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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compression_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Compression ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Induction temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaust_gas_percentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust_gas_percentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Exhaust gas percentage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust_gas_percentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve_actuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_actuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Valve actuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_actuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_mixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_mixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Fuel mixture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_mixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_Injection:_PCCI_or_PPCI_Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_Injection:_PCCI_or_PPCI_Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Direct Injection: PCCI or PPCI Combustion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_Injection:_PCCI_or_PPCI_Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_pressure_and_heat_release_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_pressure_and_heat_release_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Peak pressure and heat release rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_pressure_and_heat_release_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_from_knock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_from_knock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Difference from knock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_from_knock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulation_of_HCCI_Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulation_of_HCCI_Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Simulation of HCCI Engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulation_of_HCCI_Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prototypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLKO" title="HLKO – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="HLKO" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzn%C4%9Btov%C3%BD_motor_s_homogenn%C3%ADm_napln%C4%9Bn%C3%ADm_spalovac%C3%ADho_prostoru" title="Vznětový motor s homogenním naplněním spalovacího prostoru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vznětový motor s homogenním naplněním spalovacího prostoru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogene_Kompressionsz%C3%BCndung" title="Homogene Kompressionszündung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homogene Kompressionszündung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%86" title="موتورهای اشتعال تراکمی سوخت همگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتورهای اشتعال تراکمی سوخت همگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_HCCI" title="Moteur HCCI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur HCCI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Auto-Ignition" title="Controlled Auto-Ignition – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controlled Auto-Ignition" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCI" title="HCCI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HCCI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%88%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%9C%A7%E7%B8%AE%E7%9D%80%E7%81%AB" title="予混合圧縮着火 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="予混合圧縮着火" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_spalania_mieszanki_jednorodnej" title="Silnik spalania mieszanki jednorodnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik spalania mieszanki jednorodnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCI" title="HCCI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="HCCI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Двигатель с воспламенением однородной горючей смеси от сжатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двигатель с воспламенением однородной горючей смеси от сжатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vznetov%C3%BD_motor" title="Vznetový motor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vznetový motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCI" title="HCCI – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="HCCI" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="بارگاوی چوونیەکی پەستانە داگیرساندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارگاوی چوونیەکی پەستانە داگیرساندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_Charge_Combustion_Ignition" title="Homogeneous Charge Combustion Ignition – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homogeneous Charge Combustion Ignition" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%B4%A8%E5%8E%8B%E7%87%83" title="均质压燃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="均质压燃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3689263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of internal combustion</div> <p><b>Homogeneous charge compression ignition </b> (<b>HCCI</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a> in which well-mixed <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> (typically air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition. As in other forms of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic reaction</a> produces heat that can be transformed into <a href="/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" title="Work (thermodynamics)">work</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a>. </p><p>HCCI combines characteristics of conventional <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. Gasoline engines combine <i>homogeneous charge</i> (HC) with <i><a href="/wiki/Spark_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark ignition">spark ignition</a></i> (SI), abbreviated as HCSI. Modern direct injection diesel engines combine <i><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratified charge">stratified charge</a></i> (SC) with <i><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">compression ignition</a></i> (CI), abbreviated as SCCI. </p><p>As in HCSI, HCCI injects fuel during the intake stroke. However, rather than using an electric discharge (spark) to ignite a portion of the mixture, HCCI raises density and temperature by compression until the entire mixture reacts spontaneously. </p><p>Stratified charge compression ignition also relies on temperature and density increase resulting from compression. However, it injects fuel later, during the compression stroke. Combustion occurs at the boundary of the fuel and air, producing higher emissions, but allowing a <a href="/wiki/Lean_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lean burn">leaner</a> and higher compression burn, producing greater efficiency. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Controlling</a> HCCI requires microprocessor control and physical understanding of the ignition process. HCCI designs achieve gasoline engine-like emissions with diesel engine-like efficiency. </p><p>HCCI engines achieve extremely low levels of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">oxides of nitrogen</a> emissions (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span>) without a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a>. Hydrocarbons (unburnt fuels and oils) and carbon monoxide emissions still require treatment to meet <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">automobile emissions control</a> regulations. </p><p>Recent research has shown that the hybrid fuels combining different reactivities (such as gasoline and diesel) can help in controlling HCCI ignition and burn rates. RCCI, or <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_controlled_compression_ignition" title="Reactivity controlled compression ignition">reactivity controlled compression ignition</a>, has been demonstrated to provide highly efficient, low emissions operation over wide load and speed ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HCCI engines have a long history, even though HCCI has not been as widely implemented as spark ignition or diesel injection. It is essentially an <a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto combustion cycle</a>. HCCI was popular before electronic <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">spark ignition</a> was used. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Hot_bulb_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot bulb engine">hot-bulb engine</a> which used a hot vaporization chamber to help mix fuel with air. The extra heat combined with compression induced the conditions for combustion. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Carbureted_compression_ignition_model_engine" title="Carbureted compression ignition model engine">"diesel" model aircraft engine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mixture of fuel and air ignites when the concentration and temperature of reactants is sufficiently high. The concentration and/or temperature can be increased in several different ways: </p> <ul><li>Increasing compression ratio</li> <li>Pre-heating of induction gases</li> <li>Forced induction</li> <li>Retained or re-inducted exhaust gases</li></ul> <p>Once ignited, combustion occurs very quickly. When auto-ignition occurs too early or with too much chemical energy, combustion is too fast and high in-cylinder pressures can destroy an engine. For this reason, HCCI is typically operated at lean overall fuel mixtures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Since HCCI engines are fuel-lean, they can operate at diesel-like compression ratios (>15), thus achieving 30% higher efficiencies than conventional SI gasoline engines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Homogeneous mixing of fuel and air leads to cleaner combustion and lower emissions. Because peak temperatures are significantly lower than in typical SI engines, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></a></span> levels are almost negligible. Additionally, the technique does not produce <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HCCI engines can operate on gasoline, diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HCCI avoids throttle losses, which further improves efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Achieving cold start capability.</li> <li>High heat release and pressure rise rates contribute to engine wear.</li> <li>Autoignition is difficult to control, unlike the ignition event in SI and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, which are controlled by spark plugs and in-cylinder fuel injectors, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HCCI engines have a small torque range, constrained at low loads by lean flammability limits and high loads by in-cylinder pressure restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (CO) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> (HC) pre-catalyst emissions are higher than a typical spark ignition engine, caused by incomplete oxidation (due to the rapid combustion event and low in-cylinder temperatures) and trapped crevice gases, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control">Control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HCCI is more difficult to control than other combustion engines, such as SI and diesel. In a typical <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engine</a>, a spark is used to ignite the pre-mixed fuel and air. In <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel engines">Diesel engines</a>, combustion begins when the fuel is injected into pre-compressed air. In both cases, combustion timing is explicitly controlled. In an HCCI engine, however, the homogeneous mixture of fuel and air is compressed and combustion begins whenever sufficient pressure and temperature are reached. This means that no well-defined combustion initiator provides direct control. Engines must be designed so that ignition conditions occur at the desired timing. To achieve dynamic operation, the <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> must manage the conditions that induce combustion. Options include the compression ratio, inducted gas temperature, inducted gas pressure, fuel-air ratio, or quantity of retained or re-inducted exhaust. Several control approaches are discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compression_ratio">Compression ratio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compression ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two compression ratios are significant. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometric_compression_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometric compression ratio (page does not exist)">geometric compression ratio</a></i> can be changed with a movable plunger at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>. This system is used in diesel <a href="/wiki/Model_engine" title="Model engine">model aircraft engines</a>. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effective_compression_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effective compression ratio (page does not exist)">effective compression ratio</a></i> can be reduced from the geometric ratio by closing the intake valve either very late or very early with <a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_actuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable valve actuation">variable valve actuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a> that enables the <a href="/wiki/Miller_cycle" title="Miller cycle">Miller cycle</a>). Both approaches require energy to achieve fast response. Additionally, implementation is expensive, but is effective.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of compression ratio on HCCI combustion has also been studied extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Induction_temperature">Induction temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Induction temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HCCI's autoignition event is highly sensitive to temperature. The simplest temperature control method uses resistance heaters to vary the inlet temperature, but this approach is too slow to change on a cycle-to-cycle frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technique is <i>fast thermal management</i> (FTM). It is accomplished by varying the intake charge temperature by mixing hot and cold air streams. It is fast enough to allow cycle-to-cycle control.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also expensive to implement and has limited bandwidth associated with actuator energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exhaust_gas_percentage">Exhaust gas percentage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exhaust gas percentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exhaust gas is very hot if retained or re-inducted from the previous combustion cycle or cool if recirculated through the intake as in conventional <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculation" title="Exhaust gas recirculation">EGR</a> systems. The exhaust has dual effects on HCCI combustion. It dilutes the fresh charge, delaying ignition and reducing the chemical energy and engine output. Hot combustion products conversely increase gas temperature in the cylinder and advance ignition. Control of combustion timing HCCI engines using EGR has been shown experimentally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valve_actuation">Valve actuation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Valve actuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_actuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable valve actuation">Variable valve actuation</a></i> (VVA) extends the HCCI operating region by giving finer control over the temperature-pressure-time envelope within the combustion chamber. VVA can achieve this via either: </p> <ul><li>Controlling the effective compression ratio: VVA on intake can control the point at which the intake valve closes. Retarding past bottom dead center (BDC) changes the compression ratio, altering the in-cylinder pressure-time envelope.</li> <li>Controlling the amount of hot exhaust gas retained in the combustion chamber: VVA can control the amount of hot EGR within the combustion chamber, either by valve re-opening or changes in valve overlap. Balancing the percentage of cooled external EGR with the hot internal EGR generated by a VVA system, makes it possible to control the in-cylinder temperature.</li></ul> <p>While electro-hydraulic and camless VVA systems offer control over the valve event, the componentry for such systems is currently complicated and expensive. Mechanical variable lift and duration systems, however, although more complex than a standard valvetrain, are cheaper and less complicated. It is relatively simple to configure such systems to achieve the necessary control over the valve lift curve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fuel_mixture">Fuel mixture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fuel mixture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another means to extend the operating range is to control the onset of ignition and the heat release rate<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by manipulating the fuel itself. This is usually carried out by blending multiple fuels "on the fly" for the same engine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include blending of commercial gasoline and diesel fuels,<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopting natural gas <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be achieved in a number of ways: </p> <ul><li>Upstream blending: Fuels are mixed in the liquid phase, one with low ignition resistance (such as diesel) and a second with greater resistance (gasoline). Ignition timing varies with the ratio of these fuels.</li> <li>In-chamber blending: One fuel can be injected in the intake duct (port injection) and the other directly into the cylinder.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_Injection:_PCCI_or_PPCI_Combustion">Direct Injection: PCCI or PPCI Combustion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Direct Injection: PCCI or PPCI Combustion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) combustion is a well-established means of controlling ignition timing and heat release rate and is adopted in <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> combustion. <a href="/wiki/Partially_premixed_combustion" title="Partially premixed combustion">Partially Pre-mixed Charge Compression Ignition</a> (PPCI) also known as Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is a compromise offering the control of CIDI combustion with the reduced exhaust gas emissions of HCCI, specifically lower <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat release rate is controlled by preparing the combustible mixture in such a way that combustion occurs over a longer time duration making it less prone to <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">knocking</a>. This is done by timing the injection event such that a range of air/fuel ratios spread across the combustion cylinder when ignition begins. Ignition occurs in different regions of the combustion chamber at different times - slowing the heat release rate. This mixture is designed to minimize the number of fuel-rich pockets, reducing soot formation.<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of high EGR and diesel fuels with a greater resistance to ignition (more "gasoline like") enable longer mixing times before ignition and thus fewer rich pockets that produce soot and <span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Kal_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cmcl2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_pressure_and_heat_release_rate">Peak pressure and heat release rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peak pressure and heat release rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a typical ICE, combustion occurs via a flame. Hence at any point in time, only a fraction of the total fuel is burning. This results in low peak pressures and low energy release rates. In HCCI however, the entire fuel/air mixture ignites and burns over a much smaller time interval, resulting in high peak pressures and high energy release rates. To withstand the higher pressures, the engine has to be structurally stronger. Several strategies have been proposed to lower the rate of combustion and peak pressure. Mixing fuels, with different autoignition properties, can lower the combustion speed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this requires significant infrastructure to implement. Another approach uses dilution (i.e. with exhaust gases) to reduce the pressure and combustion rates (and output).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <b>divided combustion chamber</b> approach <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pattakon.com/pattakonPatBam.htm">[1]</a>, there are two cooperating combustion chambers: a small auxiliary and a big main.<br /> A high compression ratio is used in the auxiliary combustion chamber. <br /> A moderate compression ratio is used in the main combustion chamber wherein a homogeneous air-fuel mixture is compressed / heated near, yet below, the auto-ignition threshold.<br /> The high compression ratio in the auxiliary combustion chamber causes the auto-ignition of the homogeneous lean air-fuel mixture therein (no spark plug required); the burnt gas bursts - through some "transfer ports", just before the TDC - into the main combustion chamber triggering its auto-ignition.<br /> The engine needs not be structurally stronger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ICEs, power can be increased by introducing more fuel into the combustion chamber. These engines can withstand a boost in power because the heat release rate in these engines is slow. However, in HCCI engines increasing the fuel/air ratio results in higher peak pressures and heat release rates. In addition, many viable HCCI control strategies require thermal preheating of the fuel, which reduces the density and hence the mass of the air/fuel charge in the combustion chamber, reducing power. These factors make increasing the power in HCCI engines challenging. </p><p>One technique is to use fuels with different <a href="/wiki/Autoignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoignition">autoignition</a> properties. This lowers the heat release rate and peak pressures and makes it possible to increase the equivalence ratio. Another way is to thermally stratify the charge so that different points in the compressed charge have different temperatures and burn at different times, lowering the heat release rate and making it possible to increase power.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third way is to run the engine in HCCI mode only at part load conditions and run it as a diesel or SI engine at higher load conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions">Emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because HCCI operates on lean mixtures, the peak temperature is much lower than that encountered in SI and diesel engines. This low peak temperature reduces the formation of <span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span>, but it also leads to incomplete burning of fuel, especially near combustion chamber walls. This produces relatively high carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. An oxidizing catalyst can remove the regulated species, because the exhaust is still oxygen-rich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_from_knock">Difference from knock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Difference from knock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engine knock or pinging occurs when some of the unburnt gases ahead of the flame in an SI engine spontaneously ignite. This gas is compressed as the flame propagates and the pressure in the combustion chamber rises. The high pressure and corresponding high temperature of unburnt reactants can cause them to spontaneously ignite. This causes a pressure wave to traverse from the end gas region and an expansion wave to traverse into the end gas region. The two waves reflect off the boundaries of the combustion chamber and interact to produce high amplitude <a href="/wiki/Standing_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing waves">standing waves</a>, thus forming a primitive thermoacoustic device where the resonance is amplified by the increased heat release during the wave travel similar to a <a href="/wiki/Rijke_tube" title="Rijke tube">Rijke tube</a>. </p><p>A similar ignition process occurs in HCCI. However, rather than part of the reactant mixture igniting by compression ahead of a flame front, ignition in HCCI engines occurs due to piston compression more or less simultaneously in the bulk of the compressed charge. Little or no pressure differences occur between the different regions of the gas, eliminating any shock wave and knocking, but the rapid pressure rise is still present and desirable from the point of seeking maximum efficiency from near-ideal isochoric heat addition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulation_of_HCCI_Engines">Simulation of HCCI Engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Simulation of HCCI Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computational models for simulating combustion and heat release rates of HCCI engines require detailed chemistry models.<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is largely because ignition is more sensitive to chemical kinetics than to turbulence/spray or spark processes as are typical in SI and diesel engines. Computational models have demonstrated the importance of accounting for the fact that the in-cylinder mixture is actually in-homogeneous, particularly in terms of temperature. This in-homogeneity is driven by turbulent mixing and heat transfer from the combustion chamber walls. The amount of temperature stratification dictates the rate of heat release and thus tendency to knock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This limits the usefulness of considering the in-cylinder mixture as a single zone, resulting in the integration of 3D <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> codes such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory's</a> <a href="/wiki/KIVA_(software)" title="KIVA (software)">KIVA</a> <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">CFD</a> code and faster solving probability density function modelling codes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-energygov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energygov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several car manufacturers have functioning HCCI prototypes. </p> <ul><li>The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Honda_EXP-2" title="Honda EXP-2">Honda EXP-2</a> motorcycle used "ARC-combustion". This had a two stroke engine uses an exhaust valve to mimic a HCCI mode. Honda sold a CRM 250 AR.</li> <li>In 2007–2009, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> demonstrated HCCI with a modified 2.2 L <a href="/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine" title="GM Ecotec engine">Ecotec engine</a> installed in <a href="/wiki/Opel_Vectra" title="Opel Vectra">Opel Vectra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Aura" title="Saturn Aura">Saturn Aura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine operates in HCCI mode at speeds below 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) or when cruising, switching to conventional SI when the throttle is opened and produces fuel economy of 43 miles per imperial gallon (6.6 L/100 km; 36 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>) and carbon dioxide emissions of about 150 grams per kilometre, improving on the 37 miles per imperial gallon (7.6 L/100 km; 31 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>) and 180 g/km of the conventional <a href="/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine#DI" title="GM Ecotec engine">2.2 L direct injection</a> version.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GM is also researching smaller <a href="/wiki/GM_Family_0_engine#HCCI" title="GM Family 0 engine">Family 0</a> engines for HCCI applications. GM has used <a href="/wiki/KIVA_(software)" title="KIVA (software)">KIVA</a> in the development of direct-injection, stratified charge gasoline engines as well as the fast burn, homogeneous-charge gasoline engine.<sup id="cite_ref-energygov_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energygov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> developed a prototype engine called <a href="/wiki/DiesOtto" title="DiesOtto">DiesOtto</a>, with controlled auto ignition. It was displayed in its <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_F700" title="Mercedes-Benz F700">F 700</a> concept car at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> are developing two types of engine for HCCI operation. The first, called Combined Combustion System or CCS, is based on the VW Group 2.0-litre diesel engine, but uses homogeneous intake charge. It requires <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuel</a> to achieve maximum benefit. The second is called Gasoline Compression Ignition or GCI; it uses HCCI when cruising and spark ignition when accelerating. Both engines have been demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran" title="Volkswagen Touran">Touran</a> prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2011 <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> announced the development of <a href="/wiki/Partially_premixed_combustion" title="Partially premixed combustion">GDCI</a> (Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition) engine in association with <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Automotive">Delphi Automotive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine eliminated the ignition plugs, and instead utilizes both supercharger and turbocharger to maintain the pressure within the cylinder. The engine is scheduled for commercial production in near future.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> was developing an HCCI engine as part of an effort to produce a next generation hybrid car.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oxy-Gen Combustion, a UK-based Clean Technology company, produced a full-load HCCI concept engine with the aid of Michelin and Shell.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mazda's <a href="/wiki/Skyactiv-G" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyactiv-G">Skyactiv-G</a> Generation 2 has a compression ratio of 18:1 to allow the use of HCCI combustion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An engine model called <i><a href="/wiki/Skyactiv-X" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyactiv-X">Skyactiv-X</a></i> has been announced by Mazda in August 2017 as a <i>major breakthrough in engine technology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Skyactiv-G only goes up to 14:1 CR. Did Skyactiv-G Gen 2 research (up to 18:1 CR) enter production with the new name SkyActiv-X with 16:1 CR ? (February 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Mazda is undertaking research with HCCI with <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In March 2021, Mazda announced two 2021 model year vehicles with a 2.0 L HCCI capable combustion engine with a variable compression ratio of 16.3:1 to 15.0:1 called the e-Skyactiv X.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To date, few prototype engines run in HCCI mode, but HCCI research has resulted in advancements in fuel and engine development. Examples include: </p> <ul><li>PCCI/PPCI combustion—A hybrid of HCCI and conventional diesel combustion offering more control over ignition and heat release rates with lower soot and <span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kal_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cmcl2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Advancements in fuel modelling—HCCI combustion is driven mainly by chemical kinetics rather than turbulent mixing or injection, reducing the complexity of simulating the chemistry, which results in fuel oxidation and emissions formation. This has led to increasing interest and development of chemical kinetics that describe hydrocarbon oxidation.</li> <li>Fuel blending applications—Due to the advancements in fuel modelling, it is now possible to carry out detailed simulations of hydrocarbon fuel oxidation, enabling simulations of practical fuels such as gasoline/diesel<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cmcl3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmcl3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineers can now blend fuels virtually and determine how they will perform in an engine context.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DiesOtto" title="DiesOtto">Mercedes DiesOtto engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_Skyactiv-X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda Skyactiv-X">Mazda Skyactiv-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">Gasoline engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-piston_engine" title="Free-piston engine">Free-piston engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">Variable valve timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_camshaft" title="Helical camshaft">Helical camshaft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225044550/http://www.engr.wisc.edu/news/headlines/2009/Aug03.html">"College of Engineering @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison, initiatives in energy, health, nanotechnology, security, and information technology"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+World&rft.atitle=Updated+e-Skyactiv+X+engine+makes+its+debut+in+the+2021+Mazda+CX-30+and+2021+Mazda3&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.automotiveworld.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fupdated-e-skyactiv-x-engine-makes-its-debut-in-the-2021-mazda-cx-30-and-2021-mazda3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomogeneous+charge+compression+ignition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305172615/http://www.vok.lth.se/~ce/Publ/publ_en.htm">Research, publications at Lund University, SE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406082448/http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~ogink/">Research at Chalmers University of Technology, SE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddl.stanford.edu/hcci/">Research at Stanford University, USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202309/http://ddl.stanford.edu/hcci/">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erc.wisc.edu/experimental/experimental_index.htm">Research, publications at University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222450/http://www.erc.wisc.edu/experimental/experimental_index.htm">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609100243/http://www.me.berkeley.edu/cal/HCCI/">Research at University of California, Berkeley, USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://como.cheng.cam.ac.uk/index.php?Page=Research&Section=Engines&Subsection=HCCI">Research at the University of Cambridge, UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfb686.rwth-aachen.de">Research at RWTH Aachen University, Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705235011/http://www.sfb686.rwth-aachen.de/">Archived</a> 2016-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combustion.tue.nl">Research at Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008012026/http://www.t3.lanl.gov/">Research at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crf.sandia.gov/index.php/combustion-research-facility/engine-combustion/automotive/automotive-hcci-engine-research/#.TxBMfoEXFFs">Automotive HCCI Engine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thermodynamic_cycles210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Template:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Template talk:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thermodynamic cycles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thermodynamic_cycles210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External<br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Without phase change<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hot_air_engine" title="Hot air engine">hot air engines</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle#Reverse_Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Bell Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson_cycle" title="Ericsson cycle">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_cycle" title="Stirling cycle">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_Stirling_cycle" title="Pseudo Stirling cycle">Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard cycle">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">With phase change</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic_cycle" title="Hygroscopic cycle">Hygroscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Organic_Rankine_cycle" title="Organic Rankine cycle">Organic Rankine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative cycle">Regenerative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal <br />combustion / thermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton/Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expander_cycle" title="Expander cycle">Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-generator_cycle" title="Gas-generator cycle">Gas-generator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_cycle" title="Humphrey cycle">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenoir_cycle" title="Lenoir cycle">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_cycle" title="Miller cycle">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuderi_cycle" title="Scuderi cycle">Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle" title="Staged combustion cycle">Staged combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">Combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle" title="High-efficiency hybrid cycle">HEHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed/dual_cycle" title="Mixed/dual cycle">Mixed/dual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Refrigeration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle" title="Hampson–Linde cycle">Hampson–Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleemenko_cycle" title="Kleemenko cycle">Kleemenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator" title="Pulse tube refrigerator">Pulse tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_cooling" title="Regenerative cooling">Regenerative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcritical_cycle" title="Transcritical cycle">Transcritical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Vapor absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_cycle" title="Siemens cycle">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuilleumier_cycle" title="Vuilleumier cycle">Vuilleumier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionocaloric_refrigeration" title="Ionocaloric refrigeration">Ionocaloric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&oldid=1277346306">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition&oldid=1277346306</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thermodynamic_cycles" title="Category:Thermodynamic cycles">Thermodynamic cycles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_conversion" 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