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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Beeching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Beeching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-Beeching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Beeching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_Act_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_Act_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transport Act 1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_Act_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectorisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectorisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Sectorisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectorisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Branding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Network</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Network-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Network subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectorisation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectorisation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sectorisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectorisation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Finances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APTIS_ticket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APTIS_ticket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>APTIS ticket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APTIS_ticket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preserved_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserved_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Preserved lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserved_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Night_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Night trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marine services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marine_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marine services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marine_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sealink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sealink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sealink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hovercraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hovercraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Hovercraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hovercraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Rail_Engineering_Limited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>British Rail Engineering Limited</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British Rail Engineering Limited subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mark_2_carriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_2_carriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Mark 2 carriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_2_carriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_Passenger_Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Passenger_Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Advanced Passenger Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Passenger_Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-InterCity_125" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#InterCity_125"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>InterCity 125</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-InterCity_125-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sprinters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprinters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Sprinters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprinters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Privatisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Successor companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Parodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions,_brands_and_liveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions,_brands_and_liveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Divisions, brands and liveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions,_brands_and_liveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_numbering_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_numbering_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Classification and numbering schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_numbering_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Rolling stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Rail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بریتیش ریل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بریتیش ریل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بریتیش ریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریتیش ریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC_%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="브리튼 철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리튼 철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways" title="British Railways – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="British Railways" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways" title="British Railways – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="British Railways" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%9B%BD%E9%89%84" title="イギリス国鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス国鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="British Rail" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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style="display:none">British state-owned rail transport operator (1948–1997)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the nationalised railway service from 1948 to 1997. For current rail transport in Great Britain, see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">Rail transport in Great Britain</a>. For a historic overview, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain">History of rail transport in Great Britain</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"British Railways" redirects here. For the planned public body that will manage railway infrastructure from 2024, see <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British Railways<br />British Rail</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg/220px-British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg/330px-British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg/440px-British_Rail_-_full_colour_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade name</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">division</a> 1948–1963, <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporation</a> 1963–1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Railway_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway transport">Railway transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">manufacturing of rolling stock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London, Midland & Scottish Railway">London, Midland & Scottish Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_%26_North_Eastern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & North Eastern Railway">London & North Eastern Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (England)">Southern Railway</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948-01-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1997-11-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatised</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a></li><li><a href="#Successor_companies">Train operating franchises</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">EWS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Morton" title="Alastair Morton">Alastair Morton</a><br /><small>(Final Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1948–1962:</li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a></li><li>1962–1997:</li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>From 1948:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Eastern Region of British Railways">Eastern Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways" title="London Midland Region of British Railways">London Midland Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="North Eastern Region of British Railways">North Eastern Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">Western Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division" title="British Rail Research Division">British Rail Research Division</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collection_%26_Delivery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collection & Delivery (page does not exist)">Collection & Delivery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motorail_(British_Rail)" title="Motorail (British Rail)">Motorail</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_Star_Parcels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night Star Parcels (page does not exist)">Night Star Parcels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Speedlink" title="Speedlink">Speedlink</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_Express_Parcels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rail Express Parcels (page does not exist)">Rail Express Parcels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Parcels" title="Red Star Parcels">Red Star Parcels</a></li><li>From 1982:</li><li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight" title="Railfreight">Railfreight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trainload_Freight" title="Trainload Freight">Trainload Freight</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Ltd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels" title="British Transport Hotels">British Transport Hotels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar_International_Limited" title="Eurostar International Limited">European Passenger Services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seaspeed" title="Seaspeed">Seaspeed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Travellers_Fare" title="Travellers Fare">Travellers Fare</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British Railways</b> (<b>BR</b>), which from 1965 traded as <b>British Rail</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_company" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned company">state-owned company</a> that operated most <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">rail transport in Great Britain</a> from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a>, it became an independent <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporation</a> in January 1963, when it was formally renamed the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Railways was formed on 1 January 1948 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1947" title="Transport Act 1947">Transport Act 1947</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalised</a> the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(British_railway_companies)" title="Big Four (British railway companies)">Big Four British railway companies</a> along with some other (but not all) smaller railways. Profitability of the railways became a pressing concern during the 1950s, leading to multiple efforts to bolster performance, including some line closures. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994#The_Modernisation_Plan" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">1955 Modernisation Plan</a> formally directed a process of <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">dieselisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">electrification</a> to take place; accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> had been entirely replaced by diesel and electric traction (except for the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Rheidol_Railway" title="Vale of Rheidol Railway">Vale of Rheidol Railway</a> tourist line) by 1968. On 1 January 1963, the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a> was created to manage the railways as a successor to the British Transport Commission. </p><p>It was during the 1960s that perhaps the most substantial changes were made. Seeking to reduce <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">rail subsidies</a>, one-third of the network and over half of all stations were permanently closed under the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>. Trunk routes were considered to be the most important, and so electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> from London to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> was completed between 1976 and 1986 and on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> from London to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh</a> between 1985 and 1990. Train manufacturer <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> (BREL) produced the capable <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(British_Rail)" title="Sprinter (British Rail)">Sprinter</a> sets, the introduction of which improved intercity and regional railways, respectively, as well as the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">Advanced Passenger Train</a> (APT). Gradually, <a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">passengers</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">freight</a> as the main source of business. From 1982, under <a href="/wiki/Sectorisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectorisation">sectorisation</a>, the regions were gradually replaced by "business sectors", which were originally responsible for marketing and other commercial matters when they were first created but had taken over entirely by 1990. </p><p>During the 1980s and 1990s, the British Government directed the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation of British Rail</a>. Following completion of the privatisation process in 1997, responsibility for track, signalling and stations was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a> (later brought under public control as <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>) while services were run by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_company" title="Train operating company">train operating companies</a>. At the end of the process, any remaining obligations of British Rail were transferred to <a href="/wiki/BRB_(Residuary)_Limited" title="BRB (Residuary) Limited">BRB (Residuary) Limited</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Double_Arrow" title="British Rail Double Arrow">British Rail Double Arrow</a> logo remains in place, now owned by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a>, and is now employed as a generic symbol on street signs in Great Britain denoting railway stations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Railways_filmstrip_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg/220px-British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg/330px-British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg/440px-British_Railways_filmstrip_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>British Rail filmstrip showing how the railways were unified under BR</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalisation_in_1948">Nationalisation in 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nationalisation in 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Nationalisation_in_1948"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg/220px-70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg/330px-70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg/440px-70013_Oliver_Cromwell_Carlisle_Kingmoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_7_70013_Oliver_Cromwell" title="BR Standard Class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell">BR steam locomotive 70013 <i>Oliver Cromwell</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rail transport system in Great Britain developed during the 19th century. After the grouping of 1923 under the <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1921" title="Railways Act 1921">Railways Act 1921</a>, there were four large railway companies, each dominating its own geographic area: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR), the <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a> (LMS), the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">London and North Eastern Railway</a> (LNER) and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (England)">Southern Railway</a> (SR). During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the railways were under state control, which continued until 1921. Complete <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> had been considered, and the <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1921" title="Railways Act 1921">Railways Act 1921</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, but the concept was rejected. Nationalisation was subsequently carried out after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1947" title="Transport Act 1947">Transport Act 1947</a>. This Act made provision for the nationalisation of the network as part of a policy of nationalising public services by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Government. British Railways came into existence as the <a href="/wiki/Business_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Business name">business name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Executive">Railway Executive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a> (BTC) on 1 January 1948 when it took over the assets of the Big Four.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also <a href="/wiki/Joint_railway" title="Joint railway">joint railways</a> between the Big Four and a few light railways to consider (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_constituents_of_British_Railways" title="List of constituents of British Railways">list of constituents of British Railways</a>). Excluded from nationalisation were industrial lines like the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Ironstone_Railway" title="Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway">Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> also became publicly owned, becoming the <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Executive" title="London Transport Executive">London Transport Executive</a> of the British Transport Commission. The <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Military_Railway" title="Bicester Military Railway">Bicester Military Railway</a> was already run by the government. The electric <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway">Liverpool Overhead Railway</a> was also excluded from <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Railway Executive was conscious that some lines on the (then very dense) network were unprofitable and hard to justify socially, and a programme of closures began almost immediately after nationalisation. However, the general financial position of BR became gradually poorer until an operating loss was recorded in 1955. The Executive itself had been abolished in 1953 by the Conservative government, and control of BR transferred to the parent Commission. Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the same time included the return of road haulage to the private sector; however, BR retained its own (smaller) in-house road haulage service. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955_Modernisation_Plan">1955 Modernisation Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1955 Modernisation Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994#The_Modernisation_Plan" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994 § The Modernisation Plan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Pullman_(8226781197).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg/220px-Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg/330px-Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg/440px-Bristol_Pullman_%288226781197%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Pullmans" title="Blue Pullmans">Blue Pullman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bath_Road_TMD" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Bath Road TMD">Bristol Bath Road TMD</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The report, latterly known as the "Modernisation Plan",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in January 1955. It was intended to bring the railway system into the 20th century. A government <a href="/wiki/White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> produced in 1956 stated that modernisation would help eliminate BR's financial deficit by 1962, but the figures in both this and the original plan were produced for political reasons and not based on detailed analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-last_trains_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last_trains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was to increase speed, reliability, safety, and line capacity through a series of measures that would make services more attractive to passengers and freight operators, thus recovering traffic lost to the roads. Important areas included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Electrification</a> of principal main lines, in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Eastern Region of British Railways">Eastern Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, Birmingham to Liverpool/Manchester and Central <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li>Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation" title="Dieselisation">dieselisation</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotives_of_British_Railways" title="Steam locomotives of British Railways">steam locomotives</a></li> <li>New passenger and freight <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Resignalling</a> and track renewals</li> <li>Modern <a href="/wiki/Marshalling_yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshalling yard">marshalling yards</a></li> <li>The closure of an unspecified but relatively small number of lines</li></ul> <p>The government appeared to endorse the 1955 programme (costing £1.2 billion), but did so largely for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-last_trains_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last_trains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the withdrawal of steam traction and its replacement by diesel (and some electric) locomotives. Not all modernisations would be effective at reducing costs. The dieselisation programme gave contracts primarily to British suppliers, who had limited experience of diesel locomotive manufacture, and rushed commissioning based on an expectation of rapid electrification; this resulted in numbers of locomotives with poor designs and a lack of standardisation.<sup id="cite_ref-b4873_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4873-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerised</a> freight was being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-b4873_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4873-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marshalling yard building programme was a failure, being based on a belief in the continued viability of <a href="/wiki/Wagon-load" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon-load">wagon-load</a> traffic in the face of increasingly effective road competition, and lacking effective forward planning or realistic assessments of future freight.<sup id="cite_ref-b4873_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4873-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 documentary broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> blamed the 1950s decisions for the "beleaguered" condition of the railway system at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Beeching_reports">The Beeching reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Beeching reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beeching2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Beeching2.svg/170px-Beeching2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Beeching2.svg/255px-Beeching2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Beeching2.svg/340px-Beeching2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Network for development proposed in 1965 report <i>"The Development of the Major Trunk Routes"</i> (bold lines) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:black solid 2px;"> </span> To be kept</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:yellow solid 2px;"> </span> To be closed</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a></div> <p>During the late 1950s, railway finances continued to worsen; whilst passenger numbers grew after restoring many services reduced during the war, and in 1959 the government stepped in, limiting the amount the BTC could spend without ministerial authority. A White Paper proposing reorganisation was published in the following year, and a new structure was brought into effect by the Transport Act 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This abolished the commission and replaced it by several separate boards. These included a British Railways Board, which took over on 1 January 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg/220px-British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg/330px-British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg/440px-British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scammell_Scarab" title="Scammell Scarab">Scammell Scarab</a> truck in British Railways livery, London, 1962. British Railways was involved in numerous related businesses, including road haulage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following semi-secret discussions on railway finances by the government-appointed Stedeford Committee in 1961, one of its members, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beeching" title="Richard Beeching">Dr Richard Beeching</a>, was offered the post of chairing the BTC while it lasted and then became the first Chairman of the British Railways Board.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major traffic census in April 1961, which lasted one week, was used in the compilation of a report on the future of the network. This report – <i>The Reshaping of British Railways</i> – was published by the BRB in March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposals, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>, were dramatic. A third of all passenger services and more than 4,000 of the 7,000 stations would close. Beeching, who is thought to have been the author of most of the report, set out some dire figures. One third of the network was carrying just 1% of the traffic. Of the 18,000 passenger coaches, 6,000 were said to be used only 18 times a year or less. Although maintaining them cost between £3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million and £4<span class="nowrap"> </span>million a year, they earned only about £0.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the closures were carried out between 1963 and 1970 (including some which were not listed in the report), while other suggested closures were not carried out. The closures were heavily criticised at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of stations and lines closed under the Beeching programme have been reopened, with further reopenings proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second Beeching report, "The Development of the Major Trunk Routes", followed in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not recommend closures as such but outlined a "network for development"; the fate of the rest of the network was not discussed in the report. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Beeching">Post-Beeching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Beeching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basis for calculating passenger fares changed in 1964. In future, fares on some routes—such as rural, holiday and commuter services—would be set at a higher level than on other routes; previously, fares had been calculated using a simple rate for the distance travelled, which at the time was 3<a href="/wiki/Penny#Name" title="Penny">d</a> per mile second class, and 4½d per mile first class<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to £0.32 and £0.48 respectively, in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In 1966, a "<a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Whites only</a>" recruitment policy for guards at <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a> agreed between the local union branch and station management<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dropped after the case of <a href="/wiki/Asquith_Xavier" title="Asquith Xavier">Asquith Xavier</a>, a migrant from <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, who had been refused promotion on those grounds, was raised in Parliament and taken up by the then Secretary of State for Transport, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-54272188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-54272188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passenger levels decreased steadily from 1962 to the late 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached a low in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Network improvements included completing electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> from London to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> between 1976 and 1986 and the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> from London to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh</a> between 1985 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raileng_elect18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raileng_elect18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mainline route closure during this period of relative network stability was the <span class="nowrap">1,500 V DC</span>-electrified <a href="/wiki/Woodhead_line" title="Woodhead line">Woodhead line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Victoria_railway_station" title="Sheffield Victoria railway station">Sheffield</a>: passenger service ceased in 1970 and goods in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further British Rail report from a committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/David_Serpell" title="David Serpell">Sir David Serpell</a> was published in 1983. The <a href="/wiki/Serpell_Report" title="Serpell Report">Serpell Report</a> made no recommendations as such but did set out various options for the network, including, at their most extreme, a skeletal system of less than 2,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>route<span class="nowrap"> </span>km (1,240<span class="nowrap"> </span>miles). The report was received with hostility within several circles, which included figures within the government, as well as amongst the public.<sup id="cite_ref-GH_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction was so strong that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, Prime Minister at that time, stated that decisions on the report would not immediately be taken. The Serpell report was quietly shelved, although the British Government was periodically accused by its opponents of implementing the report via stealth for some years thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-GH20Jan1983p11_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH20Jan1983p11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s and 1990s saw the closure of some railways which had survived the Beeching cuts a generation earlier but which had seen passenger services withdrawn. This included the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Chester_and_Connah%27s_Quay_Railway" title="Chester and Connah's Quay Railway">Chester and Connah's Quay Railway</a> in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Brierley_Hill_railway_station" title="Brierley Hill railway station">Brierley Hill</a> to <a href="/wiki/Walsall_railway_station" title="Walsall railway station">Walsall</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_line" title="South Staffordshire line">South Staffordshire line</a> in 1993, while the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Birmingham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Low_Level_railway_station" title="Wolverhampton Low Level railway station">Wolverhampton</a> section of the Great Western Railway was closed in three phases between 1972 and 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_Act_1968">Transport Act 1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transport Act 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1968" title="Transport Act 1968">Transport Act 1968</a></div> <p>Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour</a> in 1964, on a platform of revising many of the cuts, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Fraser" title="Tom Fraser">Tom Fraser</a> instead authorised the closure 1,071 mi of railway lines, following the recommendations from the <i><a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching Report</a></i> even lines not considered closing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he resigned in 1967, his replacement <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a> continued the line and station closures but introduced the first Government rail subsidies for socially necessary but unprofitable railways in the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1968" title="Transport Act 1968">Transport Act 1968</a>. Part of these provisions was the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport_executive" title="Passenger transport executive">passenger transport executive</a> or PTE within larger metropolitan areas. Prior to this, public transport was run by individual local authorities and private companies, with little co-ordination. The PTEs took over the responsibility (but not ownership) of managing local rail networks. </p><p>The 1968 Act created five new bodies. These were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Passenger_Transport_Executive" title="West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive">West Midlands PTE</a> on 1 October 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Passenger_Transport_Executive" title="Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive">SELNEC PTE</a> (South East Lancashire & North East Cheshire) on 1 November 1969 (now <i>Greater Manchester</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseytravel" title="Merseytravel">Merseyside PTE</a> on 1 December 1969 (now Liverpool City Region)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyneside_Passenger_Transport_Executive" title="Tyneside Passenger Transport Executive">Tyneside PTE</a> on 1 January 1970 (now <i>Tyne and Wear</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Partnership_for_Transport" title="Strathclyde Partnership for Transport">Greater Glasgow PTE</a> on 1 June 1973 (now <i>Strathclyde</i>)</li></ul> <p>This was the first real subdivision of BR since its inception in 1949, and likely saved many lines earmarked for closure,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> notably the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_Crosby_and_Southport_Railway" title="Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway">Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Northern_line_(Merseyrail)" title="Northern line (Merseyrail)">now</a> forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Merseyrail" title="Merseyrail">Merseyrail</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectorisation">Sectorisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sectorisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/330px-Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/440px-Charing_Cross_station_geograph-3300926-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_465" title="British Rail Class 465">Class 465</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon sectorisation in 1982, three passenger sectors were created: <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a>, operating principal express services; London & South East (renamed <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> in 1986) operating commuter services in the London area; Provincial (renamed <a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a> in 1989) responsible for all other passenger services.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan counties</a> local services were managed by the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Transport_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger Transport Executive">Passenger Transport Executives</a>. Provincial was the most subsidised (per passenger km) of the three sectors; upon formation, its costs were four times its <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s British Rail ran the <a href="/wiki/Rail_Riders" title="Rail Riders">Rail Riders</a> membership club aimed at 5- to 15-year-olds. </p><p>Because British Railways was such a large operation, running not just railways but also ferries, steamships and hotels, it has been considered difficult to analyse the effects of nationalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prices rose quickly in this period, rising 108% in real terms from 1979 to 1994, as prices rose by 262% but RPI only increased by 154% in the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branding">Branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_corporate_liveries" title="British Rail corporate liveries">British Rail corporate liveries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1960s">Pre-1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following nationalisation in 1948, British Railways began to adapt the corporate liveries on the rolling stock it had inherited from its predecessor railway companies. Initially, an express blue (followed by <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">GWR</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick green">Brunswick green</a> in 1952) was used on passenger locomotives, and <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">LNWR</a>-style lined black for mixed-traffic locomotives, but later green was more widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of a corporate identity for the organisation was hampered by the competing ambitions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Executive">Railway Executive</a>. The Executive attempted to introduce a modern <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>-style curved logo, which could also serve as the standard for station signage totems. BR eventually adopted the common branding of the BTC as its first corporate logo, a <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lion</a> astride a spoked wheel, designed for the BTC by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Thomas_(sculptor)" title="Cecil Thomas (sculptor)">Cecil Thomas</a>; on the bar overlaid across the wheel, the BTC's name was replaced with the words "British Railways". This logo, nicknamed the "Cycling Lion", was applied from 1948 to 1956 to the sides of locomotives, while the ‘hot dog’ design was adopted for smaller station name signs, known officially as ‘lamp tablets’ and coloured for the appropriate BR region, using <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a> lettering first adopted by the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">LNER</a> from 1929. </p><p>In 1956, the BTC was granted a <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">heraldic achievement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lyon">Lord Lyon</a>, and then BTC chairman <a href="/wiki/Brian_Robertson,_1st_Baron_Robertson_of_Oakridge" title="Brian Robertson, 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge">Brian Robertson</a> wanted a grander logo for the railways. BR's second corporate logo (1956–1965), designed in consultation with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklyn" title="Charles Franklyn">Charles Franklyn</a> and inspired by the much more detailed BTC crest, depicted a rampant lion emerging from a <a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">heraldic crown</a> and holding a spoked wheel, all enclosed in a roundel with the "British Railways" name displayed across a bar on either side. This emblem soon acquired the nickname of the "Ferret and Dartboard". A variant of the logo with the name in a circle was also used on locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first lion emblem"><img alt="The first lion emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg/181px-Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg/271px-Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg/362px-Lion_on_Wheel_emblem_on_the_side_of_M79990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first lion emblem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_(5632693721).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The later lion emblem on BR locomotives"><img alt="The later lion emblem on BR locomotives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg/272px-Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg/408px-Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg/544px-Train_Stations_and_Trains_National_Rail_Museum_%285632693721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The later lion emblem on BR locomotives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 374px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 372px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liverpool Central station sign using the 'hot dog' totem, properly called a lamp tablet"><img alt="Liverpool Central station sign using the 'hot dog' totem, properly called a lamp tablet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg/558px-British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg" decoding="async" width="372" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg/837px-British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/British_Railways_London_Midland_Region_station_totem_for_Liverpool_Central_Low_Level.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Central_railway_station" title="Liverpool Central railway station">Liverpool Central station</a> sign using the 'hot dog' totem, properly called a lamp tablet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/220px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/330px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/440px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Double_Arrow" title="British Rail Double Arrow">British Rail Double Arrow</a> designed by Gerald Barney (1965)</figcaption></figure> <p>The zeal for modernisation in the Beeching era drove the next rebranding exercise, and BR management wished to divest the organisation of anachronistic, heraldic motifs and develop a corporate identity to rival that of <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Board" title="London Transport Board">London Transport</a>. BR's design panel set up a working party led by <a href="/wiki/Milner_Gray_(designer)" title="Milner Gray (designer)">Milner Gray</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Unit" title="Design Research Unit">Design Research Unit</a>. They drew up <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Corporate_Identity_Manual" title="British Rail Corporate Identity Manual">a Corporate Identity Manual</a> which established a coherent brand and design standard for the whole organisation, specifying <a href="/wiki/Rail_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Blue">Rail Blue</a> and pearl grey as the standard colour scheme for all rolling stock; <a href="/wiki/Rail_Alphabet" title="Rail Alphabet">Rail Alphabet</a> as the standard corporate typeface, designed by <a href="/wiki/Jock_Kinneir" title="Jock Kinneir">Jock Kinneir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Calvert" title="Margaret Calvert">Margaret Calvert</a>; and introducing the now-iconic corporate Identity Symbol of the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Double_Arrow" title="British Rail Double Arrow">Double Arrow</a> logo. Designed by Gerald Barney (also of the DRU), this arrow device was formed of two interlocked arrows across two parallel lines, symbolising a double-track railway. It was likened to a bolt of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, and also acquired a nickname: "the arrow of indecision".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mirror image of the double arrow was used on the <a href="/wiki/Port_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Port side">port side</a> of BR-owned <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a> ferry funnels. The new BR corporate identity and double arrow were displayed at the Design Centre in London in early 1965, and the brand name of the organisation was shortened to "British Rail".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now employed as a generic symbol on street signs in Great Britain denoting railway stations,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still printed on railway tickets as part of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_Delivery_Group" title="Rail Delivery Group">Rail Delivery Group</a>'s jointly managed <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a> brand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1960s">Post-1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livree_BR.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Livree_BR.GIF/220px-Livree_BR.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Livree_BR.GIF/330px-Livree_BR.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Livree_BR.GIF/440px-Livree_BR.GIF 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Corporate liveries, 1923–1994</figcaption></figure> <p>The uniformity of BR branding continued until the process of <a href="/wiki/Sectorisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectorisation">sectorisation</a> was introduced in the 1980s. Certain BR operations such as <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">Inter-City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a> began to adopt their own identities, introducing logos and colour schemes which were essentially variants of the British Rail brand. Eventually, as sectorisation developed into a prelude to privatisation, the unified British Rail brand disappeared, with the notable exception of the Double Arrow symbol, which has survived to this day and serves as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic trademark</a> to denote railway services across Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BR Corporate Identity Manual is noted as a piece of British <a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">design history</a> and there are plans for it to be re-published.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network">Network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its creation in 1948, British Railways was divided into regions which were initially based on the areas the former <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(British_railway_companies)" title="Big Four (British railway companies)">Big Four</a> operated in; later, several lines were transferred between regions. Notably, these included the former <a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Railway" title="Great Central Railway">Great Central</a> lines from the Eastern Region to the London Midland Region, and the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England_Main_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West of England Main Line">West of England Main Line</a> from the Southern Region to Western Region </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern Region</a>: former Southern Railway lines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">Western Region</a>: former Great Western Railway lines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways" title="London Midland Region of British Railways">London Midland Region</a>: former London, Midland and Scottish Railway lines in England and Wales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Eastern Region of British Railways">Eastern Region</a>: former London and North Eastern Railway lines south of York.</li> <li>Anglia Region: split from Eastern Region in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="North Eastern Region of British Railways">North Eastern Region</a>: former London and North Eastern Railway lines in England north of York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish Region</a>: all lines, regardless of the original company, in Scotland.</li></ul> <p>The North Eastern Region was merged with the Eastern Region in 1967. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectorisation_2">Sectorisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sectorisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BR_InterCity_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BR_InterCity_Logo.svg/220px-BR_InterCity_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BR_InterCity_Logo.svg/330px-BR_InterCity_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BR_InterCity_Logo.svg/440px-BR_InterCity_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>InterCity swallow Logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_railways_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Regional_railways_logo.svg/220px-Regional_railways_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Regional_railways_logo.svg/330px-Regional_railways_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Regional_railways_logo.svg/440px-Regional_railways_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="90" /></a><figcaption>Regional railways logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, the regions were abolished as the service provider (but retained for administration) and replaced by "business sectors", a process known as <a href="/wiki/Sectorisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectorisation">sectorisation</a>. </p><p>The passenger sectors were (by the early 1990s): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a> (express services). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_Sleeper_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity Sleeper (British Rail)">InterCity Sleeper</a> (Night train services)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Express" title="Gatwick Express">Gatwick Express</a> (express service to/from <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> (London commuter services). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stansted_Express" title="Stansted Express">Stansted Express</a> (express service to/from <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a> (regional services). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaline" title="Alphaline">Alphaline</a> (enhanced regional express passenger services) (Added in 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">ScotRail</a> (regional and sub-intercity services in Scotland).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_TransPennine_Express" title="First TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> (sub-intercity services in the North).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition, the non-passenger sectors were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight" title="Railfreight">Railfreight</a> responsible for all freight operations, later subdivided into train operations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainload_Freight" title="Trainload Freight">Trainload Freight</a> took trainload freight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a> took non-trainload freight. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speedlink" title="Speedlink">Speedlink</a> a wagonload freight service utilising air-braked wagons.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a> took <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal</a> traffic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a> took parcels traffic.</li></ul> <p>The maintenance and remaining engineering works were split off into a new company, <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail_Maintenance_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Rail Maintenance Limited (page does not exist)">British Rail Maintenance Limited</a>. The new sectors were further subdivided into divisions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg/220px-Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg/330px-Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg/440px-Maesteg_Castle_Street_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3905158.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>Crowds on a railtour at <a href="/wiki/Maesteg_Castle_Street_railway_station" title="Maesteg Castle Street railway station">Maesteg Castle Street station</a> since reopened by BR as the <a href="/wiki/Maesteg_Line" title="Maesteg Line">Maesteg Line</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This ended the BR blue period as new liveries were adopted gradually. Infrastructure remained the responsibility of the regions until the "Organisation for Quality" initiative in 1991 when this too was transferred to the sectors. The Anglia Region was created in late 1987, its first General Manager being John Edmonds, who began his appointment on 19 October 1987. Full separation from the Eastern Region – apart from engineering design needs – occurred on 29 April 1988. It handled the services from <a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street</a>, its western boundary being <a href="/wiki/Hertford_East_railway_station" title="Hertford East railway station">Hertford East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meldreth_railway_station" title="Meldreth railway station">Meldreth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whittlesea_railway_station" title="Whittlesea railway station">Whittlesea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former BR network, with the trunk routes of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a>, and other lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a></div> <p>Policing on (and within) the network was carried out British Transport Police (BTP). In 1947 the Transport Act created the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a> (BTC), which unified the railway system. On 1 January 1949, the <b>British Transport Commission Police</b> (BTCP) were created, formed from the four old railway police forces, the <a href="/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board" title="London Passenger Transport Board">London Transport</a> Police, canal police and several minor dock forces. In 1957 the Maxwell-Johnson enquiry found that policing requirements for the railway could not be met by civil forces and that it was essential that a specialist police force be retained. On 1 January 1962, the British Transport Commission Police ceased to cover <a href="/wiki/British_Waterways" title="British Waterways">British Waterways</a> property<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exactly a year later when the BTC was abolished the name of the force was amended to the British Transport Police. This name and its role within policing on the rail network was continued post-1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its nationalisation in 1947 "as one of the 'commanding heights' of the economy",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to some sources British Rail was not profitable for most (if not all)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers reported that as recently as the 1990s, public <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail subsidy">rail subsidy</a> was counted as profit;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 1961, British Railways were losing £300,000 a day.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the company was considered the sole public-transport option in many rural areas, the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a> made buses the only public transport available in some rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite increases in traffic congestion and road fuel prices beginning to rise in the 1990s, British Rail remained unprofitable. Following sectorisation, InterCity became profitable. InterCity became one of Britain's top 150 companies, providing city centre to city centre travel across the nation from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness_railway_station" title="Inverness railway station">Inverness</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Poole_railway_station" title="Poole railway station">Poole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penzance_railway_station" title="Penzance railway station">Penzance</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment"><span class="anchor" id="British_Rail_Investment"></span>Investment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, the incoming <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Government_1979-1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Government 1979-1983">Conservative Government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was viewed as anti-railway, and did not want to commit public money to the railways. However, British Rail was allowed to spend its own money with government approval. This led to a number of electrification projects being given the go-ahead, including the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>, the spur from <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station" title="Doncaster railway station">Doncaster</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds</a>, and the lines in East Anglia out of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">London Liverpool Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_railway_station" title="King's Lynn railway station">King's Lynn</a>. The list with approximate completion dates includes:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bedford_railway_station" title="Bedford railway station">Bedford</a> 1981–83</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ferry_railway_station" title="Rock Ferry railway station">Rock Ferry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hooton_railway_station" title="Hooton railway station">Hooton</a> 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchin_railway_station" title="Hitchin railway station">Hitchin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds</a> 1985–88</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_railway_station" title="Colchester railway station">Colchester</a> – <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_Stortford_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops Stortford railway station">Bishops Stortford</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station" title="Cambridge railway station">Cambridge</a> 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a> – <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey_railway_station" title="St Albans Abbey railway station">St Albans Abbey</a> 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston_railway_station" title="Royston railway station">Royston</a> – Cambridge 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Tunnel_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Hill Tunnel (London)">Snow Hill Tunnel</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Thameslink" title="Thameslink">Thameslink</a> project 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station" title="Doncaster railway station">Doncaster</a> – <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York</a> 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrie_railway_station" title="Airdrie railway station">Airdrie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drumgelloch_railway_station_(1989)" title="Drumgelloch railway station (1989)">Drumgelloch</a> 1989</li> <li>York – <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a> (and the spur to <a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_railway_station" title="North Berwick railway station">North Berwick</a>) 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_railway_station" title="Carstairs railway station">Carstairs</a> – Edinburgh Waverley 1991</li> <li>Cambridge – <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_railway_station" title="King's Lynn railway station">King's Lynn</a> 1992</li> <li>Hooton – <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_railway_station" title="Ellesmere Port railway station">Ellesmere Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester</a> 1993–94</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_4_railway_station" title="Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station">Heathrow Airport</a> 1993–98</li> <li>Leeds and <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Forster_Square_railway_station" title="Bradford Forster Square railway station">Bradford Forster Square</a> – <a href="/wiki/Skipton_railway_station" title="Skipton railway station">Skipton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_railway_station" title="Ilkley railway station">Ilkley</a> 1994</li></ul> <p>In the Southwest, the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Main_Line" title="South West Main Line">South West Main Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_railway_station" title="Bournemouth railway station">Bournemouth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_railway_station" title="Weymouth railway station">Weymouth</a> was electrified along with other infill <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/750_V_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="750 V DC">750 V DC</a></span> third rail electrification in the south. In 1988, the line to <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a> was reopened. A British Rail advertisement ("Britain's Railway", directed by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hudson" title="Hugh Hudson">Hugh Hudson</a>) featured some of the best-known railway structures in Britain, including the <a href="/wiki/Forth_Rail_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Forth Rail Bridge">Forth Rail Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenfinnan_Viaduct" title="Glenfinnan Viaduct">Glenfinnan Viaduct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">London Liverpool Street</a> station was rebuilt, opened by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, and a new station was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport_railway_station" title="Stansted Airport railway station">Stansted Airport</a> in 1991. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Maesteg_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesteg line">Maesteg line</a> was reopened. In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Link_Line,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Link Line, Manchester">Windsor Link Line, Manchester</a> was constructed and has proven to be an important piece of infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APTIS_ticket"><span class="anchor" id="APTIS_ticket"></span>APTIS ticket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: APTIS ticket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annotated_APTIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Annotated_APTIS.jpg/220px-Annotated_APTIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Annotated_APTIS.jpg/330px-Annotated_APTIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Annotated_APTIS.jpg/440px-Annotated_APTIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>A 1996 APTIS ticket for travel from Leamington Spa to Bradford-on-Avon</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/APTIS" title="APTIS">APTIS</a> (Accountancy and Passenger Ticket Issuing System), British Rail used the <a href="/wiki/Edmondson_railway_ticket" title="Edmondson railway ticket">Edmondson railway ticket</a>, first introduced in the 1840s and phased out in the early 1970s. Tickets issued from British Rail's APTIS system had a considerable amount of information presented in a consistent, standard format. The design for all tickets was created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Goodall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Goodall (page does not exist)">Colin Goodall</a>. This format has formed the basis for all subsequent ticket issuing systems introduced on the railway network – ticket-office-based, self-service and conductor-operated machines alike. APTIS survived in widespread use for twenty years but, in the early 2000s, was largely replaced by more modern <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC-based</a> ticketing systems. Some APTIS machines in the <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Greater London area</a> were modified as APTIS-ANT (with no obvious difference to the ticket issued) to make them <a href="/wiki/Oyster_card" title="Oyster card">Oyster card</a> compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last APTIS machines were removed at the end of 2006 as there was no option to upgrade them to accept <a href="/wiki/EMV" title="EMV">Chip and PIN</a> credit card payments. The last APTIS-ANT ticket to be issued in the UK using one of the machines was at <a href="/wiki/Upminster_station" title="Upminster station">Upminster station</a> on 21 March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Rail563_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rail563-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the rail network was privatised, British Rail <a href="/wiki/Concessionary_fares_on_the_British_railway_network" title="Concessionary fares on the British railway network">introduced several discount cards</a> through the APTIS that were available to certain demographics, issued either by National or Regional schemes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16%E2%80%9325_Railcard" title="16–25 Railcard">16–25 Railcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Railcard" title="Network Railcard">The Network Railcard</a>, introduced in 1986 by British Rail upon the creation of their <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> sector in parts of Southern England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Disabled Persons Railcard</a>, introduced in 1981 to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Disabled_Persons" title="International Year of Disabled Persons">International Year of Disabled Persons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Railcard" title="Senior Railcard">Senior Railcard</a>, introduced in 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_on_British_Rail" title="List of accidents on British Rail">List of accidents on British Rail</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preserved_lines">Preserved lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Preserved lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The narrow-gauge <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Rheidol_Railway" title="Vale of Rheidol Railway">Vale of Rheidol Railway</a> in Ceredigion, Wales, became part of British Railways at nationalisation. Although built as a working railway, in 1948 the line was principally a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>. British Rail operated the line using steam locomotives long after the withdrawal of standard-gauge steam. The line's three steam locomotives were the only ones to receive <a href="/wiki/TOPS" title="TOPS">TOPS</a> serial numbers and be painted in BR Rail Blue livery with the double arrow logo. The Vale of Rheidol Railway was privatised in 1989 and continues to operate as a private heritage railway.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other preserved lines, or <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage railways">heritage railways</a>, have reopened lines previously closed by British Rail. These range from picturesque rural branch lines like the <a href="/wiki/Keighley_and_Worth_Valley_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Keighley and Worth Valley Railway">Keighley and Worth Valley Railway</a> to sections of mainline such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Railway" title="Great Central Railway">Great Central Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have links to the National Rail network, both at station interchanges, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Valley_Railway" title="Severn Valley Railway">Severn Valley Railway</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kidderminster_railway_station" title="Kidderminster railway station">Kidderminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidderminster_Town_railway_station" title="Kidderminster Town railway station">Kidderminster Town</a>, and physical rail connections like the <a href="/wiki/Watercress_Line" title="Watercress Line">Watercress Line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alton_railway_station" title="Alton railway station">Alton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MHRGuide_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHRGuide-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most are operated solely as leisure amenities, some also provide educational resources, and a few have ambitions to restore commercial services over routes abandoned by the nationalised industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Night_trains">Night trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Night trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/InterCity_Sleeper_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity Sleeper (British Rail)">InterCity Sleeper (British Rail)</a></div> <p>When the railways came into public ownership in 1948, British Railways inherited a number of night train services from the Big Four.<sup id="cite_ref-railmagazine_com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railmagazine_com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleeping car services were operated on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East</a> coast routes and <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">GWR</a> mainlines to several destinations. Routes included <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Woodside_railway_station" title="Birkenhead Woodside railway station">Birkenhead Woodside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/London_Euston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Euston railway station">London Euston</a> and the Night Ferry sleeper from <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Victoria railway station">London Victoria</a> to Brussels and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation</a> saw the services broken up in February 1996 and the rolling stock repainted into the new liveries, with the last ever BR service being a Scottish sleeper from Euston in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-railmagazine_com_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railmagazine_com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_services">Marine services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marine services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_ships" title="British Railways ships">British Railways ships</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gb~brail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Gb~brail.png/220px-Gb~brail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Gb~brail.png/330px-Gb~brail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Gb~brail.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Sealink house flag</figcaption></figure> <p>British Railways operated ships from its formation in 1948 on several routes. Many ships were acquired on nationalisation, and others were built for operation by British Railways or its later subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a>. Those ships capable of carrying rail vehicles were classed under TOPS as <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_99_(ships)" title="British Rail Class 99 (ships)">Class 99</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sealink">Sealink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sealink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulidia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ulidia.jpg/220px-Ulidia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ulidia.jpg/330px-Ulidia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ulidia.jpg/440px-Ulidia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Sealink train ferry <i>Ulidia</i> at Dover</figcaption></figure> <p>Sealink was originally the brand name for the ferry services of British Rail in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Services to France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were run by Sealink UK as part of the Sealink consortium, which also used ferries owned by French national railways (<a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>), the Belgian Maritime Transport Authority <a href="/wiki/Regie_voor_Maritiem_Transport" title="Regie voor Maritiem Transport">Regie voor Maritiem Transport</a>/Regie des transports maritimes (RMT/RTM) and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Stoomvaart_Maatschappij_Zeeland" title="Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland">Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland</a> (Zeeland Steamship Company). </p><p>Historically, the shipping services were exclusively an extension of the railways across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> in order to provide through, integrated services to mainland Europe and Ireland. As international travel became more popular in the late 1960s and before air travel became generally affordable, the responsibility for shipping services was taken away from the British Rail Regions and, in 1969, centralised in a new division – British Rail Shipping and International Services Division. </p><p>With the advent of car ferry services, the old passenger-only ferries were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> ships, catering for motorists and rail passengers as well as road freight. However, given that there was now competition in the form of other ferry companies offering crossings to motorists, it became necessary to market the services in a normal business fashion (as opposed to the previous almost monopolistic situation). Thus, with the other partners mentioned above, the brand name Sealink was introduced for the consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s, as demand for international rail travel declined and the shipping business became almost exclusively dependent on passenger and freight vehicle traffic, the ferry business was <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> as Sealink UK Limited on 1 January 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-company1402237_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-company1402237-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a wholly owned subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a>, but still part of the Sealink consortium. In 1979, Sealink acquired <a href="/wiki/Manx_Line" title="Manx Line">Manx Line</a>, which offered services to the Isle of Man from Heysham. </p><p>On 27 July 1984, the UK Government sold Sealink UK to <a href="/wiki/Sea_Containers" title="Sea Containers">Sea Containers</a> for £66<span class="nowrap"> </span>million.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was renamed Sealink British Ferries. The sale excluded the operations of <a href="/wiki/Hoverspeed" title="Hoverspeed">Hoverspeed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> services and the share in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet Company">Isle of Man Steam Packet Company</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Heysham_Port" title="Heysham Port">Port of Heysham</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1996, the Sealink name disappeared when the UK services, by then owned by Stena,<sup id="cite_ref-company1402237_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-company1402237-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were re-branded as <a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a>. The agreement with the SNCF on the Dover to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> route also ended at this time, and the French-run Sealink services were rebranded as <a href="/wiki/SeaFrance" title="SeaFrance">SeaFrance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hovercraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seaspeed" title="Seaspeed">Seaspeed</a></div> <p>The joint <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> services of British Rail in association with the French <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Rail Hovercraft Limited was established in 1965, under authority given to it by the British Railways Act 1967 and started its first service in 1966. Seaspeed started cross-Channel services from <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dover" title="Port of Dover">Dover</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> using <a href="/wiki/SR-N4" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-N4">SR-N4</a> hovercraft in August 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-hov2006_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hov2006-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1981, Seaspeed merged with rival cross-channel hovercraft operator <a href="/wiki/Hoverlloyd" title="Hoverlloyd">Hoverlloyd</a> to create the combined <a href="/wiki/Hoverspeed" title="Hoverspeed">Hoverspeed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kew_1981_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew_1981-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Rail_Engineering_Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: British Rail Engineering Limited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png/220px-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png/330px-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png/440px-British_Rail_Engineering_Limited_Logo_2.png 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>Variant logo used on rolling stock and corporate sales</figcaption></figure> <p>Incorporated on 31 October 1969, British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) was a wholly owned <a href="/wiki/Railway_systems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway systems engineering">railway systems engineering</a> subsidiary of the British Railways Board. Created through the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1968" title="Transport Act 1968">Transport Act 1968</a>, to manage BR's thirteen workshops, it replaced the British Rail Workshops Division, which had existed since 1948. The works managed by BREL were <a href="/wiki/Ashford_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashford Works">Ashford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crewe_Works" title="Crewe Works">Crewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby_Works" title="Derby Works">Derby Locomotive Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works" title="Derby Litchurch Lane Works">Derby Litchurch Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Works" title="Doncaster Works">Doncaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh_Works" title="Eastleigh Works">Eastleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Works" title="Glasgow Works">Glasgow</a>, Horwich Foundry, Shildon, <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Works" title="Swindon Works">Swindon</a>, Temple Mills, <a href="/wiki/Wolverton_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverton Works">Wolverton</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Carriage_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="York Carriage Works">York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BREL began trading in January 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1989, BREL was sold to a consortium of <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">Asea Brown Boveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_House_(company)" title="Trafalgar House (company)">Trafalgar House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rb_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rb-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark_2_carriages">Mark 2 carriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mark 2 carriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_2" class="mw-redirect" title="British Railways Mark 2">British Railways Mark 2</a></div> <p>A family of railway carriages designed and built by British Rail workshops (from 1969 British Rail Engineering Limited) between 1964 and 1975. They were of steel construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_Passenger_Train">Advanced Passenger Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Advanced Passenger Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">Advanced Passenger Train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg/220px-Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg/330px-Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg/440px-Apt_370004_-_euston_-_13-02-1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_370" title="British Rail Class 370">Advanced Passenger Train</a> departs <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston</a> for <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, British Rail developed <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting train</a> technology in the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">Advanced Passenger Train</a>; there had been earlier experiments and prototypes in other countries, notably Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of the tilt was to minimise the discomfort to passengers caused by taking the curves of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> at high speed. The APT also had <a href="/wiki/Hydrokinetic_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrokinetic brake">hydrokinetic brakes</a>, which enabled the train to stop from 150 mph within existing signal spacings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction into service of the APT was to be a three-stage project. Phase 1, the development of an experimental APT (<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_APT-E" title="British Rail APT-E">APT-E</a>), was completed. This used a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine-electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine-electric locomotive">gas turbine-electric locomotive</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit</a> so powered that was used by British Rail. It was formed of two <a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">power cars</a> (numbers PC1 and PC2), initially with nothing between them and later, two trailer cars (TC1 and TC2).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cars were made of aluminium to reduce the weight of the unit and were articulated. The <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> was dropped from development due to excessive noise and the high fuel costs of the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APT-E first ran on 25 July 1971. The train drivers' union, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Society_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Firemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen">ASLEF</a>, black-listed the train due to its use of a single driver. The train was moved to <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> (with the aid of a locomotive inspector). This triggered a one-day strike by ASLEF that cost BR more than the research budget for the entire year.<sup id="cite_ref-APTP_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTP-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phase 2, the introduction of three prototype trains (APT-P) into revenue service on the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow</a> – <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a> route, did occur. Originally, there were to have been eight APT-P sets running, with minimal differences between them and the main fleet. However, financial constraints led to only three being authorised after two years of discussion by the British Railways Board. The cost was split equally between the Board and the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Ministry of Transport</a>. After these delays, considerable pressure grew to put the APT-P into revenue-service before they were fully ready. This inevitably led to high-profile failures as a result of technical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-APTP_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTP-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These failures led to the trains being withdrawn from service while the problems were ironed out. However, by this time, managerial and political support had evaporated by 1982. Although the APT never properly entered service, the experience gained enabled the construction of other <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed trains</a>. The APT powercar technology was imported without the tilt into the design of the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_91" title="British Rail Class 91">Class 91</a> locomotives, and the tilting technology was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane" title="Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane">Italian State Railway's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></i> trains, which first entered service in 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InterCity_125">InterCity 125</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: InterCity 125"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intercity_125_original_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intercity_125_original_logo.svg/220px-Intercity_125_original_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intercity_125_original_logo.svg/330px-Intercity_125_original_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intercity_125_original_logo.svg/440px-Intercity_125_original_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="99" /></a><figcaption>InterCity logo 1978–1985</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intercity_125_2169045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Intercity_125_2169045.jpg/220px-Intercity_125_2169045.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Intercity_125_2169045.jpg/330px-Intercity_125_2169045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Intercity_125_2169045.jpg/440px-Intercity_125_2169045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a> about to depart <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>The InterCity 125, or High-Speed Train, was a diesel-powered passenger train built by BREL between 1975 and 1982 that was credited with saving British Rail.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each set is made up of two <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)" title="British Rail Class 43 (HST)">Class 43</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">power cars</a>, one at each end and four to nine <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Mark_3" title="British Rail Mark 3">Mark 3</a> carriages. The name is derived from its top operational speed of 125 mph (201 km/h). Key features of the Intercity 125 over predecessors include the high power-to-weight ratio of the locomotives (1678 kW per ~70-tonne loco), high performance <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">disc brake</a> system (in place of the <a href="/wiki/Clasp_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Clasp brake">clasp brakes</a> traditionally used), improved <a href="/wiki/Crashworthiness" title="Crashworthiness">crashworthiness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Push-pull_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-pull train">bi-directional running</a> avoiding the need to perform any run arounds at terminating stations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semmens1990_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semmens1990-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC125_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC125-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1970, the setbacks of the APT project had led the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a> (BRB) to conclude that a stopgap solution would be desirably to reduce journey times in order to compete effectively with other modes of transport. At the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Terry_Miller_(engineer)" title="Terry Miller (engineer)">Terry Miller</a>, Chief Engineer (Traction & Rolling Stock), the BRB authorised the development of a high-speed diesel train using tried and tested conventional technology, intended for short-term use until the APT was available.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two years, a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> trainset had been completed by BREL; it performed extensive trial runs between 1972 and 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by the prototype's performance, British Rail chose to put the type into production. The production version had a substantially redesigned forward section; this change was primarily made by the British industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grange" title="Kenneth Grange">Kenneth Grange</a> who, after being approached by British Rail to design the livery, decided to redesign the body in coordination with an aerodynamic engineer and guided by <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> testing.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 95 Intercity 125 trainsets were ultimately brought into service.<sup id="cite_ref-Semmens1990_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semmens1990-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC125_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC125-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Rail enjoyed a boom in patronage on the routes operated by the HSTs and InterCity's revenues noticeably increased.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the HST's introduction, the speed of British diesel-powered trains was limited to 100 mph (161 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-EarlyHighspeedBR_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyHighspeedBR-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prototype InterCity 125 (power cars 43000 and 43001) set the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> for diesel traction at 143.2 mph (230.5 km/h) on 12 June 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-proto_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proto-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was succeeded by a production set reaching 148.5 mph (239.0 km/h) in November 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprinters">Sprinters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sprinters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(British_Rail)" title="Sprinter (British Rail)">Sprinter (British Rail)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:150001_pancras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/150001_pancras.jpg/220px-150001_pancras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/150001_pancras.jpg/330px-150001_pancras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/150001_pancras.jpg/440px-150001_pancras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Prototype 150001 at St Pancras</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1980s British Rail operated a large fleet of <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_diesel_multiple_unit_classes#First_generation" title="List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes">first generation DMUs</a>, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these ageing multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.<sup id="cite_ref-shore_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shore-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984/1985, two experimental DMU designs were put into service: the BREL-built <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150" title="British Rail Class 150">Class 150</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Cammell" title="Metro-Cammell">Metro-Cammell</a>-built <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_151" title="British Rail Class 151">Class 151</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Motive_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motive-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these used <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">hydraulic transmission</a> and were less bus-like than the <a href="/wiki/Pacer_(British_Rail)" title="Pacer (British Rail)">Pacers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shore_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shore-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After trials, the Class 150 was selected for production. Starting in 1987, production standard units entered service. Reliability was much improved by the new units, with depot visits being reduced from two or three times per week to fortnightly.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 1980s and early 1990s also saw the development of secondary express services that complemented the mainline <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">Intercity</a> routes. <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_155" title="British Rail Class 155">Class 155</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_156" title="British Rail Class 156">Class 156</a> Sprinters were developed to replace locomotive-hauled trains on these services, their interiors being designed with longer distance journeys in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-TodayMar09_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TodayMar09-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key Scottish and Trans-Pennine routes were upgraded with new <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158" title="British Rail Class 158">Class 158</a> Express Sprinters, while a network of '<a href="/wiki/Alphaline" title="Alphaline">Alphaline</a>' services was introduced elsewhere in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, passenger numbers had increased and costs had been reduced to two-and-a-half times revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific areas for this cost reduction include the lower fuel consumption of Sprinters in comparison to traditional locomotive-hauled trains as well as their reduced maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-shore_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shore-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privatisation"><span class="anchor" id="Privatisation_of_British_Rail"></span>Privatisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Privatisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Line graph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/220px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/330px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/440px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Passenger rail usage in Great Britain, 1830–2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png/220px-UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png/330px-UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png/440px-UK_total_rail_subsidies_1986-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>UK rail subsidy 1985–2015 (in 2015 terms), showing the huge increase after the Hatfield crash</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation of British Rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">Impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a></div> <p>In 1989, the narrow-gauge <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Rheidol_Railway" title="Vale of Rheidol Railway">Vale of Rheidol Railway</a> was preserved, becoming the first part of British Rail to be privatised. Between 1994 and 1997, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a>, the core activities of British Rail were privatised.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a> on 1 April 1994. Passenger operations were later <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchised</a> to 25 private-sector operators.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trainselloff_bbc2000_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trainselloff_bbc2000-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the six freight companies, five were sold to <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Central Limited">Wisconsin Central</a> to form <a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">EWS</a> while <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a> was sold in a <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo-city-1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Underground train in a station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Waterloo-city-1992.jpg/220px-Waterloo-city-1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Waterloo-city-1992.jpg/330px-Waterloo-city-1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Waterloo-city-1992.jpg/440px-Waterloo-city-1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_%26_City_line" title="Waterloo & City line">Waterloo & City line</a> was part of <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_%26_City_line" title="Waterloo & City line">Waterloo & City line</a>, part of Network SouthEast, was not included in the privatisation and was transferred to <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> in April 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining obligations of British Rail were transferred to <a href="/wiki/BRB_(Residuary)_Limited" title="BRB (Residuary) Limited">BRB (Residuary) Limited</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privatisation, proposed by the Conservative government in 1992, was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the rail unions. Although Labour initially proposed to reverse privatisation,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> manifesto of 1997 instead opposed Conservative plans to privatise the London Underground.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rail unions have historically opposed privatisation, but former <a href="/wiki/Associated_Society_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Firemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen">Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen</a> general secretary <a href="/wiki/Lew_Adams" title="Lew Adams">Lew Adams</a> moved to work for <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Rail_Group" title="Virgin Rail Group">Virgin Rail Group</a>, and said on a 2004 radio phone-in programme: "All the time it was in the public sector, all we got were cuts, cuts, cuts. And today, there are more members in the trade union, more train drivers, and more trains running. The reality is that it worked, we’ve protected jobs, and we got more jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Virgin1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virgin1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privatisation process began in 1994 when BR's passenger sectors were divided into 25 <a href="/wiki/Shadow_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow franchise">shadow franchises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were publicly owned TOCs operating in the planned franchise areas, prior to the actual franchises being put to tender. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Initial Train Operating Companies post-privatisation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">Virgin CrossCountry</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Railways" title="Anglia Railways">Anglia Railways</a> (Regional) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway" title="Great North Eastern Railway">Great North Eastern Railway</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Island_Line,_Isle_of_Wight" title="Island Line, Isle of Wight">Island Line</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valley_Lines_(train_operating_company)" title="Valley Lines (train operating company)">Valley Lines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Express#Express_service" title="Gatwick Express">Gatwick Express</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C2c" title="C2c">LTS Rail</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Trains" title="Central Trains">Central Trains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Railways" title="Anglia Railways">Anglia Railways</a> (InterCity)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silverlink" title="Silverlink">Silverlink</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Merseyside" title="Arriva Trains Merseyside">Arriva Trains Merseyside</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FirstGroup#Operations" title="FirstGroup">First Great Western</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthCentral" title="Network SouthCentral">Network SouthCentral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_North_Western" title="First North Western">First North Western</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Midland_Mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Mainline">Midland Mainline</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connex_South_Eastern" title="Connex South Eastern">Connex South Eastern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Connex_South_Central" title="Connex South Central">Connex South Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Northern" title="Arriva Trains Northern">Arriva Trains Northern</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains" title="Virgin Trains">Virgin Trains</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_West_Trains" title="South West Trains">South West Trains</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(National_Express)" title="ScotRail (National Express)">ScotRail</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">Caledonian Sleeper</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thameslink_(train_operating_company_1997%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thameslink (train operating company 1997–2006)">Thameslink</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West" title="Wales & West">Wales & West</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thames_Trains" title="Thames Trains">Thames Trains</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Anglia_Great_Northern" title="West Anglia Great Northern">West Anglia Great Northern</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In advance of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> in 1994, <a href="/wiki/European_Passenger_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="European Passenger Services">European Passenger Services</a> was created as the BR division responsible for the UK component of <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> international services.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_companies">Successor companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Successor companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1995_to_date" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation of British Rail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">Impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a></div> <p>Under the process of British Rail's privatisation, operations were split into 125 companies between 1994 and 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ownership and operation of the infrastructure of the railway system was taken over by Railtrack. The telecommunications infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Telecommunications" title="British Rail Telecommunications">British Rail Telecommunications</a> was sold to <a href="/wiki/Racal" title="Racal">Racal</a>, which in turn was sold to <a href="/wiki/Global_Crossing" title="Global Crossing">Global Crossing</a> and merged with <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rolling stock was transferred to three private <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_company" title="Rolling stock company">rolling stock companies</a> (ROSCOs); <a href="/wiki/Angel_Trains" title="Angel Trains">Angel Trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eversholt_Rail_Group" title="Eversholt Rail Group">Eversholt Rail Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porterbrook" title="Porterbrook">Porterbrook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passenger services were divided into 25 operating companies, which were let on a franchise basis for a set period, whilst freight services were sold off completely. Dozens of smaller engineering and maintenance companies were also created and sold off. </p><p>British Rail's passenger services came to an end upon the franchising of <a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">ScotRail</a> with the last service being a <i><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Sleeper" title="Caledonian Sleeper">Caledonian Sleeper</a></i> service from <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London</a> on 31 March 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final service it operated was a <a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a> freight train from <a href="/wiki/Dollands_Moor_Freight_Yard" title="Dollands Moor Freight Yard">Dollands Moor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a> on 20 November 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Railways Board continued in existence as a corporation until early 2001, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rail_Authority" title="Strategic Rail Authority">Strategic Rail Authority</a> as part of the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_2000" title="Transport Act 2000">Transport Act 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original passenger franchisees were:<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Railways" title="Anglia Railways">Anglia Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Merseyside" title="Arriva Trains Merseyside">Arriva Trains Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Northern" title="Arriva Trains Northern">Arriva Trains Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Trains" title="Central Trains">Central Trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connex_South_Central" title="Connex South Central">Connex South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connex_South_Eastern" title="Connex South Eastern">Connex South Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2c" title="C2c">c2c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Eastern" title="First Great Eastern">First Great Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="First Great Western">First Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_North_Western" title="First North Western">First North Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Express" title="Gatwick Express">Gatwick Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway" title="Great North Eastern Railway">GNER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Line_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Line (train operating company)">Island Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Mainline">Midland Mainline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(National_Express)" title="ScotRail (National Express)">ScotRail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverlink" title="Silverlink">Silverlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Trains" title="South West Trains">South West Trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Trains" title="Thames Trains">Thames Trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thameslink_(train_operating_company_1997%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thameslink (train operating company 1997–2006)">Thameslink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Lines_(train_operating_company)" title="Valley Lines (train operating company)">Valley Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">Virgin CrossCountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Trains_West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Trains West Coast">Virgin Trains West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Anglia_Great_Northern" title="West Anglia Great Northern">WAGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West" title="Wales & West">Wales & West</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renationalisation_of_British_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Renationalisation of British Rail">Renationalisation of British Rail</a></div> <p>Since privatisation, many groups have campaigned for the renationalisation of UK Rail services, most notably '<a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Bring_Back_British_Rail" title="Campaign to Bring Back British Rail">Bring Back British Rail</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various interested parties also have views on the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation of British Rail</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg/170px-Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg/255px-Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg/340px-Bring_Back_British_Rail_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Bring Back British Rail logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The renationalisation of the railways of Britain continues to have popular support. Polls in 2012 and 2013 showed 70% and 66% support for renationalisation, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Rail_franchising_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail franchising in Great Britain">rail franchises</a> sometimes lasting over a decade, full renationalisation would take years unless compensation was paid to terminate contracts early. </p><p>When the infrastructure-owning company <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a> ceased trading in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Blair_ministry" title="Second Blair ministry">Labour government</a> set up the not-for-dividend company <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> to take over the duties rather than renationalise this part of the network. However, in September 2014, Network Rail was reclassified as a central government body, adding around £34 billion to public sector net debt. This reclassification had been requested by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a> to comply with <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Accounts" title="European System of Accounts">pan-European accounting standard</a> ESA10.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green party</a> has committed to bringing the railways 'back into public ownership' and has maintained this impetus when other parties argued to maintain the status quo. In 2016, Green MP, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a>, put forward a <a href="/wiki/Private_Members_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Members Bill">Bill</a> that would have seen the rail network fall back into public ownership step by step, as franchises come up for expiry.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> (2015–2020), the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> pledged to gradually renationalise British Rail franchises if elected, as and when their private contracts expire, creating a "People's Railway".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a pledge during his successful leadership campaign to succeed Corbyn, <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> said that renationalising rail would remain as Labour Party policy under his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further outlined in April 2024 when the party announced that a Labour government would transfer passenger rail networks to public ownership within its first term.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> decimating franchise revenues and making them unviable, in 2021 the government announced it would take back responsibility for the operations of passenger services through <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a> with service provision to be contracted to private operators.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parodies">Parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_Network)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (TV Network)">ITV</a> sketch show <i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i> parodied <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hudson" title="Hugh Hudson">Hugh Hudson</a>'s 1988 <i>British Rail, Britain's Railway</i> advert on the plans of the then <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> to <a href="/wiki/Privatise" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatise">privatise</a> the railways featuring many of the show's puppets (including the show's portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>), numerous BR trains and landmarks and even a cardboard cutout of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine" title="Thomas the Tank Engine">Thomas the Tank Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain">History of rail transport in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">Impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions,_brands_and_liveries"><span id="Divisions.2C_brands_and_liveries"></span>Divisions, brands and liveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Divisions, brands and liveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_brand_names" title="British Rail brand names">British Rail brand names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_corporate_liveries" title="British Rail corporate liveries">British Rail corporate liveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_trains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom">List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_and_numbering_schemes">Classification and numbering schemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Classification and numbering schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_carriage_and_wagon_numbering_and_classification" title="British carriage and wagon numbering and classification">British carriage and wagon numbering and classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_locomotive_and_multiple_unit_numbering_and_classification" title="British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification">British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_classes" title="List of British Rail classes">List of British Rail classes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rolling stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Railways_steam_locomotives_as_of_31_December_1967" title="List of British Railways steam locomotives as of 31 December 1967">List of British Railways steam locomotives as of 31 December 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LMS_locomotives_as_of_31_December_1947" title="List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947">List of LMS locomotives as of 31 December 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LNER_locomotives_as_of_31_December_1947" title="List of LNER locomotives as of 31 December 1947">List of LNER locomotives as of 31 December 1947</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_flying_saucer" title="British Rail flying saucer">British Rail flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_sandwich" title="British Rail sandwich">British Rail sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Films" title="British Transport Films">British Transport Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a> – Proposed body to oversee rail transport in Great Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Railway_Clubs" title="National Association of Railway Clubs">National Association of Railway Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">Rail transport in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_type_of_snow" title="The wrong type of snow">The wrong type of snow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.1 Transport Act 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHer_Majesty's_Government2002" class="citation web cs1">Her Majesty's Government (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/023113dh.gif">"The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 (SI 2002:3113)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419172250/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/023113dh.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Traffic+Signs+Regulations+and+General+Directions+2002+%28SI+2002%3A3113%29&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Her+Majesty%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi2002%2F023113dh.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1920/aug/03/the-state-and-the-railways">"The State and the Railways"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. 3 August 1920. col. 711–713. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719130758/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1920/aug/03/the-state-and-the-railways">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State+and+the+Railways&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.series=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-711-713&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1920-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1920%2Faug%2F03%2Fthe-state-and-the-railways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHer_Majesty's_Government1947" class="citation web cs1">Her Majesty's Government (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=67">"Transport Act 1947"</a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224406/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=67">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+Act+1947&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Her+Majesty%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2FdocSummary.php%3FdocID%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citymetric.com/transport/liverpool-overhead-railway-was-legendary-it-worth-rebuilding-3575">"The Liverpool Overhead Railway was legendary – but is it worth rebuilding?"</a>. <i>citymetric.com</i>. 4 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080003/https://www.citymetric.com/transport/liverpool-overhead-railway-was-legendary-it-worth-rebuilding-3575">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citymetric.com&rft.atitle=The+Liverpool+Overhead+Railway+was+legendary+%E2%80%93+but+is+it+worth+rebuilding%3F&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymetric.com%2Ftransport%2Fliverpool-overhead-railway-was-legendary-it-worth-rebuilding-3575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Transport_Commission1954" class="citation web cs1">British Transport Commission (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23">"Modernisation and Re-Equipment of British Rail"</a>. British Transport Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031102337/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modernisation+and+Re-Equipment+of+British+Rail&rft.pub=British+Transport+Commission&rft.date=1954&rft.au=British+Transport+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2FdocSummary.php%3FdocID%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-last_trains-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-last_trains_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-last_trains_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoft2013" class="citation book cs1">Loft, Charles (2013). <i>Last Trains – Dr Beeching and the Death of Rural England</i>. Biteback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849545006" title="Special:BookSources/9781849545006"><bdi>9781849545006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Trains+%E2%80%93+Dr+Beeching+and+the+Death+of+Rural+England&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781849545006&rft.aulast=Loft&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b4873-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b4873_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b4873_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b4873_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourvishN._Blake1986" class="citation book cs1">Gourvish, Terence Richard; N. 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Blame it on the 1950s"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 May 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1989357.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bad+railways%3F+Blame+it+on+the+1950s&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F1989357.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHer_Majesty's_Government1962" class="citation web cs1">Her Majesty's Government (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=116">"Transport Act 1962"</a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819224356/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=116">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003010237/http://www0.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/beeching_prog1.shtml">"Back to Beeching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. 27 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/beeching_prog1.shtml">the original</a> on 3 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+to+Beeching&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fhistory%2Fbeeching_prog1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Transport_Commission1963" class="citation web cs1">British Transport Commission (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=13">"The Reshaping of British Railways – Part 1: Report"</a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20101019045735/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=13">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reshaping+of+British+Railways+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Report&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1963&rft.au=British+Transport+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2FdocSummary.php%3FdocID%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Transport_Commission1963" class="citation web cs1">British Transport Commission (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=35">"The Reshaping of British Railways—Part 2: Maps"</a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026155439/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=35">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reshaping+of+British+Railways%E2%80%94Part+2%3A+Maps&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1963&rft.au=British+Transport+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2FdocSummary.php%3FdocID%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Beeching "The Reshaping of British Railways", p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Stoneham1963" class="citation web cs1">Lord Stoneham (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605021806/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=236">"The Economics and Social Aspects of the Beeching Plan"</a>. 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BBC News. 15 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/8099912.stm">the original</a> on 17 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Move+to+reinstate+lost+rail+lines&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F8099912.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=14">"The Development Of The Major Railway Trunk Routes"</a>. British Railways Board. February 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418212554/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=14">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2012</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+Of+The+Major+Railway+Trunk+Routes&rft.pub=British+Railways+Board&rft.date=1965-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2Fdocsummary.php%3FdocID%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Second Stage of Dr. Beeching's Reorganisation Proposals". <i>The Times</i>. 17 February 1965. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Second+Stage+of+Dr.+Beeching%27s+Reorganisation+Proposals&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1965-02-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1964" class="citation magazine cs1">Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (July 1964). "New fares structure". Notes and News. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Magazine" title="The Railway Magazine">The Railway Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 110, no. 759. Westminster: Tothill Press. p. 592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+fares+structure&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=759&rft.pages=592&rft.date=1964-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Rachael (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mylondon.news/news/nostalgia/euston-station-black-train-guard-19910274">"Euston's first Black train guard who ended racial segregation on London's railway"</a>. <i>MyLondon</i>. 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Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. pp. 43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8978-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-8978-5"><bdi>0-7153-8978-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglia+East&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+UK&rft.pages=43-47&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7153-8978-5&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raileng_elect18-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raileng_elect18_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirres" class="citation news cs1">Shirres, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165146/https://www.railengineer.uk/2017/11/27/ecml-electrification-as-it-used-to-be/">"ECML: Electrification as it used to be"</a>. <i>Rail Engineer</i>. Coalville: Rail Media Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railengineer.uk/2017/11/27/ecml-electrification-as-it-used-to-be/">the original</a> on 11 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Engineer&rft.atitle=ECML%3A+Electrification+as+it+used+to+be&rft.aulast=Shirres&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railengineer.uk%2F2017%2F11%2F27%2Fecml-electrification-as-it-used-to-be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Nicholson, Christopher (September 2014). "Over the Woodhead in the cab of <i>Tommy</i>". <i>The Railway Magazine</i>. Vol. 160, no. 1, 362. pp. 43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8923">0033-8923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=Over+the+Woodhead+in+the+cab+of+Tommy&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1%2C+362&rft.pages=43-47&rft.date=2014-09&rft.issn=0033-8923&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1983" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Roy (21 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19830121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Hostile reception for Serpell options"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Hostile+reception+for+Serpell+options&rft.date=1983-01-21&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DGGgVawPscysC%26dat%3D19830121%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH20Jan1983p11-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH20Jan1983p11_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1983" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Roy (20 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19830120&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Fresh ingredients that will be unpalatable to the rail industry"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Fresh+ingredients+that+will+be+unpalatable+to+the+rail+industry&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1983-01-20&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DGGgVawPscysC%26dat%3D19830120%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraphobit-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraphobit_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2512056/Sir-David-Serpell.html">"Sir David Serpell"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 6 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Serpell&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F2512056%2FSir-David-Serpell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndObit-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyell2008" class="citation news cs1">Dalyell, Tam (7 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-david-serpell-able-and-influential-civil-servant-888236.html">"Sir David Serpell: Able and influential civil servant"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Serpell%3A+Able+and+influential+civil+servant&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft.aulast=Dalyell&rft.aufirst=Tam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fsir-david-serpell-able-and-influential-civil-servant-888236.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Henshaw, David (2013). <i>The Great Railway Conspiracy</i> (Third ed.). McDermott. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-957651_1-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-957651 1-0-4"><bdi>978-0-957651 1-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Railway+Conspiracy&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=McDermott&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9576511-0-4&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWhitehouse1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_St_John_Thomas" title="David St John Thomas">Thomas, David St John</a>; Whitehouse, Patrick (1990). <i>BR in the Eighties</i>. Newton Abbot: <a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-9854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-9854-8"><bdi>978-0-7153-9854-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11253354M">11253354M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112224535" class="extiw" title="d:Q112224535">Q112224535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BR+in+the+Eighties&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11253354M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-9854-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+St+John&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoocokc1998" class="citation book cs1">Boocokc, Colin (1998). <i>Spotlight on BR: British Railways 1948–1998 Success or Disaster?</i>. Atlantic Transport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906899-98-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906899-98-4"><bdi>978-0-906899-98-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spotlight+on+BR%3A+British+Railways+1948%E2%80%931998+Success+or+Disaster%3F&rft.pub=Atlantic+Transport&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-906899-98-4&rft.aulast=Boocokc&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourvish" class="citation book cs1">Gourvish, Terry. <i>British Rail 1974–1997: From Integration to Privatisation</i>. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Rail+1974%E2%80%931997%3A+From+Integration+to+Privatisation&rft.pages=277&rft.aulast=Gourvish&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaresnapeBoocock1989" class="citation book cs1">Haresnape, Brian; Boocock, Colin (1989). <i>Railway Liveries: BR Steam 1948-1968</i>. Shepperton: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1856-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1856-1"><bdi>0-7110-1856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Liveries%3A+BR+Steam+1948-1968&rft.place=Shepperton&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7110-1856-1&rft.aulast=Haresnape&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Boocock%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeightCresswell1979_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeightCresswell1979">Height & Cresswell 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2013-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2013_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2013">Jackson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madebysix.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/the-arrow-of-indecision/">"The Arrow of Indecision"</a>. <i>madebysix.wordpress.com</i>. 5 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102214/https://madebysix.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/the-arrow-of-indecision/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madebysix.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Arrow+of+Indecision&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadebysix.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F01%2F05%2Fthe-arrow-of-indecision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon" class="citation web cs1">Shannon, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081201010813/http://www.ianallanpublishing.com/product.php?productid=56658&cat=1027&bestseller=Y">"Blue Diesel Days"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Publishing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianallanpublishing.com/product.php?productid=56658&cat=1027&bestseller=Y">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Diesel+Days&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianallanpublishing.com%2Fproduct.php%3Fproductid%3D56658%26cat%3D1027%26bestseller%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHer_Majesty's_Government2002" class="citation web cs1">Her Majesty's Government (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/023113dh.gif">"The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 (SI 2002:3113)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419172250/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/023113dh.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span> – via The Railways Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomorrow%27s+Train%2C+Today&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=British+Railways+Board&rft.date=1980&rft.au=British+Railways+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2FdocSummary.php%3FdocID%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span> (Promotional leaflet)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-dalby.com/apt-e.htm">"E Train"</a>. <i>The Old Dalby Test Track</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829065627/http://www.old-dalby.com/apt-e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Dalby+Test+Track&rft.atitle=E+Train&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-dalby.com%2Fapt-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeast.railfan.net/pro_faq2.html#turbine">"Diesel-Electric Engine Operation – NE Rails"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106163915/http://www.northeast.railfan.net/pro_faq2.html#turbine">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diesel-Electric+Engine+Operation+%E2%80%93+NE+Rails&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeast.railfan.net%2Fpro_faq2.html%23turbine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APTP-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APTP_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APTP_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Wickens" class="citation web cs1">Alan Wickens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apt-p.com/APTWithHindsight.htm">"APT – With Hindsight"</a>. <i>Prototype Advanced Passenger Train (APT-P.com)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prototype+Advanced+Passenger+Train+%28APT-P.com%29&rft.atitle=APT+%E2%80%93+With+Hindsight&rft.au=Alan+Wickens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apt-p.com%2FAPTWithHindsight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/berkshire/5407016.stm">"High Speed Train marks 30 years"</a>. 4 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723214328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/berkshire/5407016.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High+Speed+Train+marks+30+years&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fberkshire%2F5407016.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011100217/http://www.nrm.org.uk/OurCollection/LocomotivesAndRollingStock/CollectionItem.aspx?objid=1988-7000">"HST Power Car"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.org.uk/OurCollection/LocomotivesAndRollingStock/CollectionItem.aspx?objid=1988-7000">the original</a> on 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HST+Power+Car&rft.pub=National+Railway+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrm.org.uk%2FOurCollection%2FLocomotivesAndRollingStock%2FCollectionItem.aspx%3Fobjid%3D1988-7000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2001" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Colin (2001). <i>HST: Silver Jubilee</i>. Ian Allan. p. foreword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2847-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2847-8"><bdi>0-7110-2847-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HST%3A+Silver+Jubilee&rft.pages=foreword&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7110-2847-8&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semmens1990-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Semmens1990_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semmens1990_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemmens1990" class="citation book cs1">Semmens, Peter (1990). <i>Speed On The East Coast Main Line: A Century and a Half of Accelerated Services</i>. Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 129–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-930-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-930-X"><bdi>0-85059-930-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speed+On+The+East+Coast+Main+Line%3A+A+Century+and+a+Half+of+Accelerated+Services&rft.pages=129-225&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85059-930-X&rft.aulast=Semmens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC125-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC125_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC125_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curbsideclassic.com/trackside-classic/trackside-classic-1976-british-rail-inter-city-125-high-speed-train-still-setting-the-standard/">"Trackside Classic: 1976 British Rail Inter City 125 High Speed Train – Still Setting The Standard"</a>. Curbside Classic. 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trackside+Classic%3A+1976+British+Rail+Inter+City+125+High+Speed+Train+%E2%80%93+Still+Setting+The+Standard&rft.pub=Curbside+Classic&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbsideclassic.com%2Ftrackside-classic%2Ftrackside-classic-1976-british-rail-inter-city-125-high-speed-train-still-setting-the-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden 2001, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/sep/09/how-we-made-intercity-125">"How we made the InterCity 125"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+we+made+the+InterCity+125&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2013%2Fsep%2F09%2Fhow-we-made-intercity-125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Channel 5 documentary <i>Intercity 125</i> episode 1, broadcast 15 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/2221b178-87f6-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1VgPEvCdV">"Everywhere and Nowhere"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London. 27 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Everywhere+and+Nowhere&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F2221b178-87f6-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz1VgPEvCdV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2016" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sim (2016). <i>The Railway Dilemma</i>. Ian Allan. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3835-6"><bdi>978-0-7110-3835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railway+Dilemma&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3835-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarlyHighspeedBR-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarlyHighspeedBR_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1978" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, R.J. (May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/iicep.1978.2755">"High speed track on the Western Region of British Railways"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>. <b>64</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>: 207–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fiicep.1978.2755">10.1680/iicep.1978.2755</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=High+speed+track+on+the+Western+Region+of+British+Railways&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-225&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fiicep.1978.2755&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icevirtuallibrary.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1680%2Fiicep.1978.2755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proto-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proto_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204316/http://www.traintesting.com/HST_prototype.htm">"Testing the prototype HST in 1973"</a>. traintesting.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traintesting.com/HST_prototype.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testing+the+prototype+HST+in+1973&rft.pub=traintesting.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traintesting.com%2FHST_prototype.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"World speed record smashed". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_(magazine)" title="Rail (magazine)">Rail</a></i>. No. 76. January 1988. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail&rft.atitle=World+speed+record+smashed&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1988-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shore-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shore_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shore_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shore_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore1987" class="citation journal cs1">Shore, A. G. L. (April 1987). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Budget+2014%3A+fears+of+more+austerity+in+spite+of+growth&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fbudget%2F10709868%2FBudget-2014-fears-of-more-austerity-in-spite-of-growth.html%23source%3Drefresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenparty.org.uk/news/2016/01/22/caroline-lucas-mp-brings-railway-bill-to-parliament/">"Caroline Lucas MP brings Railway Bill to Parliament"</a>. <i>The Green Party</i>. 22 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Corbyn+to+launch+transport+campaign+with+rail+pledges&rft.aulast=Elgot&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2Faug%2F16%2Fcorbyn-to-launch-transport-campaign-with-rail-pledges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGye2020" class="citation news cs1">Gye, Hugo (11 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/keir-starmer-labour-leadership-election-abolish-tuition-fees-nationalisation-396843">"Keir Starmer promises to abolish tuition fees and nationalise industries if he becomes PM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i&rft.atitle=Keir+Starmer+promises+to+abolish+tuition+fees+and+nationalise+industries+if+he+becomes+PM&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Gye&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fkeir-starmer-labour-leadership-election-abolish-tuition-fees-nationalisation-396843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2024" class="citation news cs1">Corbett, Helen (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/renationalise-railways-labour-election-starmer-b2534505.html">"Labour pledge to renationalise railways within five years"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Railway&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVFcBRHC9MV0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeightCresswell1979" class="citation book cs1">Height, Frank; Cresswell, Roy (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7swgBQAAQBAJ&q=british%20rail%20liveries&pg=PA118"><i>Design for Passenger Transport</i></a>. Pergamon. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5309-4"><bdi>978-1-4831-5309-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+for+Passenger+Transport&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5309-4&rft.aulast=Height&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Cresswell%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7swgBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbritish%2520rail%2520liveries%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Tanya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jcc7AwAAQBAJ&q=british%20rail%20ferret%20dartboard&pg=PT120">"6: In Search of an Identity"</a>. <i>British Railways: The Nation's Railway</i>. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9742-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-9742-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+In+Search+of+an+Identity&rft.btitle=British+Railways%3A+The+Nation%27s+Railway&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9742-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcc7AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbritish%2520rail%2520ferret%2520dartboard%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2001" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Colin (2001). <i>HST Silver Jubilee</i>. Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-711028-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-711028-47-8"><bdi>0-711028-47-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HST+Silver+Jubilee&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-711028-47-8&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1950" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Robert A. (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisinbritainp0000brad"><i>Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government</i></a></span>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Britain.+Plans+and+Achievements+of+the+Labour+Government&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisinbritainp0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span>, on nationalization 1945–50, pp 236–83</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Lewis Charles (2019). "Marketing modernity: Business and family in British Rail's "Age of the Train" campaign, 1979–84". <i>The Journal of Transport History'<span></span></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 363–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022526619848549">10.1177/0022526619848549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182020681">182020681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Transport+History%27&rft.atitle=Marketing+modernity%3A+Business+and+family+in+British+Rail%27s+%22Age+of+the+Train%22+campaign%2C+1979%E2%80%9384&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-394&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022526619848549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A182020681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Rail&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994#The_Modernisation_Plan" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">1955 modernisation plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpell_Report" title="Serpell Report">Serpell Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_on_British_Rail" title="List of accidents on British Rail">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Bring_Back_British_Rail" title="Campaign to Bring Back British Rail">Campaign to Bring Back British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1947" title="Transport Act 1947">Transport Act 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1962" title="Transport Act 1962">Transport Act 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_2000" title="Transport Act 2000">Transport Act 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRB_(Residuary)_Limited" title="BRB (Residuary) Limited">BRB (Residuary) Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Eastern Region of British Railways">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways" title="London Midland Region of British Railways">London Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="North Eastern Region of British Railways">North Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Services, sectors<br />and subsidiaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Passenger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_NorthWest" title="Network NorthWest">Network NorthWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">ScotRail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_Sleeper_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity Sleeper (British Rail)">Night Trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight" title="Railfreight">Railfreight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speedlink" title="Speedlink">Speedlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainload_Freight" title="Trainload Freight">Trainload Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Parcels" title="Red Star Parcels">Red Star Parcels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division" title="British Rail Research Division">British Rail Research Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Telecommunications" title="British Rail Telecommunications">British Rail Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels" title="British Transport Hotels">British Transport Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travellers_Fare" title="Travellers Fare">Travellers Fare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media and publicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Double_Arrow" title="British Rail Double Arrow">Double Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Passenger_Timetable" title="British Rail Passenger Timetable">British Rail Passenger Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Films" title="British Transport Films">British Transport Films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Mail_(advert)" title="Night Mail (advert)">Night Mail</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railnews" title="Railnews">Railnews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_the_Train" title="The Age of the Train">The Age of the Train</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_type_of_snow" title="The wrong type of snow">The wrong type of snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Rail" title="Category:British Rail">Category:British Rail</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_railway_companies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_railway_companies_of_Europe" title="Template:National railway companies of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_railway_companies_of_Europe" title="Template talk:National railway companies of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_railway_companies_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National railway companies of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_railway_companies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National railway companies of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">List of railway companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">Rail transport by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_companies_by_country" title="Category:Railway companies by country">Railway companies by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Abkhazia</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_railway" title="Abkhazian railway">AŽD/AA</a></li> <li><i>Albania</i> <a href="/wiki/Hekurudha_Shqiptare" title="Hekurudha Shqiptare">HSH</a></li> <li><i>Armenia</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">YuKŽD/HKY</a></li> <li><i>Austria</i> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ÖBB">ÖBB</a></li> <li><i>Azerbaijan</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Railways" title="Azerbaijan Railways">ADY</a></li> <li><i>Belarus</i> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Railway" title="Belarusian Railway">BŽD/BČ</a></li> <li><i>Belgium</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">NMBS/SNCB</a></li> <li><i>Bosnia and Herzegovina</i> <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">ŽFBH</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span> <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Railways of Republika Srpska">ŽRS</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><i>Bulgaria</i> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways" title="Bulgarian State Railways">BDŽ</a></li> <li><i>Croatia</i> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Railways" title="Croatian Railways">HŽ</a></li> <li><i>Czech Republic</i> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_dr%C3%A1hy" title="České dráhy">ČD</a></li> <li><i>Denmark</i> <a href="/wiki/DSB_(railway_company)" title="DSB (railway company)">DSB</a></li> <li><i>Estonia</i> <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raudtee" title="Eesti Raudtee">EVR</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elron_(rail_transit)" title="Elron (rail transit)">Elron</a></li> <li><i>Finland</i> <a href="/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR</a></li> <li><i>France</i> <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a></li> <li><i>Georgia</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Railway" title="Georgian Railway">GR</a></li> <li><i>Germany</i> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">DB</a></li> <li><i>Greece</i> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Railways_Organisation" title="Hellenic Railways Organisation">OSE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Train" title="Hellenic Train">Hellenic Train</a></li> <li><i>Hungary</i> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Railways" title="Hungarian State Railways">MÁV</a></li> <li><i>Ireland</i> <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">IÉ</a></li> <li><i>Italy</i> <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane" title="Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane">FS</a></li> <li><i>Kazakhstan</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly" title="Kazakhstan Temir Joly">QTJ</a></li> <li><i>Kosovo</i> <a href="/wiki/Trainkos" title="Trainkos">Trainkos</a></li> <li><i>Latvia</i> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Railways" title="Latvian Railways">LDz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vivi_(rail_transit)" title="Vivi (rail transit)">Vivi</a></li> <li><i>Lithuania</i> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Railways" title="Lithuanian Railways">LTG</a> / <a href="/wiki/LTG_Link" title="LTG Link">LTG Link</a></li> <li><i>Luxembourg</i> <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_des_Chemins_de_Fer_Luxembourgeois" title="Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois">CFL</a></li> <li><i>Moldova</i> <a href="/wiki/Calea_Ferat%C4%83_din_Moldova" title="Calea Ferată din Moldova">CFM</a></li> <li><i>Montenegro</i> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dki_prevoz_Crne_Gore" title="Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore">ŽPCG</a></li> <li><i>Netherlands</i> <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">NS</a></li> <li><i>North Macedonia</i> <a href="/wiki/Makedonski_%C5%BDeleznici" title="Makedonski Železnici">MŽ</a></li> <li><i>Norway</i> <a href="/wiki/Vy" title="Vy">Vy</a></li> <li><i>Poland</i> <a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">PKP</a></li> <li><i>Portugal</i> <a href="/wiki/Comboios_de_Portugal" title="Comboios de Portugal">CP</a></li> <li><i>Romania</i> <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">CFR</a></li> <li><i>Russia</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">RŽD</a></li> <li><i>Serbia</i> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Railways" title="Serbian Railways">ŽS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srbijavoz" title="Srbijavoz">Srbijavoz</a></li> <li><i>Slovakia</i> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5_Slovensko" title="Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko">ŽSSK</a></li> <li><i>Slovenia</i> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Railways" title="Slovenian Railways">SŽ</a></li> <li><i>Spain</i> <a href="/wiki/Renfe" title="Renfe">Renfe</a></li> <li><i>Sweden</i> <a href="/wiki/SJ_AB" title="SJ AB">SJ</a></li> <li><i>Switzerland</i> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">SBB CFF FFS</a></li> <li><i>Transnistria</i> <a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_Railway" title="Transnistrian Railway">PŽD/PZ/CFN</a></li> <li><i>Turkey</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">TCDD</a> / <a href="/wiki/TCDD_Transport" title="TCDD Transport">Taşımacılık</a></li> <li><i>Ukraine</i> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways" title="Ukrainian Railways">UZ</a></li> <li><i>United Kingdom</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">NR</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span> <a href="/wiki/NI_Railways" title="NI Railways">NIR</a><sup><small>5</small></sup><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup>Country partly in Asia</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup>For the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation B&H</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup>For <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup>For <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup>For <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293165011">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="British Rail"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5529246-X">Germany</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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106.897 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.37% 105.452 19 Template:Cite_book"," 5.24% 102.882 26 Template:Cite_magazine"," 4.87% 95.685 5 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.190","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32209884,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"APTIS_ticket\"] = 1,\n [\"British_Rail_Investment\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_Wickens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoocokc1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd-Hope2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Railways_Board1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Transport_Commission1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Transport_Commission1963\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButcher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._G.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalyell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElgot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardnerKries2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourvish\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourvish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourvishN._Blake1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGye2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaresnapeBoocock1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeightCresswell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenshaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHer_Majesty\u0026#039;s_Government1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHer_Majesty\u0026#039;s_Government1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHer_Majesty\u0026#039;s_Government1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHer_Majesty\u0026#039;s_Government2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoft2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLord_Stoneham1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSemmens1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirres\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShore1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangleman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasWhitehouse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolmar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalisation_in_1948\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Anli\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"British Rail\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite hansard\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"End date\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend-line\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"National railway companies of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 7,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Stn\"] = 1,\n [\"Stnlnk\"] = 13,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","32.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","9.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","8.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::uc","40","3.2"],["[others]","220","17.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67c44fb794-jfhqn","timestamp":"20241128020251","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"British Rail","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Rail","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q605169","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q605169","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-07T11:06:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T15:14:58Z","headline":"British state-owned rail transport operator (1948\u20131997)"}</script> </body> </html>