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href="#Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nucleus estate and smallholder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Croft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smallholder_Farms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smallholder_Farms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Smallholder Farms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smallholder_Farms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Smallholder" redirects here. For the British magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Smallholder_(magazine)" title="Smallholder (magazine)">Smallholder (magazine)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diversified Crop Choices" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg/330px-Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg/495px-Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg/660px-Women_smallholder_farmers_in_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">Woman smallholder farmers</a> in Kenya. In many parts of Africa and other parts of the world, women are the primary smallholders. In many contexts, women face unequal access to land, markets, knowledge, and other assets needed to maintain their farms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg/220px-Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg/330px-Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg/440px-Small_farm_in_Hainan_Province_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Small vegetable 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural area</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_crafts" title="Rural crafts">Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_industry_in_India" title="Rural industry in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_delivery_service" title="Rural delivery service">Delivery service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_ghetto" title="Rural ghetto">Ghetto</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farmworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">Tenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smallholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">in Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(identity)" title="Country (identity)">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_diversity" title="Rural diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agricultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rural_communities" title="Types of rural communities">Types of communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurality" title="Rurality">Rurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_society_by_country" title="Category:Rural society by country">By Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Canada" title="Rural Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_Laos" title="Rural society in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States" title="Rural areas in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural history">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional history">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_conflict" title="Nomadic conflict">Nomadic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_parliament" title="Rural parliament">Informal parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">Peasant movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rural_society" title="Template:Rural society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rural_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rural society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rural_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rural society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>smallholding</b> or <b>smallholder</b> is a <b>small farm</b> operating under a <b>small-scale agriculture</b> model.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, <a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">involvement of family in labor</a> and economic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of the world alone, supporting almost two billion people.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a>. As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient. Still, they may be valued for providing supplemental sustenance, recreation, and general rural lifestyle appreciation (often as <a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">hobby farms</a>). As the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local food</a> movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability in the developed world as well. </p><p>Small-scale agriculture is often in tension with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a>, which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs, <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_consolidation" title="Land consolidation">consolidating land</a> under big agricultural operations, and <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. Certain labor-intensive cash crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">cocoa production in Ghana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, rely heavily on smallholders; globally, as of 2008, 90% of cocoa is grown by smallholders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These farmers rely on cocoa for up to 60 to 90 per cent of their income.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar trends in supply chains exist in other crops like <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm oil production">palm oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banana_industry" title="Banana industry">bananas.</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other markets, small scale agriculture can increase <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> investment in small holders improving food security. Today, some companies try to include smallholdings into their <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_value_chain" title="Agricultural value chain">value chain</a>, providing seed, feed, or fertilizer to improve production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food systems</a> in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of smallholders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Sustainable Development Goal 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, since <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">agriculture has such large impacts on climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Drawdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Drawdown">Project Drawdown</a> described "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders" an important method for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productivity">Productivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Productivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)"><i>Colonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to conventional theory, <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> allow <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>, in terms of inputs versus outputs, to rise as the size of the farm rises. Specialization has also been a major factor in increasing agricultural productivity, for example as commodity processing began to move off the farm in the 19th century, farmers could spend more effort on primary food production.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Although numerous studies show that larger farms are more productive than smaller ones,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some writers state that whilst conventional farming creates a high <a href="/wiki/Workforce_productivity" title="Workforce productivity">output per worker</a>, some small-scale, sustainable, polyculture farmers can produce more <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">food per acre</a> of land.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_coffee_cooperative_(5867722870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg/220px-NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg/330px-NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg/440px-NP_coffee_cooperative_%285867722870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A smallholder coffee farmer in Colombia contributing her coffee to an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">agricultural cooperative</a>. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially markets like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses with high <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Small farms have some economic advantages. Farmers support the <a href="/wiki/Local_purchasing" title="Local purchasing">local economy</a> of their communities. An American study showed that small farms with incomes of $100,000 or less spend almost 95 percent of their farm-related expenses within their local communities. The same study took into comparison the fact that farms with incomes greater than $900,000 spend less than 20 percent of their farm-related expenses in the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small-scale agriculture often sells products directly to consumers. <a href="/wiki/Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">Disintermediation</a> gives the farmer the profit that would otherwise go to the wholesaler, the distributor, and the supermarket. About two-thirds of the revenue is expended on product marketing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If farmers sell their products directly to consumers, they receive a higher percentage of the <a href="/wiki/Retail_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail price">retail price</a>, although they will spend more time selling the same amounts of product, which is an <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_security">Food security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Sustainable Development Goal 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> has an ongoing program for Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and the attendant disruptions of food systems, their role has become more important.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_climate_adaptation">Environmental and climate adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental and climate adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the historical focus on smallholders has been increasing global food supply under climate change and the role played by smallholder communities, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate adaptation</a> efforts are still hindered by lack of information on how smallholder farmers are experiencing and responding to climate change. There is lack of detailed, context-specific information on what <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> portends to smallholder farmers in different and widely varying agroecological environments and socio-economic realities, and what management strategies they are employing to deal with these impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially for smallholders working in commodity crops, climate change introduces an increasing amount of variability to farmer economic viability; for example, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">coffee production</a> globally is under increased threat, and smallholders in East Africa, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Uganda" title="Coffee production in Uganda">Ugandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Tanzania" title="Coffee production in Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Kenya" title="Coffee production in Kenya">Kenyan</a> industries, are rapidly losing both viable coffee land and productivity of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, smallholders are an important source of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. For example, smallholders are an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> industry of Southeast Asia, contributing 40% of the production. Because such farmers are less able to access financing than larger businesses, they are unable to fund methods to increase the productivity of their farms when <a href="/wiki/Crop_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop yields">yields</a> decline, increasing their need to clear more land.<sup id="cite_ref-ChainReaction2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChainReaction2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing productivity, especially amongst smallholder farms, is an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> through processes like deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChainReaction2019_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChainReaction2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of a <b>small farm</b> has varied over time and by country. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economists</a> have analyzed the distinctions among farm sizes since the field's inception.<sup id="cite_ref-ag1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional agricultural economic theory considered small farms inefficient, a stance that began to be challenged in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overview of research published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 1998 indicated that the productivity of small farms often exceeded that of larger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobby_farms">Hobby farms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hobby farms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby farm</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hobby_farm&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobby_farm_0083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hobby_farm_0083.jpg/220px-Hobby_farm_0083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hobby_farm_0083.jpg/330px-Hobby_farm_0083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hobby_farm_0083.jpg/440px-Hobby_farm_0083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An old dairy farm used as a hobby farm near <a href="/wiki/Leicester_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester (town), New York">Leicester, New York</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">hobby farm</a> (also called a lifestyle block, acreage living, or rural residential) is a smallholding or small <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> that is maintained without expectation of being a primary source of income. Some are held simply to bring homeowners closer to nature, to provide recreational land for horses, or as working farms for secondary income.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder">Nucleus estate and smallholder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nucleus estate and smallholder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder" title="Nucleus estate and smallholder">Nucleus estate and smallholder</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_estate_and_smallholder" title="Nucleus estate and smallholder">Nucleus estate and smallholder (NES)</a> is a farming system for commodity crops, often <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a>, practised in different world regions. It is most famous today for its application in the <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> sector in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The nucleus is the part of such a plantation that is under concession and management of the company, while another part of the plantation is operated by smallholders typically on their own land but planted by the company. NES farming is a particular form of <a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">contract farming</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croft">Croft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Croft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft (land)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croft_(land)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg/260px-Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg/390px-Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg/520px-Shetland_crofthouse_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Museum" title="Shetland Museum">Shetland Crofthouse Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dunrossness" title="Dunrossness">Dunrossness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> stacked outside</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">croft</a> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish</a> term for a <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_fencing" title="Agricultural fencing">fenced</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosed</a> area of land, usually small and <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>, and usually, but not always, with a crofter's <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">dwelling</a> thereon. A crofter is one who has <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">tenure</a> and use of the land, typically as a <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmer</a>, especially in rural areas. </p> In Northern England, <i>crofter</i> was a term connected with tenant farming and rural employment. For example in the textiles industry; someone who bleached cloth prior to dyeing, laying it out in fields or 'crofts'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smallholder_Farms">Smallholder Farms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Smallholder Farms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smallholder farms, also known as small-scale farms, encompass a diverse array of agricultural operations, varying from those owning the land they cultivate to those who do not.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These farmers, often family-oriented, rely significantly on family labor to meet production needs, with women contributing a substantial portion of farm labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agricultural work on smallholder farms predominantly involves family members, with occasional hired labor, particularly during peak seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the productivity per hectare tends to increase with higher involvement of family members in farm activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to farm-related duties, women on smallholder farms often shoulder responsibilities such as collecting fuel and water and engaging in low-value, small-scale trading activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many smallholder farms supplement their income through off-farm work, crucial for sustaining livelihoods, particularly during agricultural downturns like droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engaging in off-farm employment also serves to build social capital and resilience within these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having multiple sources of income or employment opportunities off the farm contributes to the economic stability of smallholder farming households. These off-farm income-generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy, providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value, used to grow crops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some estimates, there are 525 million smallholder farmers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These farms vary in land sizes, production and labor intensities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions, as well as on economic and technological factors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems, as well as livelihoods, and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa. Various types of <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusinesses</a> enterprises work with smallholding farmers in a range of roles including buying crops, providing seed, and acting as financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In low-income countries, women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60–80 percent of food crops.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, there is five sizes classification for smallholders. These are 'marginal' less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 hectare (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> acres), 'small' between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 and 2 hectares (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> and 5 acres), 'semi medium' between 2 and 4 hectares (5 and 10 acres), 'medium' between 4 and 10 hectares (9.9 and 24.7 acres), 'large' above 10 hectares (25 acres). If we use 4 hectares (10 acres) (marginal + small + medium) as a threshold, 94.3% of holdings are small and these constitute 65.2% of all farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of India's hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people. 78% country's farmers own less than 2 hectares (5 acres), which constitutes 33% of total farmland but at the same time, they produce 41% of the country's food grains. 20% of the world's poor live in India, although the country was self-sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first Green Revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous households lacked resources to purchase food. Holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41% of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28% in 1971, which means a substantial increase, whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3% increase in the same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35%. This signifies the importance of smallholders in the Green Revolution and the attainment of national food security. Smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation. The needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security. India's total increase rate of productivity across the farming sector was far less in 1990's when compared to previous decades.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg/220px-Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg/330px-Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg/440px-Smallholder_Dairy_Farmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3265" /></a><figcaption>Kenyan smallholder dairy farmer</figcaption></figure> <p>Kenya's smallholder means someone who owns, possess or produces agricultural products in small-scale . smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0.47 hectares (1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> acres).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents the vast majority of Kenya's rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverse risk events during the period 1980–2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) of 2 percent or more.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential of improving food availability, increasing rural incomes, lowering poverty rates, and growing the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Alessandro,_Stephen_P-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity, and copping with marketing risks.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Age, education of household head, type of crops, cropping system, amount of credit, and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along the upper and middle reaches of the Nduruma River in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania, there is not enough water to go around. Smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules. Whilst larger estate farms may have governmental licences guaranteeing <i>rights</i> to the water, a study found that those large-scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation, which better ensures their access to water. Adhering to the water law in order to enforce their permits is less effective, as regional Tanzanian local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace. On a larger scale, however, existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the Nduruma River.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture in Thailand</a></div> <p>In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.7 to 3.2 hectares (<span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to 8 acres) over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been the case in the <a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a>, the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several definitions of <i>small farm</i> have been formulated in legislation. In 1977 the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Act_of_1977" title="Food and Agriculture Act of 1977">Food and Agriculture Act of 1977</a>, defined a small farm as one with sales under $20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time these comprised 70% of farms in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-ag1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by US <a href="/wiki/Land_grant_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grant university">land grant universities</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_extension_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative extension service">extension services</a> and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by the <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of Agriculture">US Secretary of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ag1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1997 study by the United States <a href="/wiki/Small_Farms_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Farms Commission">Small Farms Commission</a> defined small farms as those with less than $250,000 in gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production, or owns or leases the productive assets. In 2000, such farms accounted for about 90% of the more than 2.1 million U.S. farms, but only about 40% of U.S. farm production. </p><p>The concentration of production on fewer and larger operations is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community. Others view these changes as inevitable, and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Farm_typology" title="Farm typology">Farm typology</a> analysis by the USDA <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> divides the small family farm category into five groups: </p> <ol><li>limited-resource farms;</li> <li>retirement farms;</li> <li>residential/lifestyle farms;</li> <li>farming occupation/lower-sales,</li> <li>farming occupation/high-sales.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_for_small_farmers">Technology for small farmers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technology for small farmers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></div> <p>Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has encouraged groups such as <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Hack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farm Hack (page does not exist)">Farm Hack</a> to begin to make open-source agricultural machinery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The debate concerning the role of small farms within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is ongoing. The European Commission states that more than three-quarters of farm holdings in the European Union are less than 10 hectares, with a large number less than five hectares,.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it had not established a formal definition of the term that could be used in its <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. The public perception of the possible benefits of small-scale farming has led to requests for further studies from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kent_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kent-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment (gardening)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset-based_community_development" title="Asset-based community development">Asset-based community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_agriculture" title="Building-integrated agriculture">Building-integrated agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_farming" title="Underground farming">Underground farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGulden2019" class="citation web cs1">Gulden, Kathrine Torday (Mar 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nibio.no/en/news/international-womens-day-closing-the-gender-gap-among-smallholders">"International Women's Day: Closing the gender gap among smallholders"</a>. <i>Nibio EN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nibio+EN&rft.atitle=International+Women%27s+Day%3A+Closing+the+gender+gap+among+smallholders&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Gulden&rft.aufirst=Kathrine+Torday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibio.no%2Fen%2Fnews%2Finternational-womens-day-closing-the-gender-gap-among-smallholders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabuSanyal2009" class="citation book cs1">Babu, Suresh C.; Sanyal, Prabuddha (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Can%27t+Let+John+Deere+Destroy+the+Very+Idea+of+Ownership&rft.pub=WIRED&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fdmca-ownership-john-deere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/income-support/additional-optional-schemes/small-farmers-scheme_en">The Small Farmers Scheme</a>, accessed 11 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kent-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kent_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/economics/documents/research/ceas/2009/Contributed%20papers/093.pdf">"Small Farms in the EU: How Small is Small?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Small+Farms+in+the+EU%3A+How+Small+is+Small%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Kent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Feconomics%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch%2Fceas%2F2009%2FContributed%2520papers%2F093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasSchmidt2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Frieder; Schmidt, Götz (2006). <i>Förderung von Existenzgründungen in der Landwirtschaft: ein Projekt im Auftrag des BMELV (03HS016): Projektbericht</i>. Münster-Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7843-0513-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7843-0513-X"><bdi>3-7843-0513-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%B6rderung+von+Existenzgr%C3%BCndungen+in+der+Landwirtschaft%3A+ein+Projekt+im+Auftrag+des+BMELV+%2803HS016%29%3A+Projektbericht&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster-Hiltrup&rft.pub=Landwirtschaftsverlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-7843-0513-X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Frieder&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+G%C3%B6tz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper_Womach" class="citation cs1">Jasper Womach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf"><i>Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+for+Congress%3A+Agriculture%3A+A+Glossary+of+Terms%2C+Programs%2C+and+Laws%2C+2005+Edition&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.au=Jasper+Womach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncseonline.org%2Fnle%2Fcrsreports%2F05jun%2F97-905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Graham, Peter Anderson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allotments and Small Holdings"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allotments_and_Small_Holdings">"Allotments and Small Holdings" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 699–704.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allotments+and+Small+Holdings&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=699-704&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Peter+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmallholding" class="Z3988"></span> This provides an extensive historical and global view as of the early 20th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallholding&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smallholding" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:smallholding">smallholding</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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