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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_British_co-operative_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_British_co-operative_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins of the British co-operative movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_of_the_British_co-operative_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins of the British co-operative movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_British_co-operative_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumers'_co-operatives_(retail_and_food)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumers'_co-operatives_(retail_and_food)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consumers' co-operatives (retail and food)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumers'_co-operatives_(retail_and_food)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumers' co-operatives (retail and food) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumers'_co-operatives_(retail_and_food)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_British_consumer_co-operative_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_British_consumer_co-operative_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of the British consumer co-operative movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_British_consumer_co-operative_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_retail_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_retail_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>List of retail societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_retail_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_co-operatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_co-operatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utility co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_co-operatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_co-operatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_co-operatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Financial co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financial_co-operatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Financial co-operatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Financial_co-operatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Credit_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credit_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Credit unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credit_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Agricultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_co-operatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_co-operatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Community co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community_co-operatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Community energy co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_energy_co-operatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retailers'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retailers'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Retailers'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retailers'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Support organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Co-operative movement in the UK</div> <p> The United Kingdom is home to a widespread and diverse <b>co-operative movement</b>, with over 7,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">co-operatives</a> owned by 17 million individual members and which contribute £34bn a year to the British economy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uk.coop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern co-operation started with the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers'</a> shop in the northern English town of <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> in 1844, though the history of co-operation in Britain can be traced back to before 1800. The British co-operative movement is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_brand" title="The Co-operative brand">The Co-operative brand</a> (best known for its <a href="/wiki/Co-op_Food" title="Co-op Food">supermarket</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Funeralcare" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Funeralcare">Funeralcare</a> brands) which has been adopted by several large <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">consumers' co-operative</a> societies; however, there are many thousands of registered co-operative businesses operating in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside these <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' co-operatives">consumers' co-operatives</a>, there exist many prominent <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural co-operatives">agricultural co-operatives</a> (621), co-operative housing providers (619), health and social care cooperatives (111), cooperative schools (834), retail co-operatives, co-operatively run community energy projects, football supporters' trusts, <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit unions">credit unions</a>, and worker-owned businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-uk.coop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a> is the central membership organisation for co-operative enterprise throughout the UK. This is a co-operative of co-operatives: a <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federation">co-operative federation</a>. Most kinds of co-operatives are eligible to join Co-operatives UK. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_British_co-operative_movement">Origins of the British co-operative movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the British co-operative movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the history of the co-operative movement in the UK is often traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a> of 1844, the history of co-operation can be traced back much further. The origins of modern co-operatives owe their beginnings not simply to the extreme poverty faced by many in the 18th and 19th centuries, but also to the rapid social changes of urbanisation, the rising <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> which resulted from the marketisation of the economy and from the lack of political representation for the working class during this period. These factors led to a number of social changes including an increased focus on mutual businesses (notably co-operatives) in public discourse during this time and also to events such as the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Riots</a> of 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_Co-operation_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_Co-operation_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early co-ops often focused on the provision of essential services (notably food) to members where the market was either unable to provide these services sufficiently or was considered unjust. Often the more successful co-ops were established around the trades which were experiencing the largest impact from the rapid industrialisation such as mining and weaving. This was likely due to the clearer direct benefits of membership and the solidarity of workers with a similar plight. The provision of food was a highly successful area for co-ops with many becoming involved in milling and baking bread. The Hull Anti-Mill Co-op, established in 1795 and which traded for a century, provides an example of such a successful society.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1865 photograph of 13 of the Rochdale Pioneers, who in 1844 established the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/220px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/330px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/440px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>1865 photograph of 13 of the Rochdale Pioneers, who in 1844 established the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the original Rochdale Pioneers shop, now home to the Rochdale Pioneers museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg/220px-Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg/330px-Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg/440px-Rochdale_Pioneers_Museum_D_29_July_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="2258" /></a><figcaption>The original Rochdale Pioneers shop, now home to the Rochdale Pioneers museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though many co-operative societies had been established by the 1840s many had not been successful with societies often suffering through financial maladministration or fraud owing to the very limited legislation surrounding such enterprises. During the boom times, when work in the factories was more fruitful, co-operative societies also had difficulty encouraging people to retain their membership owing to perception of its limited financial benefits. It became understood that some kind of economic benefit for membership was required alongside the educational and social benefits. It was the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Patronage_dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronage dividend">patronage dividend</a> and the formalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a> which led to the success of the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a> which was established in December 1844, a business which continues to this day as a part of <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>. The Rochdale Pioneers society became highly successful with 1,400 members in 1855 and the co-op expanded further, after opening additional stores, to have 5,560 members by 1870. This success encouraged a boom in co-operatives in the following decades across the UK, but predominately across the industrial heartlands of northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_Co-operation_2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_Co-operation_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860 there were more than 200 co-ops in the north west of England which were running in a similar manner to the Rochdale society. Private shopkeepers became resentful of the competition which they were experiencing from these new co-operative stores, often as they saw the dividend as an unfair competitive advantage, and so some powerful shopkeepers lobbied for wholesalers to stop supplying these new co-operative societies. Though few such boycotts actually occurred, this threat worried many people in the co-operative movement and so they endeavoured to create a co-operative wholesaler to supply at least some key products to co-operative stores. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_and_Provident_Societies_Act_1862&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1862 (page does not exist)">Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1862</a> enabled co-operative societies to invest in other co-operative societies, in effect permitting <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federation">co-operative federations</a>. Following this the North of England Co-operative Wholesale Industrial and Provident Society Limited, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">Co-operative Wholesale Society</a> (CWS) was launched in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> by 300 individual co-operatives in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> during 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-co-operative1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-operative1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society was founded in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_Co-operation_2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_Co-operation_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumers'_co-operatives_(retail_and_food)"><span id="Consumers.27_co-operatives_.28retail_and_food.29"></span>Consumers' co-operatives (retail and food)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consumers' co-operatives (retail and food)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Consumers'_Co-operatives"></span><span id="Food"></span> </p><p>The largest and most recognised part of the UK movement are the many <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">consumers' co-operatives</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">co-operative</a> businesses run for the benefit of their customer members. Of these co-operatives, the largest sector is food retailing, though they have a significant presence in other sectors such as travel agencies and <a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">funeral directors</a>. The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a gradual exit by these businesses from the non-food retailing market. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grosmont,_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._(5772418815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg/220px-Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg/330px-Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg/440px-Grosmont%2C_near_Whitby_..._Co_-_op_and_post_office._%285772418815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grosmont,_North_Yorkshire" title="Grosmont, North Yorkshire">Grosmont</a> Co-operative Society remains an independent co-op store.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many co-operatives (by convention known as co-operative societies) started out in a single village, town or city usually with just a single store. Here, members would be customers of the society's trading location and the society would reward these members with a proportion of any profits based on that member's spending with the society, or a <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a>. This is a fundamental difference between a co-operative and a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>. Most societies were small, and by 1900, there were 1,439 co-operatives covering virtually every area of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, many societies expanded by opening further stores or by merging with a neighbouring society. Today, there is one dominant, national society, <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>, and a number of large regional co-operative societies such as <a href="/wiki/Central_England_Co-operative" title="Central England Co-operative">Central England Co-operative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midcounties_Co-operative" title="Midcounties Co-operative">Midcounties Co-operative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotmid" title="Scotmid">Scotmid</a>. Many of these large co-operative societies have businesses in a number of sectors, are led by their values principles and owned by their members. Membership is open to everyone and alongside being democratically involved in the decision making of the societies, every year members receive a share of the profits based on the amount made in profits that year and the how much they had spent with any of its businesses. In the case of <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>, the society has over four million members and 3,600 trading outlets for its family of business which comprises <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Food">groceries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Insurance">insurance</a>, funerals, legal services and health. In contrast to these large regional or national societies, some have remained with a single store such as <a href="/wiki/Shepley_Co-operative_Society" title="Shepley Co-operative Society">Shepley Co-op</a>, Grosmont Co-op, Coniston Co-op and Allendale Co-op.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The decline, through mergers, of single shop co-operatives, was reversed by two trends. Firstly, around 170 community owned shops were established since 1979, many of which are co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Food co-operative">food co-operative</a> movement was replicated in the UK:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the independent food co-operatives established in the late 20th and early 21st centuries operate shops.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_British_consumer_co-operative_movement">History of the British consumer co-operative movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of the British consumer co-operative movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_poster,_Town,_Beamish_Museum,_26_November_2006_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/220px-Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/330px-Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/440px-Co-op_poster%2C_Town%2C_Beamish_Museum%2C_26_November_2006_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An advert for CWS candles</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1860 there were more than 200 co-ops in the north west of England which were running in a similar manner to the Rochdale society. Private shopkeepers became resentful of the competition which they were experiencing from these new co-operative stores, often as they saw the dividend as an unfair competitive advantage, and so some powerful shopkeepers lobbied for wholesalers to stop supplying these new co-operative societies. Though few such boycotts actually occurred, this threat worried many people in the co-operative movement and so they endeavoured to create a co-operative wholesaler to supply at least some key products to co-operative stores. The North of England Co-operative Wholesale Industrial and Provident Society Limited, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">Co-operative Wholesale Society</a> (CWS) was launched in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> by 300 individual co-operatives in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> during 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-co-operative1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-operative1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society was founded in 1868. The CWS grew rapidly and supplied produce to co-operative stores across England, competing fiercely for trade from co-operative societies with other non-co-operative wholesalers which led to the CWS becoming highly innovative. By 1890 the CWS had established significant branches in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> alongside a number of factories which produced biscuits (<a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>), Boots (<a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>), Soap (<a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>) and textiles (<a href="/wiki/Batley" title="Batley">Batley</a>). This rapid expansion continued so that by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the CWS had major offices in the United States, Denmark, Australia and a <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> plantation in India. </p><p>Many, fiercely local, societies saw the CWS as a valuable supplier but did not want to exclusively purchase produce from a single source. In order to increase loyalty to the CWS, they started to assist the local retail societies in more ways than simply as a wholesaler. The CWS Bank, the precursor to <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a>, financed loans for societies to use for expansion through purchasing new buildings, land or new equipment. After the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Insurance">Co-operative Insurance Society</a> in 1913, the CWS also provided insurance services to members and the CWS also began providing <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Legal_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Legal Services">legal services</a> – all business which remain today. It was hoped that these financial ties, as well as the CWS corporate dividend, would increase loyalty to the CWS. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> led to an effective pause in any major changes to the co-operative movement in the UK with the CWS becoming highly involved in sourcing overseas goods for UK consumers and manufacturing wartime goods. Following the war there was some attempt to modernise the co-operative stores. After the London Co-operative Society opened its first self-service shop in 1942 the co-operative movement led the way on the development of self-service stores to the point where, by the 1950s, 90% of self-service shops in the UK were run by co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this the market share and the number of members of the society began to dwindle and - importantly - so did the member share capital which societies used to invest. The CWS responded with an operational facelift in 1968 which introduced the <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_brand" title="The Co-operative brand">first national co-operative branding</a>, the 'Co-op' cloverleaf. Though this led to some improvements the movement (including the CWS) remained largely unreformed with its grocery market share continuing its downward trend.<sup id="cite_ref-myners_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myners-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also suggested around this time that societies merge to form regional societies to improve their competitiveness through the <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. Many local co-op societies strongly resisted such mergers but, as their financial situation declined, many were forced to merge to create regional societies or with either the CRS or the SCWS to avoid failing. Consolidation within the movement was considerable and in 1973 serious financial mismanagement of the SCWS Bank led to the SCWS and the CWS merging to form a single UK-wide wholesale society. </p><p>The co-operative movement's market share and profitability continued to decline during the 1970s and 80s in part due to a number of reasons. Firstly the process of <a href="/wiki/De-industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-industrialisation">de-industrialisation</a> which characterised the period led to serious economic difficulties in many of the movements heartlands (notably the northern industrial towns) which disproportionally impacted on the societies through a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> despite the British economy seeing a rise in consumer disposable income overall. This was largely due to the strong increase in inequality in the UK at this time and the co-operative movement was not well placed to tap into this increase in middle class spending due to the geographic spread of its stores and the co-op's historic association as the shop for the 'working poor'. Secondly redevelopment projects in many cities between the 1950s and 1970s often moved people from rows of terraced housing (which featured co-op stores dotted throughout) to newer purpose-built estates, with around 18,000 co-op stores closing as they become redundant in this way. Thirdly the time was a period of notable <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and a strong pound which led to a wave of cheap imported goods – this devastated much of the UKs manufacturing businesses (including the CWS). By the 1980s it became clear that the trend in the retail sector was towards large (often out of town) supermarkets and <a href="/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a> with hundreds of them appearing across the UK. The co-operative movement did build some superstores, having 74 by 1986, but often their development and competitiveness was hindered by the lack of a national distribution network and price competitiveness. </p><p>During the 1980s financial troubles and an increasing number of co-operative societies led to the CWS began rescuing many of these (after the CRS began to struggle financially from the number of failing co-ops that it had merged with), the CWS having returned to direct retailing after its merger with the SCWS the decade before. It was these mergers with consumers' co-operatives which led to the co-op having both corporate (co-op societies) and individual members and hence making it both a primary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary co-operative">secondary co-operative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-myners_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myners-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CWS's expansion into direct retailing (especially after the mergers of the 2000s) led to the CWS becoming such a highly visible business in the UK. The legacy of this was that many people consider the British co-operative movement to be one business, <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_Co-operation_2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_Co-operation_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the start of the 1990s the co-operative movement's share of the UK grocery market had declined to the point where the entire business model was under question. This was at a time where many <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building societies</a> were demutualising as many of the public preferred the short-term financial gain of the windfall payment over the perceived lack of benefits from the mutual model. For a time it seemed as though the mutual or co-op model was almost dead – though around the <a href="/wiki/2008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a> almost all of the demutualised building societies either failed or were forced to merge with a larger bank for support reigniting much debate on the virtues of the mutual and co-op models. The co-op's reputation was not helped in this respect by the factions within the movement, notably the strong rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services" title="Co-operative Retail Services">CRS</a> and the CWS, acting in a manner which exacerbated the belief held by many members of the public that, rather than working for the interests of all members, co-ops were largely acting in the self-interests of a dominant 'clique' of members within each society. Together these crises meant that the 1990s would become a crucial decade if 'The Co-op' was to survive. In order to raise capital to invest in its food stores (and also the increasingly successful The Co-operative Bank) the CWS sold many of its factories to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Regan" title="Andrew Regan">Andrew Regan</a> in 1994 for £111 million before in 1997 he posed a highly ambitious £1.2bn hostile takeover attempt of the CWS. This shocked many in the movement and consolidated support for the CWS as the 'linchpin' of the movement in a way that many had previous opposed. The CWS was able to defend itself from this takeover bid and after investigations by a private detective and a subsequent criminal court case, Regan's bid was rejected and two senior CWS executives were dismissed and imprisoned for fraud. An arrest warrant was issued for Andrew Regan in 1999 however he had already emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>. </p><p>The shock that Mr Regan's bid sent through the co-operative movement has been attributed with sowing the seeds for the merger of the CRS and the CWS in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger took two years to complete and the launch of the newly combined business, named The Co-operative Group, was timed with the release of the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commission" title="Co-operative Commission">Co-operative Commission</a> report, chaired by <a href="/wiki/John_Monks" title="John Monks">John Monks</a>, which proposed a strategy of modernisation which focused on improving store design and building a consistent <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_brand" title="The Co-operative brand">branding</a> whilst also driving for efficiency savings to make the food business more competitive - the similarity in conclusions between the 1919, 1958 and 2001 reports highlights the distinct lack of progress within the movement during this time. The 2001 report also highlighted the need to market what it called 'The Co-operative Advantage' which suggested that commercial success would provide the funding for the social goals of the movement which (when the public saw a tangible benefit to their own lives) would provide a competitive advantage to the co-op which would further its commercial success - a virtuous cycle. Unlike Gaitskell Commission's 1958 report the recommendations of the report, notably the major update to "The Co-operative brand" and the re-launch of the membership dividend scheme, were largely adopted by the co-operative movement including The Co-operative Group. These changes to the business are largely credited with the successes in profitability and the achievement in social goals which improved in the years after the Co-operative Commission report.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is not to say that modernisation of the CWS had not been under way for some time. Since 1993 the CRTG had been working to switch the role of the CWS from 'selling to' to 'buying for' co-operative societies as a way of maximising the <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> to become more competitive to the major supermarkets. Since the 1960s the co-op had been following retail trends after they had occurred, always having to catch up, in a way that it led the changes before World War II. Many leaders in the movement began to appreciate that this 'me too' approach to retailing was not working, for example expanding into <a href="/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a> after <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a> had already developed a dominant position but without the resources to compete on price. As an attempt to differentiate itself from its larger competitors The Co-operative Bank had introduced an ethical policy in 1992 and this, along with its technical innovation, was well received with customers. The CWS decided that, though it had always aimed to trade responsibly (for example though the working conditions in its factories and plantations as well as its boycott of South African produce during the years of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, by cementing its 'ethical' credentials in a series of strong and clear policy commitments it could work to convince the public of the 'co-operative difference'. This move posed a bold step for the CWS leadership as this was a wholly new approach for such a large business. The CWS worked with <a href="/wiki/The_Fairtrade_Foundation" title="The Fairtrade Foundation">The Fairtrade Foundation</a> to help introduce the Fairtrade Mark in the UK, it was an early adopter of the <a href="/wiki/RSPCA" title="RSPCA">RSPCA</a>'s 'Freedom Foods' animal welfare certification, it introduced the first supermarket line of 'environmentally friendly' household products and the first range of toiletries certified by <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a> as not tested on animals. This new adoption of an ethical strategy was only part of the CWS's changes. After the 1997 strategic review the business suggested that it close the majority of its <a href="/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Department stores">department stores</a> and instead focus on its core chain of <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a>, another significant proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_retail_societies">List of retail societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of retail societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="List_of_Societies"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Society </th> <th>Website </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>Members </th> <th>Activities <p><span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller">(number of outlets)</span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allendale_Co-operative_Society" title="Allendale Co-operative Society">Allendale</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allendalecoop.co.uk">allendalecoop.co.uk</a></td> <td>1862</td> <td></td> <td>Food (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathford_Enterprise_for_All&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathford Enterprise for All (page does not exist)">Bathford</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807124220/http://bathford.net/BEFA.php">www.bathford.net/BEFA.php</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td>200 (2009)</td> <td>Food (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_England_Co-operative" title="Central England Co-operative">Central England</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralengland.coop">centralengland.coop</a></td> <td>1854<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1876<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>329,000</td> <td>Food (255),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> funerals (98),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travel (111),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-food (44),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> petrol (12), opticians (2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Star_Co-operative_Society" title="Chelmsford Star Co-operative Society">Chelmsford Star</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmsfordstar.coop/">chelmsfordstar.coop</a></td> <td>1867</td> <td>52,937<sup id="cite_ref-chelmsfordstar-mem_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelmsfordstar-mem-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Food (28), non-food (2), travel (3), funerals (6) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Co-operative_Society" title="Channel Islands Co-operative Society">Channel Islands</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci-cooperative.com/">ci-cooperative.com</a></td> <td>1919</td> <td></td> <td>Food (23), non-food (3: two 'Homemaker' stores and one 'Totalsport' store), travel (3), funeral (1 – branded as 'De Gruchy's') </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Co-operative_Society" title="Clydebank Co-operative Society">Clydebank</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realco-op.co.uk/">Clydebank Co-operative Society</a></td> <td>1881</td> <td></td> <td>Food (6) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coniston_Co-operative_Society" title="Coniston Co-operative Society">Coniston</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.coop/directory/coniston-co-operative-society/">Coniston Co-operative Society</a></td> <td>1896</td> <td></td> <td>Food (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://co-operative.coop/">co-operative.coop</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td>6m (estimate)</td> <td>Food (2,786), funeral (900), insurance, legal services, electrical products </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_of_England_Co-operative_Society" title="East of England Co-operative Society">East of England</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastofengland.coop/">eastofengland.coop</a></td> <td>1858<sup id="cite_ref-eastofengland-founded_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastofengland-founded-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>≈350,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grosmont_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grosmont Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Grosmont</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>1867<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_England_Co-operative_Society" title="Heart of England Co-operative Society">Heart of England</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heartofengland.coop/">heartofengland.coop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119114010/http://www.heartofengland.coop/">Archived</a> 19 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></td> <td>1832<sup id="cite_ref-heartofengland-founded_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heartofengland-founded-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>179,657<sup id="cite_ref-heartofengland-mem_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heartofengland-mem-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Food (33), non-food (21), funeral (9), travel (3), post offices (4) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawkshead_%26_District_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawkshead & District Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Hawkshead</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>1881<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langdale_and_Neighbourhood_Industrial_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langdale and Neighbourhood Industrial Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Langdale</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langdalecooperative.co.uk">langdalecooperative.co.uk</a></td> <td>1884<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>Food and non-food (1)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Co-operative" title="Lincolnshire Co-operative">Lincolnshire</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop">lincolnshire.coop</a></td> <td>1861<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>149,247 (2007)</td> <td>Food (83), Gadsby's Bakery, pharmacies (29),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coffee shops (3),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-food (0),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> post offices (41),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travel (9),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> funeral (9),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> motors (0), petrol (6), cash registers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midcounties_Co-operative" title="Midcounties Co-operative">Midcounties</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midcounties.coop">midcounties.coop</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Food (254), travel (46), pharmacy (46), funerals (81), childcare (46), post offices (92) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radstock_Co-operative_Society" title="Radstock Co-operative Society">Radstock</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radstock-co-op.com/">www.radstock-co-op.com</a></td> <td>1867</td> <td>7,500</td> <td>Food (14) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Midland_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Midland Co-operative">Scotmid</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotmid.coop">scotmid.coop</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Food (204)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steeple_Ashton_Village_Shop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steeple Ashton Village Shop (page does not exist)">Steeple Ashton</a></td> <td></td> <td>2005<sup id="cite_ref-stash-idea_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stash-idea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>230 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-stash-idea_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stash-idea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Food (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Co-operatives">Southern</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southern.coop">southern.coop</a></td> <td>1873</td> <td>93,000 (2009)</td> <td>Food (120), funerals (31) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Co-operative_Society" title="Tamworth Co-operative Society">Tamworth</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamworth.coop">tamworth.coop</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Food (14), non-food (2), funeral (8) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wine_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Society">Wine Society</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewinesociety.com/">thewinesociety.com</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Wine </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utility_co-operatives">Utility co-operatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Utility co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utility co-operatives provide their members with services such as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Phone_Co-op" title="The Phone Co-op">The Phone Co-op</a> was established in 1998 and provides broadband, fixed line and mobile telecoms services to consumers and organisations. Today the business is part of the Midcounties Co-operative and provides <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telephone">mobile telephone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> services, including <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Energy">The Co-operative Energy</a> is an energy supplier which is operated on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Midcounties_Co-operative" title="Midcounties Co-operative">Midcounties Co-operative</a> by <a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a>, making it the only co-operative supplier in the UK energy market. The business sources more than half its energy from renewable sources (the UK average is approximately 15%) with some electricity sourced from several <a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">community owned</a> renewable energy schemes, including the Great Dunkilns Farm <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Briavels" title="St Briavels">St Briavels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Westmill_Wind_Farm_Co-operative" title="Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative">Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_co-operatives">Financial co-operatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financial co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credit_unions">Credit unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Credit unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Credit unions in the United Kingdom">Credit unions in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a> are a loan and savings co-operative. Members normally have a 'common bond' to make them eligible for membership. Commons bonds are usually that all members live in a certain locality, work for a common employer or belong to the same trade union, <a href="/wiki/Church_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Church body">church</a> or association. Because of the need for a common bond, most credit unions remain rather small.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Credit unions are run in a not-for-profit way. This means they use their money to run their services and reward their members – not to pay outside shareholders. They must set money aside each year to ensure they don't go bust. They use any leftover money to provide better services to members or share evenly among savings accounts (a <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cu-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Great Britain (England, Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), credit unions are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a> who set certain standard and approve the people who hold important positions within a credit union. All credit unions must have the words 'credit union' in the title, or in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> they can have 'undeb credyd'. The main trade association for credit unions in Great Britain is the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_British_Credit_Unions" title="Association of British Credit Unions">Association of British Credit Unions</a> Ltd (ABCUL). ABCUL is based in <a href="/wiki/Holyoake_House" title="Holyoake House">Holyoake House</a>, a Grade One listed building in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives<sup>UK</sup></a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, credit unions are currently regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Enterprise,_Trade_and_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment">Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment</a> and registered by its registry function – the Registry of Credit Unions and Industrial and Provident Societies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are proposals for regulatory reform, set out by <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Enterprise,_Trade_and_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment">DETI</a>, which detail transferring registration and regulatory responsibility for credit unions in Northern Ireland to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main trade association for credit unions throughout the island of Ireland is the <a href="/wiki/Irish_League_of_Credit_Unions" title="Irish League of Credit Unions">Irish League of Credit Unions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Housing_Co-operatives"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing cooperative</a></div> <p>Housing co-operatives are owned and democratically controlled by its member-tenants. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing is the UK's national body for housing co-ops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worker">Worker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></div> <p>A worker co-operative is a co-operative owned and democratically controlled by its employees. There are no outside- or consumer-owners in a worker co-operative. Only the workers own shares of the business. It is estimated that there are approximately 403 worker owned and controlled co-operatives in the United Kingdom. In 2009 Co-operatives<sup>UK</sup> recorded a combined turnover of £144 million with assets of £32 million as part of the Co-operative Review 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-worker_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worker-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest employee-owned company in the UK is the <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership" title="John Lewis Partnership">John Lewis Partnership</a>. Though John Lewis is a <a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public limited company</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">shares</a> are held in trust on behalf of the employees rather than being traded on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>. Each employee (referred to as "partner" within John Lewis) has a say in how the company is run and each year they are awarded an equal percentage share of the profits based on their salary. In the past ten years, this has amounted to between one and two months' salary for partners. The John Lewis Partnership operates twenty-six <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Web_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Web store">web store</a> under the <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis (department store)">John Lewis</a> division and 187 (Dec 2007) supermarkets in the <a href="/wiki/Waitrose" title="Waitrose">Waitrose</a> division. The company's presence is more marked in the south and east of England though it is gradually expanding to other areas of Great Britain. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma</a> is the largest independent wholefood wholesaler-distributor in the United Kingdom and a workers' co-operative. Suma specialise in vegetarian, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade">Fairtrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a>, ethical and natural products. <a href="/wiki/Greencity_Wholefoods" title="Greencity Wholefoods">Greencity Wholefoods</a> is a similar worker co-operative based in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinity_Foods_Workers_Co-operative_Ltd_(co-operative)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinity Foods Workers Co-operative Ltd (co-operative) (page does not exist)">Infinity Foods Workers Co-operative Ltd (co-operative)</a> is a large independent wholefood business in East Sussex. With a retail outlet with artisan Bakery, Cafe and wholesaler-distribution. Infinity Foods specialise in vegetarian, <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade">Fairtrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a>, ethical and natural products. Infinity Foods workers co-operative has over 100 worker members making it one of the biggest independent employers in the Brighton and Hove area. </p><p>Footprint Workers Co-operative, a printing service has been running in Leeds since 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Bicycle_Co-operative" title="Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative">Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative</a> is the oldest workers co-operative in Scotland, being established in 1977. It has since expanded and now operates eight stores across Scotland and northern England as well as an online sales platform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Cycles" title="Brixton Cycles">Brixton Cycles</a>, inspired by Edinburgh, opened in 1983 and is also still running today.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural">Agricultural</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agricultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural marketing and supply co-operatives</a> are owned by farmers. <a href="/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield">Openfield Group</a>, Britain's only national grain marketing and arable inputs co-operative, has over 4,000 farmer owners.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley_Farmers" title="Mole Valley Farmers">Mole Valley Farmers</a> is another example of a supply co-operative founded by farmers. </p><p>The late 20th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Demutualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demutualisation">demutualisation</a> of several large co-operatives, including the large regional West Midland Farmers, which was founded in 1916 as the Atworth and District Agricultural Society.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Midland Farmers renamed itself to <a href="/wiki/Countrywide_Farmers" title="Countrywide Farmers">Countrywide Farmers</a> in 1999, becoming a joint stock company owned by 11,000 farmers<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it went out of business in 2018. </p><p>The 1994 break-up of the <a href="/wiki/Milk_Marketing_Board" title="Milk Marketing Board">Milk Marketing Board</a> eventually formed several large dairy marketing co-operatives, including Milk Marque (since demutualised and renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_Foods_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community Foods Group (page does not exist)">Community Foods Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_of_Britain" title="Dairy Farmers of Britain">Dairy Farmers of Britain</a> (ceased trading in 2009), <a href="/wiki/Milk_Link" title="Milk Link">Milk Link</a> (merged into <a href="/wiki/Arla_Foods_UK" title="Arla Foods UK">Arla Foods</a> in 2012) and <a href="/wiki/First_Milk_(company)" title="First Milk (company)">First Milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_co-operatives">Community co-operatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_shops">Community shops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Community shops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community shops are not dissimilar from <a href="/wiki/Food_co-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Food co-op">food co-ops</a> but are often found in more remote villages and provide some of the services of a <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience store</a> but also frequently have <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">cafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> services. Since 1979 some two dozen community co-operatives have been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_co-operatives_in_the_Highlands_and_Islands_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community co-operatives in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (page does not exist)"> established in remote areas in the Scottish Highlands and Islands</a> and have carried on not only retailing but manufacturing and service industries, improving both incomes and the quality of life. As of 2015, there are 330 community shops in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_pubs">Community pubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Community pubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community <a href="/wiki/Pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs">pubs</a> have largely resulted from situations where a <a href="/wiki/Pub_chain" title="Pub chain">pub chain</a> has chosen to close a pub, often in a village which is otherwise under-served by pubs. Commonly community pubs in England are established by listing the pub as an Asset of Community Value under the <a href="/wiki/Localism_Act_2011" title="Localism Act 2011">2011 Localism Act</a> before a group of local people raise sufficient funds to purchase and re-open the pub. Funds are often raised using a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community share (page does not exist)">community shares</a> scheme and are subsequently run as co-operatives. As of 2015, there are 35 community pubs registered in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some situations a community pub may also incorporate a community shop. </p><p>Examples of community pubs include: The Angler's Rest, <a href="/wiki/Bamford" title="Bamford">Bamford</a>, Fox and Goose, <a href="/wiki/Hebden_Bridge" title="Hebden Bridge">Hebden Bridge</a>, Fox and Hounds, <a href="/wiki/Charwelton" title="Charwelton">Charwelton</a>, The Rose and Crown, <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ivy_House" title="The Ivy House">The Ivy House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nunhead" title="Nunhead">Nunhead</a>, south <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Community centres</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Self-managed social centres in the United Kingdom">Self-managed social centres in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Crossing over sometimes with the function of Community pubs, self-organised social centres or community centres are often worker or volunteer co-operatives. Often starting off as informal collectives or squats, some social centres incorporate, often finding the cooperative model appropriate. These buildings can have community spaces, resources, bars and cafes within them. Examples include Partisan in Manchester, the <a href="/wiki/1_in_12_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="1 in 12 Club">1 in 12 Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cowley_Club" title="Cowley Club">Cowley Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sumac_Centre" title="Sumac Centre">Sumac Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_energy_co-operatives">Community energy co-operatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Community energy co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></div> <p>A number of community-owned co-operatives have been established to own and run small-scale renewable energy projects. Many of these operate as onshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind farms">wind farms</a>, small-scale <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> installations or as <a href="/wiki/Micro-hydro" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-hydro">micro-hydro</a> projects. Financing for such schemes is often a combination of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community share (page does not exist)">community shares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loan funding</a> and surplus funds are often distributed (once interest to loan providers and shareholders is paid) to community groups or local development projects. Examples of such co-operatives include the <a href="/wiki/Baywind_Energy_Co-operative" title="Baywind Energy Co-operative">Baywind Energy Co-operative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torrs_Hydro" title="Torrs Hydro">Torrs Hydro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retailers'"><span id="Retailers.27"></span>Retailers'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retailers'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Retailers'_co-operatives"></span> <a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailers' co-operative">Retailers' co-operatives</a> (not to be confused with <a href="#Consumer_and_food">retail consumer co-operatives, above</a>) provide marketing and wholesaling services to retail businesses. </p> <ul><li>Independent retail consumer co-operatives are corporate members of <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary co-operative">secondary co-operative</a>. The Co-operative Group manages the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Federal_Trading_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Federal Trading Services">Co-operative Federal Retail and Trading Services</a>, servicing 3,200 food stores, including its own and those of its corporate members.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Group also provides other collective buying, marketing and distribution functions.</li> <li>Members of the Arizona hoteliers' marketing association, <a href="/wiki/Best_Western" title="Best Western">Best Western</a>, have 280 hotels in the UK, as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>UK retail business <a href="/wiki/Nisa_(retailer)" title="Nisa (retailer)">Nisa</a> is part of The Co-operative Group. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Nisa represents 300 wholesalers and 674 retailers, with 5000 convenience stores and small supermarkets, including the <a href="/wiki/Costcutter" title="Costcutter">Costcutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbol_group" title="Symbol group">symbol group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dutch association of retailers and wholesalers, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(retailer)" title="Spar (retailer)">Spar</a>, is very similar to Nisa, but its UK membership is smaller. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Spar members have 2,500 outlets in the UK.</li> <li>Most retail florists are members of <a href="/wiki/Interflora" title="Interflora">Interflora</a>, a former co-operative that <a href="/wiki/Demutualised" class="mw-redirect" title="Demutualised">demutualised</a> in 2006 (when it was acquired by its United States affiliate, <a href="/wiki/Florists%27_Transworld_Delivery" title="Florists' Transworld Delivery">Florists' Transworld Delivery</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_organisations">Support organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Support organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoake_House,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg/220px-Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg/330px-Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg/440px-Holyoake_House%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holyoake_House" title="Holyoake House">Holyoake House</a> in Manchester, home to a number of co-operatives including <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_College" title="Co-operative College">Co-operative College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Co-op_News" title="Co-op News">Co-op News</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>, the central membership organisation for British co-operatives, there are a variety of other support organisations and secondary co-operatives serving the sector. The <a href="/wiki/Plunkett_Foundation" title="Plunkett Foundation">Plunkett Foundation</a> promotes co-operation in rural communities, including the agricultural and retail sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several other sectoral co-operative bodies, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation_of_Co-operative_Housing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confederation of Co-operative Housing (page does not exist)">Confederation of Co-operative Housing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supporters_Direct" title="Supporters Direct">Supporters Direct</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_College" title="Co-operative College">Co-operative College</a> has, since 1919, served the co-operative sector in terms of developing members and managers, working internationally and developing new co-operative ideas. Various independent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operative_development_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operative development agency (page does not exist)">co-operative development agencies</a> assist the formation of new co-operative enterprises. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operative_%26_Community_Finance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operative & Community Finance (page does not exist)">Co-operative & Community Finance</a> provides financing for new ventures. The <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Press" title="Co-operative Press">Co-operative Press</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Co-op_News" title="Co-op News">Co-op News</a></i>, the main news organ of the movement. The <a href="/wiki/UK_Society_for_Co-operative_Studies" title="UK Society for Co-operative Studies">UK Society for Co-operative Studies</a> brings together academics and co-operators and publishes the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Co-operative_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Co-operative Studies">Journal of Co-operative Studies</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> was formed to promote the co-operative sector in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. Retail societies and other co-operatives are among the members of the party, which works with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> to elect those sympathetic to co-operative issues and to promote co-operation and mutuality. The think tank and consultancy <a href="/wiki/Mutuo" title="Mutuo">Mutuo</a> was originally developed by the party and now operates independently across the wider mutual sector in the United Kingdom. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Woodcraft_Folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcraft Folk">Woodcraft Folk</a> is an organisation widely considered to be the youth arm of the co-operative movement. Woodcraft Folk groups teach the principles of cooperation to children and is financially supported by the Co-operative Group and many other cooperative societies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wales_Co-operative_Centre" title="Wales Co-operative Centre">Wales Co-operative Centre</a> is a co-operative development organisation based in Wales. They deliver business support for groups looking to set up co-operatives and social enterprises, and also deliver support around the themes of employee buyout and co-operative consortia working. They also provide support for organisations who are exploring setting up housing co-operatives. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Cooperation" title="Students for Cooperation">Students for Cooperation</a> is a federation of 30 student co-operatives across the UK. The organisation works to support new and existing student co-ops, and to promote and raise awareness of the co-operative model amongst students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023343/http://reports.uk.coop/economy2016/">"Economy Report 2016 - Co-op Economy Report 2016"</a>. <i>reports.uk.coop</i>. 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Co-operative Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co-operative.coop/PageFiles/989348879/Report_of_the_Independent_Governance_Review.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Independent+Governance+Review&rft.pub=Co-operative+Group&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Myners&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co-operative.coop%2FPageFiles%2F989348879%2FReport_of_the_Independent_Governance_Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/670302.stm">"Co-op merger approved"</a>. BBC. 8 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Co-op+merger+approved&rft.date=2000-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F670302.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416084349/http://www.cooperatives-uk.coop/News/newsArchive/2005/commissionSuccess">"Commission Paves the Way for Co-operative Success"</a>. Co-operatives UK. Ethos public relations. 13 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperatives-uk.coop/News/newsArchive/2005/commissionSuccess">the original</a> on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+Paves+the+Way+for+Co-operative+Success&rft.pub=Co-operatives+UK&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperatives-uk.coop%2FNews%2FnewsArchive%2F2005%2FcommissionSuccess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Derby Co-operative Provident Society, which became <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Co-operative_Society" title="Midlands Co-operative Society">Midlands Co-operative Society</a> in 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Peterborough Equitable Industrial Co-operative Society, which became <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Regional_Co-operative_Society" title="Anglia Regional Co-operative Society">Anglia Regional Co-operative Society</a> in 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">30 from Anglia Regional, 171 from Midlands Co-operative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">18 from Anglia Regional, 80 from Midlands Co-operative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11 from Anglia Regional, 100 from Midlands Co-operative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">38 from Anglia Regional, 6 from Midlands Co-operative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chelmsfordstar-mem-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chelmsfordstar-mem_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327160930/http://www.chelmsfordstar.coop/common/pdf/Star07R%26A.pdf">"Annual Report and Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chelmsford Star Co-operative Society. 27 January 2007: 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmsfordstar.coop/common/pdf/Star07R&A.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+and+Financial+Statements&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2007-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chelmsfordstar.coop%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2FStar07R%26A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastofengland-founded-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eastofengland-founded_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwich Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Norwich Co-operative Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809012922/http://www.cooponline.coop/cgi-bin/external/locator.cgi?page=further&OfflineID=5818&category=Co-op+Societies&postcode=grosmont">"Grosmont"</a>. <i>Co-op Online Directory</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooponline.coop/cgi-bin/external/locator.cgi?page=further&OfflineID=5818&category=Co-op+Societies&postcode=grosmont">the original</a> on 9 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-op+Online+Directory&rft.atitle=Grosmont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooponline.coop%2Fcgi-bin%2Fexternal%2Flocator.cgi%3Fpage%3Dfurther%26OfflineID%3D5818%26category%3DCo-op%2BSocieties%26postcode%3Dgrosmont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407063327/http://mutuals.fsa.gov.uk/SocietyDetails.aspx?Number=992&Suffix=R">"Grosmont Co-operative Society Limited, number 992R"</a>. <i>Mutuals Public Register</i>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">FSA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutuals.fsa.gov.uk/SocietyDetails.aspx?Number=992&Suffix=R">the original</a> on 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mutuals+Public+Register&rft.atitle=Grosmont+Co-operative+Society+Limited%2C+number+992R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmutuals.fsa.gov.uk%2FSocietyDetails.aspx%3FNumber%3D992%26Suffix%3DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heartofengland-founded-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heartofengland-founded_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-operative Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heartofengland-mem-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heartofengland-mem_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327160929/http://www.21stcentury.coop/pdf/report07_Pt2.pdf">"Annual Report and Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Heart of England Co-operative Society. 20 January 2007: 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.21stcentury.coop/pdf/report07_Pt2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+and+Financial+Statements&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.21stcentury.coop%2Fpdf%2Freport07_Pt2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809012837/http://www.cooponline.coop/cgi-bin/external/locator.cgi?page=further&OfflineID=5820&category=Co-op+Societies&postcode=langdale">"Hawkshead & District Co-op Society Limited"</a>. <i>Co=op Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooponline.coop/cgi-bin/external/locator.cgi?page=further&OfflineID=5820&category=Co-op+Societies&postcode=langdale">the original</a> on 9 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co%3Dop+Online&rft.atitle=Hawkshead+%26+District+Co-op+Society+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooponline.coop%2Fcgi-bin%2Fexternal%2Flocator.cgi%3Fpage%3Dfurther%26OfflineID%3D5820%26category%3DCo-op%2BSocieties%26postcode%3Dlangdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407063252/http://mutuals.fsa.gov.uk/SocietyDetails.aspx?Number=2242&Suffix=R">"Hawkshead and District Co-operative Society Limited, number 2242R"</a>. <i>Mutuals Public Register</i>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">FSA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutuals.fsa.gov.uk/SocietyDetails.aspx?Number=2242&Suffix=R">the original</a> on 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mutuals+Public+Register&rft.atitle=Hawkshead+and+District+Co-operative+Society+Limited%2C+number+2242R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmutuals.fsa.gov.uk%2FSocietyDetails.aspx%3FNumber%3D2242%26Suffix%3DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005102000/http://www.langdaleco-op.co.uk/">"Langdale Co-op"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langdaleco-op.co.uk/">the original</a> on 5 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langdale+Co-op&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langdaleco-op.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124194836/http://langdalevalley.org.uk/schools.asp">"Banner advertisement in Langdale Valley News: Primary School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langdalevalley.org.uk/schools.asp">the original</a> on 24 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banner+advertisement+in+Langdale+Valley+News%3A+Primary+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langdalevalley.org.uk%2Fschools.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162705/http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=81&ParentCatID=&SubCatID=32">"History: 1864"</a>. Lincolnshire Co-operative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=81&ParentCatID=&SubCatID=32">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+1864&rft.pub=Lincolnshire+Co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnshire.coop%2Fcontent.asp%3FPageID%3D81%26ParentCatID%3D%26SubCatID%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327160929/http://www.lincolnshire.coop/downloads/FreedomOfInformation.pdf">"Lincoln Co-operative Chemists Ltd Publication Scheme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lincolnshire Co-operative. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop/downloads/FreedomOfInformation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Co-operative+Chemists+Ltd+Publication+Scheme&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Lincolnshire+Co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnshire.coop%2Fdownloads%2FFreedomOfInformation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162759/http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=39&SubCatID=13">"Coffee Shop"</a>. Lincolnshire Co-operative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=39&SubCatID=13">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffee+Shop&rft.pub=Lincolnshire+Co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnshire.coop%2Fcontent.asp%3FPageID%3D39%26SubCatID%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162842/http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=30">"Home"</a>. Lincolnshire Co-operative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=30">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Lincolnshire+Co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnshire.coop%2Fcontent.asp%3FPageID%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162857/http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=38">"Post Office"</a>. Lincolnshire Co-operative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnshire.coop/content.asp?PageID=38">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Plunkett+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plunkett.co.uk%2Faboutus%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+co-operative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_co-operative_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215142935/http://www.co-operativesuk.coop/">Co-operatives<sup>UK</sup></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co-operative.co.uk/">The Co-operative Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcul.org/">Association of British Credit Unions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211450/http://www.creditunion.ie/">Irish League of Credit Unions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cch-uk.org/">Confederations of Co-operative Housing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letslink.org/">LETS Link</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plunkett.co.uk">Plunkett Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227044157/http://woodcraft.org.uk/">The Woodcraft Folk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.students.coop/">Students for Cooperation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walescooperative.org/business-support-wales/">Wales 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organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-owned_company" title="Agent-owned company">Agent-owned company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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