gases from a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> power plant.<sup id="cite_ref-yahya_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steam thus generated can be used to drive a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>. The Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB) has 3 sections: Economiser, evaporator and superheater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheng_cycle">Cheng cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cheng cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cheng_cycle" title="Cheng cycle">Cheng cycle</a> is a simplified form of combined cycle where the steam turbine is eliminated by injecting steam directly into the combustion turbine. This has been used since the mid 1970s and allows recovery of waste heat with less total complexity, but at the loss of the additional power and redundancy of a true combined cycle system. It has no additional steam turbine or generator, and therefore it cannot be used as a backup or supplementary power. It is named after American professor D. Y. Cheng who patented the design in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/220px--Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Combined_cycle_animation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Combined_cycle_animation.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv/Combined_cycle_animation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Explanation of the layout and principle of a combined cycle power generator.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COGES_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COGES_diagram.svg/220px-COGES_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COGES_diagram.svg/330px-COGES_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COGES_diagram.svg/440px-COGES_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Working principle of a combined cycle power plant (Legend: 1-Electric generators, 2-Steam turbine, 3-Condenser, 4-Pump, 5-Boiler/heat exchanger, 6-Gas turbine)</figcaption></figure> <p>The efficiency of a heat engine, the fraction of input heat energy that can be converted to useful work, is limited by the temperature difference between the heat entering the engine and the exhaust heat leaving the engine. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a>, water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, rather than inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. These alloys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the temperature of the cooling water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35–42%. </p><p>An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>. For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid (a <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>). </p><p>In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a <a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">heat recovery steam generator</a> (HRSG) with a <a href="/wiki/Live_steam" title="Live steam">live steam</a> temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>. This temperature can be as low as 15 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_size">Typical size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typical size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant size is important in the cost of the plant. The larger plant sizes benefit from <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> (lower initial cost per kilowatt) and improved efficiency. </p><p>For large-scale power generation, a typical set would be a 270 MW primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW secondary steam turbine, giving a total output of 400 MW. A typical power station might consist of between 1 and 6 such sets. </p><p>Gas turbines for large-scale power generation are manufactured by at least four separate groups – General Electric, Siemens, Mitsubishi-Hitachi, and Ansaldo Energia. These groups are also developing, testing and/or marketing gas turbine sizes in excess of 300 MW (for 60 Hz applications) and 400 MW (for 50 Hz applications). Combined cycle units are made up of one or more such gas turbines, each with a waste heat steam generator arranged to supply steam to a single or multiple steam turbines, thus forming a combined cycle block or unit. Combined cycle block sizes offered by three major manufacturers (Alstom, General Electric and Siemens) can range anywhere from 50 MW to well over 1300 MW with costs approaching $670/kW.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfired_boiler">Unfired boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unfired boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heat recovery boiler is item 5 in the COGAS figure shown above. Hot gas turbine exhaust enters the <a href="/wiki/Super_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Super heater">super heater</a>, then passes through the <a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">evaporator</a> and finally through the economiser section as it flows out from the <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a>. Feed water comes in through the economizer and then exits after having attained saturation temperature in the water or steam circuit. Finally it flows through the evaporator and super heater. If the temperature of the gases entering the heat recovery boiler is higher, then the temperature of the exiting gases is also high.<sup id="cite_ref-yahya_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_pressure_boiler">Dual pressure boiler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dual pressure boiler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:374px;max-width:374px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual-cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dual-cycle.jpg/372px-Dual-cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="372" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dual-cycle.jpg/558px-Dual-cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dual-cycle.jpg/744px-Dual-cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Steam turbine plant lay out with dual pressure heat recovery boiler</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unfired-boiler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Unfired-boiler.JPG/212px-Unfired-boiler.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Unfired-boiler.JPG/318px-Unfired-boiler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Unfired-boiler.JPG/424px-Unfired-boiler.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Heat exchange in dual pressure heat recovery boiler</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In order to remove the maximum amount of heat from the gasses exiting the high temperature cycle, a dual pressure boiler is often employed.<sup id="cite_ref-yahya_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> drums. The low-pressure drum is connected to the low-pressure economizer or evaporator. The low-pressure steam is generated in the low temperature zone of the turbine exhaust gasses. The low-pressure steam is supplied to the low-temperature turbine. A super heater can be provided in the low-pressure circuit. </p><p>Some part of the feed water from the low-pressure zone is transferred to the high-pressure economizer by a booster <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a>. This economizer heats up the water to its <a href="/wiki/Saturation_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation temperature">saturation temperature</a>. This saturated water goes through the high-temperature zone of the <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> and is supplied to the high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplementary_firing">Supplementary firing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Supplementary firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">HRSG</a> can be designed to burn supplementary fuel after the gas turbine. Supplementary burners are also called <i>duct burners</i>. Duct burning is possible because the turbine exhaust gas (flue gas) still contains some <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Temperature limits at the gas turbine inlet force the turbine to use excess air, above the optimal <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> ratio to burn the fuel. Often in gas turbine designs part of the compressed air flow bypasses the burner in order to cool the turbine blades. The turbine exhaust is already hot, so a regenerative air preheater is not required as in a conventional steam plant. However, a fresh air fan blowing directly into the duct permits a duct-burning steam plant to operate even when the gas turbine cannot. </p><p>Without supplementary firing, the <i>thermal efficiency</i> of a combined cycle power plant is higher. But more flexible plant operations make a marine CCGT safer by permitting a ship to operate with equipment failures. A flexible stationary plant can <i>make more money.</i> Duct burning raises the flue temperature, which increases the quantity or temperature of the steam (e.g. to 84 bar, 525 degree Celsius). This improves the efficiency of the steam cycle. Supplementary firing lets the plant respond to fluctuations of electrical load, because duct burners can have very good efficiency with partial loads. It can enable higher steam production to compensate for the failure of another unit. Also, coal can be burned in the steam generator as an economical supplementary fuel. </p><p>Supplementary firing can raise exhaust temperatures from 600 °C (GT exhaust) to 800 or even 1000 °C. Supplemental firing does not raise the efficiency of most combined cycles. For single boilers it can raise the efficiency if fired to 700–750 °C; for multiple boilers however, the flexibility of the plant should be the major attraction. </p><p>"Maximum supplementary firing" is the condition when the maximum fuel is fired with the oxygen available in the gas turbine exhaust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_cycle_advanced_Rankine_subatmospheric_reheating">Combined cycle advanced Rankine subatmospheric reheating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combined cycle advanced Rankine subatmospheric reheating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel_for_combined_cycle_power_plants">Fuel for combined cycle power plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fuel for combined cycle power plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combined cycle plants are usually powered by <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a> or other fuels can be used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, or coal. <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a> can also be used. Integrated <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a> combined cycle power stations combine the energy harvested from solar radiation with another fuel to cut fuel costs and environmental impact (See: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_solar_combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated solar combined cycle">ISCC section</a>). Many <a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">next generation nuclear</a> power plants can use the higher temperature range of a Brayton top cycle, as well as the increase in thermal efficiency offered by a Rankine bottoming cycle. </p><p>Where the extension of a gas pipeline is impractical or cannot be economically justified, electricity needs in remote areas can be met with small-scale combined cycle plants using renewable fuels. Instead of natural gas, these <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">gasify</a> and burn agricultural and forestry waste, which is often readily available in rural areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Managing_low-grade_fuels_in_turbines">Managing low-grade fuels in turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Managing low-grade fuels in turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gas turbines burn mainly natural gas and light oil. Crude oil, residual, and some distillates contain corrosive components and as such require fuel treatment equipment. In addition, ash deposits from these fuels result in gas turbine deratings of up to 15%. They may still be economically attractive fuels however, particularly in combined-cycle plants. </p><p>Sodium and potassium are removed from residual, crude and heavy distillates by a water washing procedure. A simpler and less expensive purification system will do the same job for light crude and light distillates. A magnesium additive system may also be needed to reduce the corrosive effects if vanadium is present. Fuels requiring such treatment must have a separate fuel-treatment plant and a system of accurate fuel monitoring to assure reliable, low-maintenance operation of gas turbines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hydrogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natural_hydrogen" title="Natural hydrogen">Natural hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Hydrogen_production" title="Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant">Xcel Energy</a> is going to build two natural gas power plants in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> that can mix 30% hydrogen with the natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant</a> is being retrofitted to a natural gas/hydrogen power plant that can run on 30% hydrogen as well, and is scheduled to run on pure hydrogen by 2045.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However others think low-carbon hydrogen should be used for things which are harder to <a href="/wiki/Decarbonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonize">decarbonize</a>, such as making <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, so there may not be enough for electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configuration">Configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combined-cycle systems can have single-shaft or multi-shaft configurations. Also, there are several configurations of steam systems. </p><p>The most fuel-efficient power generation cycles use an unfired heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also the lowest in initial cost, and they are often part of a single shaft system that is installed as a unit. </p><p>Supplementary-fired and multishaft combined-cycle systems are usually selected for specific fuels, applications or situations. For example, cogeneration combined-cycle systems sometimes need more heat, or higher temperatures, and electricity is a lower priority. Multishaft systems with supplementary firing can provide a wider range of temperatures or heat to electric power. Systems burning low quality fuels such as brown coal or peat might use relatively expensive closed-cycle helium turbines as the topping cycle to avoid even more expensive fuel processing and gasification that would be needed by a conventional gas turbine. </p><p>A typical single-shaft system has one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one generator and one heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The gas turbine and steam turbine are both coupled in tandem to a single electrical generator on a single shaft. This arrangement is simpler to operate, smaller, with a lower startup cost. </p><p>Single-shaft arrangements can have less flexibility and reliability than multi-shaft systems. With some expense, there are ways to add operational flexibility: Most often, the operator desires to operate the gas turbine as a peaking plant. In these plants, the steam turbine's shaft can be disconnected with a synchro-self-shifting (SSS) clutch,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for start up or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine. Another less common set of options enable more heat or standalone operation of the steam turbine to increase reliability: Duct burning, perhaps with a fresh air blower in the duct and a clutch on the gas turbine side of the shaft. </p><p>A multi-shaft system usually has only one steam system for up to three gas turbines. Having only one large steam turbine and heat sink has economies of scale and can have lower cost operations and maintenance. A larger steam turbine can also use higher pressures, for a more efficient steam cycle. However, a multi-shaft system is about 5% higher in initial cost. </p><p>The overall plant size and the associated number of gas turbines required can also determine which type of plant is more economical. A collection of single shaft combined cycle power plants can be more costly to operate and maintain, because there are more pieces of equipment. However, it can save interest costs by letting a business add plant capacity as it is needed. </p><p>Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines with exhaust gas temperatures near 600 °C. Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines that have exhaust gas temperatures of 540 °C or less. Selection of the steam cycle for a specific application is determined by an economic evaluation that considers a plant's installed cost, fuel cost and quality, duty cycle, and the costs of interest, business risks, and operations and maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the <a href="/wiki/Carnot_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnot efficiency">Carnot efficiency</a> of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than the Carnot efficiency, is still higher than that of either plant on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, if calculated as electric energy produced as a percentage of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">lower heating value</a> of the fuel consumed, can be over 60% when operating new, i.e. unaged, and at continuous output which are ideal conditions. </p><p>As with single cycle thermal units, combined cycle units may also deliver low temperature heat energy for industrial processes, <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> and other uses. This is called <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> and such power plants are often referred to as a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. </p><p>In general, combined cycle efficiencies in service are over 50% on a <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">lower heating value</a> and Gross Output basis. Most combined cycle units, especially the larger units, have peak, steady-state efficiencies on the LHV basis of 55 to 59%. </p><p>A limitation of combined cycles is that efficiency is reduced when not running at continuous output. During start up, the second cycle can take time to start up. Thus efficiency is initially much lower until the second cycle is running, which can take an hour or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_heating_value">Fuel heating value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fuel heating value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat engine efficiency can be based on the fuel <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion#Higher_heating_value" title="Heat of combustion">Higher Heating Value</a> (HHV), including <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_of_vaporisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat of vaporisation">latent heat of vaporisation</a> that would be recuperated in <a href="/wiki/Condensing_boilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensing boilers">condensing boilers</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Heating_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Heating Value">Lower Heating Value</a> (LHV), excluding it. The HHV of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> is 55.50 MJ/kg (23,860 BTU/lb), compared to a 50.00 MJ/kg (21,500 BTU/lb) LHV: a 11% increase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boosting_efficiency">Boosting efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Boosting efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efficiency of the turbine is increased when combustion can run hotter, so the working fluid expands more. Therefore, efficiency is limited by whether the first stage of turbine blades can survive higher temperatures. Cooling and materials research are continuing. A common technique, adopted from aircraft, is to pressurise hot-stage turbine blades with coolant. This is also bled-off in proprietary ways to improve the aerodynamic efficiencies of the turbine blades. Different vendors have experimented with different coolants. Air is common but steam is increasingly used. Some vendors might now utilize single-crystal turbine blades in the hot section, a technique already common in military aircraft engines. </p><p>The efficiency of CCGT and GT can also be boosted by pre-cooling combustion air. This increases its density, also increasing the expansion ratio of the turbine. This is practised in hot climates and also has the effect of increasing power output. This is achieved by evaporative cooling of water using a moist matrix placed in the turbine's inlet, or by using <a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a>. The latter has the advantage of greater improvements due to the lower temperatures available. Furthermore, ice storage can be used as a means of load control or load shifting since ice can be made during periods of low power demand and, potentially in the future the anticipated high availability of other resources such as renewables during certain periods. </p><p>Combustion technology is a proprietary but very active area of research, because fuels, gasification and carburation all affect fuel efficiency. A typical focus is to combine aerodynamic and chemical computer simulations to find combustor designs that assure complete fuel burn up, yet minimize both pollution and dilution of the hot exhaust gases. Some combustors inject other materials, such air or steam, to reduce pollution by reducing the formation of nitrates and ozone. </p><p>Another active area of research is the steam generator for the Rankine cycle. Typical plants already use a two-stage steam turbine, reheating the steam between the two stages. When the heat-exchangers' thermal conductivity can be improved, efficiency improves. As in nuclear reactors, tubes might be made thinner (e.g. from stronger or more corrosion-resistant steel). Another approach might use silicon carbide sandwiches, which do not corrode.<sup id="cite_ref-fend_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fend-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also some development of modified Rankine cycles. Two promising areas are ammonia/water mixtures,<sup id="cite_ref-wagar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and turbines that utilize supercritical carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-dostal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dostal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern CCGT plants also need software that is precisely tuned to every choice of fuel, equipment, temperature, humidity and pressure. When a plant is improved, the software becomes a moving target. CCGT software is also expensive to test, because actual time is limited on the multimillion-dollar prototypes of new CCGT plants. Testing usually simulates unusual fuels and conditions, but validates the simulations with selected data points measured on actual equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is active competition to reach higher efficiencies. Research aimed at 1,370 °C (2,500 °F) turbine inlet temperature has led to even more efficient combined cycles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nearly 60% LHV efficiency (54% HHV efficiency) was reached in the <a href="/wiki/Baglan_Bay_power_station" title="Baglan Bay power station">Baglan Bay power station</a>, using a GE H-technology gas turbine with a NEM 3 pressure reheat boiler, using steam from the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to cool the turbine blades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2011 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a> announced they had achieved a 60.75% efficiency with a 578 megawatt SGT5-8000H gas turbine at the <a href="/wiki/Irsching_Power_Station" title="Irsching Power Station">Irsching Power Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chubu_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Chubu Electric">Chubu Electric</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Nagoya" title="Nishi-ku, Nagoya">Nishi-ku, Nagoya</a> power plant 405 MW 7HA is expected to have 62% gross combined cycle efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28, 2016, the plant run by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bouchain" title="Bouchain">Bouchain</a> was certified by Guinness World Records as the world's most efficient combined cycle power plant at 62.22%. It uses a <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> 9HA, that claimed 41.5% simple cycle efficiency and 61.4% in combined cycle mode, with a gas turbine output of 397 MW to 470 MW and a combined output of 592 MW to 701 MW. Its firing temperature is between 2,600 and 2,900 °F (1,430 and 1,590 °C), its <a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">overall pressure ratio</a> is 21.8 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> claimed a LHV efficiency of greater than 63% for some members of its J Series turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2017, GE claimed 64% in its latest 826 MW HA plant, up from 63.7%. They said this was due to advances in <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> and combustion. Their press release said that they planned to achieve 65% by the early 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-record_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_(IGCC)"><span id="Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_.28IGCC.29"></span>Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">integrated gasification combined cycle</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">integrated gasification combined cycle</a>, or IGCC, is a power plant using synthesis gas (<a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>). Syngas can be produced from a number of sources, including coal and biomass. The system uses gas and steam turbines, the steam turbine operating from the heat left over from the gas turbine. This process can raise electricity generation efficiency to around 50%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_solar_combined_cycle_(ISCC)"><span id="Integrated_solar_combined_cycle_.28ISCC.29"></span>Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>Integrated Solar Combined Cycle</b> (<b>ISCC</b>) is a hybrid technology in which a <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar thermal</a> field is integrated within a combined cycle plant. In ISCC plants, solar energy is used as an auxiliary heat supply, supporting the steam cycle, which results in increased generation capacity or a reduction of fossil fuel use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thermodynamic benefits are that daily steam turbine startup losses are eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major factors limiting the load output of a combined cycle power plant are the allowed pressure and temperature transients of the steam turbine and the heat recovery steam generator waiting times to establish required steam chemistry conditions and warm-up times for the balance of plant and the main piping system. Those limitations also influence the fast start-up capability of the gas turbine by requiring waiting times. And waiting gas turbines consume gas. The solar component, if the plant is started after sunshine, or before, if there is heat storage, allows the preheat of the steam to the required conditions. That is, the plant is started faster and with less consumption of gas before achieving operating conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic benefits are that the solar components costs are 25% to 75% those of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems" title="Solar Energy Generating Systems">Solar Energy Generating Systems</a> plant of the same collector surface.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first such system to come online was the <a href="/wiki/Archimede_combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Archimede combined cycle power plant">Archimede combined cycle power plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Next_Generation_Solar_Energy_Center" title="Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center">Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and in 2011 by the Kuraymat ISCC Power Plant in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazd_integrated_solar_combined_cycle_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazd integrated solar combined cycle power station">Yazd power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hassi_R%27mel_integrated_solar_combined_cycle_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassi R'mel integrated solar combined cycle power station">Hassi R'mel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ain_Beni_Mathar_Integrated_Thermo_Solar_Combined_Cycle_Power_Plant" title="Ain Beni Mathar Integrated Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant">Ain Beni Mathar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. In Australia CS Energy's <a href="/wiki/Kogan_Creek_Power_Station" title="Kogan Creek Power Station">Kogan Creek</a> and Macquarie Generation's <a href="/wiki/Liddell_Power_Station" title="Liddell Power Station">Liddell Power Station</a> started construction of a <a href="/wiki/Compact_linear_Fresnel_reflector" title="Compact linear Fresnel reflector">solar Fresnel</a> boost section (44 MW and 9 MW), but the projects never became active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bottoming_cycles">Bottoming cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bottoming cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most successful combined cycles, the bottoming cycle for power is a conventional steam <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>. </p><p>It is already common in cold climates (such as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>) to drive community heating systems from a steam power plant's condenser heat. Such <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> systems can yield theoretical efficiencies above 95%. </p><p>Bottoming cycles producing electricity from the steam condenser's heat exhaust are theoretically possible, but conventional turbines are uneconomically large. The small temperature differences between condensing steam and outside air or water require very large movements of mass to drive the turbines. </p><p>Although not reduced to practice, a vortex of air can concentrate the mass flows for a bottoming cycle. Theoretical studies of the <a href="/wiki/Vortex_engine" title="Vortex engine">Vortex engine</a> show that if built at scale it is an economical bottoming cycle for a large steam Rankine cycle power plant. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermountain_Power_Plant,_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg/220px-Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg/330px-Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg/440px-Intermountain_Power_Plant%2C_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain power plant</a> is to be retrofitted for a mixed <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_enhancement" title="Hydrogen fuel enhancement">hydrogen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> power plant in 2025. By 2045, 100% hydrogen<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant">Combined cycle hydrogen power plant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Combined cycle hydrogen power plant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A combined cycle hydrogen power plant is a <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in a combined cycle power plant. A <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a> combined cycle power plant is only about 40% efficient, after <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis</a> and reburning for electricity, and is a viable option for energy storage for longer term compared to <a href="/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery storage power station">battery storage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas power plant">Natural gas power plants</a> could be converted to hydrogen power plants with minimal <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">renovation</a> or do a combined mix of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrofitting_natural_gas_power_plants">Retrofitting natural gas power plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Retrofitting natural gas power plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Special:EditPage/Combined cycle power plant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_power_stations" title="List of natural gas power stations">Natural gas power plants</a> could be designed with a transition to hydrogen in mind by having wider inlet pipes to the burner to increase flow rates because hydrogen is less dense than natural gas, and have the right material because hydrogen can cause <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Special:EditPage/Combined cycle power plant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Current <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> plants are not capable of providing the scale of hydrogen that is needed to provide for a large scale power plant. On site electrolysis may be needed, then storing large amounts of hydrogen could take up a lot of space if it is only <a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">compressed hydrogen</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">Liquid hydrogen</a>. Hydrogen embrittlement could happen in pipelines, but <a href="/wiki/SAE_316L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 316L stainless steel">316L stainless steel</a> pipelines could handle compressed hydrogen above 50 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Bar (unit)</a>, which is what <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> is piped at, or wider pipelines could be built for hydrogen. <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-reinforced polymer">fiber-reinforced polymer</a> pipelines coule also be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrous_oxide">Nitrous oxide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nitrous oxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When hydrogen is burned as a fuel no <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is produced, but more <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> is produced because of the higher flame temperature from hydrogen, a <a href="/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction">selective catalytic reduction</a> process could be implemented to break <a href="/wiki/NO%E2%82%82" class="mw-redirect" title="NO₂">NO₂</a> down into just <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. The exhaust from a burning hydrogen reaction is <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> and could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a> to lower the high burning temp that creates the nitrous oxide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corrosion">Corrosion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Corrosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a> of the turbine from the water vapor from the hydrogen flame could reduce plant life or parts may need to be replaced more often. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fuel_handling">Fuel handling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fuel handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element and can leak more easily at connection points and joints. Hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuses</a> quickly mitigating explosions. A hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a> is also not as visible as a standard flame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_a_renewable_power_grid">Transition to a renewable power grid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transition to a renewable power grid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Variable_renewable_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Variable_renewable_energy.svg/220px-Variable_renewable_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Variable_renewable_energy.svg/330px-Variable_renewable_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Variable_renewable_energy.svg/440px-Variable_renewable_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Renewable and conventional energy production in Germany over two weeks in 2022. In hours with low wind and <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">PV</a> production, hard coal and gas fill the gap. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">biomass</a> show almost no flexibility. PV follows the increased consumption during daytime hours but varies seasonally.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> are <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable energy</a> sources that aren't as consistent as <a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">base load</a> energy. Hydrogen could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis</a>, when they produce too much, and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" 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removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_natural_gas_reserve" title="Strategic natural gas reserve">Strategic natural gas reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">Green energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-temperature_electrolysis" title="High-temperature electrolysis">High-temperature electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell_power_plant" title="Hydrogen fuel cell power plant">Hydrogen fuel cell power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_enhancement" title="Hydrogen fuel enhancement">Hydrogen fuel enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_storage" title="Hydrogen storage">Hydrogen storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hydrogen_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground hydrogen storage">Underground 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IESR&rft.atitle=Flexible+Power+Plant+Operation+to+Enable+High+Renewable+Energy+Penetration&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiesr.or.id%2Fen%2Fflexible-power-plant-operation-to-enable-high-renewable-energy-penetration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+cycle+power+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Steam & Gas Turbines And Power Plant Engineering ISBN C039000000001, R Yadav., Sanjay., Rajay, Central Publishing House, Allahabad</li> <li>Applied Thermodynamics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185444031" title="Special:BookSources/9788185444031">9788185444031</a>, R Yadav., Sanjay., Rajay, Central Publishing House, Allahabad.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjaySinghPrasad2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay; Singh, Onkar; Prasad, B. N. (2003). "Thermodynamic Evaluation of Advanced Combined Cycle Using Latest Gas Turbine". <i>Volume 3: Turbo Expo 2003</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2FGT2003-38096">10.1115/GT2003-38096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7918-3686-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7918-3686-X"><bdi>0-7918-3686-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thermodynamic+Evaluation+of+Advanced+Combined+Cycle+Using+Latest+Gas+Turbine&rft.btitle=Volume+3%3A+Turbo+Expo+2003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2FGT2003-38096&rft.isbn=0-7918-3686-X&rft.au=Sanjay&rft.au=Singh%2C+Onkar&rft.au=Prasad%2C+B.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+cycle+power+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjaySinghPrasad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sanjay, Y; Singh, Onkar; Prasad, BN (December 2007). "Energy and exergy analysis of steam cooled reheat gas-steam combined cycle". <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. <b>27</b> (<span class="nowrap">17–</span>18): <span class="nowrap">2779–</span>2790. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AppTE..27.2779S">2007AppTE..27.2779S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2007.03.011">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.03.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Thermal+Engineering&rft.atitle=Energy+and+exergy+analysis+of+steam+cooled+reheat+gas-steam+combined+cycle&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2779-%3C%2Fspan%3E2790&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2007.03.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AppTE..27.2779S&rft.aulast=Sanjay&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Singh%2C+Onkar&rft.au=Prasad%2C+BN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+cycle+power+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_cycle_power_plant&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Template:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Template talk:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thermodynamic_cycles210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External<br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Without phase change<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hot_air_engine" title="Hot air engine">hot air engines</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle#Reverse_Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Bell Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson_cycle" title="Ericsson cycle">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_cycle" title="Stirling cycle">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_Stirling_cycle" title="Pseudo Stirling cycle">Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard cycle">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">With phase change</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic_cycle" title="Hygroscopic cycle">Hygroscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Organic_Rankine_cycle" title="Organic Rankine cycle">Organic Rankine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative cycle">Regenerative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal <br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expander_cycle" title="Expander cycle">Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-generator_cycle" title="Gas-generator cycle">Gas-generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_cycle" title="Humphrey cycle">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenoir_cycle" title="Lenoir cycle">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_cycle" title="Miller cycle">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuderi_cycle" title="Scuderi cycle">Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle" title="Staged combustion cycle">Staged combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">Combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle" title="High-efficiency hybrid cycle">HEHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed/dual_cycle" title="Mixed/dual cycle">Mixed/dual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Refrigeration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle" title="Hampson–Linde cycle">Hampson–Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleemenko_cycle" title="Kleemenko cycle">Kleemenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator" title="Pulse tube refrigerator">Pulse tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">Regenerative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcritical_cycle" title="Transcritical cycle">Transcritical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Vapor absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_cycle" title="Siemens cycle">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuilleumier_cycle" title="Vuilleumier cycle">Vuilleumier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionocaloric_refrigeration" title="Ionocaloric refrigeration">Ionocaloric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable 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