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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transfer of ownership and operation of British railways from government to private sector</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>privatisation of British Rail</b> was the process by which ownership and operation of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">railways of Great Britain</a> passed from government control into private hands. Begun in 1994, the process was largely completed by 1997. The <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the industry was in part motivated by the enactment of EU Directive 91/440 in 1991, which aimed to create a more efficient railway network by creating greater competition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a> (BR) had been in state ownership since 1948, under the control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a> (BRB). Under the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> elected in 1979, various state-owned businesses were gradually sold off, including various auxiliary and supporting functions related to the railways – <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a> ferries and <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels" title="British Transport Hotels">British Transport Hotels</a> by 1984, <a href="/wiki/Travellers_Fare" title="Travellers Fare">Travellers Fare</a> catering by 1988 and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> (train manufacturing) by 1989. </p><p>It was under Thatcher's successor <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> that the railways themselves were privatised. Under the <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a>, the operations of the BRB were broken up and sold off to various parties while various regulatory functions transferred to the newly created office of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_Regulator" title="Rail Regulator">Rail Regulator</a>. Ownership of the infrastructure, including the larger stations, passed to the new privately owned company <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a>, while track maintenance and renewal assets were sold to 13 companies across the network. Ownership of the passenger trains themselves passed to three <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_company" title="Rolling stock company">rolling stock companies</a> (ROSCOs) – the stock being leased out to passenger <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_company" title="Train operating company">train operating companies</a> (TOCs) awarded contracts through a new <a href="/wiki/Rail_franchising_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail franchising in Great Britain">system of rail franchising</a> overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Passenger_Rail_Franchising" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Passenger Rail Franchising">Office of Passenger Rail Franchising</a> (OPRAF). Ownership and operation of <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail freight in Great Britain">rail freight in Great Britain</a> passed to two companies – <a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">English Welsh & Scottish</a> (EWS) and <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a>, less than the originally intended six, although numerous new entrants in the sector have since appeared. </p><p>The privatisation of the railways was very controversial at the time, and still is, and the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">impact of this policy</a> is hotly debated. Despite opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">gained power in 1997 under Tony Blair</a>, the process has never been reversed wholesale by any later government, and the system has remained largely unaltered. During the late 2010s, it was announced that a transition towards <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a>, a contract-based model to replace the franchise system, would be undertaken. A significant change came in 2001 with the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a>, which saw its assets passed to the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> (NR), while track maintenance was also brought in-house under NR in 2004. The regulatory structures have also been amended subsequently. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png/220px-UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png/330px-UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png/440px-UK_Rail_journeys_per_capita.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>UK rail journeys per capita from 1840 to 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing a steady decline in the decades leading up to privatisation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_1979">To 1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: To 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the pre-<a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> railway companies were almost entirely self-sufficient, including, for example, the production of the steel used in the manufacturing of rolling stock and rails. As a consequence of the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 some of these activities had been hived off to other nationalised industries and institutions, e.g. "Railway Air Services Limited" was one of the forerunners of <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>; the railways' road transport services, which had carried freight, parcels and passengers' luggage to and from railheads, ultimately became part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Freight_Corporation" title="National Freight Corporation">National Freight Corporation</a>, but this transfer did not occur until 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg/220px-1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg/330px-1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg/440px-1586_at_London_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 1950s Mk1-based <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_411" title="British Rail Class 411">Class 411</a> (4-CEP) "slam-door" EMU at <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">London Victoria station</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> livery (March 2003)</figcaption></figure> <p>The preferred organisational structure in the 1970s was for the BRB to form wholly owned subsidiaries which were run at an arm's-length relationship, e.g. the railway engineering works became <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> (BREL) in 1970; the ferry operations to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were run by <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a>, part of the Sealink consortium, which also used ferries owned by the French national railway <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, the Belgian Maritime Transport Authority Regie voor maritiem transport/Regie des transports maritimes (RMT/RTM), and the Dutch Zeeland Steamship Company.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the BRB was still directly responsible for a multitude of other functions, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>, the British Rail Property Board (which was responsible not just for operational track and property, but also for thousands of miles of abandoned tracks and stations arising from the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a> and other closure programmes), a staff savings bank, convalescent homes for rail staff, and the internal railway telephone and data comms networks (the largest in the country after <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom's</a>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1979, the organisational structure of the BRB's railway operations still largely reflected that of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_British_railway_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four British railway companies">Big Four British railway companies</a>, which had been merged to create British Railways over 30 years previously. There were five Regions (Scotland being a separate region), each region being formed of several Divisions, and each division of several Areas. There was some duplication of resources in this structure, and in the early 1980s, the divisional layer of management was abolished with its work being redistributed either upwards to the regions or downwards to the areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chain of <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels" title="British Transport Hotels">British Transport Hotels</a> was sold off, mainly one hotel at a time, during 1982. Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a> was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sea_Containers" title="Sea Containers">Sea Containers</a>, who ultimately sold the routes to their current owner, <a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, catering business <a href="/wiki/Travellers_Fare" title="Travellers Fare">Travellers Fare</a> was divested via a <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> was split between the major engineering works, which became BREL (1988) Ltd and the (mostly smaller) works that were used for day-to-day maintenance of rolling stock, which became British Rail Maintenance Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BREL (1988) Ltd was sold to a consortium of <a href="/wiki/ABB_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="ABB Group">ASEA Brown-Boveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_House_(company)" title="Trafalgar House (company)">Trafalgar House</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, ABB Transportation took full ownership before the unit was merging with <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>'s train manufacturing interests to form <a href="/wiki/Adtranz" title="Adtranz">Adtranz</a> in January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daimler-Benz subsequently took 100% ownership of Adtranz in 1998 before selling it to <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> in May 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For reasons of efficiency and to reduce the amount of subsidy required from the government, British Rail undertook a comprehensive organisational restructuring in the late 1980s. The new management structure was based on business sectors rather than geographical regions, and first manifested itself in 1982 with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Railfreight" title="Railfreight">Railfreight</a>, the BRB's freight operation, and <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a>, though the Inter-City branding had been carried on coaching stock since the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commuter services in the south-east came under the London & South East sector, which would become <a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services in Scotland were operated by <a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">ScotRail</a>, while Provincial sector handled local and rural routes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional management structure continued in parallel for a few years before it was abolished. Sectorisation was generally regarded within the industry as a great success, and it was to have a considerable effect on the way in which privatisation would be carried out. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG/220px-59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG/330px-59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG/440px-59001_%27Yeoman_Endeavour%27_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_59" title="British Rail Class 59">59001</a> in revised <a href="/wiki/Foster_Yeoman" title="Foster Yeoman">Foster Yeoman</a> livery. Private ownership of locomotives marked the start of a new era in railfreight haulage</figcaption></figure> <p>During 1985, what may in retrospect be viewed as the harbinger of private rail operation occurred when the quarry company <a href="/wiki/Foster_Yeoman" title="Foster Yeoman">Foster Yeoman</a> bought a small number of extremely powerful 3600 hp locomotives from <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>' <a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel" title="Electro-Motive Diesel">Electro-Motive Diesel</a> division (GM-EMD), designated <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_59" title="British Rail Class 59">Class 59</a>, to operate mineral trains from their quarry in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although owned and maintained by Foster Yeoman, the Class 59s were manned by British Rail staff. During acceptance trials, on 16 February 1986, locomotive 59001 hauled a train weighing 4639 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> – the heaviest load ever hauled by a single non-articulated traction unit. Foster Yeoman's Class 59s proved to be extremely reliable, and it was not long before quarry company ARC and privatised power generator <a href="/wiki/National_Power" title="National Power">National Power</a> also bought small numbers of Class 59s to haul their own trains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSR19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSR19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1986, discussions were held with Sea Containers that touched on the business possibilities for the break up of British Rail, particularly on the possible takeover of the railway on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> by he company. However, the discussions proved abortive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_State_Railways" title="Swedish State Railways">Swedish State Railways</a> was split into two in 1988, creating the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rail_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Rail Administration">Swedish Rail Administration</a> to control the rail infrastructure, and <a href="/wiki/SJ_AB" title="SJ AB">SJ</a> to operate the trains.<sup id="cite_ref-global_SJmarket2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_SJmarket2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restructuring was the first time that a national railway had been divided up in this manner; one of the advantages of this arrangement was that it allowed for local county authorities to <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_tender" title="Invitation to tender">tender</a> the provision of local passenger services to the new train operators that appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-global_SJmarket2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global_SJmarket2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish system appeared to be very successful initially, although some train operators subsequently went <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>. The Swedish experiment was watched with great interest in various other countries during the 1980s and 1990s. </p><p>The narrow gauge <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Rheidol_Railway" title="Vale of Rheidol Railway">Vale of Rheidol Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, Mid Wales was unique in Britain, being the only steam railway to be operated by British Rail.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Transport">Department of Transport</a> started the process of privatising the line. Later that year, it was announced the line had been purchased by the owners of <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Mountain_Railway" title="Brecon Mountain Railway">Brecon Mountain Railway</a>, becoming the first part of British Rail to be privatised.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1991, following the partly-successful Swedish example and wishing to create an environment where new rail operators could enter the market, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> issued <a href="/wiki/EU_Directive_91/440" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Directive 91/440">EU Directive 91/440</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required of all EU member states to separate "the management of railway operation and infrastructure from the provision of railway transport services, separation of accounts being compulsory and organisational or institutional separation being optional", the idea being that the track operator would charge the train operator a transparent fee to run its trains over the network, and anyone else could also run trains under the same conditions (open access). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: darkgrey"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#0087DC;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Major_1993_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/75px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/113px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/150px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#0087DC;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">John Major</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Major" title="Electoral history of John Major">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1990 United Kingdom budget">1990 budget</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">Premiership</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First ministry and term</div> (November 1990 – April 1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Major_ministry" title="First Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter" title="Citizen's Charter">Citizen's Charter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Mark">Charter Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cones_Hotline" title="Cones Hotline">Cones Hotline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second ministry and term</div> (April 1992 – May 1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-maintained_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-maintained schools">Grant-maintained schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">rebels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reviews_of_the_British_honours_system" title="1993 reviews of the British honours system">1993 reviews of the British honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Support_Agency" title="Child Support Agency">Child Support Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Major_ministry" title="1993 vote of confidence in the Major ministry">1993 vote of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign)" title="Back to Basics (campaign)">Back to Basics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatisation of British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cullen_Reports" title="The Cullen Reports">The Cullen Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash for Questions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Bibliography</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Major:_The_Autobiography" title="John Major: The Autobiography">The Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Game:_The_Story_of_Cricket%27s_Early_Years" title="More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years">More Than a Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man:_A_Personal_History_of_Music_Hall" title="My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall">My Old Man</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major's signature"><img alt="John Major's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/110px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/165px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/220px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/50px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/75px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of coats of arms of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/30px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/45px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/60px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template talk:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was <a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">forced out</a> as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> at the end of 1990. The Thatcher administration had already sold off nearly all the former state-owned industries, apart from the national rail network. Although the previous <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Transport Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Cecil Parkinson</a> had advocated some form of privately or semi-privately operated rail network, this was deemed "a privatisation too far" by Thatcher herself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a> the Conservatives included a commitment to privatise the railways, but were not specific about how this objective was to be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto claimed that "The best way to produce profound and lasting improvements on the railways is to end BR's state monopoly," although according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, "many – including within the Tory party – believed that privatisation was merely a mechanism to manage the industry's gradual decline without too heavy a burden on the taxpayer."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to opinion polls, the Conservatives won the election in April 1992 and consequently had to develop a plan to carry out the privatisation before the Railways Bill was published the next year. The management of British Rail strongly advocated privatisation as one entity, a British Rail <a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">plc</a> in effect; Cabinet Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Redwood" title="John Redwood">John Redwood</a> "argued for regional companies in charge of track and trains" but Prime Minister John Major did not back his view;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Treasury, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> advocated the creation of seven, later 25, passenger railway franchises as a way of maximising revenue. In this instance, it was the Treasury view that prevailed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a></div> <p>As a precursor to the main legislation, the British Coal and British Rail (Transfer Proposals) Act 1993 was passed on 19 January 1993. This legislation gave the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a> the power to issue directions to the BRB to sell assets, something which the board was unable to do until then. </p><p>The Railways Bill, published in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established a complex structure for the rail industry. British Rail was to be broken up into over 100 separate companies, with most relationships between the successor companies established by contracts, some through regulatory mechanisms (such as the industry-wide network code and the multi-bilateral star model performance regime). Contracts for the use of railway facilities – track, stations and light maintenance depots – must be approved or directed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Rail_%26_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Rail & Road">Office of Rail & Road</a>, although some facilities are exempt from this requirement. Contracts between the principal passenger train operators and the state are called franchise agreements, and were first established with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Passenger_Rail_Franchising" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Passenger Rail Franchising">Office of Passenger Rail Franchising</a> (OPRAF), then its successor the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rail_Authority" title="Strategic Rail Authority">Strategic Rail Authority</a> and now with the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a>. </p><p>The passage of the Railways Bill was controversial. The public was largely unconvinced of the virtues of rail privatisation and there was much lobbying against the Bill. The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> was implacably opposed to it and promised to renationalise the railways when they got back into office as and when resources allowed. The Conservative chairman of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> Transport Committee, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adley" title="Robert Adley">Robert Adley</a> famously described the Bill as "a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a> on wheels";<sup id="cite_ref-railtrack_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railtrack-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however Adley was known to be a <a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">rail enthusiast</a> and his advice was discounted. Adley died suddenly before the Bill completed its passage through Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-AdleyObituary_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdleyObituary-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Railways Bill became the <a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a> on 5 November 1993, and the organisational structure dictated by it came into effect on 1 April 1994. Initially, British Rail was broken up into various units frequently based on its own organisational sectors (Train Operating Units, Infrastructure Maintenance Units, etc. - for more details see below) still controlled by the British Railways Board, but which were sold over the next few years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_system">Domestic system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_implemented">As implemented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As implemented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original privatisation structure, created over the three years from 1 April 1994, consisted of passing ownership and operation of the railway to a variety of private companies, regulated by two public offices, <a href="/wiki/Rail_Regulator" title="Rail Regulator">Rail Regulator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Passenger_Rail_Franchising" title="Director of Passenger Rail Franchising">Director of Passenger Rail Franchising</a>. A newly created company, <a href="/wiki/Railtrack" title="Railtrack">Railtrack</a>, would be the privately-owned infrastructure owner, which would <a href="/wiki/Subcontract" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontract">subcontract</a> work to various other companies to perform maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_summary2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_summary2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other companies would lease and/or operate trains.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trainselloff_bbc2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trainselloff_bbc2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for full privatisation, BR was split up into various parts. Provision of passenger services was split up into twenty-five passenger train operating units (TOUs),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as shadow franchises, split by geographical area and service type. For freight services, six <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail freight in Great Britain">freight operating companies</a> (FOCs) were created - three geographical units for trainload freight (<a href="/wiki/Mainline_Freight" title="Mainline Freight">Mainline Freight</a> in the south-east, <a href="/wiki/Loadhaul" title="Loadhaul">Loadhaul</a> in the north-east and <a href="/wiki/Transrail_Freight" title="Transrail Freight">Transrail</a> in the west<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), plus <a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a> for international and wagonload trains, <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a> for container-carrying trains, and <a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a> for parcels and mail trains. British Rail Infrastructure Services (BRIS) took responsibility for the engineering requirements of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BRIS was subsequently organised for privatisation on the basis of seven infrastructure maintenance units (IMUs), which maintained the railway, and six track renewal units (TRUs), which replaced rail lines, both organised geographically. </p><p>Railtrack was the first company created; it took over ownership of all track, signalling and stations.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_summary2010_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_summary2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencemuseum_summary_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemuseum_summary-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railtrack proceeded to let out most of the 2,509 stations to the franchised passenger train operators, managing only a handful (twelve, later seventeen) of the largest city termini itself. Since maintenance and renewal of the infrastructure was to be sub-contracted (to the private purchasers of the IMUs and TRUs), Railtrack's directly employed staff consisted mostly of signallers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railtrack sourced its revenue from track access charges levied on train operators as well as <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leases</a> of <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">depots</a>; additional funding would come from the British government. The company would spend its finances mostly on the railway network in accordance with plans laid out by the rail regulator.<sup id="cite_ref-wolmar_2005_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolmar_2005-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parliament_summary2010_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_summary2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three newly created <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_company" title="Rolling stock company">rolling stock leasing companies</a> (ROSCOs) (<a href="/wiki/Angel_Trains" title="Angel Trains">Angel Trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eversholt_Rail_Group" title="Eversholt Rail Group">Eversholt Rail Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porterbrook" title="Porterbrook">Porterbrook</a>) were allocated all British Rail's passenger coaches, locomotives, and multiple units.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completion of the privatisation process involved converting the passenger TOUs to <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_company" title="Train operating company">train operating companies</a> (TOCs) through the process of franchising, performed in the first instance on a "lowest-cost bidder wins" basis. Freight locomotives and wagons were not passed to ROSCOs, instead being owned directly by the freight train operators. Full privatisation of the freight operators saw five being bought immediately by a consortium led by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Ltd." title="Wisconsin Central Ltd.">Wisconsin Central Transportation Corporation</a> and merged into what became known as the <a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">English Welsh & Scottish</a> (EWS) (now <a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">DB Cargo UK</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Rail274_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rail274-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving just Freightliner as the only other ex-BR freight business to be privatised to someone other than EWS.<sup id="cite_ref-RailArch50_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RailArch50-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rail Regulator (the statutory officer at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Rail_Regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Rail Regulator">Office of the Rail Regulator</a> (ORR)) was established to regulate the monopoly and dominant elements of the railway industry, and to police certain consumer protection conditions of operators' licences. The Regulator did this through powers to supervise and control the consumption of capacity of railway facilities (his approval was needed before an access contract for the use of track, stations or certain maintenance facilities could be valid), to enforce domestic competition law, to issue, modify and enforce operating licences and to supervise the development of certain industry-wide codes, the most important of which is the network code. ORR's role only covered economic regulation; crucially reviewing every five years the access charges Railtrack could charge train operators for the operation, maintenance, renewal and enhancement of the national railway network. Safety regulation remained the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Health_%26_Safety_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Health & Safety Executive">Health & Safety Executive</a>. The first Rail Regulator was <a href="/wiki/John_Swift_(barrister)" title="John Swift (barrister)">John Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prosser1997_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosser1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lodge2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Passenger_Rail_Franchising" title="Director of Passenger Rail Franchising">Director of Passenger Rail Franchising</a> took responsibility for organising the franchising process to transfer the 25 TOUs to the private sector and then develop the re-franchising programme for the future. The first Director of Passenger Rail Franchising was Roger Salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_changes">Subsequent changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1995_to_date" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_trains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom">List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Post-privatisation, the structure of the railways has remained largely the same, and the system is still based on competition between private operators who pay for access to the infrastructure provider and lease rolling stock from the ROSCOs. </p><p>A major change has been in the actual owner of the infrastructure. The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash" title="Hatfield rail crash">Hatfield rail crash</a> in 2000 led to severe financial difficulties for Railtrack.<sup id="cite_ref-times_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_guardian2002_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline_guardian2002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just under a year later, the company was put into a special kind of insolvency by the High Court in England at the direction of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances of this action were controversial, and eventually led to the largest <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit in British legal history.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration led to instability in its share price, and on 2 October 2002 a new organisation, <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>, bought Railtrack.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Network Rail has no shareholders and is a <a href="/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee" title="Company limited by guarantee">company limited by guarantee</a>, nominally in the private sector but with members instead of shareholders and its borrowing guaranteed by the government. During 2004, Network Rail took back direct control of the maintenance of the track, signalling and overhead lines, although track renewal remained contracted out to the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Management of the passenger franchising system has also changed; during 2001, the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Passenger_Rail_Franchising" title="Director of Passenger Rail Franchising">Director of Passenger Rail Franchising</a> were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rail_Authority" title="Strategic Rail Authority">Strategic Rail Authority</a> (SRA), whose remit also included the promotion of freight services. Five years later, the SRA was in turn abolished in favour of direct control by the Department of Transport's Rail Group.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the system of franchising has proceeded as designed, with franchises being either retained or transferred dependent on performance. On nine occasions to date, passenger franchises have had to be taken into (indirect) government ownership, <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Trains" title="South Eastern Trains">South Eastern Trains</a> (2003–2006),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_(train_operating_company)" title="East Coast (train operating company)">East Coast</a> (2009–2015),<sup id="cite_ref-official-documents1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-documents1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> (2018–present),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a> (2020–present),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales Rail</a> (2021-present),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a> (2021-present),<sup id="cite_ref-olr2021_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olr2021-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ScotRail" title="ScotRail">ScotRail</a> (2022-present),<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20220209_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20220209-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> (2023-present),<sup id="cite_ref-dft0511_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dft0511-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Sleeper" title="Caledonian Sleeper">Caledonian Sleeper</a> (2023-present).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, some franchises have been merged and contract lengths have been extended; additionally, under the devolution programme, other government bodies have been given input into franchise terms – the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> with <a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(brand)" title="ScotRail (brand)">ScotRail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_Borders_franchise" title="Wales & Borders franchise">Wales & Borders</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport_executive" title="Passenger transport executive">passenger transport executives</a> for the services in their respective areas. Since 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> has been using the <a href="/wiki/Community_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Community rail">community railway</a> designation to loosen the regulations and lower the costs and increase usage of certain socially necessary routes and services, although these remain within the TOC structure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In both the freight and passenger sectors, a small number of <a href="/wiki/Open_access_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access operator">open access operators</a> (non-franchised operators of trains) have also emerged (some of which have since closed down).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nation_geog2021_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nation_geog2021-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of train ownership, the three ROSCOs continue to exist as originally established, although some now lease freight locomotives and wagons to the FOCs. They have also been joined by a variety of new leasing entities,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Spot-hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot-hire">spot-hire</a> companies offering short-term leases,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rail_archive_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rail_archive-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as small-scale train owners offering to lease their private rolling stock. Furthermore, some operators, such as <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>, have also purchased some rolling stock themselves. </p><p>The regulatory structure has also evolved; in line with changes to the regulation of other privatised industries, the position of <a href="/wiki/Rail_Regulator" title="Rail Regulator">Rail Regulator</a> was abolished in 2004, replaced by a nine-member corporate board called the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Rail_%26_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Rail & Road">Office of Rail Regulation</a>, incorporating responsibility for safety regulation, previously the remit of the <a href="/wiki/Health_%26_Safety_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Health & Safety Executive">Health & Safety Executive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channel_Tunnel_infrastructure_and_services">Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Channel Tunnel infrastructure and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Special:EditPage/Privatisation of British Rail">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Privatisation of British Rail occurred at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> project linking Great Britain with France reached completion, with the tunnel itself being officially opened on 6 May 1994. Key parts of the project were a passenger rail service through the tunnel, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>, and the building of a new high-speed railway on the British side, the 109-kilometre (68 mile) <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Tunnel Rail Link">Channel Tunnel Rail Link</a> (CTRL), to link the tunnel to London. </p><p>With the CTRL still at the planning stage, Eurostar trains began operating on 14 November 1994 over the existing railway, with operations on the British sections of the track being done by European Passenger Services (EPS), a subsidiary set up by British Rail. To manage construction of the CTRL, British Rail had also set up another subsidiary, Union Railways. In 1996, in line with the rest of the privatisation process, the government signed a contract with the private company <a href="/wiki/London_%26_Continental_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="London & Continental Railways">London & Continental Railways</a> (LCR) to build the CTRL, and as part of that deal LCR became the owner of both EPS and Union Railways; LCR renamed EPS as Eurostar thus ending British Rail's input in the project. </p><p>As the project progressed, due to financial difficulties both LCR and its subsidiaries underwent various changes in financing, structure and planning, with the government and Railtrack (later Network Rail) becoming involved in the various plans and projects. In 2007, the second stage of the CTRL was finally completed (the CTRL being rebranded at that point as <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> (HS1). By 2009 the government had assumed full control of LCR, announcing its intention to privatise it to recoup its investment; this was achieved in two stages, with the 2010 sale of a 30-year concession to own and operate HS1, and the 2015 sale of the British stake in the Eurostar operator (renamed in 2009 to Eurostar International Limited, EIL). </p><p>Through a subsidiary established in 2003, Network Rail is the maintainer of the infrastructure of HS1. Domestic passenger services are operated on parts of HS1 as part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_franchise" title="South Eastern franchise">Integrated Kent Franchise</a>, these commenced in 2009, operated by <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">Southeastern</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/220px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/330px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png/440px-GBR_rail_passengers_by_year_1830-2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rail passengers in Great Britain from 1829–2021</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GB_Rail_Subsidy,_1985-2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png/220px-GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png/330px-GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png/440px-GB_Rail_Subsidy%2C_1985-2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="803" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">GB rail subsidy 1985–2019 in 2018 prices, showing a short decline after privatisation, followed by a steep rise following the <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash" title="Hatfield rail crash">Hatfield crash</a> in 2000 then a further increase to fund <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">HS2</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">Impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a></div> <p>The impact of privatisation has been debated by the public, media and the rail industry ever since the process was completed. Whether to renationalise or otherwise make major changes to the post-privatisation model is an ever-present detail in the election manifestos of British political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stated benefits of privatisation include improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks include higher fares, lower punctuality and increased <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">rail subsidies</a>. </p><p>The major topics of debate concern whether the process has achieved its central aims of increasing levels of investment, performance, and customer satisfaction while reducing the cost to the taxpayer through <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">rail subsidies</a>. Safety also became a major issue after the <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash" title="Hatfield rail crash">Hatfield rail crash</a> in 2000 and the <a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar_rail_accidents" title="Potters Bar rail accidents">Potters Bar rail crash</a> in 2002 exposed flaws in the post-privatisation maintenance regimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Bring_Back_British_Rail" title="Campaign to Bring Back British Rail">Campaign to Bring Back British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain">History of rail transport in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financing_of_the_rail_industry_in_Great_Britain" title="Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain">Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Navigators_(film)" title="The Navigators (film)">The Navigators (film)</a></i> – by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a>, about a group of railwaymen just after privatisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolvad2009" class="citation journal cs1">Holvad, Torben (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23289642">"Review of Railway Policy Reforms in Europe"</a>. <i>Built Environment</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 24–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2148%2Fbenv.35.1.24">10.2148/benv.35.1.24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-7960">0263-7960</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23289642">23289642</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Built+Environment&rft.atitle=Review+of+Railway+Policy+Reforms+in+Europe&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-42&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0263-7960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23289642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2148%2Fbenv.35.1.24&rft.aulast=Holvad&rft.aufirst=Torben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23289642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ATOC's 2008 publication Billion Passenger Railway</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/ukpop/pop">"United Kingdom population mid-year estimate"</a>. Office for National Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+population+mid-year+estimate&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Ftimeseries%2Fukpop%2Fpop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/3rd-january-1969/26/national-freight-corporation">"National Freight Corporation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Motor" title="Commercial Motor">Commercial Motor</a></i>. 3 January 1969. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+Motor&rft.atitle=National+Freight+Corporation&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1969-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.commercialmotor.com%2Farticle%2F3rd-january-1969%2F26%2Fnational-freight-corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-march-1969/46/now-the-national-freight-federation">"Now the National Freight Federation"</a>. <i>Commercial Motor</i>. 7 March 1969. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+Motor&rft.atitle=Now+the+National+Freight+Federation&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1969-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.commercialmotor.com%2Farticle%2F7th-march-1969%2F46%2Fnow-the-national-freight-federation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"British Rail Engineering Limited formed". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette</a></i>. 5 December 1969. p. 882.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=British+Rail+Engineering+Limited+formed&rft.pages=882&rft.date=1969-12-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Sealink title for BR and alliped shipping services". <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette</a></i>. 21 November 1969. p. 843.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=Sealink+title+for+BR+and+alliped+shipping+services&rft.pages=843&rft.date=1969-11-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101021084634/http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/37/detail.html">"Department details ― British Railways Board"</a>. <i>National Digital Archive of Datasets</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 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(May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartChadwick1987" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Valerie & Chadwick, Vivian (1987). <i>Changing Trains: messages for management from the ScotRail challenge</i>. 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(May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1987" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Geoffrey Freeman (1987). <i>The Yeoman 59s</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macquarie.com/au/about/newsroom/2012/20121129a">the original</a> on 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Group+acquires+portfolio+of+rail+assets+from+Lloyds+Banking+Group&rft.pub=Macquarie+Group&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macquarie.com%2Fau%2Fabout%2Fnewsroom%2F2012%2F20121129a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218092554/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/rock-rail-signs-first-rolling-stock-financing-deal.html">"Rock Rail signs first rolling stock financing deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 18 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/rock-rail-signs-first-rolling-stock-financing-deal.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Rail+signs+first+rolling+stock+financing+deal&rft.pub=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Ftraction-rolling-stock%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Frock-rail-signs-first-rolling-stock-financing-deal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railmagazine.com/news/fleet/uk-rail-leasing-s-in-demand-56s-set-for-overhauls">"UK Rail Leasing's in-demand 56s set for overhauls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_(magazine)" title="Rail (magazine)">Rail</a></i>. No. 739. 8 January 2014. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail&rft.atitle=UK+Rail+Leasing%27s+in-demand+56s+set+for+overhauls&rft.issue=739&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Ffleet%2Fuk-rail-leasing-s-in-demand-56s-set-for-overhauls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rail_archive-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rail_archive_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinnick2019" class="citation web cs1">Clinnick, Richard (9 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railmagazine.com/news/rail-features/from-the-archives-operations-options-and-opportunities">"FROM THE ARCHIVES: Operations, options and opportunities"</a>. railmagazine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FROM+THE+ARCHIVES%3A+Operations%2C+options+and+opportunities&rft.pub=railmagazine.com&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=Clinnick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Frail-features%2Ffrom-the-archives-operations-options-and-opportunities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orr.gov.uk/about-orr/what-we-do/our-functions">"Our functions"</a>. Office of Rail and Road<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+functions&rft.pub=Office+of+Rail+and+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forr.gov.uk%2Fabout-orr%2Fwhat-we-do%2Four-functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/privatisation/rail-privatisation/">"Rail Privatisation in UK - Economics Help"</a>. <i>Economics Help</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economics+Help&rft.atitle=Rail+Privatisation+in+UK+-+Economics+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicshelp.org%2Fmacroeconomics%2Fprivatisation%2Frail-privatisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2009" class="citation book cs1">Parker, David (2009). <i>The Official History of Privatisation Vol. I: The Formative Years, 1970-1987</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46916-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46916-6"><bdi>978-0-415-46916-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+History+of+Privatisation+Vol.+I%3A+The+Formative+Years%2C+1970-1987&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46916-6&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2012" class="citation book cs1">Parker, David (2012). <i>The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987-97</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69221-2"><bdi>978-0-415-69221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+History+of+Privatisation%2C+Vol.+II%3A+Popular+Capitalism%2C+1987-97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69221-2&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivatisation+of+British+Rail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Privatisation_of_British_Rail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/econn/econn091.pdf">Libertarian Alliance: Why British Rail privatisation has failed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205073122/http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/econn/econn091.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100620163443/http://www.workersliberty.org/node/view/2094">Worker's Liberty: British Rail privatisation: What it means and why it happened</a> (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economicissues.org/archive/pdfs/4v7p1.PDF">Economic Issues: Subsidy and productivity in the privatised British passenger railway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eriksrailnews.com/archive/thatcher.htm">British Rail Sidetracked</a> (1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter31.htm">"Single or Return – the official history of the</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518091608/http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter31.htm">Archived</a> 18 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_Salaried_Staffs%27_Association" title="Transport Salaried Staffs' Association">Transport Salaried Staffs' Association</a> – Chapter 31 "More Privatisation".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter32.htm">"Single or Return – the official history of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504102355/http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter32.htm">Archived</a> 4 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Chapter 32 "Preparing for Railway Privatisation; The Railways Act (1993); BR Privatisation – The Final Phase?".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicworld.org/files/britrail.pdf">The high public price of Britain's private railway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210113538/http://www.publicworld.org/files/britrail.pdf">Archived</a> 10 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on Public World.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/bringbackbritishrail">Bring Back British Rail</a> on <a href="/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook (identifier)">Facebook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107102122/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/state_aid/legislation/91l237_en.html">EU Directive 91/440 of 29 July 1991</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0012:EN:HTML">EU Directive 2001/12 of 26 February 2001, amending 91/440</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/Ukpga_19930043_en_1.htm">Railways Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_2000" title="Transport Act 2000">Transport Act 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2000/20000038.htm">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/20050014.htm">Railways Act 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/">Office of Rail Regulation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140127201437/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/">Archived</a> 27 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830">pre-1830</a> <br /><i>The pioneers</i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1830%E2%80%931922" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830–1922">1830–1922</a> <br /><i>Early development </i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1923%E2%80%931947" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923–1947">1923–1947</a> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(British_railway_companies)" title="Big Four (British railway companies)">The Big Four</a></i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">1948–1994</a> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a></i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1995_to_date" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date">since 1995</a> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_franchising_in_Great_Britain" title="Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain">Private franchises</a></i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1995_to_date" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date">Future</a> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Rail" title="Template:British Rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Rail" title="Template talk:British Rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994#The_Modernisation_Plan" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">1955 modernisation plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpell_Report" title="Serpell Report">Serpell Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_on_British_Rail" title="List of accidents on British Rail">Accidents</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Bring_Back_British_Rail" title="Campaign to Bring Back British Rail">Campaign to Bring Back British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1947" title="Transport Act 1947">Transport Act 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1962" title="Transport Act 1962">Transport Act 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railways_Act_1993" title="Railways Act 1993">Railways Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_2000" title="Transport Act 2000">Transport Act 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Commission" title="British Transport Commission">British Transport Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Railways_Board" title="British Railways Board">British Railways Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRB_(Residuary)_Limited" title="BRB (Residuary) Limited">BRB (Residuary) Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Eastern Region of British Railways">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways" title="London Midland Region of British Railways">London Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="North Eastern Region of British Railways">North Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Services, sectors<br />and subsidiaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Passenger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_NorthWest" title="Network NorthWest">Network NorthWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_SouthEast" title="Network SouthEast">Network SouthEast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(British_Rail)" title="ScotRail (British Rail)">ScotRail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_Sleeper_(British_Rail)" title="InterCity Sleeper (British Rail)">Night Trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight" title="Railfreight">Railfreight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Express_Systems" title="Rail Express Systems">Rail Express Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfreight_Distribution" title="Railfreight Distribution">Railfreight Distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speedlink" title="Speedlink">Speedlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Group" title="Freightliner Group">Freightliner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainload_Freight" title="Trainload Freight">Trainload Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Parcels" title="Red Star Parcels">Red Star Parcels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division" title="British Rail Research Division">British Rail Research Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Telecommunications" title="British Rail Telecommunications">British Rail Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Hotels" title="British Transport Hotels">British Transport Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealink" title="Sealink">Sealink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travellers_Fare" title="Travellers Fare">Travellers Fare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media and publicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Double_Arrow" title="British Rail Double Arrow">Double Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Passenger_Timetable" title="British Rail Passenger Timetable">British Rail Passenger Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Films" title="British Transport Films">British Transport Films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Mail_(advert)" title="Night Mail (advert)">Night Mail</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railnews" title="Railnews">Railnews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_the_Train" title="The Age of the Train">The Age of the Train</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_type_of_snow" title="The wrong type of snow">The wrong type of snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Rail" title="Category:British Rail">Category:British Rail</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Major" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Major" title="Template:John Major"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Major" title="Template talk:John Major"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Major" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Major"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Major" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1990–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Chief Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a> (1987–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> (1989–1990)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">Premiership</a></li> <li>Major ministry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Major_ministry" title="First Major ministry">First</a>, 1990–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Second</a>, 1992–1997</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_John_Major" title="Shadow Cabinet of John Major">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">Huntingdon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Major_1993_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/100px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/150px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg/200px-John_Major_1993_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Budgets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1991 United Kingdom budget">1991 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1992 United Kingdom budget">1992 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1993_United_Kingdom_budget" title="March 1993 United Kingdom budget">March 1993 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1993_United_Kingdom_budget" title="November 1993 United Kingdom budget">November 1993 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1994 United Kingdom budget">1994 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1995 United Kingdom budget">1995 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1996 United Kingdom budget">1996 budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter" title="Citizen's Charter">Citizen's Charter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Mark">Charter Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cones_Hotline" title="Cones Hotline">Cones Hotline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-maintained_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-maintained schools">Grant-maintained schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Newbury_by-election" title="1993 Newbury by-election">1993 Newbury by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reviews_of_the_British_honours_system" title="1993 reviews of the British honours system">1993 reviews of the British honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Support_Agency" title="Child Support Agency">Child Support Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Major_ministry" title="1993 vote of confidence in the Major ministry">1993 vote of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign)" title="Back to Basics (campaign)">Back to Basics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privatisation of British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cullen_Reports" title="The Cullen Reports">Cullen Report (Dunblane massacre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash for Questions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms-to-Iraq">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gabriel" title="Operation Gabriel">Operation Gabriel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Major" title="Electoral history of John Major">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Parliament Election</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Major:_The_Autobiography" title="John Major: The Autobiography">John Major: The Autobiography</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Game:_The_Story_of_Cricket%27s_Early_Years" title="More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years">More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man:_A_Personal_History_of_Music_Hall" title="My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall">My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Major" title="Norma Major">Norma Major</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Major-Ball" title="Terry Major-Ball">Terry Major-Ball</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Major-Ball" title="Tom Major-Ball">Tom Major-Ball</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thatcher:_The_Final_Days" title="Thatcher: The Final Days">Thatcher: The Final Days</a></i> (TV, 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_UK" title="Independence Day UK">Independence Day UK</a></i> (Radio, 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_(2009_film)" title="Margaret (2009 film)">Margaret</a></i> (TV, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)" title="The Iron Lady (film)">The Iron Lady </a></i> (Film, 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a></i> (Play, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_5" title="The Crown season 5"><i>The Crown</i> season 5</a> (TV, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></b> →</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Major" title="Category:John Major">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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