CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Saladin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c67ad709-9953-4b4b-ab31-0e7de3e4fb7d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Saladin","wgTitle":"Saladin","wgCurRevisionId":1281487513,"wgRevisionId":1281487513,"wgArticleId":26983,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Arabic-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages with missing ISBNs","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022","CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from March 2025","Use Oxford spelling from November 2022","Pages using infobox military person with embed","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)","CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Latin-language sources (la)","Webarchive template archiveis links","Year of birth uncertain","Saladin","1130s births","1193 deaths","12th-century Ayyubid sultans of Egypt","12th-century Ayyubid rulers","12th-century Muslims","12th-century Kurdish people","Asharis","Sunni Sufis","Ayyubid emirs of Damascus","Ayyubid sultans of Egypt","Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques","Characters in the Divine Comedy","Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate","12th-century generals","Generals of the medieval Islamic world","Mujaddid","Muslims of the Second Crusade","Muslims of the Third Crusade","People from Tikrit","Monarchs of Yemen","Kurdish Sunni Muslims","Kurdish military personnel","Kurdish rulers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Saladin","wgRelevantArticleId":26983,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8581","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/1200px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1128"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/800px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="752"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/640px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="602"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Saladin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Saladin rootpage-Saladin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Saladin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saladin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Saladin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saladin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_religious_leanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_religious_leanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personality and religious leanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_religious_leanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Egypt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Egypt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vizier_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vizier_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vizier of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vizier_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultan_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultan_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sultan of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultan_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conquest of Syria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest_of_Syria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conquest of Syria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conquest of Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_conquests_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_conquests_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Further conquests in Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_conquests_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Assassins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_the_Assassins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Campaign against the Assassins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Assassins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Cairo_and_forays_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Cairo_and_forays_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to Cairo and forays in Palestine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Cairo_and_forays_in_Palestine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Cairo and forays in Palestine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Cairo_and_forays_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battles_and_truce_with_Baldwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_and_truce_with_Baldwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Battles and truce with Baldwin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_and_truce_with_Baldwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Imperial expansions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_expansions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imperial expansions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Franks_and_War_with_the_Zengids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_the_Franks_and_War_with_the_Zengids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Campaign against the Franks and War with the Zengids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Franks_and_War_with_the_Zengids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fight_for_Mosul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fight_for_Mosul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fight for Mosul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fight_for_Mosul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession_of_Aleppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_of_Aleppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Possession of Aleppo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_of_Aleppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_against_Crusaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_against_Crusaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Wars against Crusaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars_against_Crusaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wars against Crusaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wars_against_Crusaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Capture of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Recognition and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Muslim world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Western world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cultural depictions of Saladin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural depictions of Saladin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_television_and_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_television_and_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Film, television and animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_television_and_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saladin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_al-Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ሳላዲን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳላዲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सलाउद्दीन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सलाउद्दीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صلاح الدين الأيوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صلاح الدين الأيوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%ADn" title="Saladín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saladín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="ছালাহুদ্দিন আয়ুবী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছালাহুদ্দিন আয়ুবী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%ADn" title="Saladín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saladín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सलाउद्दीन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सलाउद्दीन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%ADno" title="Saladíno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Saladíno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="СалахӀуддин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="СалахӀуддин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99lah%C9%99ddin_%C6%8Fyyubi" title="Səlahəddin Əyyubi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səlahəddin Əyyubi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صلاح‌الدین ایوبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صلاح‌الدین ایوبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="সালাহুদ্দিন আইয়ুবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালাহুদ্দিন আইয়ুবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%85_%D3%99%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сәләх әд-Дин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәләх әд-Дин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Саладзін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саладзін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Саладын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саладын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Салах ад-Дин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Салах ад-Дин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahudin" title="Salahudin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Salahudin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%AD" title="Saladí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saladí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Салах ад-Дин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Салах ад-Дин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صلاح الدين لأيوبي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صلاح الدين لأيوبي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Σαλαντίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαλαντίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%A9n" title="Saladén – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Saladén" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_I.a" title="Saladin I.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saladin I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صلاح‌الدین ایوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صلاح‌الدین ایوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%98" title="살라딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살라딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Սալահ ալ-Դին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սալահ ալ-Դին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सलाउद्दीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सलाउद्दीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_al-Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin Ayyubi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salahuddin Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C3%ADn" title="Saladín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saladín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97_%D7%90-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סלאח א-דין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלאח א-דין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalahuddin_al_Ayyubi" title="Shalahuddin al Ayyubi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Shalahuddin al Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სალადინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სალადინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صلاح الدیٖن ایوٗبی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صلاح الدیٖن ایوٗبی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D3%99%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Салах әд-Дин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Салах әд-Дин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_ad-Din" title="Salah ad-Din – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Salah ad-Din" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selahed%C3%AEn%C3%AA_Ey%C3%BBb%C3%AE" title="Selahedînê Eyûbî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Selahedînê Eyûbî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selahaddin" title="Selahaddin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Selahaddin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="СалахӀуддин Айюби – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="СалахӀуддин Айюби" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinus" title="Saladinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saladinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C4%ABns" title="Saladīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saladīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinas" title="Saladinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saladinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaladin_egyiptomi_szult%C3%A1n" title="Szaladin egyiptomi szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaladin egyiptomi szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin Ayyubi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Salahuddin Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सलाउद्दीन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सलाउद्दीन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Саладин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саладин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="സലാഹുദ്ദീൻ അയ്യൂബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സലാഹുദ്ദീൻ അയ്യൂബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="सालादिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सालादिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სალადინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სალადინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="صلاح الدين الايوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صلاح الدين الايوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_al-Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_al-Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Salahuddin al-Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Саладин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саладин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆလာဒင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆလာဒင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="सलादिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सलादिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="サラーフッディーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラーフッディーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Салахьуддин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Салахьуддин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salohuddin_al-Ayyubiy" title="Salohuddin al-Ayyubiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Salohuddin al-Ayyubiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਲਾਦੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਾਦੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صلاح الدین ایوبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صلاح الدین ایوبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صلاح الدين ايوبي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صلاح الدين ايوبي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladyn" title="Saladyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saladyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladino" title="Saladino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saladino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Саладін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Саладін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Салах ад-Дин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Салах ад-Дин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सलाउद्दीन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सलाउद्दीन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinu" title="Saladinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saladinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seladini" title="Seladini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Seladini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladinu" title="Saladinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saladinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صلاح الدين ايوبي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صلاح الدين ايوبي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_(sult%C3%A1n)" title="Saladin (sultán) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saladin (sultán)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaaxudiin_al-Ayyuubi" title="Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سەڵاحەددینی ئەییووبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەڵاحەددینی ئەییووبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Саладин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саладин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahuddin_Al-Ayyubi" title="Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சலாகுத்தீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சலாகுத்தீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2ala%E1%B8%A5eddin" title="Ṣalaḥeddin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṣalaḥeddin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%98%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Сәләхетдин Әюби – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәләхетдин Әюби" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80" title="సలాహుద్దీన్ అయ్యూబీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సలాహుద్దీన్ అయ్యూబీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เศาะลาฮุดดีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศาะลาฮุดดีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Салоҳуддин Айюбӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Салоҳуддин Айюбӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selahaddin_Eyyubi" title="Selahaddin Eyyubi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Selahaddin Eyyubi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Салах ед Дін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Салах ед Дін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صلاح الدین ایوبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صلاح الدین ایوبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_l%27_Aayoub%C3%AE" title="Saladin l' Aayoubî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Saladin l' Aayoubî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81" title="薩拉丁 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="薩拉丁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81" title="萨拉丁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨拉丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סאלאדין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאלאדין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81" title="撒拉丁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="撒拉丁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selahed%C3%AEn%C3%AA_Ey%C3%BBb%C3%AE" title="Selahedînê Eyûbî – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Selahedînê Eyûbî" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%C4%97ns" title="Saladėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Saladėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81" title="萨拉丁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨拉丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahudin_Ayubi" title="Salahudin Ayubi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Salahudin Ayubi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saladin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8581#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Saladin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saladin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saladin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Saladin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Saladin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&oldid=1281487513" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Saladin&id=1281487513&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaladin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaladin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Saladin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saladin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saladin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8581" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (c. 1137–1193)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saladin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saladin (disambiguation)">Saladin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Saladin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>King Who Grants Victory<br /><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_(Saladin)._AH_564-589_(1169-1193_CE)_%C3%86_Dirham_(30.1mm,_13.28_g,_6h)._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_(AD_1190-91)._Sultan_sitting_facing,_cross-legged,_on_high-backed_throne_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Saladin in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">sharbush</a></i> hat of <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> rulers,<sup id="cite_ref-DN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his rallying sign,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a coin: "The Victorious King, Righteousness of the World and the Faith, Yusuf ibn Ayyub".<sup id="cite_ref-DN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 587 AH (1190–1191 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-BAL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt and Syria</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1174 – 4 March 1193</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1174, Cairo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Al-Adid</a> (as Fatimid caliph)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal</a> (Syria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1169 – 26 September 1171</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Yusuf ibn Ayyub<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1137</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin</a>, Iraq)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1193 (aged 55–56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Sultanate">Ayyubid Sultanate</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus</a>, Syria)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, Damascus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ismat_ad-Din_Khatun" title="Ismat ad-Din Khatun">Ismat ad-Din Khatun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Turanshah_ibn_Salah_al-Din" title="Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah ibn Salah al-Din">Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah ibn Salah al-Din</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> (founder)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayyub_ibn_Shadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyub ibn Shadi">Ayyub ibn Shadi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Sitt al-Mulk Fatma Khatun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">Battle of al-Babein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1167)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1167)">Siege of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1169)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damietta (1169)">Siege of Damietta (1169)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ayla" title="Siege of Ayla">Siege of Ayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1174)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1174)">Siege of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Horns_of_Hama" title="Battle of the Horns of Hama">Battle of the Horns of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Battle of Marj Ayyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">Siege of Jacob's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Acre_(1179)" title="Attack on Acre (1179)">Attack on Acre (1179)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">Battle of Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Fule" title="Battle of al-Fule">Battle of al-Fule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">Siege of Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">Siege of Tyre (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Siege of Belvoir Castle">Siege of Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(1188)" title="Siege of Laodicea (1188)">Siege of Laodicea (1188)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sahyun_Castle" title="Siege of Sahyun Castle">Siege of Sahyun Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Shughur" title="Siege of al-Shughur">Siege of al-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bourzey_Castle" title="Siege of Bourzey Castle">Siege of Bourzey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">Siege of Safed (1188)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1137</span> – 4 March 1193), commonly known as <b>Saladin</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. Hailing from a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> family, he was the first <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages#Ayyubid_period" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. An important figure of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. At the height of his power, the Ayyubid realm spanned Egypt, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. </p><p>Alongside his uncle <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a>, a Kurdish mercenary commander in service of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin was sent to <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Egypt</a> in 1164, on the orders of the Zengid ruler <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur ad-Din</a>. With their original purpose being to help restore <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">vizier</a> to the teenage Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid</a>, a power struggle ensued between Shirkuh and Shawar after the latter was reinstated. Saladin, meanwhile, climbed the ranks of the Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against Crusader assaults and his personal closeness to al-Adid. After Shawar was assassinated and Shirkuh died in 1169, al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. During his tenure, Saladin, a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>, began to undermine the Fatimid establishment; following al-Adid's death in 1171, he abolished the Cairo-based <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslim">Shia Muslim</a> Fatimid Caliphate and realigned Egypt with the Baghdad-based Sunni <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. </p><p>In the following years, Saladin led forays against the Crusaders in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, commissioned the successful conquest of Yemen, and staved off pro-Fatimid rebellions in Egypt. Not long after Nur ad-Din died in 1174, Saladin launched his conquest of Syria, peacefully entering Damascus at the request of its governor. By mid-1175, Saladin had conquered <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, inviting the animosity of other Zengid lords, who were the official rulers of Syria's principalities; he subsequently defeated the Zengids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Horns_of_Hama" title="Battle of the Horns of Hama">Battle of the Horns of Hama</a> in 1175 and was thereafter proclaimed the '<a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt and Syria</a>' by the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a>. Saladin launched further conquests in northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, escaping two attempts on his life by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a> before returning to Egypt in 1177 to address local issues there. By 1182, Saladin had completed the conquest of Islamic Syria after capturing Aleppo but failed to take over the Zengid stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. </p><p>Under Saladin's command, the Ayyubid army defeated the Crusaders at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187, capturing Jerusalem and re-establishing Muslim military dominance in the Levant. Although the Crusaders' <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> persisted until the late 13th century, the defeat in 1187 marked a turning point in the Christian military effort against Muslim powers in the region. Saladin died in Damascus in 1193, having given away much of his personal wealth to his subjects; he is buried in <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">a mausoleum</a> adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>. Alongside his significance to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Muslim culture</a>, Saladin is revered prominently in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic culture">Turkic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a>. He has frequently been described as the most famous Kurdish figure in history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist" style="width:19.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:120%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saladin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Father and uncle</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najm_ad-Din_Ayyub" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm ad-Din Ayyub">Najm ad-Din Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Siblings</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughtakin_ibn_Ayyub" title="Tughtakin ibn Ayyub">Tughtakin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Wife</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismat_ad-Din_Khatun" title="Ismat ad-Din Khatun">Ismat ad-Din Khatun</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Children</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Al-Zahir Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Life</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Service under <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Zengi" title="Nur al-Din Zengi">Nur al-Din</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">Battle of al-Babein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1167)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1167)">Siege of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Taking power in Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy of 1174</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Horns_of_Hama" title="Battle of the Horns of Hama">Battle of the Horns of Hama</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusaders</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Battle of Marj Ayyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">Siege of Jacob's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">Battle of Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Fule" title="Battle of al-Fule">Battle of al-Fule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">Siege of Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Capture of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">Siege of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">Siege of Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Al-Adid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Qaraqush" title="Baha al-Din Qaraqush">Baha al-Din Qaraqush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tuwayr" title="Ibn al-Tuwayr">Ibn al-Tuwayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_Qaraqush" title="Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush">Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husam_al-Din_Abu%27l-Hayja" title="Husam al-Din Abu'l-Hayja">Husam al-Din Abu'l-Hayja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Saladin">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saladin" title="Template:Saladin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saladin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saladin (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saladin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saladin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Saladin was born in <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> in present-day Iraq. His personal name was "Yusuf"; "Salah ad-Din" is a <i><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i>, an honorific epithet, meaning "Righteousness of the Faith".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-Minorsky_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minorsky-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had originated from the village of Ajdanakan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a> in central Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200217_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200217-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETer-Ghevondyan1965218_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETer-Ghevondyan1965218-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of a Kurdish mercenary, <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Ayyub" title="Najm al-Din Ayyub">Najm ad-Din Ayyub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rawadiya tribe he hailed from had been partially assimilated into the Arabic-speaking world by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbaa199731_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbaa199731-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Saladin's era, no scholar had more influence than sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, and Saladin was strongly influenced and aided by him and his pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuh-al-Ghayb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuh-al-Ghayb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azzam_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azzam-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1132, the defeated army of <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Zengi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atabeg_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Atabeg of Mosul">Atabeg of Mosul</a>, found their retreat blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a> opposite the fortress of Tikrit, where Saladin's father, <a href="/wiki/Najm_ad-Din_Ayyub" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm ad-Din Ayyub">Najm ad-Din Ayyub</a> served as the warden. Ayyub provided ferries for the army and gave them refuge in Tikrit. Mujahid ad-Din Bihruz, a former Greek slave who had been appointed as the military governor of northern Mesopotamia for his service to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a>, reprimanded Ayyub for giving Zengi refuge and in 1137 banished Ayyub from Tikrit after his brother <a href="/wiki/Asad_al-Din_Shirkuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asad al-Din Shirkuh">Asad ad-Din Shirkuh</a> killed a friend of Bihruz. According to <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a>, Saladin was born the same night his family left Tikrit. In 1139, Ayyub and his family moved to Mosul, where Imad ad-Din Zengi acknowledged his debt and appointed Ayyub commander of his fortress in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>. After the death of Zengi in 1146, his son, <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur ad-Din</a>, became the regent of Aleppo and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids">Zengids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin, who now lived in Damascus, was reportedly fond of the city, but information on his early childhood is scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About education, Saladin wrote, "Children are brought up in the way in which their elders were brought up". According to his biographers, Anne-Marie Eddé<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and al-Wahrani, Saladin was able to answer questions on <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, arithmetic, and law, but this was an academic ideal. It was his knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the "sciences of religion" that linked him to his contemporaries;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several sources claim that during his studies, he was more interested in religious studies than joining the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor which may have affected his interest in religion was that, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, Jerusalem was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">taken</a> by the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Islam, Saladin knew the genealogies, biographies, and histories of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, as well as the bloodlines of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a>. More significantly, he knew the <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Hamasah" title="Kitab al-Hamasah">Hamasah</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a> by heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> and Arabic and knew <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase1998809_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase1998809-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŞeşen2009440_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŞeşen2009440-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_religious_leanings">Personality and religious leanings</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Saladin,_Nisibin_mint,_578_H_(Obverse_and_reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg/500px-Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg/960px-Coin_of_Saladin%2C_Nisibin_mint%2C_578_H_%28Obverse_and_reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5632" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Saladin, wearing <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">Sasanian-style</a> merlon crown,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated AH 578 (AD 1182/3).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a> (one of Saladin's contemporary biographers), Saladin was a pious Muslim—he loved hearing <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> recitals, prayed punctually, and "hated the <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a>, those that denied God's attributes, the <a href="/wiki/Materialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialists">materialists</a> and those who stubbornly rejected the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Holy Law</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and a patron of <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqahs</a> (Sufi hostels) in Egypt and Syria, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a> that provided orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above all else he was a devotee of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The sacred works [Koran, hadith, etc.] are full of passages referring to the jihad. Saladin was more assiduous and zealous in this than in anything else.... Jihad and the suffering involved in it weighed heavily on his heart and his whole being in every limb; he spoke of nothing else, thought only about equipment for the fight, was interested only in those who had taken up arms, had little sympathy with anyone who spoke of anything else or encouraged any other activity.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1174, Saladin ordered the arrest of a Sufi mystic, Qadid al-Qaffas (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قديد القفاص</span>), in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1191, he ordered his son to execute the Sufi philosopher <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Yahya al-Suhrawardi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationist</a> current in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, in Aleppo. Ibn Shaddad, who describes this event as part of his chapter on the sultan's piety, states that Al-Suhrawardi was said to have "rejected the Holy Law and declared it invalid." After consulting with some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (religious scholars), Saladin ordered al-Suhrawardi's execution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a>, an extremist <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'i">Shi'i</a> sect in Iran and Syria, seeing them as heretics and as being too close with the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Saladin welcomed Asiatic Sufis to Egypt and he and his followers founded and endowed many khanqahs and <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiyas</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> gives a long list.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it is not yet clear what Saladin's interests in the khanqah actually were and why he specifically wanted Sufis from outside Egypt. The answers to these questions lie in the kinds of Sufis he wished to attract. In addition to requiring that the Sufis come from outside Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqfiyya</a> seems to have specified that they be of a very particular type:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The inhabitants of the khanqah were known for religious knowledge and piety and their <a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">baraka</a> (blessings) was sought after... The founder stipulated that the khanqah be endowed for the Sufis as a group, those coming from abroad and settling in Cairo and <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>. If those could not be found, then it would be for the poor jurists, either <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_expeditions">Early expeditions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmer_cup_left_attendants_(British_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Palmer_cup_left_attendants_%28British_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a>-type clothes<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">sharbush</a></i> hats<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></i> (1200–1215)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin's military career began under the tutelage of his paternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Asad ad-Din Shirkuh</a>, a prominent military commander under Nur ad-Din, the Zengid emir of Damascus and Aleppo and the most influential teacher of Saladin. In 1163, the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">vizier</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, had been driven out of Egypt by his rival <a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a>, a member of the powerful Banu Ruzzaik tribe. He asked for military backing from Nur ad-Din, who complied and, in 1164, sent Shirkuh to aid Shawar in his expedition against Dirgham. Saladin, at age 26, went along with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19826–7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19826–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Shawar was successfully reinstated as vizier, he demanded that Shirkuh withdraw his army from Egypt for a sum of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>, but he refused, insisting it was Nur ad-Din's will that he remain. Saladin's role in this expedition was minor, and it is known that he was ordered by Shirkuh to collect stores from <a href="/wiki/Bilbais" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbais">Bilbais</a> prior to its siege by a <a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">combined force of Crusaders</a> and Shawar's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19828_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19828-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the sacking of Bilbais, the Crusader–Egyptian force and Shirkuh's army were to engage in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">Battle of al-Babein</a> on the desert border of the <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">Nile</a>, just west of <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>. Saladin played a major role, commanding the right-wing of the Zengid army, while a force of Kurds commanded the left, and Shirkuh was stationed in the centre. Muslim sources at the time, however, put Saladin in the "baggage of the centre" with orders to lure the enemy into a trap by staging a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a>. The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of Caesarea">Hugh of Caesarea</a> was captured while attacking Saladin's unit. After scattered fighting in little valleys to the south of the main position, the Zengid central force returned to the offensive; Saladin joined in from the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198214_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198214-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited with having helped Shirkuh in one of the "most remarkable victories in recorded history", according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory. Saladin and Shirkuh moved towards Alexandria where they were welcomed, given money and arms, and provided a base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198215_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198215-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced by a superior Crusader–Egyptian force attempting to besiege the city, Shirkuh split his army. He and the bulk of his force withdrew from Alexandria, while Saladin was left with the task of guarding the city, where he was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1167)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1167)">besieged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198216_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin in Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vizier_of_Egypt">Vizier of Egypt</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png/250px-Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png/375px-Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png/500px-Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest.png 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Saladin's battles in Egypt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Experimental_crossbow_mounted_inside_a_shield,_in_the_Tab%E1%B9%A3ira_by_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_Ibn_c%C4%80l%C4%AB_Ibn_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_al-%E1%B9%ACars%C5%ABs%C4%AB_written_for_Saladin,_late_F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid_or_early_Ayy%C5%ABbid_Egypt,_c.1170_CE_(Ms._Hunt.264,_f.117,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Experimental_crossbow_mounted_inside_a_shield%2C_in_the_Tab%E1%B9%A3ira_by_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_Ibn_c%C4%80l%C4%AB_Ibn_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_al-%E1%B9%ACars%C5%ABs%C4%AB_written_for_Saladin%2C_late_F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid_or_early_Ayy%C5%ABbid_Egypt%2C_c.1170_CE_%28Ms._Hunt.264%2C_f.117%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Experimental_crossbow_mounted_inside_a_shield%2C_in_the_Tab%E1%B9%A3ira_by_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_Ibn_c%C4%80l%C4%AB_Ibn_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_al-%E1%B9%ACars%C5%ABs%C4%AB_written_for_Saladin%2C_late_F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid_or_early_Ayy%C5%ABbid_Egypt%2C_c.1170_CE_%28Ms._Hunt.264%2C_f.117%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Experimental_crossbow_mounted_inside_a_shield%2C_in_the_Tab%E1%B9%A3ira_by_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_Ibn_c%C4%80l%C4%AB_Ibn_Mur%E1%B8%8Di_al-%E1%B9%ACars%C5%ABs%C4%AB_written_for_Saladin%2C_late_F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid_or_early_Ayy%C5%ABbid_Egypt%2C_c.1170_CE_%28Ms._Hunt.264%2C_f.117%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Experimental crossbow mounted inside a shield, in the <i>Tabṣira</i> by Murḍi Ibn cālī Ibn Murḍi al-Ṭarsūsī written for Saladin, late Fāṭimid or early Ayyūbid Egypt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1170 CE</span> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodleian_Library_MS_Huntington_264" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bodleian Library MS Huntington 264">Ms. Hunt.264</a>, f.117, Bodleian Library, Oxford, UK).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Shirkuh was in a power struggle over Egypt with Shawar and <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric I of Jerusalem</a> in which Shawar requested Amalric's assistance. In 1169, Shawar was reportedly assassinated by Saladin, and Shirkuh died later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198225_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198225-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, a number of candidates were considered for the role of vizier to al-Adid, most of whom were ethnic Kurds. Their ethnic solidarity came to shape the Ayyubid family's actions in their political career. Saladin and his close associates were wary of Turkish influence. On one occasion Isa al-Hakkari, a Kurdish lieutenant of Saladin, urged a candidate for the viziership, Emir Qutb ad-Din al-Hadhbani, to step aside by arguing that "both you and Saladin are Kurds and you will not let the power pass into the hands of the Turks".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nur ad-Din chose a successor for Shirkuh, but al-Adid appointed Saladin to replace Shawar as vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasoning behind the Shia caliph al-Adid's selection of Saladin, a Sunni, varies. Ibn al-Athir claims that the caliph chose him after being told by his advisers that "there is no one weaker or younger" than Saladin, and "not one of the emirs [commanders] obeyed him or served him". However, according to this version, after some bargaining, he was eventually accepted by the majority of the emirs. Al-Adid's advisers were also suspected of promoting Saladin in an attempt to split the Syria-based Zengids. Al-Wahrani wrote that Saladin was selected because of the reputation of his family in their "generosity and military prowess". <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din</a> wrote that after the brief mourning period for Shirkuh, during which "opinions differed", the Zengid emirs decided upon Saladin and forced the caliph to "invest him as vizier". Although positions were complicated by rival Muslim leaders, the bulk of the Syrian commanders supported Saladin because of his role in the Egyptian expedition, in which he gained a record of military qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228–29_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228–29-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inaugurated as vizier on 26 March, Saladin repented "wine-drinking and turned from frivolity to assume the dress of religion", according to Arabic sources of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198232_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198232-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained more power and independence than ever before in his career, he still faced the issue of ultimate loyalty between al-Adid and Nur ad-Din. Later in the year, a group of Egyptian soldiers and emirs attempted to assassinate Saladin, but having already known of their intentions thanks to his intelligence chief Ali ibn Safyan, he had the chief conspirator, Naji, Mu'tamin al-Khilafa—the civilian controller of the Fatimid Palace—arrested and killed. The day after, 50,000 Black African soldiers from the regiments of the Fatimid army opposed to Saladin's rule, along with Egyptian emirs and commoners, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">staged a revolt</a>. By 23 August, Saladin had decisively quelled the uprising, and never again had to face a military challenge from Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198234–36_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198234–36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of 1169, Saladin, with reinforcements from Nur ad-Din, defeated a massive Crusader-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> force near <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>. Afterwards, in the spring of 1170, Nur ad-Din sent Saladin's father to Egypt in compliance with Saladin's request, as well as encouragement from the Baghdad-based <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a>, who aimed to pressure Saladin in deposing his rival caliph, al-Ad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198238_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198238-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin himself had been strengthening his hold on Egypt and widening his support base there. He began granting his family members high-ranking positions in the region; he ordered the construction of a college for the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> branch of Sunni Islam in the city, as well as one for the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> denomination to which he belonged in <a href="/wiki/Al-Fustat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fustat">al-Fustat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198241_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198241-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After establishing himself in Egypt, Saladin launched a campaign against the Crusaders, besieging <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Darum</a> in 1170.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amalric withdrew his <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templars" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Templars">Templar</a> garrison from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> to assist him in defending Darum, but Saladin evaded their force and captured Gaza in 1187. In 1191 Saladin destroyed the fortifications in Gaza built by King Baldwin III for the Knights Templar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBgQ6AAAAIAAJpgPA208_208]_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBgQ6AAAAIAAJpgPA208_208]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear exactly when, but during that same year, he attacked and captured the Crusader castle of <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, built on an island off the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. It did not pose a threat to the passage of the Muslim navy but could harass smaller parties of Muslim ships, and Saladin decided to clear it from his path.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultan_of_Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</h3></div> <p>According to Imad ad-Din, Nur ad-Din wrote to Saladin in June 1171, telling him to reestablish the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt, which Saladin coordinated two months later after additional encouragement by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najm_ad-Din_al-Khabushani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Najm ad-Din al-Khabushani (page does not exist)">Najm ad-Din al-Khabushani</a>, the Shafi'i <i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i>, who vehemently opposed Shia rule in the country. Several Egyptian emirs were thus killed, but al-Adid was told that they were killed for rebelling against him. He then fell ill or was poisoned according to one account. While ill, he asked Saladin to pay him a visit to request that he take care of his young children, but Saladin refused, fearing treachery against the Abbasids, and is said to have regretted his action after realizing what al-Adid had wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198245_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198245-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 13 September, and five days later, the Abbasid <i><a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">khutba</a></i> was pronounced in Cairo and al-Fustat, proclaiming <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a> as caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198246–47_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198246–47-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September, Saladin left Cairo to take part in a joint attack on <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_(castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal (castle)">Montréal</a>, the desert castles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with Nur ad-Din who would attack from Syria. Prior to arriving at Montreal, Saladin however withdrew back to Cairo as he received the reports that in his absence the Crusader leaders had increased their support to the traitors inside Egypt to attack Saladin from within and lessen his power, especially the Fatimid who started plotting to restore their past glory. Because of this, Nur ad-Din went on alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Iltumish131_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iltumish131-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1173, a <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> army along with a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> former Fatimid troops were reported on the Egyptian border, preparing for a siege against <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. The emir of the city had requested Saladin's assistance and was given reinforcements under <a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a>, Saladin's brother. Consequently, the Nubians departed; but returned in 1173 and were again driven off. This time, Egyptian forces advanced from Aswan and captured the Nubian town of <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Ibrim</a>. Saladin sent a gift to Nur ad-Din, who had been his friend and teacher, 60,000 dinars, "wonderful manufactured goods", some jewels, and an elephant. While transporting these goods to Damascus, Saladin took the opportunity to ravage the Crusader countryside. He did not press an attack against the desert castles but attempted to drive out the Muslim Bedouins who lived in Crusader territory with the aim of depriving the Franks of guides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198260–62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198260–62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1173, Saladin's father Ayyub was wounded in a horse-riding accident, ultimately causing his death on 9 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198264_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198264-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1174, Saladin sent Turan-Shah to conquer <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a> to allocate it and its port <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> to the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Dynasty">Ayyubid Dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_Syria">Conquest of Syria</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Damascus">Conquest of Damascus</h3></div> <p>In the early summer of 1174, Nur ad-Din was mustering an army, sending summons to Mosul, <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Bakr" title="Diyar Bakr">Diyar Bakr</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> in an apparent preparation of an attack against Saladin's Egypt. The Ayyubids held a council upon the revelation of these preparations to discuss the possible threat and Saladin collected his own troops outside Cairo. On 15 May, Nur ad-Din died after falling ill the previous week and his power was handed to his eleven-year-old son <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik" title="As-Salih Ismail al-Malik">as-Salih Ismail al-Malik</a>. His death left Saladin with political independence and in a letter to as-Salih, he promised to "act as a sword" against his enemies and referred to the death of his father as an "earthquake shock".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198273–74_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198273–74-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin faced a difficult decision; he could move his army against the Crusaders from Egypt or wait until invited by as-Salih in Syria to come to his aid and launch a war from there. He could also take it upon himself to annex Syria before it could possibly fall into the hands of a rival, but he feared that attacking a land that formerly belonged to his master—forbidden in the Islamic principles in which he believed—could portray him as hypocritical, thus making him unsuitable for leading the war against the Crusaders. Saladin saw that in order to acquire Syria, he needed either an invitation from as-Salih or to warn him that potential anarchy could give rise to danger from the Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198274–75_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198274–75-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When as-Salih was removed to Aleppo in August, Gumushtigin, the emir of the city and a captain of Nur ad-Din's veterans assumed guardianship over him. The emir prepared to unseat all his rivals in Syria and the Jazira, beginning with Damascus. In this emergency, the emir of Damascus appealed to <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_II_Saif_ud-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi II Saif ud-Din">Saif ad-Din</a> of Mosul (a cousin of Gumushtigin) for assistance against Aleppo, but he refused, forcing the Syrians to request the aid of Saladin, who complied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin rode across the desert with 700 picked horsemen, passing through al-Kerak then reaching <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>. According to his own account, was joined by "emirs, soldiers, and Bedouins—the emotions of their hearts to be seen on their faces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198281_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198281-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 November, he arrived in Damascus amid general acclamation and rested at his father's old home there, until the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose commander Raihan initially refused to surrender, were opened to Saladin four days later, after a brief siege by his brother <a href="/wiki/Tughtakin_ibn_Ayyub" title="Tughtakin ibn Ayyub">Tughtakin ibn Ayyub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198283_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198283-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He installed himself in the castle and received the homage and salutations of the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_conquests_in_Syria">Further conquests in Syria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/220px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/330px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg/440px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption>19th-century depiction of a victorious Saladin, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leaving his brother <a href="/wiki/Tughtakin_ibn_Ayyub" title="Tughtakin ibn Ayyub">Tughtakin ibn Ayyub</a> as Governor of Damascus, Saladin proceeded to reduce other cities that had belonged to Nur ad-Din, but were now practically independent. His army conquered <a href="/wiki/Hamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamah">Hama</a> with relative ease, but avoided attacking <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> because of the strength of its citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole190613_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole190613-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin moved north towards Aleppo, besieging it on 30 December after Gumushtigin refused to abdicate his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906137_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906137-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As-Salih, fearing capture by Saladin, came out of his palace and appealed to the inhabitants not to surrender him and the city to the invading force. One of Saladin's chroniclers claimed "the people came under his spell".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gumushtigin requested <a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a>, chief <i>da'i</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a> of Syria, who were already at odds with Saladin since he replaced the Fatimids of Egypt, to assassinate Saladin in his camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906138_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906138-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 May 1175, a group of thirteen Assassins easily gained admission into Saladin's camp, but were detected immediately before they carried out their attack by Nasih ad-Din Khumartekin of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria" title="Abu Qubays, Syria">Abu Qubays</a>. One was killed by one of Saladin's generals and the others were slain while trying to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906139_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906139-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle201120_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle201120-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deter Saladin's progress, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond III of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a> gathered his forces by <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir" title="Nahr al-Kabir">Nahr al-Kabir</a>, where they were well placed for an attack on Muslim territory. Saladin later moved toward <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> instead, but retreated after being told a relief force was being sent to the city by Saif ad-Din.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011392_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011392-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Saladin's rivals in Syria and Jazira waged a propaganda war against him, claiming he had "forgotten his own condition [servant of Nur ad-Din]" and showed no gratitude for his old master by besieging his son, rising "in rebellion against his Lord". Saladin aimed to counter this propaganda by ending the siege, claiming that he was defending Islam from the Crusaders; his army returned to Hama to engage a Crusader force there. The Crusaders withdrew beforehand and Saladin proclaimed it "a victory opening the gates of men's hearts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, Saladin entered Homs and captured its citadel in March 1175, after stubborn resistance from its defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906140_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906140-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin's successes alarmed Saif ad-Din. As head of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengids</a>, including Gumushtigin, he regarded Syria and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> as his family estate and was angered when Saladin attempted to usurp his dynasty's holdings. Saif ad-Din mustered a large army and dispatched it to Aleppo, whose defenders anxiously had awaited them. The combined forces of Mosul and Aleppo marched against Saladin in Hama. Heavily outnumbered, Saladin initially attempted to make terms with the Zengids by abandoning all conquests north of the <a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Damascus province</a>, but they refused, insisting he return to Egypt. Seeing that confrontation was unavoidable, Saladin prepared for battle, taking up a superior position at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Horns_of_Hama" title="Battle of the Horns of Hama">Horns of Hama</a>, hills by the gorge of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>. On 13 April 1175, the Zengid troops marched to attack his forces, but soon found themselves surrounded by Saladin's Ayyubid veterans, who crushed them. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Saladin, who pursued the Zengid fugitives to the gates of Aleppo, forcing as-Salih's advisers to recognize Saladin's control of the provinces of Damascus, Homs, and Hama, as well as a number of towns outside Aleppo such as <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arat_al-Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arat al-Numan">Ma'arat al-Numan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his victory against the Zengids, Saladin proclaimed himself king and suppressed the name of as-Salih in Friday prayers and Islamic coinage. From then on, he ordered prayers in all the mosques of Syria and Egypt as the sovereign king and he issued at the Cairo mint gold coins bearing his official title—<i>al-Malik an-Nasir Yusuf Ayyub, ala ghaya</i> "the King Strong to Aid, Joseph son of Job; exalted be the standard." The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and declared him "Sultan of Egypt and Syria". The Battle of Hama did not end the contest for power between the Ayyubids and the Zengids, with the final confrontation occurring in the spring of 1176. Saladin had gathered massive reinforcements from Egypt while Saif ad-Din was levying troops among the minor states of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> and al-Jazira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141–143_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141–143-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Saladin crossed the Orontes, leaving Hama, the sun was eclipsed. He viewed this as an omen, but he continued his march north. He reached the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan" title="Tell Sultan">Sultan's Mound</a>, roughly 25 km (16 mi) from Aleppo, where his forces encountered Saif ad-Din's army. A hand-to-hand fight ensued and the Zengids managed to plough Saladin's left-wing, driving it before him when Saladin himself charged at the head of the Zengid guard. The Zengid forces panicked and most of Saif ad-Din's officers ended up being killed or captured—Saif ad-Din narrowly escaped. The Zengid army's camp, horses, baggage, tents, and stores were seized by the Ayyubids. The Zengid <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, however, were given gifts and freed. All of the booty from the Ayyubid victory was accorded to the army, Saladin not keeping anything himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued towards Aleppo, which still closed its gates to him, halting before the city. On the way, his army took Buza'a and then captured <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>. From there, they headed west to besiege the fortress of <a href="/wiki/A%27zaz" class="mw-redirect" title="A'zaz">A'zaz</a> on 15 May. Several days later, while Saladin was resting in one of his captain's tents, an Assassin rushed forward at him and struck at his head with a knife. The cap of his head armour was not penetrated and he managed to grip the Assassin's hand—the dagger only slashing his <a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">gambeson</a>—and the assailant was soon killed. Saladin was unnerved at the attempt on his life, which he accused Gumushtugin and the Assassins of plotting, and so increased his efforts in the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A'zaz capitulated on 21 June, and Saladin then hurried his forces to Aleppo to punish Gumushtigin. His assaults were again resisted, but he managed to secure not only a truce, but a mutual alliance with Aleppo, in which Gumushtigin and as-Salih were allowed to continue their hold on the city, and in return, they recognized Saladin as the sovereign over all of the dominions he conquered. The <i>emirs</i> of <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasankeyf" title="Hasankeyf">Keyfa</a>, the Muslim allies of Aleppo, also recognised Saladin as the King of Syria. When the treaty was concluded, the younger sister of as-Salih came to Saladin and requested the return of the Fortress of A'zaz; he complied and escorted her back to the gates of Aleppo with numerous presents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_the_Assassins">Campaign against the Assassins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg/220px-Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg/330px-Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg/440px-Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Saladin ended his siege of the <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism">Ismaili</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>") <a href="/wiki/Misyaf_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Misyaf Castle">fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a>, which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a>, under uncertain circumstances in August 1176.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin had by now agreed to truces with his Zengid rivals and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (the latter occurred in the summer of 1175), but faced a threat from the Isma'ili sect known as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a>. Based in the <a href="/wiki/An-Nusayriyah_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nusayriyah Mountains">an-Nusayriyah Mountains</a>, they commanded nine <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili castles">fortresses</a>, all built on high elevations. As soon as he dispatched the bulk of his troops to Egypt, Saladin led his army into the an-Nusayriyah range in August 1176. He retreated the same month, after laying waste to the countryside, but failing to conquer any of the forts. Most Muslim historians claim that Saladin's uncle, the governor of Hama, mediated a peace agreement between him and Sinan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906148_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906148-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200147_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley200147-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin had his guards supplied with link lights and had chalk and cinders strewed around his tent outside <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a>—which he was besieging—to detect any footsteps by the Assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this version, one night Saladin's guards noticed a spark glowing down the hill of Masyaf and then vanishing among the Ayyubid tents. Presently, Saladin awoke to find a figure leaving the tent. He saw that the lamps were displaced and beside his bed laid hot scones of the shape peculiar to the Assassins with a note at the top pinned by a poisoned dagger. The note threatened that he would be killed if he did not withdraw from his assault. Saladin gave a loud cry, exclaiming that Sinan himself was the figure that had left the tent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another version claims that Saladin hastily withdrew his troops from Masyaf because they were urgently needed to fend off a Crusader force in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200147_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley200147-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, Saladin sought to form an alliance with Sinan and his Assassins, consequently depriving the Crusaders of a potent ally against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewing the expulsion of the Crusaders as a mutual benefit and priority, Saladin and Sinan maintained cooperative relations afterwards, the latter dispatching contingents of his forces to bolster Saladin's army in a number of decisive subsequent battlefronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200148_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley200148-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Cairo_and_forays_in_Palestine">Return to Cairo and forays in Palestine</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg/220px-Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg/330px-Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg/440px-Citadel_of_Salah_El.Din.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</a> was begun by Saladin towards 1176 to serve as Egypt's center of power.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later structures were added to it over the centuries.</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the an-Nusayriyah Mountains, Saladin returned to Damascus and had his Syrian soldiers return home. He left Turan Shah in command of Syria and left for Egypt with only his personal followers, reaching Cairo on 22 September. Having been absent for roughly two years, he had much to organize and supervise in Egypt, namely fortifying and reconstructing Cairo. The city walls were repaired and their extensions laid out, while the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a> was commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 280 feet (85 m) deep Bir Yusuf ("Joseph's Well") was built on Saladin's orders. The chief public work he commissioned outside of Cairo was the large bridge at <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, which was intended to form an outwork of defence against a potential <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin remained in Cairo supervising its improvements, building colleges such as the Madrasa of the Sword Makers and ordering the internal administration of the country. In November 1177, he set out upon a raid into Palestine; the Crusaders had recently forayed into the territory of Damascus, so Saladin saw the truce as no longer worth preserving. The Christians sent a large portion of their army to besiege the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harim</a> north of Aleppo, so southern Palestine bore few defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin found the situation ripe and marched to <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a>, which he referred to as the "Bride of Syria". <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> recorded that the Ayyubid army consisted of 26,000 soldiers, of which 8,000 were elite forces and 18,000 were black soldiers from Sudan. This army proceeded to raid the countryside, sack <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, and disperse themselves as far as the <a href="/wiki/Gates_in_Jerusalem%27s_Old_City_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls">Gates of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906154_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906154-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_and_truce_with_Baldwin">Battles and truce with Baldwin</h3></div> <p>The Ayyubids allowed <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV of Jerusalem</a> to enter Ascalon with his famous Gaza-based <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> without taking any precautions against a sudden attack. Although the Crusader force consisted of only 375 knights, Saladin hesitated to ambush them because of the presence of highly skilled templar generals. On 25 November, while the greater part of the Ayyubid army was absent, Saladin and his men were surprised near Ramla in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">battle of Montgisard</a> (possibly at <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>, also known as Tell Jezar). Before they could form up, the Templar force hacked the Ayyubid army down by body-to-body of sword. Initially, Saladin attempted to organize his men into battle order, but as his bodyguards were being killed, he saw that defeat was inevitable and so with a small remnant of his troops mounted a swift camel, riding all the way to the territories of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906155_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906155-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not discouraged by his defeat at Montgisard, Saladin was prepared to fight the Crusaders once again. In the spring of 1178, he was encamped under the walls of Homs, and a few skirmishes occurred between his generals and the Crusader army. His forces in Hama won a victory over their enemy and brought the spoils, together with many prisoners of war, to Saladin who ordered the captives to be beheaded for "plundering and laying waste the lands of the Faithful". He spent the rest of the year in Syria without a confrontation with his enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906156_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906156-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg/220px-JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg/330px-JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg/440px-JacobsFordBattlefield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The battlefield at <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Ford">Jacob's Ford</a>, looking from the west bank to the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin's intelligence services reported to him that the Crusaders were planning a raid into Syria. He ordered one of his generals, Farrukh-Shah, to guard the Damascus frontier with a thousand of his men to watch for an attack, then to retire, avoiding battle, and to light warning beacons on the hills, after which Saladin would march out. In April 1179, the Crusaders and Templars led by King Baldwin expected no resistance and waited to launch a surprise attack on Muslim herders grazing their herds and flocks east of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. Baldwin advanced too rashly in pursuit of Farrukh-Shah's force, which was concentrated southeast of <a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a> and was subsequently defeated by the Ayyubids. With this victory, Saladin decided to call in more troops from Egypt; he requested <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Adil">al-Adil</a> to dispatch 1,500 horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982136_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982136-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1179, King Baldwin had set up an outpost on the road to Damascus and aimed to fortify a passage over the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Ford">Jacob's Ford</a>, that commanded the approach to the <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a> plain (the plain was divided by the Muslims and the Christians). Saladin had offered 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> pieces to Baldwin to abandon the project, which was particularly offensive to the Muslims, but to no avail. He then resolved to destroy the fortress, called "Chastellet" and defended by the Templars knights, moving his headquarters to Banias. As the Crusaders hurried down to attack the Muslim forces, they fell into disorder, with the infantry falling behind. Despite early success, they pursued the Muslims far enough to become scattered, and Saladin took advantage by rallying his troops and charging at the Crusaders. The engagement ended in a decisive Ayyubid victory, and many high-ranking knights were captured. Saladin then moved to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jacob's Ford">besiege the fortress</a>, which fell on 30 August 1179.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906157–159_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906157–159-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1180, while Saladin was in the area of <a href="/wiki/Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad">Safad</a>, anxious to commence a vigorous campaign against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, King Baldwin sent messengers to him with proposals of peace. Because droughts and bad harvests hampered his <a href="/wiki/Commissariat" title="Commissariat">commissariat</a>, Saladin agreed to a truce. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond III of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a> denounced the truce but was compelled to accept after an Ayyubid raid on his territory in May and upon the appearance of Saladin's naval fleet off the port of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906160–161_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906160–161-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_(Saladin)._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_(Damascus)_mint._Dated_AH_583_(1187-1188_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg/330px-Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg/500px-Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg/660px-Ayyubids._Egypt._al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._1169-1193_CE._Citing_Abbasid_caliph_an-Nasir._Dimashq_%28Damascus%29_mint._Dated_AH_583_%281187-1188_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of Saladin, 583 AH (1187–88 CE).<br /> <i><b>Obv.</b></i>: "The Prince, Defender, Honor of the world [and] the faith"; in margin: "Yusuf bin Ayyub, Struck in Damascus, Year three and eighty and five hundred".<br /> <i><b>Rev.</b></i>: "The Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh</a>, Commander of the Faithful"; in margin: "There is no deity except God alone, Muhammad is the messenger of God".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1180, Saladin hosted a reception for Nur ad-Din Muhammad, the <a href="/wiki/Artuqid" class="mw-redirect" title="Artuqid">Artuqid</a> <i>emir</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hasankeyf" title="Hasankeyf">Keyfa</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Geuk_Su" class="mw-redirect" title="Geuk Su">Geuk Su</a>, in which he presented him and his brother Abu Bakr with gifts, valued at over 100,000 dinars according to Imad ad-Din. This was intended to cement an alliance with the Artuqids and to impress other <i>emirs</i> in Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Previously, Saladin offered to mediate relations between Nur ad-Din and <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk sultan of Rûm</a>—after the two came into conflict. The latter demanded that Nur ad-Din return the lands given to him as a dowry for marrying his daughter when he received reports that she was being abused and used to gain Seljuk territory. Nur ad-Din asked Saladin to mediate the issue, but Arslan refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nur ad-Din and Saladin met at Geuk Su, the top Seljuk emir, Ikhtiyar ad-Din al-Hasan, confirmed Arslan's submission, after which an agreement was drawn up. Saladin was later enraged when he received a message from Arslan accusing Nur ad-Din of more abuses against his daughter. He threatened to attack the city of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>, saying, "it is two days march for me and I shall not dismount [my horse] until I am in the city." Alarmed at the threat, the Seljuks pushed for negotiations. Saladin felt that Arslan was correct to care for his daughter, but Nur ad-Din had taken refuge with him, and therefore he could not betray his trust. It was finally agreed that Arslan's daughter would be sent away for a year and if Nur ad-Din failed to comply, Saladin would move to abandon his support for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving Farrukh-Shah in charge of Syria, Saladin returned to Cairo at the beginning of 1181. According to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Shama" title="Abu Shama">Abu Shama</a>, he intended to spend the fast of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in Egypt and then make the <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> pilgrimage to Mecca in the summer. For an unknown reason, he apparently changed his plans regarding the pilgrimage and was seen inspecting the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> banks in June. He was again embroiled with the Bedouin; he removed two-thirds of their fiefs to use as compensation for the fief-holders at <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a>. The Bedouin were also accused of trading with the Crusaders and, consequently, their grain was confiscated and they were forced to migrate westward. Later, Ayyubid warships were deployed against Bedouin river pirates, who were plundering the shores of Lake Tanis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982156_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982156-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1181, Saladin's former palace administrator <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Qaraqush" title="Baha al-Din Qaraqush">Baha ad-Din Qaraqush</a> led a force to arrest Majd ad-Din—a former deputy of Turan-Shah in the Yemeni town of <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a>—while he was entertaining <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Ishfahani</a> at his estate in Cairo. Saladin's intimates accused Majd ad-Din of misappropriating the revenues of Zabid, but Saladin himself believed there was no evidence to back the allegations. He had Majd ad-Din released in return for a payment of 80,000 dinars. In addition, other sums were to be paid to Saladin's brothers al-Adil and Taj al-Muluk Buri. The controversial detainment of Majd ad-Din was a part of the larger discontent associated with the aftermath of Turan-Shah's departure from Yemen. Although his deputies continued to send him revenues from the province, centralized authority was lacking and an internal quarrel arose between Izz ad-Din Uthman of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and Hittan of Zabid. Saladin wrote in a letter to al-Adil: "this Yemen is a treasure house ... We conquered it, but up to this day we have had no return and no advantage from it. There have been only innumerable expenses, the sending out of troops ... and expectations which did not produce what was hoped for in the end."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982158–159_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982158–159-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_expansions">Imperial expansions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_the_Franks_and_War_with_the_Zengids">Campaign against the Franks and War with the Zengids</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirham_of_Saladin,_1215-1216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg/300px-Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg/450px-Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg/600px-Dirham_of_Saladin%2C_1215-1216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Saladin on a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a> of the Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">Al-Ashraf Musa</a>, with obverse legend: <i>"The Victorious King, Righteousness of the World and the Faith, Yusuf ibn Ayyub"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAL_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dated 1215 CE;<sup id="cite_ref-BAL_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar coins were also minted in Saladin's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Saif ad-Din had died earlier in June 1181 and his brother <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz ad-Din Mas'ud">Izz ad-Din</a> inherited leadership of Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 December, the crown prince of the Zengids, as-Salih, died in Aleppo. Prior to his death, he had his chief officers swear an oath of loyalty to Izz ad-Din, as he was the only Zengid ruler strong enough to oppose Saladin. Izz ad-Din was welcomed in Aleppo, but possessing it and Mosul put too great of a strain on his abilities. He thus, handed Aleppo to his brother Imad ad-Din Zangi, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>. Saladin offered no opposition to these transactions in order to respect the treaty he previously made with the Zengids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906164–165_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906164–165-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 May 1182, Saladin, along with half of the Egyptian Ayyubid army and numerous non-combatants, left Cairo for Syria. On the evening before he departed, he sat with his companions and the tutor of one of his sons quoted a line of poetry: "enjoy the scent of the ox-eye plant of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, for after this evening it will come no more". Saladin took this as an evil omen and he never saw Egypt again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing that Crusader forces were massed upon the frontier to intercept him, he took the desert route across the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ailah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailah">Ailah</a> at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. Meeting no opposition, Saladin ravaged the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Montreal_(Crusader_castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal (Crusader castle)">Montreal</a>, whilst Baldwin's forces watched on, refusing to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906167_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906167-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in Damascus in June to learn that Farrukh-Shah had attacked the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, sacking <a href="/wiki/Daburiyya" title="Daburiyya">Daburiyya</a> and capturing Habis Jaldek, a fortress of great importance to the Crusaders. In July, Saladin led his army across the Jordan and into <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, where he marched south to sack <a href="/wiki/Bethsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethsan">Bethsan</a>. He was met by a substantial Crusader force in an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">inconclusive battle near Belvoir Castle</a>, but he was unable to destroy the Christian army and could not logistically sustain his own army any longer, so he withdrew across the river. In August, he passed through the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> to Beirut, where he rendezvoused with the Egyptian fleet and laid siege to the city. Failing to make any headway, he withdrew after a few days to deal with matters in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906168–169_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906168–169-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kukbary (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri</a>), the <i>emir</i> of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, invited Saladin to occupy the Jazira region, making up northern Mesopotamia. He complied and the truce between him and the Zengids officially ended in September 1182.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his march to Jazira, tensions had grown between the Zengid rulers of the region, primarily concerning their unwillingness to pay deference to Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982164_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982164-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, Saladin besieged Aleppo for three days, signaling that the truce was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once he reached Bira, near the river, he was joined by Kukbary and <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Nur al-Din Muhammad">Nur ad-Din of Hisn Kayfa</a> and the combined forces captured the cities of Jazira, one after the other. First, <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a> fell, followed by <a href="/wiki/Saruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Saruj">Saruj</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circesium" title="Circesium">Qirqesiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–70_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–70-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raqqa was an important crossing point and held by Qutb ad-Din Inal, who had lost Manbij to Saladin in 1176. Upon seeing the large size of Saladin's army, he made little effort to resist and surrendered on the condition that he would retain his property. Saladin promptly impressed the inhabitants of the town by publishing a decree that ordered a number of taxes to be canceled and erased all mention of them from treasury records, stating "the most miserable rulers are those whose purses are fat and their people thin". From Raqqa, he moved to conquer al-Fudain, al-Husain, Maksim, Durain, 'Araban, and Khabur—all of which swore allegiance to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982176_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982176-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin proceeded to take Nusaybin which offered no resistance. A medium-sized town, Nusaybin was not of great importance, but it was located in a strategic position between Mardin and Mosul and within easy reach of Diyarbakir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the midst of these victories, Saladin received word that the Crusaders were raiding the villages of Damascus. He replied, "Let them... whilst they knock down villages, we are taking cities; when we come back, we shall have all the more strength to fight them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Aleppo, the <i>emir</i> of the city Zangi raided Saladin's cities to the north and east, such as Balis, Manbij, Saruj, Buza'a, al-Karzain. He also destroyed his own citadel at A'zaz to prevent it from being used by the Ayyubids if they were to conquer it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fight_for_Mosul">Fight for Mosul</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_(guards).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg/300px-Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg/450px-Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg/600px-Badr_al-Din_Lulu_frontispiece_%28guards%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zengid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengid">Zengid</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, with swords and the <i><a href="/wiki/Qaba" title="Qaba">aqbiya turkiyya</a></i> coat, <i><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></i> armbands, boots and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">sharbush</a></i> hat. <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani">Kitab al-Aghani</a></i>, 1218–1219.<sup id="cite_ref-DSR_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSR-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As Saladin approached Mosul, he faced the issue of taking over a large city and justifying the action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982178_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982178-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zengids of Mosul appealed to <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir">an-Nasir</a>, the Abbasid caliph at Baghdad whose vizier favored them. An-Nasir sent Badr al-Badr (a high-ranking religious figure) to mediate between the two sides. Saladin arrived at the city on 10 November 1182. Izz ad-Din would not accept his terms because he considered them disingenuous and extensive, and Saladin immediately laid siege to the heavily fortified city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982179_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982179-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several minor skirmishes and a stalemate in the siege that was initiated by the caliph, Saladin intended to find a way to withdraw without damage to his reputation while still keeping up some military pressure. He decided to attack Sinjar, which was held by Izz ad-Din's brother Sharaf ad-Din. It fell after a 15-day siege on 30 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982180–181_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982180–181-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin's soldiers broke their discipline, plundering the city; Saladin managed to protect the governor and his officers only by sending them to Mosul. After establishing a garrison at Sinjar, he awaited a coalition assembled by Izz ad-Din consisting of his forces, those from Aleppo, Mardin, and Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906171_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906171-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin and his army met the coalition at Harran in February 1183, but on hearing of his approach, the latter sent messengers to Saladin asking for peace. Each force returned to their cities and al-Fadil wrote: "They [Izz ad-Din's coalition] advanced like men, like women they vanished."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March, al-Adil from Egypt wrote to Saladin that the Crusaders had struck the "heart of Islam". <a href="/wiki/Crusader_raids_on_the_Red_Sea" title="Crusader raids on the Red Sea">Raynald de Châtillon had sent ships</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> to raid towns and villages off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. It was not an attempt to extend the Crusader influence into that sea or to capture its trade routes, but merely a piratical move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982184_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982184-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Imad ad-Din writes the raid was alarming to the Muslims because they were not accustomed to attacks on that sea, and Ibn al-Athir adds that the inhabitants had no experience with the Crusaders either as fighters or traders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982185_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982185-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jubair">Ibn Jubair</a> was told that sixteen Muslim ships were burnt by the Crusaders, who then captured a pilgrim ship and caravan at <a href="/wiki/Aidab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidab">Aidab</a>. He also reported that they intended to attack <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and remove <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s body. <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> added to the rumor by claiming Muhammad's tomb was going to be relocated to Crusader territory so Muslims would make pilgrimages there. Al-Adil had his warships moved from Fustat and Alexandria to the Red Sea under the command of an Armenian mercenary Lu'lu. They broke the Crusader blockade, destroyed most of their ships, and pursued and captured those who anchored and fled into the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982186_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982186-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving Crusaders, numbered at 170, were ordered to be killed by Saladin in various Muslim cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982187_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982187-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk,_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._(Franks_Bequest,_British_Mus.,_London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg/250px-Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg/330px-Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg/500px-Inlaid_brass_writing_box_showing_%27Scorpio%27_wearing_a_mail_hauberk%2C_from_Mosul_AD_1200-1250._%28Franks_Bequest%2C_British_Mus.%2C_London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>Detail of inlaid brass writing box, with soldier wearing a <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, 1230–1250 CE, British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the point of view of Saladin, in terms of territory, the war against Mosul was going well, but he still failed to achieve his objectives and his army was shrinking; Taqi ad-Din took his men back to Hama, while Nasir ad-Din Muhammad and his forces had left. This encouraged Izz ad-Din and his allies to take the offensive. The previous coalition regrouped at Harzam some 140 km from Harran. In early April, without waiting for Nasir ad-Din, Saladin and Taqi ad-Din commenced their advance against the coalition, marching eastward to Ras al-Ein unhindered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982188_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982188-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late April, after three days of "actual fighting", according to Saladin, the Ayyubids had captured <a href="/wiki/Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amid">Amid</a>. He handed the city to Nur ad-Din Muhammad together with its stores, which consisted of 80,000 candles, a tower full of arrowheads, and 1,040,000 books. In return for a diploma—granting him the city, Nur ad-Din swore allegiance to Saladin, promising to follow him in every expedition in the war against the Crusaders, and repairing the damage done to the city. The fall of Amid, in addition to territory, convinced Il-Ghazi of Mardin to enter the service of Saladin, weakening Izz ad-Din's coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982191_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982191-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin attempted to gain the Caliph an-Nasir's support against Izz ad-Din by sending him a letter requesting a document that would give him legal justification for taking over Mosul and its territories. Saladin aimed to persuade the caliph claiming that while he conquered Egypt and Yemen under the flag of the Abbasids, the Zengids of Mosul openly supported the Seljuks (rivals of the caliphate) and only came to the caliph when in need. He also accused Izz ad-Din's forces of disrupting the Muslim "Holy War" against the Crusaders, stating "they are not content not to fight, but they prevent those who can". Saladin defended his own conduct claiming that he had come to Syria to fight the Crusaders, end the heresy of the Assassins, and stop the wrong-doing of the Muslims. He also promised that if Mosul was given to him, it would lead to the capture of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, "until the word of God is supreme and the Abbasid caliphate has wiped the world clean, turning the churches into mosques". Saladin stressed that all this would happen by the will of God, and instead of asking for financial or military support from the caliph, he would capture and give the caliph the territories of <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daquq" title="Daquq">Daquq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982192–194_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982192–194-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession_of_Aleppo">Possession of Aleppo</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/500px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/960px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin turned his attention from Mosul to Aleppo, sending his brother Taj al-Muluk Buri to capture Tell Khalid, 130 km northeast of the city. A siege was set, but the governor of Tell Khalid surrendered upon the arrival of Saladin himself on 17 May before a siege could take place. According to Imad ad-Din, after Tell Khalid, Saladin took a detour northwards to <a href="/wiki/Aintab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aintab">Aintab</a>, but he gained possession of it when his army turned towards it, allowing him to quickly move backward another c. 100 km towards Aleppo. On 21 May, he camped outside the city, positioning himself east of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>, while his forces encircled the suburb of Banaqusa to the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab Janan</a> to the west. He stationed his men dangerously close to the city, hoping for an early success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982195_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982195-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zangi did not offer long resistance. He was unpopular with his subjects and wished to return to his Sinjar, the city he governed previously. An exchange was negotiated where Zangi would hand over Aleppo to Saladin in return for the restoration of his control of Sinjar, Nusaybin, and Raqqa. Zangi would hold these territories as Saladin's vassals in terms of military service. On 12 June, Aleppo was formally placed in Ayyubid hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906172–173_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906172–173-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of Aleppo had not known about these negotiations and were taken by surprise when Saladin's standard was hoisted over the citadel. Two <i>emir</i>s, including an old friend of Saladin, Izz ad-Din Jurduk, welcomed and pledged their service to him. Saladin replaced the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> courts with Shafi'i administration, despite a promise that he would not interfere in the religious leadership of the city. Although he was short of money, Saladin also allowed the departing Zangi to take all the stores of the citadel that he could travel with and to sell the remainder—which Saladin purchased himself. In spite of his earlier hesitation to go through with the exchange, he had no doubts about his success, stating that Aleppo was "the key to the lands" and "this city is the eye of Syria and the citadel is its pupil".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982199_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982199-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Saladin, the capture of the city marked the end of over eight years of waiting since he told Farrukh-Shah that "we have only to do the milking and Aleppo will be ours".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982198–201_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982198–201-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending one night in Aleppo's citadel, Saladin marched to Harim, near the Crusader-held <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. The city was held by Surhak, a "minor <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i>". Saladin offered him the city of <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Busra</a> and property in Damascus in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harim</a>, but when Surhak asked for more, his own garrison in Harim forced him out. He was arrested by Saladin's deputy Taqi ad-Din on allegations that he was planning to cede Harim to <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III,_Prince_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemond III, Prince of Antioch">Bohemond III of Antioch</a>. When Saladin received its surrender, he proceeded to arrange the defense of Harim from the Crusaders. He reported to the caliph and his own subordinates in Yemen and <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> that he was going to attack the Armenians. Before he could move, however, there were a number of administrative details to be settled. Saladin agreed to a truce with Bohemond in return for Muslim prisoners being held by him and then he gave A'zaz to Alam ad-Din Suleiman and Aleppo to Saif ad-Din al-Yazkuj—the former was an <i>emir</i> of Aleppo who joined Saladin and the latter was a former <i>mamluk</i> of Shirkuh who helped rescue him from the assassination attempt at A'zaz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_against_Crusaders">Wars against Crusaders</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/250px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/330px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/500px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Saladin and <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Crusader attacks provoked further responses by Saladin. <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a>, in particular, harassed Muslim trading and pilgrimage routes with a fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, a water route that Saladin needed to keep open. Raynald threatened to attack the holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. On 29 September 1183, Saladin crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a>, which was found to be empty. The next day his forces sacked and burned the town and moved westwards. They intercepted Crusader reinforcements from Karak and <a href="/wiki/Shaubak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaubak">Shaubak</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> road and took prisoners. Meanwhile, the main Crusader force under <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">al-Fula</a>. Saladin sent out 500 skirmishers to harass their forces, and he himself marched to <a href="/wiki/Ain_Jalut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Jalut">Ain Jalut</a>. When the Crusader force—reckoned to be the largest the kingdom ever produced from its own resources, but still outmatched by the Muslims—advanced, the Ayyubids unexpectedly moved down the stream of Ain Jalut. After a few Ayyubid raids—including attacks on <a href="/wiki/Zir%27in" title="Zir'in">Zir'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Forbelet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>—the Crusaders still were not tempted to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Fule_(1183)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Fule (1183)">attack their main force</a>, and Saladin led his men back across the river once provisions and supplies ran low.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin still had to exact retribution on Raynald, so he twice <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">besieged Kerak</a>, Raynald's fortress in <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a>. The first time was in 1183, following his unsuccessful campaign into Galilee, but a relief force caused him to withdraw. He opened his campaign of 1184 with a second siege of Kerak, hoping this time to draw the Crusader army into battle on open ground, but they outmaneuvered him and successfully relieved the fortress. </p><p>Following the failure of his Kerak sieges, Saladin temporarily turned his attention back to another long-term project and resumed attacks on the territory of Izz ad-Din (Mas'ud ibn Mawdud ibn Zangi), around <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, which he had begun with some success in 1182. However, since then, Masʻūd had allied himself with the powerful governor of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, who in 1185 began moving his troops across the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, causing Saladin to hesitate in his attacks. The defenders of Mosul, when they became aware that help was on the way, increased their efforts, and Saladin subsequently fell ill, so in March 1186 a peace treaty was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1991781_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1991781-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Raynald retaliated for the earlier sieges of Kerak by looting a caravan of pilgrims on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> during the winter of 1186–87. According to the later 13th-century <i>Old French Continuation of William of Tyre</i>, Raynald captured Saladin's sister in a raid on a caravan; this claim is not attested in contemporary sources, Muslim or Frankish, however, instead stating that Raynald had attacked a preceding caravan, and Saladin set guards to ensure the safety of his sister and her son, who came to no harm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On hearing of the attack, Saladin vowed that he would personally slay Raynald for breaking the truce, a vow he would keep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outrage also led Saladin to resolve to dispense with half-measures to rein in the unruly lord of Kerak, and to instead topple the entire edifice of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, thus precipitating the invasion of the summer of 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 1187, Saladin faced the combined forces of <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King Consort">King Consort</a> of Jerusalem, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond III of Tripoli">Raymond III of Tripoli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>. In this battle alone the Crusader force was largely annihilated by Saladin's determined army. It was a major disaster for the Crusaders and a turning point in the history of the Crusades. Saladin captured Raynald and was personally responsible for his <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> in retaliation for his attacks against Muslim caravans. The members of these caravans had, in vain, besought his mercy by reciting the truce between the Muslims and the Crusaders, but Raynald ignored this and insulted the Islamic prophet, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, before murdering and torturing some of them. Upon hearing this, Saladin swore an oath to personally execute Raynald.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy of Lusignan was also captured. Seeing the execution of Raynald, he feared he would be next. However, his life was spared by Saladin, who said of Raynald, "[i]t is not the wont of kings, to kill kings; but that man had transgressed all bounds, and therefore did I treat him thus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011304_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011304-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Jerusalem">Capture of Jerusalem</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg/220px-L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg/330px-L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg/440px-L%27arm%C3%A9e_de_Saladin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337</figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin had captured almost every Crusader city. Saladin preferred to take Jerusalem without bloodshed and offered generous terms, but those inside refused to leave their holy city, vowing to destroy it in a fight to the death rather than see it handed over peacefully. Jerusalem capitulated to his forces on Friday, 2 October 1187, after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">a siege</a>. When the siege had started, Saladin was unwilling<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011263–264_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011263–264-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to promise terms of quarter to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#Population" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Frankish</a> inhabitants of Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a> threatened to kill every Muslim hostage, estimated at 5,000, and to destroy Islam's holy shrines of the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a> if such quarter were not provided. Saladin consulted his council and the terms were accepted. The agreement was read out through the streets of Jerusalem so that everyone might within forty days provide for himself and pay to Saladin the agreed tribute for his freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusually low ransom was to be paid for each Frank in the city, whether man, woman, or child, but Saladin, against the wishes of his treasurers, allowed many families who could not afford the ransom to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1990465_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1990465-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Heraclius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem">Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem</a> organised and contributed to a collection that paid the ransoms for about 18,000 of the poorer citizens, leaving another 15,000 to be enslaved. Saladin's brother al-Adil "asked Saladin for a thousand of them for his own use and then released them on the spot." Most of the foot soldiers were sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin summoned the Jews and permitted them to resettle in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScharfsteinGelabert1997145_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScharfsteinGelabert1997145-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the residents of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>, a large Jewish settlement, responded to his request. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, was the last major Crusader city that was not captured by Muslim forces. Strategically, it would have made more sense for Saladin to capture Tyre before Jerusalem; Saladin, however, chose to pursue Jerusalem first because of the importance of the city to Islam. Tyre was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>, who strengthened its defences and withstood <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">two sieges</a> by Saladin. In 1188, at Tortosa, Saladin released Guy of Lusignan and returned him to his wife <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylla of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a>. They went first to Tripoli, then to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. In 1189, they sought to reclaim Tyre for their kingdom but were refused admission by Conrad, who did not recognize Guy as king. Guy then set about <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">besieging Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011246_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011246-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin was on friendly terms with Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a>. Saladin's biographer <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a> reports that, after Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem, the Georgian Queen sent envoys to the sultan to request the return of confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem. Saladin's response is not recorded, but the queen's efforts seem to have been successful as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acre" title="Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre">Bishop of Acre</a>, reports the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> were, in contrast to the other Christian pilgrims, allowed a free passage into the city with their banners unfurled. Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Queen Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, offering 200,000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">battle of Hattin</a>, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Baha ad-Din, after these victories, Saladin mused of invading Europe, saying: "I think that when God grants me victory over the rest of Palestine I shall divide my territories, make a will stating my wishes, then set sail on this sea for their far-off lands in and pursue the Franks there, so as to free the earth of anyone who does not believe in God, or die in the attempt."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Crusade">Third Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>It is equally true that his generosity, his piety, devoid of fanaticism, that flower of liberality and courtesy which had been the model of our old chroniclers, won him no less popularity in Frankish Syria than in the lands of Islam. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>René Grousset (writer)</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hattin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattin">Hattin</a> and the fall of Jerusalem prompted the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> (1189–1192), which was partially financed by a special "<a href="/wiki/Saladin_tithe" title="Saladin tithe">Saladin tithe</a>" in 1188. <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">King Richard I</a> led Guy's siege of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">conquered the city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">executed</a> almost 3,000 Muslim <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beha-ed-Din_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beha-ed-Din-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baha ad-Din wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The motives of this massacre are differently told; according to some, the captives were slain by way of reprisal for the death of those Christians whom the Musulmans had slain. Others again say that the king of England, on deciding to attempt the conquest of Ascalon, thought it unwise to leave so many prisoners in the town after his departure. God alone knows what the real reason was.<sup id="cite_ref-Beha-ed-Din_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beha-ed-Din-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The armies of Saladin engaged in combat with the army of King Richard at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a> on 7 September 1191, at which Saladin's forces suffered heavy losses and were forced to withdraw. After the battle of Arsuf, Richard occupied Jaffa, restoring the city's fortifications. Meanwhile, Saladin moved south, where he dismantled the fortifications of Ascalon to prevent this strategically important city, which lay at the junction between Egypt and Palestine, from falling into Crusader hands.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1191, Richard began restoring the inland castles on the coastal plain beyond Jaffa in preparation for an advance on Jerusalem. During this period, Richard and Saladin passed envoys back and forth, negotiating the possibility of a truce.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard proposed that his sister <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan</a> should marry Saladin's brother and that Jerusalem could be their wedding gift.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Saladin rejected this idea when Richard insisted that Saladin's brother convert to Christianity. Richard suggested that his niece <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany" title="Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany">Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany</a> be the bride instead, an idea that Saladin also rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1192, Richard's army occupied Beit Nuba, just twelve miles from Jerusalem, but withdrew without attacking the Holy City. Instead, Richard advanced south on Ascalon, where he restored the fortifications. In July 1192, Saladin tried to threaten Richard's command of the coast by attacking Jaffa. The city was besieged, and Saladin very nearly captured it; however, Richard arrived a few days later and defeated Saladin's army in a battle outside the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002219–226_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002219–226-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa (1192)</a> proved to be the last military engagement of the Third Crusade. After Richard reoccupied Jaffa and restored its fortifications, he and Saladin again discussed terms. At last Richard agreed to demolish the fortifications of Ascalon, while Saladin agreed to recognize Crusader control of the Palestinian coast from Tyre to Jaffa. The Christians would be allowed to travel as unarmed pilgrims to Jerusalem, and Saladin's kingdom would be at peace with the Crusader states for the following three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005146_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005146-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg/220px-Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg/330px-Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg/440px-Damascus-SaladinTomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Saladin's tomb</a>, near the northwest corner of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, Damascus, Syria.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG/220px-Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG/330px-Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG/440px-Graf_Saladin_Damascus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Saladin's sarcophagus within the tomb building.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin died of a fever on 4 March 1193 (<span style="font-size:85%;">27 Safar 589 AH</span>) at Damascus,<sup id="cite_ref-İÂ_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İÂ-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not long after King Richard's departure. In Saladin's possession at the time of his death were one piece of gold and forty pieces of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200219_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200219-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had given away his great wealth to his poor subjects, leaving nothing to pay for his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200225,_244_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200225,_244-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">mausoleum</a> in the garden outside the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in Damascus, Syria. Originally the tomb was part of a complex which also included a school, Madrassah al-Aziziah, of which little remains except a few columns and an internal arch.<sup id="cite_ref-madainsaladintomb_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainsaladintomb-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven centuries later, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> donated a new marble sarcophagus to the mausoleum. However, the original sarcophagus was not replaced; instead, the mausoleum, which is open to visitors, now has two sarcophagi: the marble one placed on the side and the original wooden one, which covers Saladin's tomb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a> compiled a list of Saladin's sons along with their dates of birth, according to information provided by Saladin late in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-shamah_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shamah-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable members of Saladin's progeny, as listed by Imad, include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">al-Afḍal Nur ad-Din Ali</a>, emir of Damascus (b. 1 Shawwal 565 AH (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25</span> June 1170) in Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">al-'Azīz Imad ad-Din Abu al-Fath Uthman</a>, sultan of Egypt (b. 8 Jumada I 567 AH (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14</span> January 1172) in Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">al-Ẓāhir Ghiyath ad-Din Abu Mansur Ghazi</a>, emir of Aleppo (b. mid-Ramadan 568 AH (May 1173) in Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Turanshah_ibn_Salah_al-Din" title="Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah ibn Salah al-Din">al-Mu'aẓẓam Fakhr ad-Din Abu Mansur Turanshah</a>, (b. Rabi I 577 AH (July/August 1181) in Egypt)</li></ol> <p>The sons listed by Imad number fifteen, but elsewhere he writes that Saladin was survived by seventeen sons and one daughter. Saladin's daughter is said to have married her cousin <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil Muhammad ibn Adil</a>. Saladin may also have had other children who died before him. One son, Al-Zahir Dawud, whom Imad listed eighth, is recorded as being Saladin's twelfth son in a letter written by his minister.<sup id="cite_ref-shamah_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shamah-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not much is known of Saladin's wives or <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">slave-women</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Ismat_al-Din_Khatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismat al-Din Khatun">Ismat ad-Din Khatun</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Zengi" title="Nur al-Din Zengi">Nur ad-Din Zengi</a>, in 1176. She did not have children. One of his wives, Shamsah, is buried with her son al-Aziz in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_legacy">Recognition and legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_world">Muslim world</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg/500px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/161px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/242px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/322px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Eagle of Saladin in the coats of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kurdistan_Region" title="Coat of arms of the Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Egypt</a>, respectively</div></div></div></div> <p>Saladin has become a prominent figure in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish culture">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he has been described as the most famous Kurd in history.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">ibn Munqidh</a> mentioned him as the person who revived the reign<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of <i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliph">Rashidun Caliphs</a></i>. The Turkish writer <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy">Mehmet Akif Ersoy</a> called him the most beloved <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> of the Orient.<sup id="cite_ref-İÂ_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İÂ-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/German_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="German emperor">German emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II%27s_voyage_to_the_Levant_in_1898" title="Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898">visited Saladin's tomb</a> to pay his respects.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> sentiments, encouraged the image in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> of Saladin as a hero of the struggle against the West, building on was the romantic one created by Walter Scott and other Europeans in the West at the time. Saladin's reputation had previously been largely forgotten in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, eclipsed by more successful figures,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200863–66_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200863–66-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Arab states have sought to commemorate Saladin through various measures, often based on the image created of him in the 19th-century west.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">governorate</a> centered around Tikrit and <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> in modern-day Iraq <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">is named after him</a>, as is <a href="/wiki/Salahaddin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salahaddin University">Salahaddin University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, the largest city of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. A suburban community of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, Masif Salahaddin, is also named after him. </p><p>Few structures associated with Saladin survive within modern cities. Saladin first fortified the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Cairo">Citadel of Cairo</a> (1175–1183), which had been a domed pleasure pavilion with a fine view in more peaceful times. In Syria, even the smallest city is centred on a defensible <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>, and Saladin introduced this essential feature to Egypt. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> that he founded would outlive him by only 57 years, the legacy of Saladin within the Arab world continues to this day. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> in the 20th century, particularly with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, Saladin's heroism and leadership gained a new significance. Saladin's recapture of Palestine from the European <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> is considered an inspiration for modern-day Arabs' opposition to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. Moreover, the glory and comparative unity of the Arab world under Saladin was seen as the perfect symbol for the new unity sought by Arab nationalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a> became the symbol of revolutionary Egypt, and was subsequently adopted by several other Arab states (the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya#Libya_under_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Libya">Libya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine" title="Coat of arms of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen">Yemen</a>). </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Egypt" title="Shia Islam in Egypt">Egyptian Shias</a>, Saladin is dubbed as "Kharab ad-Din", the destroyer of religion—a derisive play on the name "Saladin."<sup id="cite_ref-veconomist_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veconomist-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_world">Western world</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ordene_de_chevalerie" title="Ordene de chevalerie">Ordene de chevalerie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristofano_dell%27altissimo,_saladino,_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg/250px-Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg/330px-Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg/500px-Cristofano_dell%27altissimo%2C_saladino%2C_ante_1568_-_Serie_Gioviana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Saladinus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo" title="Cristofano dell'Altissimo">Cristofano dell'Altissimo</a>, ante 1568</figcaption></figure> <p>Saladin was widely renowned in medieval Europe as a model of kingship, and in particular of the courtly virtue of regal generosity. As early as 1202/03, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> urged the German King <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a> to be more like Saladin, who believed that a king's hands should have holes to let the gold fall through.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1270s, <a href="/wiki/Jans_der_Enikel" title="Jans der Enikel">Jans der Enikel</a> was spreading the fictitious but approving story of Saladin's table,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which presented him as both pious and wise to religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i> (1308–1320), <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> mentions him as one of the virtuous non-Christians in <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is also depicted favorably in Boccaccio's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a></i> (1438–53).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Saladin faded into history after the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, he appears in a sympathetic light in modern literature, first in <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Wise" title="Nathan the Wise">Nathan the Wise</a></i> (1779), which transfers the central idea of "Saladin's table" to the post-medieval world. He is a central character in Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Talisman_(Scott_novel)" title="The Talisman (Scott novel)">The Talisman</a></i> (1825), which more than any other single text influenced the romantic view of Saladin. Scott presented Saladin as a "modern [19th-century] liberal European gentlemen, beside whom medieval Westerners would always have made a poor showing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200867_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200867-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20th-century French author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Champdor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Champdor (page does not exist)">Albert Champdor</a> described him as <i>"Le plus pur héros de l'Islam"</i> (English: <span lang="en">The purest Hero of Islam</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Crusaders' slaughter when they originally conquered Jerusalem in 1099, Saladin granted amnesty and free passage to all common Catholics and even to the defeated Christian army, as long as they were able to pay the aforementioned ransom (the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> Christians were treated even better because they often opposed the western Crusaders).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notwithstanding the differences in beliefs, the Muslim Saladin was respected by Christian lords, <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard</a> especially. Richard once praised Saladin as a great prince, saying that he was, without doubt, the greatest and most powerful leader in the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982357_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982357-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin, in turn, stated that there was not a more honorable Christian lord than Richard. After the treaty, Saladin and Richard sent each other many gifts as tokens of respect but never met face to face. In April 1191, a Frankish woman's three-month-old baby had been stolen from her camp and sold on the market. The Franks urged her to approach Saladin herself with her grievance. According to Ibn Shaddad, Saladin used his own money to buy the child back: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He gave it to the mother and she took it; with tears streaming down her face, and hugged the baby to her chest. The people were watching her and weeping and I (Ibn Shaddad) was standing amongst them. She suckled it for some time and then Saladin ordered a horse to be fetched for her and she went back to camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002147–148_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002147–148-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982325–326_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982325–326-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Mark Cartwright, the publishing director of <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>, writes: "Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that the Muslim leader became one of the great exemplars of chivalry in 13th century European literature. Much has been written about the sultan during his own lifetime and since, but the fact that an appreciation for his diplomacy and leadership skills can be found in both contemporary Muslim and Christian sources would suggest that Saladin is indeed worthy of his position as one of the great medieval leaders."<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions_of_Saladin">Cultural depictions of Saladin</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo,_museo_militare_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg/500px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_museo_militare_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Modern sculpture of Saladin in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Military_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Military museum">Egyptian Military museum</a> in Cairo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Talisman_(Scott_novel)" title="The Talisman (Scott novel)">The Talisman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. Published in 1825 it is set during the Third Crusade and centres on the relationship between Richard I of England and Saladin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades_trilogy" title="Crusades trilogy">The <i>Crusades</i> trilogy</a> (1998–2000) by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Guillou" title="Jan Guillou">Jan Guillou</a> is about a young nobleman from present-day Sweden who is exiled and forced to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in the Middle East. In it he comes across Saladin who in the story has the role of a "helper."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Saladin" title="The Book of Saladin">The Book of Saladin</a></i> (1998) by <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a>, a novel based on Saladin's life.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_television_and_animation"><span id="Film.2C_television_and_animation"></span>Film, television and animation</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Ghazi Salahuddin</i>, a 1939 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> by I. A. Hafesjee. The first depiction of Saladin on film, it stars <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_(composer)" title="Ghulam Mohammed (composer)">Ghulam Mohammed</a> as the sultan, <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Bai" title="Rattan Bai">Ratan Bai</a> as Rihana, <a href="/wiki/Mazhar_Khan_(actor,_born_1905)" title="Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)">Mazhar Khan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard</a>, Lalita Devi as <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella</a>, Mohammed Ishaq as <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Saifuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakub_(actor)" title="Yakub (actor)">Yakub</a> as <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishwarlal" title="Ishwarlal">Ishwarlal</a> as Nooruddin, W.M. Khan as <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_IV_of_Toron" title="Humphrey IV of Toron">Humphrey</a>, Bhupatrai as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick</a>, and Mirza Musharraf as Yanoos.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_the_Victorious" title="Saladin the Victorious">Saladin the Victorious</a></i> – a 1963 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/War_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="War drama">war drama film</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mazhar" title="Ahmed Mazhar">Ahmed Mazhar</a> as Saladin, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a> as Issa Al Awwam and Hamdy Gheith as <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> – Saladin is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kay" title="Bernard Kay">Bernard Kay</a> in the 1965 serial "<a href="/wiki/The_Crusade_(Doctor_Who)" title="The Crusade (Doctor Who)">The Crusade</a>" opposite <a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover" title="Julian Glover">Julian Glover</a> as <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard the Lionheart</a> along with series regulars <a href="/wiki/William_Hartnell" title="William Hartnell">William Hartnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Russell_(English_actor)" title="William Russell (English actor)">William Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Hill" title="Jacqueline Hill">Jacqueline Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Brien" title="Maureen O'Brien">Maureen O'Brien</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_First_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Doctor">The First Doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Chesterton" title="Ian Chesterton">Ian Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Wright_(Doctor_Who)" title="Barbara Wright (Doctor Who)">Barbara Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicki_(Doctor_Who)" title="Vicki (Doctor Who)">Vicki</a>, respectively.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)" title="Kingdom of Heaven (film)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></i> – Saladin's role was played by <a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Massoud" title="Ghassan Massoud">Ghassan Massoud</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Richard_and_the_Crusaders" title="King Richard and the Crusaders">King Richard and the Crusaders</a></i> – Saladin's role was played by <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-deen_Al-Ayyobi_(TV_series)" title="Salah Al-deen Al-Ayyobi (TV series)">Salah ad-Deen Al-Ayyobi</a></i> – a 2001 TV series on Salah ad-Din's life.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin:_The_Animated_Series" title="Saladin: The Animated Series">Saladin: The Animated Series</a></i> – an animated project inspired by the life of Salah ad-Din.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kud%C3%BCs_Fatihi_Selahaddin_Eyyubi" title="Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi">Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi</a></i> – Salahuddin al-Ayyubi is portrayed in Turkish TV series by <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_(actor)" title="Uğur Güneş (actor)">Uğur Güneş</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arn:_The_Knight_Templar" title="Arn: The Knight Templar">Arn: The Knight Templar</a></i> – Saladin's role was played by <a href="/wiki/Milind_Soman" title="Milind Soman">Milind Soman</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <ul><li>Saladin appears as the leader of the Arabian civilization in several installments of Sid Meier's <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a></i> video game series.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also appears as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> in the "Into the Renaissance" scenario from the <a href="/wiki/Gods_%26_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods & Kings">Gods & Kings</a> expansion for <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_V" title="Civilization V">Civilization V</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saladin is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.</li> <li>The popular real-time strategy video game <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_II" title="Age of Empires II">Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings</a></i> features a campaign based on the exploits of Saladin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Saladin" title="Statue of Saladin">Statue of Saladin</a> is an oversize equestrian bronze statue depicting Saladin located in front of the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Damascus">Ancient City of Damascus</a> in Damascus, Syria.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/40px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/60px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/28px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/43px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/57px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Portal:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Saladin" title="Category:Battles of Saladin">Battles of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayyubid_rulers" title="List of Ayyubid rulers">List of Ayyubid rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">List of Kurdish dynasties and countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharafkhan_Bidlisi" title="Sharafkhan Bidlisi">Sharaf Khan Bidlisi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_expugnatione_Terrae_Sanctae_per_Saladinum" title="Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum">Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)" title="Kingdom of Heaven (film)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Richard_and_the_Crusaders" title="King Richard and the Crusaders">King Richard and the Crusaders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin:_The_Animated_Series" title="Saladin: The Animated Series">Saladin: The Animated Series</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_the_Victorious" title="Saladin the Victorious">Saladin the Victorious</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah al-Din (TV series)">Salah ad-Din (TV series)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufranjah_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufranjah City">Kufranjah City</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arn_%E2%80%93_The_Knight_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Arn – The Knight Templar">Arn – The Knight Templar</a></i></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب</span> / <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>: <i>Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb</i>; full name: <b>al-Malik al-Nāṣir Abūʾl-Muẓaffar Yūsūf ibn Ayyūb</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995910_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995910-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>. 'Saladin' is a contraction of an honorific <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صلاح الدین</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Honour of the Faith'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19066_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19066-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Denk an den milten Salatîn / der jach, daz küniges hende dürkel solten sîn / sô wurden sî erforht und ouch geminnet.</i> (Think of the generous Saladin, who said that kings' hands should have holes, that they might be both feared and loved.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWapnewski1962138_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWapnewski1962138-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saladin had a table that was made of a gigantic sapphire. As the end of his life approached, he wanted to dedicate the table to God in the hope of eternal life, but he couldn't decide which god to honour, the Muslim God, the Christian or the Jewish, as there was no way to tell which was most powerful. So he had the table cut in three parts and gifted each of them a third of it (Jans, <i>Weltchronik</i>, 26551–26675).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2011">Nicolle 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>: "This copper dirham, minted at Mayyafariqin in 587 AH (1190/01 AD) shows Saladin wearing the sharbush hat of a Saljuq-style Turkish ruler."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLesley_Baker1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Lesley Baker, Patricia (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33676/1/11010439.pdf"><i>A History of Islamic Court Dress in the Middle East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (phd). SOAS, London University. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25501%2FSOAS.00033676">10.25501/SOAS.00033676</a>. <q>By the end of the 12th century, the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Sharbush" title="Sharbush">sharbush</a> demonstrated support for Salah al-Din. Under the later Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and Syria it formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Khil%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Khil'a">khil'a</a> given to an amir on his investiture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+History+of+Islamic+Court+Dress+in+the+Middle+East&rft.inst=SOAS%2C+London+University&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25501%2FSOAS.00033676&rft.aulast=Lesley+Baker&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F33676%2F1%2F11010439.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAL_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAL_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAL_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAL_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalog1980" class="citation book cs1">Balog (1980). <i>The Coinage of the Ayyubids</i>. London: Royal Numismatic Society. p. Coin 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coinage+of+the+Ayyubids&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Coin+182&rft.pub=Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Balog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span>, also Whelan Type III, 258-60; Album 791.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995910-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995910_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19066-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19066_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorton2020" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Nicholas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MnhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ayyubid+Kurdish+tribes&pg=PA166"><i>The Crusader States and Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882454-1"><bdi>978-0-19-882454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusader+States+and+Their+Neighbours%3A+A+Military+History%2C+1099%E2%80%931187&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882454-1&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MnhDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAyyubid%2BKurdish%2Btribes%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">H. A. R. Gibb</a>, "The Rise of Saladin", in <i>A History of the Crusades</i>, vol. 1: The First Hundred Years, ed. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Setton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth M. Setton">Kenneth M. Setton</a> (University of Wisconsin Press, 1969). p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minorsky-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minorsky_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The medieval historian Ibn Athir relates a passage from another commander: "...both you and Saladin are Kurds and you will not let power pass into the hands of the Turks." Minorsky (1957): <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole19064_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The biographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> wrote, "Historians agree in stating that [Saladin's] father and family belonged to <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Duwin</a>. ... They were Kurds and belonged to the Rawādiya [sic], which is a branch of the great tribe al-Hadāniya": Minorsky (1953), p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1977" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). <i>From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4"><bdi>0-87395-263-4</bdi></a>. <q>Among the free-born amirs the Kurds would seem the most dependent on Saladin's success for the progress of their own fortunes. He too was a Kurd, after all ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193%E2%80%931260&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87395-263-4&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saladin">"Saladin"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 7 April 2023. <q>Saladin was born into a prominent Kurdish family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saladin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaladin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200217-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200217_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002">Baha ad-Din 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETer-Ghevondyan1965218-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETer-Ghevondyan1965218_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTer-Ghevondyan1965">Ter-Ghevondyan 1965</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbaa199731-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbaa199731_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbaa1997">Tabbaa 1997</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuh-al-Ghayb-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futuh-al-Ghayb_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF'Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jilani2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (20 January 2019). <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:جمال الدين فالح الكيلاني">Jamal ad-Din Faleh al-Kilani</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Arabic]</span> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVqEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen")"</a> (in Arabic). <q>وقد تأثر به القائد صلاح الدين الأيوبي، والشيخ معين الدين الجشتي، والشيخ شهاب الدين عمر السهروردي رحمهم الله</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Futuh+al-Ghayb+%28%22Revelations+of+the+Unseen%22%29&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft.au=%27Abd+al-Qadir+al-Jilani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVqEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azzam-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azzam_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzzam2009" class="citation book cs1">Azzam, Abdul Rahman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7gMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Saladin</i></a>. Pearson Longman. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-0736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-0736-4"><bdi>978-1-4058-0736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-0736-4&rft.aulast=Azzam&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7gMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19823_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddé2011">Eddé 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who2_Biography:_Saladin,_Sultan/Military_Leader_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/saladin">"Who2 Biography: Saladin, Sultan / Military Leader"</a>. Answers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who2+Biography%3A+Saladin%2C+Sultan+%2F+Military+Leader&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fsaladin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase1998809-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase1998809_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase1998">Chase 1998</a>, p. 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŞeşen2009440-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŞeşen2009440_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŞeşen2009">Şeşen 2009</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?term=saladin&category=1-2&en=1&de=1&fr=1&it=1&es=1&ot=1&images=1&thesaurus=1&order=0&currency=usd&company=">"acsearch.info – Auction research"</a>. <i>acsearch.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acsearch.info&rft.atitle=acsearch.info+%E2%80%93+Auction+research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsearch.info%2Fsearch.html%3Fterm%3Dsaladin%26category%3D1-2%26en%3D1%26de%3D1%26fr%3D1%26it%3D1%26es%3D1%26ot%3D1%26images%3D1%26thesaurus%3D1%26order%3D0%26currency%3Dusd%26company%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://numismatics.org/collection/0000.999.7979">"Copper alloy dirham of Saladin, Nisibin, 578 H."</a> <i>numismatics.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Society" title="American Numismatic Society">American Numismatic Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=numismatics.org&rft.atitle=Copper+alloy+dirham+of+Saladin%2C+Nisibin%2C+578+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnumismatics.org%2Fcollection%2F0000.999.7979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell_Ames2015" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell Ames, Christine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPgGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Heresies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107023369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107023369"><bdi>978-1107023369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Heresies&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107023369&rft.aulast=Caldwell+Ames&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPgGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Haag2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael Haag (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTPC09XoKs0C"><i>The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847658548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847658548"><bdi>978-1847658548</bdi></a>. <q>As an orthodox but esoteric alternative to Ismailism, Saladin encouraged Sufism and built khanqahs—that is, Sufi hostels—and he also introduced madrasas, theological colleges that promoted the acceptable version of the faith. Numerous khanqahs and madrasas were built throughout Cairo and Egypt in Saladin's effort to combat and suppress what he regarded as the Ismaili heresy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Templars%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Crusader+States&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1847658548&rft.au=Michael+Haag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTPC09XoKs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU0eSxDCOmIC"><i>Arab Historians of the Crusades</i></a>. University of California Press. 1984. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052246" title="Special:BookSources/9780520052246"><bdi>9780520052246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Historians+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780520052246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU0eSxDCOmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Spencer_Trimingham1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Spencer_Trimingham" title="J. Spencer Trimingham">J. Spencer Trimingham</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC"><i>The Sufi Orders in Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198028239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198028239"><bdi>978-0198028239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufi+Orders+in+Islam&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0198028239&rft.au=J.+Spencer+Trimingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhXqWLd_AMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Hofer2015" class="citation book cs1">Nathan Hofer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz0kDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173–1325</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748694228" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748694228"><bdi>978-0748694228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popularisation+of+Sufism+in+Ayyubid+and+Mamluk+Egypt%2C+1173%E2%80%931325&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0748694228&rft.au=Nathan+Hofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPz0kDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif2024" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2024). "Chapter 12: Mamluk Dress between Text and Image". <i>Dress and Dress Code in Medieval Cairo: A Mamluk Obsession</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004684980_013">10.1163/9789004684980_013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004684980" title="Special:BookSources/9789004684980"><bdi>9789004684980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Mamluk+Dress+between+Text+and+Image&rft.btitle=Dress+and+Dress+Code+in+Medieval+Cairo%3A+A+Mamluk+Obsession&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004684980_013&rft.isbn=9789004684980&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFContadini1998" class="citation book cs1">Contadini, Anna (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299579571"><i>Poetry on Enamelled Glass: The Palmer Cup in the British Museum.' In: Ward, R, (ed.), Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East</i></a>. British Museum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+on+Enamelled+Glass%3A+The+Palmer+Cup+in+the+British+Museum.%27+In%3A+Ward%2C+R%2C+%28ed.%29%2C+Gilded+and+Enamelled+Glass+from+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Contadini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299579571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFContadini2017" class="citation book cs1">Contadini, Anna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317006955"><i>Text and Image on Middle Eastern Objects: The Palmer Cup in Context (in A Rothschild Renaissance: A New Look at the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum)</i></a>. British Museum Research Publications. p. 130. <q>The iconography of its figures is very similar to that on the Palmer Cup, in the design of their robes, in the headgear (sharbūsh) and in the way that walking figures are rendered, with one leg straight and the other slightly bent, with a slim foot slightly raised from the ground. Although the candlestick does not have a date, it is securely datable to the early 13th century, as it clearly belongs to a group of metalwork that has now been established as of that period and coming from the Mosul or North Jaziran area. These elements also confirm the early 13th-century date of the Palmer Cup and further support the region of provenance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Image+on+Middle+Eastern+Objects%3A+The+Palmer+Cup+in+Context+%28in+A+Rothschild+Renaissance%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Waddesdon+Bequest+in+the+British+Museum%29&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=British+Museum+Research+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Contadini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317006955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFContadini2010" class="citation book cs1">Contadini, Anna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HA55sqqsaoQC&pg=PA11"><i>Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts</i></a>. Brill. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18630-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18630-9</bdi></a>. <q>A case in point is the Ayyubid enamelled beaker known as the Palmer Cup</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Painting%3A+Text+and+Image+in+Illustrated+Arabic+Manuscripts&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18630-9&rft.aulast=Contadini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHA55sqqsaoQC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19826–7-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19826–7_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19828-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson19828_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198214-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198214_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198215-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198215_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198216-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198216_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNIcolle2016" class="citation journal cs1">NIcolle, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/757/files/MamlukStudiesReview_XIX_2016.pdf">"The Iconography of a Military Elite (Part II)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mamluk Studies Review</i>. <b>XIX</b>: 255, photograph 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mamluk+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+a+Military+Elite+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=XIX&rft.pages=255%2C+photograph+56&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=NIcolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.uchicago.edu%2Frecord%2F757%2Ffiles%2FMamlukStudiesReview_XIX_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198225-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198225_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2019" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2019). <i>The life and legend of the Sultan Saladin</i>. New Haven. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300247060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300247060"><bdi>978-0300247060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+legend+of+the+Sultan+Saladin&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300247060&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228–29-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198228–29_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198232-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198232_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198234–36-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198234–36_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198238-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198238_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198241-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198241_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198243_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBgQ6AAAAIAAJpgPA208_208]-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBgQ6AAAAIAAJpgPA208_208]_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1993">Pringle 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208">208</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198245-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198245_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198246–47-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198246–47_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iltumish131-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iltumish131_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dastan Iman Faroshon Ki</i> by Inayatullah Iltumish, 2011, pp. 128–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198260–62-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198260–62_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198264-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198264_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198273–74-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198273–74_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198274–75-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198274–75_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906136_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198281-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198281_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198283-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198283_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole190613-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole190613_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906137-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906137_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198287_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906138-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906138_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906139-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906139_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle201120-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle201120_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2011">Nicolle 2011</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson198288–89_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011392-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011392_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddé2011">Eddé 2011</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906140-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906140_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141–143-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906141–143_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 141–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906144–146_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906148-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906148_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley200147-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200147_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200147_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilley2001">Willey 2001</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906149–150_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906151_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley200148-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley200148_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilley2001">Willey 2001</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2000" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, André (2000) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cairo0000raym"><i>Cairo</i></a>. Translated by Wood, Willard. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00316-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00316-3&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairo0000raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906153_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906154-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906154_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906155-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906155_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906156-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906156_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982136-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982136_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906157–159-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906157–159_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906160–161-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906160–161_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balog 93; SICA 6, -; Album 787.2; ICV 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982148_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982156-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982156_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982158–159-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982158–159_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a similar coin at the British Museum minted in AH 586/1190 CE: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1865-0804-40-X">"Saladin coin British Museum"</a>. <i>britishmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Saladin+coin+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FC_1865-0804-40-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span>, and another one also minted in 1190: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg/20px-Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg/30px-Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg/40px-Saladin_1190_mint_of_Mayyafariqin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982149_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906164–165-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906164–165_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906167-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906167_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906168–169-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906168–169_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–170_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982164-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982164_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–70-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906169–70_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 169–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982176-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982176_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982177_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSR-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSR_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice1953" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, D. S. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/871101">"The Aghānī Miniatures and Religious Painting in Islam"</a>. <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>. <b>95</b> (601): 130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6287">0007-6287</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/871101">871101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Agh%C4%81n%C4%AB+Miniatures+and+Religious+Painting+in+Islam&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=601&rft.pages=130&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F871101%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-6287&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F871101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982178-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982178_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982179-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982179_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982180–181-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982180–181_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906171-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906171_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1903" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmcPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172"><i>Saladin and the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Рипол Классик. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87674-321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87674-321-3"><bdi>978-5-87674-321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin+and+the+fall+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=978-5-87674-321-3&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmcPAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982184-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982184_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982185-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982185_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982186-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982186_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982187-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982187_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1884-0704-85">"Pen-box British Museum"</a>. <i>britishmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Pen-box+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_1884-0704-85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghazali.org/saladin/maas-171.pdf"><i>Men-at-arms series 171 – Saladin and the saracens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Osprey publishing. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men-at-arms+series+171+%E2%80%93+Saladin+and+the+saracens&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Osprey+publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.org%2Fsaladin%2Fmaas-171.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982188-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982188_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982191-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982191_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982192–194-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982192–194_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 192–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982195-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982195_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906172–173-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906172–173_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982199-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982199_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982198–201-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982198–201_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 198–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982202–203_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1991781-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1991781_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1991">Humphreys 1991</a>, p. 781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane-Poole1906199_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1906">Lane-Poole 1906</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf</i> by Beha Ed-din, Baha' Al-Din Yusuf Ib Ibn Shaddad, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, pp. 42, 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011304-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011304_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddé2011">Eddé 2011</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf</i> by Beha Ed-din, Baha' Al-Din Yusuf Ib Ibn Shaddad, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011263–264-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011263–264_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddé2011">Eddé 2011</a>, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187saladin.asp">De Expugatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum (The Capture of the Holy Land by Saladin)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011222715/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/1187saladin.asp">Archived</a> 11 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; ed. Joseph Stevenson, Rolls Series, (London: Longmans, 1875); translated by James Brundage, <i>The Crusades: A Documentary History</i> (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), pp. 159–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1990465-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1990465_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1990">Runciman 1990</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&q=saladin+balian+jerusalem+siege+-wikipedia+-%22Kingdom+of+Heaven%22+destroy+temple+mount&pg=PA1101"><i>E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i></a>. Brill. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004097902" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004097902"><bdi>978-9004097902</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9004097902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26q%3Dsaladin%2Bbalian%2Bjerusalem%2Bsiege%2B-wikipedia%2B-%2522Kingdom%2Bof%2BHeaven%2522%2Bdestroy%2Btemple%2Bmount%26pg%3DPA1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladin-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/144695/Crusades/25607/The-Crusader-states-to-1187">The era of the Second and Third Crusades" The Crusader states to 1187</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScharfsteinGelabert1997145-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScharfsteinGelabert1997145_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScharfsteinGelabert1997">Scharfstein & Gelabert 1997</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddé2011246-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddé2011246_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddé2011">Eddé 2011</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pahlitzsch, Johannes, "Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099–1310)", in Ciggaar & Herman (1996), pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastmond (1998), pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabrieli1984" class="citation book cs1">Gabrieli, Francesco (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU0eSxDCOmIC"><i>Arab Historians of the Crusades</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520052246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520052246"><bdi>978-0520052246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Historians+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520052246&rft.aulast=Gabrieli&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU0eSxDCOmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beha-ed-Din-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beha-ed-Din_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beha-ed-Din_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lionheart.htm">"Richard The Lionheart Massacres"</a>, <i>The Saracens</i>, 1191, <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Beha-ed-Din</a>, his account appears in T.A. Archer's <i>The Crusade of Richard I</i> (1889); Gillingham, John. <i>The Life and Times of Richard I</i> (1973) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"><i>God's War</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer/page/460">460–462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674023871"><bdi>978-0674023871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War&rft.pages=460-462&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0674023871&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodswarnewhistor00tyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadden2006" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Thomas (2006). <i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i> (1st ed.). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Concise+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop2001" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Morris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleages00bish_0/page/102"><i>The Middle Ages</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleages00bish_0/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/061805703X" title="Special:BookSources/061805703X"><bdi>061805703X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=061805703X&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleages00bish_0%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadden2006" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Thomas (2006). <i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i> (1st ed.). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Concise+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002219–226-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002219–226_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002">Baha ad-Din 2002</a>, pp. 219–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005146-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005146_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-İÂ-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-İÂ_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-İÂ_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seşen, Ramazan (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 36; p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200219-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200219_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002">Baha ad-Din 2002</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200225,_244-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din200225,_244_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002">Baha ad-Din 2002</a>, pp. 25, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainsaladintomb-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainsaladintomb_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/mausoleum_of_saladin">"Mausoleum of Saladin"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Mausoleum+of+Saladin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fmausoleum_of_saladin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shamah-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shamah_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shamah_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Shamah1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Abu Shamah, Shihab al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Isma'il al-Maqdisi (1871) [d. 1268]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prllAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA5-PA76"><i>Kitāb al-rawḍatayn fī akhbār al-dawlatayn</i> <bdi lang="ar">كتاب الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين</bdi></a>. al-Qāhirah: Maṭbaʻat Wādī al-Nīl. pp. <span class="nowrap">676–</span>677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-raw%E1%B8%8Datayn+f%C4%AB+akhb%C4%81r+al-dawlatayn+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.place=al-Q%C4%81hirah&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Ma%E1%B9%ADba%CA%BBat+W%C4%81d%C4%AB+al-N%C4%ABl&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Abu+Shamah&rft.aufirst=Shihab+al-Din+Abd+al-Rahman+ibn+Isma%27il+al-Maqdisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprllAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA5-PA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000yeom"><i>The art and architecture of Islamic Cairo</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Reading: Garnet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000yeom/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859641545" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859641545"><bdi>978-1859641545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+architecture+of+Islamic+Cairo&rft.place=Reading&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Garnet&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1859641545&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo0000yeom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moors' Islamic Cultural Home souvenir III, 1970–1976</i> Islamic Cultural Home, 1978, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunter,_Michael_M.2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Gunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael M. Gunter">Gunter, Michael M.</a> (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Kurds</i> (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810875074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810875074"><bdi>978-0810875074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810875074&rft.au=Gunter%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand,_Carole1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Hillenbrand" title="Carole Hillenbrand">Hillenbrand, Carole</a> (1999). <i>The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives</i> (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582104"><bdi>978-1579582104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+Islamic+Perspectives&rft.pages=594&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1579582104&rft.au=Hillenbrand%2C+Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood,_Christopher2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Catherwood" title="Christopher Catherwood">Catherwood, Christopher</a> (2008). <i>Making War in the Name of God</i>. Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806531670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806531670"><bdi>978-0806531670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+War+in+the+Name+of+God&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0806531670&rft.au=Catherwood%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnigan,_James_F.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan" title="Jim Dunnigan">Dunnigan, James F.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quickdirtyguidet00dunn/page/174"><i>A Quick & Dirty Guide to War: Briefings on Present and Potential Wars</i></a> (3rd illustrated, revised ed.). Quill/W. Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quickdirtyguidet00dunn/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688100339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688100339"><bdi>978-0688100339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quick+%26+Dirty+Guide+to+War%3A+Briefings+on+Present+and+Potential+Wars&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=3rd+illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Quill%2FW.+Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0688100339&rft.au=Dunnigan%2C+James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquickdirtyguidet00dunn%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kaiser laid a wreath on the tomb bearing the inscription, "A Knight without fear or blame who often had to teach his opponents the right way to practice chivalry." <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200863–66-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200863–66_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2008">Riley-Smith 2008</a>, pp. 63–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, Thomas F.: <i>The Concise History of the Crusades</i>; 3rd edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. pp. 201–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veconomist-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veconomist_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2019/05/30/how-saladin-became-a-hero-in-the-west">"How Saladin became a hero in the West"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+Saladin+became+a+hero+in+the+West&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2019%2F05%2F30%2Fhow-saladin-became-a-hero-in-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWapnewski1962138-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWapnewski1962138_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWapnewski1962">Wapnewski 1962</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunphy2003_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunphy2003">Dunphy 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy_(Longfellow_1867)/Volume_1/Canto_4" class="extiw" title="s:Divine Comedy (Longfellow 1867)/Volume 1/Canto 4">Inferno, Canto IV</a>, line 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/history/characters/saladin.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Saladin' (in full, 'Salah ad-din yusuf ibn ayyub,' meaning 'righteousness of the faith, Joseph, son of Job') (c. 1137–1193)"</a>. <i>Decameron Web</i>. Brown University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decameron+Web&rft.atitle=%27Saladin%27+%28in+full%2C+%27Salah+ad-din+yusuf+ibn+ayyub%2C%27+meaning+%27righteousness+of+the+faith%2C+Joseph%2C+son+of+Job%27%29+%28c.+1137%E2%80%931193%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FItalian_Studies%2Fdweb%2Fhistory%2Fcharacters%2Fsaladin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200867-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200867_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2008">Riley-Smith 2008</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahenSauvaget1965" class="citation book cs1">Cahen, Claude; Sauvaget, Jean (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7sieLyg-EEC&dq=champdor+historian&pg=PA166">"The Seljuks and Their Descendants – Historical Bibliography"</a>. <i>Introduction to the History of the Muslim East: A Bibliographical Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seljuks+and+Their+Descendants+%E2%80%93+Historical+Bibliography&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Muslim+East%3A+A+Bibliographical+Guide&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Sauvaget%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7sieLyg-EEC%26dq%3Dchampdor%2Bhistorian%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982357-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982357_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002147–148-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaha_ad-Din2002147–148_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002">Baha ad-Din 2002</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982325–326-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyonsJackson1982325–326_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyonsJackson1982">Lyons & Jackson 1982</a>, pp. 325–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cartwright, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Saladin/">"Saladin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saladin&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FSaladin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tariq-ali/the-book-of-saladin/">"The Book of Saladin"</a>. <i>Kirkus Reviews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Saladin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Ftariq-ali%2Fthe-book-of-saladin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.9875/page/8/mode/2up">"Ghazi Salahuddin – Man and the Film"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bombay_Chronicle" title="The Bombay Chronicle">The Bombay Chronicle</a></i>. 11 January 1940. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bombay+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Ghazi+Salahuddin+%E2%80%93+Man+and+the+Film&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1940-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.granth.9875%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myswar.co/album/ghazi-salahuddin-1939">"Ghazi Salahuddin (1939)"</a>. <i>MySwar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MySwar&rft.atitle=Ghazi+Salahuddin+%281939%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyswar.co%2Falbum%2Fghazi-salahuddin-1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/rashid_ashraf/26185641169">Ghazi Salahuddin – 1939</a> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civfanatics.com/civ4/civilopedia/civilizations/">"Civilization IV: Civilizations"</a>. Civilization Fanatics Center. 4 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052110/https://www.civfanatics.com/civ4/civilopedia/civilizations/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilization+IV%3A+Civilizations&rft.pub=Civilization+Fanatics+Center&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civfanatics.com%2Fciv4%2Fcivilopedia%2Fcivilizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilization.com/en-GB/news/entries/civilization-vi-saladin-leads-arabia/">"Civilization VI: Saladin Leads Arabia"</a>. <i>Civilization® VI – The Official Site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052532/https://civilization.com/news/entries/civilization-vi-saladin-leads-arabia/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civilization%C2%AE+VI+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Site&rft.atitle=Civilization+VI%3A+Saladin+Leads+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilization.com%2Fen-GB%2Fnews%2Fentries%2Fcivilization-vi-saladin-leads-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.gamepressure.com/civ5gk/guide.asp?ID=15513">"Into the Renaissance | Scenarios – Sid Meier's Civilization V – Gods & Kings Game Guide"</a>. <i>Game Guides</i>. 11 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730053748/https://guides.gamepressure.com/civ5gk/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Guides&rft.atitle=Into+the+Renaissance+%7C+Scenarios+%E2%80%93+Sid+Meier%27s+Civilization+V+%E2%80%93+Gods+%26+Kings+Game+Guide&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.gamepressure.com%2Fciv5gk%2Fguide.asp%3FID%3D15513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rareexcellenthis00dsri"><i>The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin</i></a></span>. Translated by Richards, D.S. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754633815" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754633815"><bdi>978-0754633815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rare+and+Excellent+History+of+Saladin&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0754633815&rft.au=Baha+ad-Din+ibn+Shaddad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frareexcellenthis00dsri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a> (1888). C. Landberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conqutedelasyri01landgoog"><i>Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Salâh ed-dîn</i></a> (in French). Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conqu%C3%AAte+de+la+Syrie+et+de+la+Palestine+par+Sal%C3%A2h+ed-d%C3%AEn&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Imad+ad-Din+al-Isfahani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconqutedelasyri01landgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1921" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, M. S. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/861268">"The Architecture of Saladin and the Influence of the Crusades (A.D. 1171–1250)"</a>. <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i>. <b>38</b> (214): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/861268">861268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+Saladin+and+the+Influence+of+the+Crusades+%28A.D.+1171%E2%80%931250%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F861268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F861268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChase1998" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Dan K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC&pg=PA809">"Saladin"</a>. In Magill, Frank N. (ed.). <i>Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages</i>. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">809–</span>811. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-041-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-041-6"><bdi>1-57958-041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saladin&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+World+Biography%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E809-%3C%2Fspan%3E811&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57958-041-6&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Dan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCurSh3Sh_KMC%26pg%3DPA809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunphy2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunphy, Graeme (2003). <i>History as Literature: German World Chronicles of the Thirteenth Century in Verse</i>. Kalamazoo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+as+Literature%3A+German+World+Chronicles+of+the+Thirteenth+Century+in+Verse&rft.place=Kalamazoo&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunphy&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEddé2011" class="citation book cs1">Eddé, Anne-Marie (2011). <i>Saladin</i>. tr. Todd, Jane Marie. London: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674055599" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674055599"><bdi>978-0674055599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674055599&rft.aulast=Edd%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrenkreutz1972" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenkreutz, Andrew S. (1972). <i>Saladin</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087395095X" title="Special:BookSources/087395095X"><bdi>087395095X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=087395095X&rft.aulast=Ehrenkreutz&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabrieliCostello,_E._J.1984" class="citation book cs1">Gabrieli, Francesco; Costello, E. J. (1984). <i>Arab historians of the crusades</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710202352" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710202352"><bdi>978-0710202352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+historians+of+the+crusades&rft.place=London&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0710202352&rft.aulast=Gabrieli&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Costello%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1999" class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (1999). <i>Richard I</i>. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300079128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300079128"><bdi>978-0300079128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+I&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Yale+English+Monarchs&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0300079128&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <i>The epic of the Crusades</i>. tr. Lindsay, Noël. New York: Orion Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+epic+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Orion+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalversonCormanGoodall2011" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R.; Corman, Steven R.; Goodall, H.L. Jr. (2011). <i>Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230117235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230117235"><bdi>978-0230117235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Narratives+of+Islamist+Extremism&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230117235&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft.au=Corman%2C+Steven+R.&rft.au=Goodall%2C+H.L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5028">"Masūd b. Mawdūd b. Zangī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VI:<i> Mahk–Mid</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">780–</span>782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08112-3"><bdi>978-90-04-08112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mas%C5%ABd+b.+Mawd%C5%ABd+b.+Zang%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VI%3A+Mahk%E2%80%93Mid&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E780-%3C%2Fspan%3E782&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08112-3&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lane-Poole" title="Stanley Lane-Poole">Lane-Poole, Stanley</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M7pIVpjuyw0C"><i>Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Heroes of the Nations. London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin+and+the+Fall+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.series=Heroes+of+the+Nations&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_M7pIVpjuyw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyonsJackson1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC"><i>Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521317398" title="Special:BookSources/0521317398"><bdi>0521317398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Holy+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0521317398&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Cameron&rft.au=Jackson%2C+D.+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGR5M0druJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a> (1953). <i>Studies in Caucasian history</i>. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Caucasian+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2011" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ"><i>Saladin</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-318-8"><bdi>978-1-84908-318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-318-8&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIja3CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A–K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)</i></a>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2"><bdi>0-521-39036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A%E2%80%93K+%28excluding+Acre+and+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-39036-2&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgQ6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richards, D.S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=S%C4%81l%C4%81%E1%B8%A5+al-D%C4%ABn&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Sālāḥ al-Dīn"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>.</i> Volume VIII:<i> Ned–Sam</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">910–</span>914. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%81l%C4%81%E1%B8%A5+al-D%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E910-%3C%2Fspan%3E914&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DS%25C4%2581l%25C4%2581%25E1%25B8%25A5%2Bal-D%25C4%25ABn%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book837650140"><i>The Crusades: A History</i></a> (Second ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300101287" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300101287"><bdi>978-0300101287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+A+History&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0300101287&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book837650140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2008" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusadeschristia00jona"><i>The Crusades, Christianity and Islam</i></a></span>. Columbia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231517942" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231517942"><bdi>978-0231517942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%2C+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pub=Columbia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0231517942&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusadeschristia00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossoff2001" class="citation book cs1">Rossoff, David (2001). Linas, Eli (ed.). <i>Where heaven touches earth: Jewish life in Jerusalem from medieval times to the present</i>. Jerusalem: Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873068796" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873068796"><bdi>978-0873068796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+heaven+touches+earth%3A+Jewish+life+in+Jerusalem+from+medieval+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Guardian&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0873068796&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŞeşen2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Şeşen, Ramazan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/selahaddin-i-eyyubi">"Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî"</a>. <i>TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)</i> (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">337–</span>340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-389-566-8"><bdi>978-975-389-566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sel%C3%A2hadd%C3%AEn-i+Eyy%C3%BBb%C3%AE&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+36+%28Sakal+%E2%80%93+Sevm%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-975-389-566-8&rft.aulast=%C5%9Ee%C5%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Ramazan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fselahaddin-i-eyyubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1990). <i>A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140137040" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140137040"><bdi>978-0140137040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East+1100%E2%80%931187&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0140137040&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScharfsteinGelabert1997" class="citation book cs1">Scharfstein, Sol; Gelabert, Dorcas (1997). <i>Chronicle of Jewish history: from the patriarchs to the 21st century</i>. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-606-4"><bdi>0-88125-606-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38174402">38174402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+Jewish+history%3A+from+the+patriarchs+to+the+21st+century&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=KTAV+Pub.+House&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38174402&rft.isbn=0-88125-606-4&rft.aulast=Scharfstein&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft.au=Gelabert%2C+Dorcas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpevack2014" class="citation book cs1">Spevack, Aaron (2014) [2008]. <i>The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438453712" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438453712"><bdi>978-1438453712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypal+Sunni+Scholar%3A+Law%2C+Theology%2C+and+Mysticism+in+the+Synthesis+of+Al-Bajuri&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438453712&rft.aulast=Spevack&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabbaa1997" class="citation book cs1">Tabbaa, Yasser (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30kb0G15IH8C"><i>Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo</i></a>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01562-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01562-4"><bdi>0-271-01562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructions+of+Power+and+Piety+in+Medieval+Aleppo&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-271-01562-4&rft.aulast=Tabbaa&rft.aufirst=Yasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30kb0G15IH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTer-Ghevondyan1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aram_Ter-Ghevondyan" title="Aram Ter-Ghevondyan">Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N.</a> (1965). <bdi lang="hy">Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում</bdi> [<i>The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia</i>] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8+%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pub=Armenian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ter-Ghevondyan&rft.aufirst=Aram+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWapnewski1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wapnewski, Peter (1962). <i>Walther von der Vogelweide. Gedichte</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walther+von+der+Vogelweide.+Gedichte.&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wapnewski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilley2001" class="citation book cs1">Willey, Peter (2001). <i>The Castles of the Assassins</i>. Craven Street Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941936644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941936644"><bdi>978-0941936644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castles+of+the+Assassins&rft.pub=Craven+Street+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0941936644&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLev1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaacov_Lev" title="Yaacov Lev">Lev, Yaacov</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v22DckibeIUC"><i>Saladin in Egypt</i></a>. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11221-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11221-9"><bdi>90-04-11221-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin+in+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston%2C+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11221-9&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv22DckibeIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuval2022" class="citation book cs1">Duval, Ben (2022). <i>Saladin the Strategist: How the Crusaders Lost the Holy Land</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Emporia,_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine Emporia, LLC (page does not exist)">Byzantine Emporia, LLC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin+the+Strategist%3A+How+the+Crusaders+Lost+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Byzantine+Emporia%2C+LLC&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Duval&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibb1973" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, H.A.R. (1973). <i>The Life of Saladin: From the Works of Imad ad-Din and Baha ad-Din</i>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-928-9"><bdi>978-0-86356-928-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/674160">674160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saladin%3A+From+the+Works+of+Imad+ad-Din+and+Baha+ad-Din&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F674160&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-928-9&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHusain1998" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Shahnaz (1998). <i>Muslim heroes of the crusades: Salahuddin and Nuruddin</i>. London: Ta-Ha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897940-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897940-71-6"><bdi>978-1-897940-71-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40928075">40928075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+heroes+of+the+crusades%3A+Salahuddin+and+Nuruddin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ta-Ha&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40928075&rft.isbn=978-1-897940-71-6&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Shahnaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReston2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Reston_Jr." title="James Reston Jr.">Reston, James Jr.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofgod00jame"><i>Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade</i></a>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49562-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49562-5"><bdi>0-385-49562-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45283102">45283102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+God%3A+Richard+the+Lionheart+and+Saladin+in+the+Third+Crusade&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45283102&rft.isbn=0-385-49562-5&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsofgod00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindley2007" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Geoffrey (2007). <i>Saladin: Hero of Islam</i>. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-499-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-499-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72868777">72868777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%3A+Hero+of+Islam&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F72868777&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-499-9&rft.aulast=Hindley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2019" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2019). <i>The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Legend+of+the+Sultan+Saladin&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaladin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saladin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saladin">Saladin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saladin" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saladin">Saladin</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191952/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Saladin/LIFE-DOOR.html">Stanley Lane-Poole, "The Life of Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem", in "btm" format</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalist.globalfolio.net/eng/r/rosebault_saladin/_content.php">Rosebault Ch.J. Saladin. Prince of Chivalri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost12/Libellus/lib_expu.html#1">De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum</a> A European account of Saladin's conquests of the Crusader states. <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9465.html">Saladin: The Sultan and His Times, 1138–1193</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211094144/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9465.html">Archived</a> 11 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadowedrealm.com/articles/exclusive/richard_saladin_warriors_third_crusade">Richard and Saladin: Warriors of the Third Crusade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SalahAndTheFallOfKingdomOfJerusalem/salah%20and%20the%20fall%20of%20kingdom%20of%20jerusalem_djvu.txt">Full transcript of: Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> </b><br />1169–1171 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Al-Adid</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Caliph of Egypt</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a> </b><br />1171–1193 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik" title="As-Salih Ismail al-Malik">As-Salih Ismail al-Malik</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus" title="List of rulers of Damascus">Emir of Damascus</a> </b><br />1174–1186 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_al-din" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah al-din">Al-Afdal ibn Salah al-din</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ayyubid_dynasty393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Template:Ayyubid dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Template talk:Ayyubid dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayyubid dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ayyubid_dynasty393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayyubid_rulers" title="List of Ayyubid rulers">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (1171–1250)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">al-Aziz Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad">al-Mansur Nasir al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_II" title="Al-Adil II">al-Adil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah" title="Al-Muazzam Turanshah">al-Muazzam Turanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr" title="Shajar al-Durr">Shajar al-Durr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt">al-Ashraf Musa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emirs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (1174–1260)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">al-Afdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">al-Mu'azzam Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Dawud" title="An-Nasir Dawud">an-Nasir Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">al-Ashraf Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus">as-Salih Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah" title="Al-Muazzam Turanshah">al-Muazzam Turanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">an-Nasir Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (1177–1260)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">az-Zahir Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Muhammad" title="Al-Aziz Muhammad">al-Aziz Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayfa_Khatun" title="Dayfa Khatun">Dayfa Khatun</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">an-Nasir Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> (1175–1262)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Asad ad-Din Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Shirkuh" title="Muhammad ibn Shirkuh">Muhammad ibn Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mujahid" title="Al-Mujahid">al-Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibrahim" title="Al-Mansur Ibrahim">al-Mansur Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Homs" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs">al-Ashraf Musa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> (1175–1341)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_I_Umar" title="Al-Muzaffar I Umar">al-Muzaffar I Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_I_Muhammad" title="Al-Mansur I Muhammad">al-Mansur I Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Kilij_Arslan" title="Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan">al-Nasir Kilij Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_II_Mahmud" title="Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud">al-Muzaffar II Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_II_Muhammad" title="Al-Mansur II Muhammad">al-Mansur II Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_III_Mahmud" title="Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud">al-Muzaffar III Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Muhammad" title="Al-Afdal Muhammad">al-Afdal Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Bakr" title="Diyar Bakr">Diyar Bakr</a> (1180–1260)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awhad_Ayyub" title="Al-Awhad Ayyub">al-Awhad Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">al-Ashraf Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_Ghazi" title="Al-Muzaffar Ghazi">al-Muzaffar Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil_Muhammad" title="Al-Kamil Muhammad">al-Kamil Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Yemen#Ayyubid_conquest_(1171–1260)" title="Yemen">Yemen and Hejaz</a> (1173–1228)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughtakin_ibn_Ayyub" title="Tughtakin ibn Ayyub">Tughtakin ibn Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muizz_Ismail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Muizz Ismail (page does not exist)">al-Muizz Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=An-Nasir_Ayyub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An-Nasir Ayyub (page does not exist)">an-Nasir Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muzaffar_Sulaiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Muzaffar Sulaiman (page does not exist)">al-Muzaffar Sulaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27ud_Yusuf" title="Al-Mas'ud Yusuf">al-Mas'ud Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;">Emirs of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> (1175–1260)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_al-Muqaddam" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam">Ibn al-Muqaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Shah" title="Farrukh Shah">Farrukhshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahramshah" title="Bahramshah">Bahramshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">al-Ashraf Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus">as-Salih Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BFd_al-Din_al-Humaidi" title="Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi">Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">an-Nasir Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Imam-Caliphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Dynasty</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Foundation and rise (909–973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah#Establishment_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ziyadat_Allah_ibn_Qurhub" title="Ahmad ibn Ziyadat Allah ibn Qurhub">1st Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">1st invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">2nd invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi#Governorship_of_Sicily" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">2nd Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li>Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> (943–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_campaigns_in_the_western_Maghreb_(958%E2%80%93960)" title="Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960)">Conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Apogee and crisis (973–1073)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Expansion into Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd</a> Qarmatian invasions</li> <li>Struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li> <li>Uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Mufarrij_ibn_Daghfal_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah">Muffarij b. Daghfal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Uqhuwana" title="Battle of al-Uqhuwana">Bedouin alliance uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">Loss of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Recovery and downfall (1073–1171)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a></li> <li>Regime of <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> and accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">End of the Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy against Saladin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Viziers</a><br />and regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar_al-Kalbi" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Hafiz" title="Hasan ibn al-Hafiz">Hasan ibn al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saladin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Vassal dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifs of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Lodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Multan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate">Officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Fatimid Caliphate">governors</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate">generals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi">Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakjur" title="Bakjur">Bakjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_coinage" title="Fatimid coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Branches and offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Missionaries</a><br />and theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tammam_(Isma%27ili_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tammam (Isma'ili missionary) (page does not exist)">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_(Ismaili_missionary_to_Gujarat)" title="Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)">Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Anti-Fatimid<br />movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhu_Muhsin" title="Akhu Muhsin">Akhu Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skifa_Kahla" title="Skifa Kahla">Skifa Kahla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid Great Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_mihrab_from_the_Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Portable mihrab from the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Portable mihrab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Literature and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Iyadi" title="Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ash&#039;ari_school_of_Sunni_theology1477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ash%27ari" title="Template:Ash'ari"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ash%27ari" title="Template talk:Ash'ari"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ash%27ari" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ash'ari"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ash&#039;ari_school_of_Sunni_theology1477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Ash'ari school of Sunni theology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asharis" title="Category:Asharis"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris_and_Maturidis#Ash'aris" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ash'aris and Maturidis"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Ash'ari scholars</span></a><br />(<span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikis">Malikis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a> (d. 403 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Imran_al-Fasi" title="Abu Imran al-Fasi">Abu Imran al-Fasi</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sidah" title="Ibn Sidah">Ibn Sidah</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a> (d. 474 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Turtushi" title="Abu Bakr al-Turtushi">Abu Bakr al-Turtushi</a> (d. 520 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Barrajan" title="Ibn Barrajan">Ibn Barrajan</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a> (d. 543 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Al-Qadi 'Ayyad</a> (d. 544 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suhayli" title="Al-Suhayli">Al-Suhayli</a> (d. 581 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qattan" title="Ibn al-Qattan">Ibn al-Qattan</a> (d. 628 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malik" title="Ibn Malik">Ibn Malik</a> (d. 672 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a> (d. 684 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ata_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ata Allah">Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari</a> (d. 709 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Adjurrum" title="Ibn Adjurrum">Ibn Adjurrum</a> (d. 723 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajj_al-Abdari" title="Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari">Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari</a> (d. 737 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi</a> (d. 776 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi</a> (d. 790 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn 'Arafa</a> (d. 803 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (d. 808 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a> (d. 876 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> (d. 899 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">Ahmad al-Wansharisi</a> (d. 914 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdari" title="Al-Akhdari">Al-Akhdari</a> (d. 953 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hattab" title="Al-Hattab">Al-Hattab</a> (d. 954 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti</a> (d. 1036 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Laqani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Laqani">Ibrahim al-Laqani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a> (d. 1072 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn 'Ashir</a> (d. 1090 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Yusi" title="Al-Hasan al-Yusi">Al-Hasan al-Yusi</a> (d. 1102 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani" title="Muhammad al-Zurqani">Muhammad al-Zurqani</a> (d. 1122 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a> (d. 1201 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">M'Hamed al-Azhari</a> (d. 1208 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi">Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi</a> (d. 1276 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ilish">Muhammad 'Ilish</a> (d. 1299 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Ghumari" title="Ahmad al-Ghumari">Ahmad al-Ghumari</a> (d. 1380 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur</a> (d. 1393 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel-Halim_Mahmoud" title="Abdel-Halim Mahmoud">Abdel-Halim Mahmoud</a> (d. 1397 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" title="Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi</a> (d. 1419 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Alawi_al-Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki">Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki</a> (d. 1425 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf" title="Hamza Yusuf">Hamza Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'is">Shafi'is</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hibban" title="Ibn Hibban">Ibn Hibban</a> (d. 354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafif" title="Ibn Khafif">Ibn Khafif</a> (d. 371 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri</a> (d. 405 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a> (d. 406 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfarayini" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini</a> (d. 418 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">Al-Tha'labi</a> (d. 427 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 429 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nu%27aym_al-Isfahani" title="Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani">Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 463 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi">Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi</a> (d. 476 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani" title="Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani">Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani</a> (d. 471 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a> (d. 478 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a> (d. 502 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a> (d. 516 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> (d. 548 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a> (d. 571 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> (d. 578 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> (d. 606 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah" title="Ibn al-Salah">Ibn al-Salah</a> (d. 643 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a> (d. 660 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a> (d. 676 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> (d. 685 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a> (d. 728 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Mizzi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi">Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi</a> (d. 742 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 756 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Safadi" title="Al-Safadi">Al-Safadi</a> (d. 764 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taj al-Din al-Subki">Taj al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 771 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Shams al-Din al-Kirmani">Shams al-Din al-Kirmani</a> (d. 786 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarkashi" title="Al-Zarkashi">Al-Zarkashi</a> (d. 794 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi" title="Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi">Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi</a> (d. 806 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami" title="Nur al-Din al-Haythami">Nur al-Din al-Haythami</a> (d. 807 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> (d. 833 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> (d. 845 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> (d. 852 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a> (d. 902 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Samhudi" title="Nur al-Din al-Samhudi">Nur al-Din al-Samhudi</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a> (d. 918 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastallani" title="Al-Qastallani">Al-Qastallani</a> (d. 923 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a> (d. 926 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a> (d. 973 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> (d. 974 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Shirbini" title="Al-Khatib al-Shirbini">Al-Khatib al-Shirbini</a> (d. 977 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munawi" title="Al-Munawi">Al-Munawi</a> (d. 1031 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad</a> (d. 1132 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar" title="Hasan al-Attar">Hasan al-Attar</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a> (d. 1304 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursî">Bediuzzaman Said Nursi</a> (d. 1379 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_al-Qudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah al-Qudah">Noah al-Qudah</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">'Abdallah al-Harari</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Said_Ramadan_al-Bouti" title="Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti">Al-Bouti</a> (d. 1434 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Jifri" title="Ali al-Jifri">Ali al-Jifri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibril_Haddad" title="Gibril Haddad">Gibril Haddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanbalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalis">Hanbalis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Aqil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Aqil">Ibn 'Aqil</a> (d. 508 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (d. 534 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zahiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiris">Zahiris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> (d. 524 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mada%27" title="Ibn Mada'">Ibn Mada'</a> (d. 592 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Andalusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi">Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi</a> (d. 745 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/150px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/225px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ash'ari leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> (d. 485 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> (d. 500 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali</a> (d. 558 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saladin</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub</a> (d. 615 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">Al-Ashraf Musa</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> (d. 658 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader_al-Jazairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi">Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi</a> (d. 1382 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Al-Muwahhidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Theology books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabyin_Kadhib_al-Muftari" title="Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari">Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayf_al-Saqil_fi_al-Radd_ala_Ibn_Zafil" title="Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil">Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF"><div>Ash'ari-related templates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maturidi" title="Template:Maturidi"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Orange">Maturidi</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Hanafi</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Maliki</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Shafi'i</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Islamic theology</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2868" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2868" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8581#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121431502">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90040943">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103416/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV6vRhQDvh6Gx8vjmPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118604988">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1137-1193"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82165288">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119722308">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119722308">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621422">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525092&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1105112">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071575197">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90099282">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkl2xp2f25vn1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646403405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18081">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007302373005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614689206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15383253?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118604988.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118604988">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027745325">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60w1stf">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/selahaddin-i-eyyubi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saladin&oldid=1281487513">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saladin&oldid=1281487513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saladin" title="Category:Saladin">Saladin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1130s_births" title="Category:1130s births">1130s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1193_deaths" title="Category:1193 deaths">1193 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Ayyubid_sultans_of_Egypt" title="Category:12th-century Ayyubid sultans of Egypt">12th-century Ayyubid sultans of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Ayyubid_rulers" title="Category:12th-century Ayyubid rulers">12th-century Ayyubid rulers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Muslims" title="Category:12th-century Muslims">12th-century Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Kurdish_people" title="Category:12th-century Kurdish people">12th-century Kurdish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asharis" title="Category:Asharis">Asharis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Sufis" title="Category:Sunni Sufis">Sunni Sufis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ayyubid_emirs_of_Damascus" title="Category:Ayyubid emirs of Damascus">Ayyubid emirs of Damascus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ayyubid_sultans_of_Egypt" title="Category:Ayyubid sultans of Egypt">Ayyubid sultans of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Category:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Divine_Comedy" title="Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy">Characters in the Divine Comedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viziers_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate">Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_generals" title="Category:12th-century generals">12th-century generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Generals of the medieval Islamic world">Generals of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mujaddid" title="Category:Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslims_of_the_Second_Crusade" title="Category:Muslims of the Second Crusade">Muslims of the Second Crusade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslims_of_the_Third_Crusade" title="Category:Muslims of the Third Crusade">Muslims of the Third Crusade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Tikrit" title="Category:People from Tikrit">People from Tikrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Yemen" title="Category:Monarchs of Yemen">Monarchs of Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_Sunni_Muslims" title="Category:Kurdish Sunni Muslims">Kurdish Sunni Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_military_personnel" title="Category:Kurdish military personnel">Kurdish military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_rulers" title="Category:Kurdish rulers">Kurdish rulers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)">CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2025">Use dmy dates from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_November_2022" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from November 2022">Use Oxford spelling from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_military_person_with_embed" title="Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed">Pages using infobox military person with embed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Armenian-language_script_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)">CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)">CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la)">Articles with Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_uncertain" title="Category:Year of birth uncertain">Year of birth uncertain</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 March 2025, at 17:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saladin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saladin</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>140 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-7rp2r","wgBackendResponseTime":314,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.567","walltime":"3.003","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20882,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":376129,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27914,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":387307,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2518.382 1 -total"," 20.69% 521.086 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.69% 495.770 127 Template:Sfn"," 12.31% 310.113 62 Template:Cite_book"," 10.70% 269.364 4 Template:Efn"," 9.86% 248.422 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.22% 206.945 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 5.30% 133.415 4 Template:Langx"," 5.04% 126.916 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.31% 108.510 1 Template:Saladin"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.541","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23151957,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jilani2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Shamah1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzzam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaha_ad-Din2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalog1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahenSauvaget1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell_Ames2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatherwood,_Christopher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContadini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContadini2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContadini2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnigan,_James_F.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunphy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuval2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddé2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenkreutz1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrieli1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrieliCostello,_E._J.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunter,_Michael_M.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalversonCormanGoodall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillenbrand,_Carole1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Spencer_Trimingham1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane-Poole1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane-Poole1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesley_Baker1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyonsJackson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Haag2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNIcolle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_Hofer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReston2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley-Smith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley-Smith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossoff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfsteinGelabert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpevack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabbaa1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTer-Ghevondyan1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWapnewski1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞeşen2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ash'ari\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayyubid dynasty\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Death year and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Fatimid Caliphate topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Flickr image inline link\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:18000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:26000\"] = 1,\n [\"Gbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"Saladin\"] = 1,\n [\"Saladin in Egypt\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 127,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFŞeşen2009\"] = 1,\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","18.4"],["?","220","12.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.4"],["type","60","3.4"],["[others]","480","27.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-6b9dd8c6bf-v9gq9","timestamp":"20250320215614","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Saladin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saladin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8581","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8581","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-15T22:02:31Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T17:49:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Al-Nasir_I_Salah_al-Din_Yusuf_%28Saladin%29._AH_564-589_%281169-1193_CE%29_%C3%86_Dirham_%2830.1mm%2C_13.28_g%2C_6h%29._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_%28AD_1190-91%29._Sultan_sitting_facing%2C_cross-legged%2C_on_high-backed_throne_%28obverse%29.jpg","headline":"Sultan of Egypt and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1137\u20131193)"}</script> </body> </html>