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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Destruction and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Fustat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Fustat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern Fustat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Fustat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fustat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="الفسطاط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفسطاط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ফুসতাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুসতাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Φουστάτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φουστάτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="فسطاط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسطاط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostat" title="Fostat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fostat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Ֆուստատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆուստատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="फ़ुस्तात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ुस्तात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫുസ്തത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫുസ്തത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="الفسطاط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفسطاط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="フスタート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フスタート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostate" title="Fostate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fostate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="فسطاط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فسطاط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="福斯塔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福斯塔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q839456#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fustat" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fustat&params=30_00_18_N_31_14_15_E_region:EG-C_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°00′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°14′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.00500°N 31.23750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.00500; 31.23750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First capital of Egypt under Muslim rule, in Old Cairo</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Old Cairo</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Fustat</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">الفسطاط</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Capital of Egypt, 641–750, 905–1168</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fostat-329.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's History of Egypt"><img alt="A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's History of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/250px-Fostat-329.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/500px-Fostat-329.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="914" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's <i>History of Egypt</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of the Tents</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fustat is located in Egypt"><img alt="Fustat is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.398%;left:53.721%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fustat"><img alt="Fustat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Fustat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Historical location in Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fustat&params=30_00_18_N_31_14_15_E_region:EG-C_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°00′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°14′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.00500°N 31.23750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.00500; 31.23750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">641–661</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">661–750</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750–969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">969–1168</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">641</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(12th century)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fustat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفُسطاط</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Fusṭāṭ</i></span>), also <b>Fostat</b>, was the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">capital of Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Muslim_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim rule">Muslim rule</a>, though it has been integrated into <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. It was built adjacent to what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> Muslim general <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> immediately after the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in AD 641, and featured the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr">Mosque of Amr</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> built in Egypt. </p><p>The city reached its peak in the 12th century, with a population of approximately 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-williams-37_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the centre of administrative power in Egypt, until it was ordered burnt in 1168 by its own <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, to keep its wealth out of the hands of the invading <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>. The remains of the city were eventually absorbed by nearby <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, which had been built to the north of Fustat in 969 when the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> conquered the region and created a new city as a royal enclosure for the Caliph. The area fell into disrepair for hundreds of years and was used as a rubbish dump. </p><p>Today, Fustat is a suburb that lies within the modern district of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, with few buildings remaining from its days as a capital. Many archaeological digs have revealed the wealth of buried material in the area. Many ancient items recovered from the site are on display in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Museum of Islamic Art</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_capital">Egyptian capital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Egyptian capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fustat was the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">capital of Egypt</a> for approximately 500 years. After the city's founding in 641, its authority was uninterrupted until 750, when the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> dynasty staged a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. This conflict was focused not in Egypt, but elsewhere in the Arab world. When the Abbasids gained power, they moved various capitals to more controllable areas. They had established the centre of their caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, moving the capital from its previous Umayyad location at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Similar moves were made throughout the new dynasty. In Egypt, they moved the capital from Fustat slightly north to the Abbasid city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a>, which remained the capital until 868. When the <a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a> took control in 868, the Egyptian capital moved briefly to another nearby northern city, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lasted only until 905, when al-Qatta'i was destroyed and the capital was returned to Fustat. The city again lost its status as capital city when its own vizier, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, ordered its burning in 1168, fearing it might fall into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, king of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. The capital of Egypt was ultimately moved to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, the location of Fustat was chosen by a bird: A dove laid an egg in the tent of <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> (585–664), the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conqueror of Egypt</a>, just before he was to march against <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in 641. His camp at that time was just north of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amr declared the dove's nest as a sign from God, and the tent was left untouched as he and his troops went off to battle. When they returned victorious, Amr told his soldiers to pitch their tents around his, giving his new capital city its name, <i>Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ</i>, or <i>Fusṭāṭ Miṣr</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularly translated as <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">city of the tents</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, though this is not an exact translation. </p><p>The word Miṣr was an ancient Semitic root designating Egypt, but in Arabic also has the meaning of a <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">large city, metropolis</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (or, as a verb, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to civilize</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), so the name <i>Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ</i> could mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">metropolis of the tent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. <i>Fusṭāṭ Miṣr</i> would mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pavilion of Egypt</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. (Since it lacks the article on the word <i>Miṣr</i> it would not be <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pavilion of the metropolis</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.) Egyptians to this day call Cairo <i>Miṣr</i>, or, in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, <i>Maṣr</i>, even though this is properly the name of the whole country of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's first mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr</a>, was later built in 642 on the same site of the commander's tent.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/220px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/330px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/440px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a>. Though none of the original structure remains, this mosque was the first one built in Egypt, and it was around this location, at the site of the tent of the commander Amr ibn al-As, that the city of Fustat was built.</figcaption></figure> <p>For thousands of years, the capital of Egypt was moved with different cultures through multiple locations up and down the Nile, such as <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, depending on which dynasty was in power. After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Egypt around 331 BC, the capital became the city named for him, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast. This situation remained stable for nearly a thousand years. After the army of the Arabian Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> captured the region in the 7th century, shortly after the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, he wanted to establish a new capital. When Alexandria fell in September 641, <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, the commander of the conquering army, founded a new capital on the eastern bank of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early population of the city was composed almost entirely of soldiers and their families, and the layout of the city was similar to that of a garrison. Amr intended for Fustat to serve as a base from which to conquer North Africa, as well as to launch further campaigns against Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained the primary base for Arab expansion in Africa until <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Qayrawan</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 670.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fustat developed as a series of tribal areas, <i>khittas</i>, around the central mosque and administrative buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the settlers came from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, with the next largest grouping from western <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Roman mercenaries. Arabic was generally the primary spoken dialect in Egypt, and was the language of written communication. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustreware</a> Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century. Archaeological digs have found many kilns and ceramic fragments in Fustat, and it was likely an important production location for Islamic ceramics during the Fatimid period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fustat was the centre of power in Egypt under the Umayyad dynasty, which had started with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>, and headed the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> from 660 to 750. However, Egypt was considered only a province of larger powers, and was ruled by governors who were appointed from other Muslim centres such as <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Fustat was a major city, and in the 9th century, it had a population of approximately 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when General <a href="/wiki/Gawhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawhar">Gawhar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> captured the region, this launched a new era when Egypt was the centre of its own power. Gawhar founded a new city just north of Fustat on August 8, 969, naming it <i>Al Qahira</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Millennial_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millennial-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 971, the Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz</a> moved his court from <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriya</a> in Tunisia to Al Qahira. But Cairo was not intended as a center of government at the time—it was used primarily as the royal enclosure for the Caliph and his court and army, while Fustat remained the capital in terms of economic and administrative power.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city thrived and grew, and in 987, the geographer Ibn Hawkal wrote that al-Fustat was approximately one third the size of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. By 1168, it had a population of 200,000. </p><p>The city was known for its prosperity, with shaded streets, gardens, and markets. It contained high-rise residential buildings, some seven storeys tall, which could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> in the 10th century described them as <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> in the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir-i-Khusron</a> wrote of the exotic and beautiful wares in the Fustat markets: iridescent pottery, crystal, and many fruits and flowers, even during the winter months. From 975 to 1075, Fustat was a major production centre for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">ceramics</a>, and one of the wealthiest cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One report stated that it paid taxes that were equivalent to US$150,000 per day, to the administration of Caliph al-Mu'izz. Modern archaeological digs have turned up trade artefacts from as far away as Spain, China, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Excavations have also revealed intricate house and street plans; a basic unit consisted of rooms built around a central courtyard, with an arcade of arches on one side of the courtyard being the principal means of access.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_and_decline">Destruction and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destruction and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoFustatLandscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/250px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/375px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/500px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of Fustat in Old Cairo</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-12th century, the caliph of Egypt was the teenager <a href="/wiki/Athid" class="mw-redirect" title="Athid">Athid</a>, but his position was primarily ceremonial. The true power in Egypt was that of the vizier, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>. He had been involved in extensive political intrigue for years, working to repel the advances of both the Christian Crusaders, and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur al-Din</a> from Syria. Shawar managed this by constantly shifting alliances between the two, playing them against each other, and in effect keeping them in a stalemate where neither army could successfully attack Egypt without being blocked by the other.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1168, the Christian King <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric I of Jerusalem</a>, who had been trying for years to launch a successful attack on Egypt in order to expand the Crusader territories, had finally achieved a certain amount of success. He and his army entered Egypt, sacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>, slaughtered nearly all of its inhabitants, and then continued on towards Fustat. Amalric and his troops camped just south of the city, and then sent a message to the young Egyptian caliph <a href="/wiki/Athid" class="mw-redirect" title="Athid">Athid</a>, only 18 years old, to surrender the city or suffer the same fate as Bilbeis.<sup id="cite_ref-tyerman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeing that Amalric's attack was imminent, Shawar ordered Fustat city burned, to keep it out of Amalric's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-weapons_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> (1346–1442): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced [the citizens] to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts.... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> pots and 10,000 lighting bombs [mish'al] and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days....<sup id="cite_ref-weapons_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fustat_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg/220px-Fustat_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg/330px-Fustat_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Indian textile fragment, circa 1545–1645, found in Fustat. Old, discarded textile fragments, are commonly found in the area, preserved in the dry climate of Egypt.</figcaption></figure><p>After the destruction of Fustat, the Syrian forces arrived and successfully repelled Amalric's forces. Then with the Christians gone, the Syrians were able to conquer Egypt themselves. The untrustworthy Shawar was put to death, and the reign of the Fatimids was effectively over. The Syrian general Shirkuh was placed in power, but died due to ill health just a few months later, after which his nephew <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> became vizier of Egypt on March 2, 1169, launching the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-tyerman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Fustat no more than a dying suburb, the center of government moved permanently to nearby Cairo. Saladin later attempted to unite Cairo and Fustat into one city by enclosing them in massive walls, although this proved to be largely unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1166 <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> went to Egypt and settled in Fustat, where he gained much renown as a physician, practising in the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">family of Saladin</a> and in that of his vizier Ḳaḍi al-Faḍil al-Baisami, and Saladin's successors. The title <i>Ra'is al-Umma</i> or <i>al-Millah</i> (Head of the Nation or of the Faith), was bestowed upon him. In Fustat, he wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (1180) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his writings were later discovered among the manuscript fragments in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">geniza</a></i> (storeroom) of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra Synagogue</a>, located in Fustat. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> were in power from the 13th century to the 16th century, the area of Fustat was used as a rubbish dump, though it still maintained a population of thousands, with the primary crafts being those of pottery and trash-collecting. The layers of garbage accumulated over hundreds of years, and gradually the population decreased, leaving what had once been a thriving city a wasteland.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Fustat">Modern Fustat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Fustat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, little remains of the grandeur of the old city. The three capitals, Fustat, <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a> were absorbed into the growing city of Cairo. Some of the old buildings remain visible in the region known as "<a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>", but much of the rest has fallen into disrepair, overgrown with weeds or used as <a href="/wiki/Garbage_dumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage dumps">garbage dumps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest-remaining building from the area is probably the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>, from the 9th century, which was built while the capital was in al-Qatta'i. The first mosque ever built in Egypt (and by extension, one of the first mosques built in Africa), the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr">Mosque of Amr</a>, is still in use, but has been extensively rebuilt over the centuries, and nothing remains of the original structure.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017 the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation was inaugurated on a site adjacent to the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that further archaeological digs could yield substantial rewards, considering that the remains of the original city are still preserved under hundreds of years of rubbish.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeological excavations have taken place, the paths of streets are still visible, and some buildings have been partially reconstructed to waist-height. Some artifacts that have been recovered can be seen in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Museum of Islamic Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gascoigne_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gascoigne-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. A scholarly source should be used for reference on archeological excavations (June 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-williams-37-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams-37_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P44-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen (1999) p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlSayyad,_Nezar2011" class="citation book cs1">AlSayyad, Nezar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/75"><i>Cairo</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674047860" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674047860"><bdi>978-0674047860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674047860&rft.au=AlSayyad%2C+Nezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairohistoriesof0000alsa%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeomans, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eyewitness</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David (2000) p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorman,_Ernest1905" class="citation news cs1">Worman, Ernest (October 1905). "Notes on the Jews in Fustāt from Cambridge Genizah Documents". <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarterly_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Quarterly Review">Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Jews+in+Fust%C4%81t+from+Cambridge+Genizah+Documents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1905-10&rft.au=Worman%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P91-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen (1999) p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, p. 52. "In general, Arabic became the language of written communication in administration, literature, and religion. Arabic also became the primary spoken dialect in the western parts of the Middle East – Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia and Iraq – where languages close to Arabic, such as Aramaic, were already spoken. The spread of Arabic was faster than the diffusion of Islam, but this is not to say that the process was rapid or complete. For example, Coptic was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Robert_B.Keall,_Edward_J.1990" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1990). "Petrography of Islamic pottery from Fustat". <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. Vol. 27. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000079">40000079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Petrography+of+Islamic+pottery+from+Fustat&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mason%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Keall%2C+Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKjeilin,_Tore" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilin, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm">"Fustat"</a>. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629175726/http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fustat&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Orient&rft.au=Kjeilin%2C+Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Ffustat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millennial-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millennial_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeeson,_Irene1969" class="citation magazine cs1">Beeson, Irene (September–October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163720/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">"Cairo, a Millennial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. pp. 24, <span class="nowrap">26–</span>30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Cairo%2C+a+Millennial&rft.pages=24%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1969-09%2F1969-10&rft.au=Beeson%2C+Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F196905%2Fcairo-a.millennial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Behrens-Abouseif1992" class="citation book cs1">Doris Behrens-Abouseif (1992). <i>Islamic Architecture in Cairo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4"><bdi>90-04-09626-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09626-4&rft.au=Doris+Behrens-Abouseif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarghusen,_Joan_D.Moulder,_Bob2001" class="citation book cs1">Barghusen, Joan D.; Moulder, Bob (2001). <i>Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Cairo</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2"><bdi>0-8225-3221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Cairo&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8225-3221-2&rft.au=Barghusen%2C+Joan+D.&rft.au=Moulder%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason (1995) pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maalouf, pp. 159–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyerman_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyerman_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyerman,_Christopher2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"><i>God's War: a new history of the Crusades</i></a></span>. Belknap. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer/page/347">347</a>–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+a+new+history+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=347-349&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02387-1&rft.au=Tyerman%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodswarnewhistor00tyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weapons_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weapons_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZayn_Bilkadi1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Zayn Bilkadi (January–February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609223628/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm">"The Oil Weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm">the original</a> on 2011-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Oil+Weapons&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995-01%2F1995-02&rft.au=Zayn+Bilkadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199501%2Fthe.oil.weapons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_Edward2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Edward (2008). <i>The Wisdom of Maimonides</i>. Boston: Shambhala Productions. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-590-30517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-590-30517-1"><bdi>978-1-590-30517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Maimonides&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Shambhala+Productions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-590-30517-1&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKessler,_Adam_T.2012" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Adam T. (2012). <i>Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21859-8"><bdi>978-90-04-21859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+Blue+and+White+Porcelain+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21859-8&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Adam+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203073239/https://www.cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation">"9 stunning photos of the newly opened National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Scene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cairo Scene (page does not exist)">Cairo Scene</a></i>. Feb 21, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation">the original</a> on December 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cairo+Scene&rft.atitle=9+stunning+photos+of+the+newly+opened+National+Museum+of+Egyptian+Civilisation&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairoscene.com%2FArtsAndCulture%2F9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gascoigne-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gascoigne_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Gascoigne" class="citation web cs1">Alison Gascoigne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm">"Islamic Cairo"</a>. egyptvoyager.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202123922/http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Cairo&rft.pub=egyptvoyager.com&rft.au=Alison+Gascoigne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptvoyager.com%2Ftowns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abu-Lughod, Janet L. <i>Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious</i> (Princeton University Press, 1971). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03085-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03085-5">0-691-03085-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntoniou,_Jim1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Antoniou, Jim (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3575/is_n1213_v203/ai_20633899">"Historic Cairo – rehabilitation of Cairo's historic monuments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural Review">Architectural Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Review&rft.atitle=Historic+Cairo+%E2%80%93+rehabilitation+of+Cairo%27s+historic+monuments&rft.date=1998-03&rft.au=Antoniou%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3575%2Fis_n1213_v203%2Fai_20633899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid2000" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (2000). <i>The Experience of Ancient Egypt</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03263-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03263-6"><bdi>0-415-03263-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-03263-6&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egypt00dkpu"><i>Eyewitness Travel: Egypt</i></a>. Dorlin Kindersley Limited, London. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8"><bdi>978-0-7566-2875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Travel%3A+Egypt&rft.pub=Dorlin+Kindersley+Limited%2C+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2875-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegypt00dkpu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ghosh, Amitav, <i>In an Antique Land</i> (Vintage Books, 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72783-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72783-3">0-679-72783-3</a>.</li> <li>Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22552-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22552-3">0-521-22552-3</a>.</li> <li>Maalouf, Amin (1984). <i>The Crusades Through Arab Eyes</i>. Al Saqi Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0898-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0898-4">0-8052-0898-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". <i>Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. <b>XII</b>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10314-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10314-7"><bdi>90-04-10314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas%3A+Annual+on+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=New+Looks+at+Old+Pots%3A+Results+of+Recent+Multidisciplinary+Studies+of+Glazed+Ceramics+from+the+Islamic+World&rft.volume=XII&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10314-7&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1999" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1999). <i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21332-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21332-0"><bdi>0-415-21332-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-21332-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeomans,_Richard2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000yeom"><i>The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo</i></a></span>. Garnet & Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85964-154-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85964-154-7"><bdi>1-85964-154-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islamic+Cairo&rft.pub=Garnet+%26+Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85964-154-7&rft.au=Yeomans%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo0000yeom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Caroline2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2002). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-695-0"><bdi>977-424-695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=977-424-695-0&rft.au=Williams%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Old_Cairo#Fustat" class="extiw" title="commons:Old Cairo"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fustat</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacharach,_Jere_L.2004" class="citation book cs1">Bacharach, Jere L. (2004). <i>Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-393-5" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-393-5"><bdi>977-424-393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+Finds%3A+Beads%2C+Coins%2C+Medical+Instruments%2C+Textiles%2C+and+Other+Artifacts+from+the+Awad+Collection&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=977-424-393-5&rft.au=Bacharach%2C+Jere+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarekeet,_Elinoar1999" class="citation book cs1">Barekeet, Elinoar (1999). <i>Fustat on the Nile: The Jewish Elite in Medieval Egypt</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10168-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10168-3"><bdi>90-04-10168-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+on+the+Nile%3A+The+Jewish+Elite+in+Medieval+Egypt&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-10168-3&rft.au=Barekeet%2C+Elinoar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKubiak1987" class="citation book cs1">Kubiak, Wladyslaw (1987). <i>Al-Fusṭāṭ, its foundation and early urban development</i>. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-168-1" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-168-1"><bdi>977-424-168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Fus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%2C+its+foundation+and+early+urban+development&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=977-424-168-1&rft.aulast=Kubiak&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScanlon,_George_T.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Scanlon, George T. (1974). "The Pits of Fustat: Problems of Chronology". <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>60</b>. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 60: <span class="nowrap">60–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3856171">10.2307/3856171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3856171">3856171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Pits+of+Fustat%3A+Problems+of+Chronology&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3856171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3856171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScanlon,_George_T.Pinder-Wilson,_Ralph2001" class="citation book cs1">Scanlon, George T.; Pinder-Wilson, Ralph (2001). <i>Fustat Glass of the Early Islamic Period: Finds Excavated by the American Research Center in Egypt, 1964–1980</i>. Altajir World of Islam Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901435-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901435-07-5"><bdi>1-901435-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+Glass+of+the+Early+Islamic+Period%3A+Finds+Excavated+by+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt%2C+1964%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Altajir+World+of+Islam+Trust&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-901435-07-5&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+George+T.&rft.au=Pinder-Wilson%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_W._A.1921" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, W. A. (July 1921). "The Pottery of Fostat, Old Cairo". <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i>. <b>39</b> (220): 11–13 + 16–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=The+Pottery+of+Fostat%2C+Old+Cairo&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=220&rft.pages=11-13+%2B+16-18&rft.date=1921-07&rft.au=Stewart%2C+W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Toler, Pamela D. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/In-Fragments-from-Fustat,-Glimpses-of-a-Cosmopolit">"In Fragments from Fustat, Glimpses of a Cosmopolitan Old Cairo."</a> Aramco World. Volume 67 (1), pp. 4–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895830331">895830331</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_of_Egypt83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Capital_of_Egypt83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capital of Egypt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">Capital of Egypt</a> </b><br />641–750 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">Capital of Egypt</a> </b><br />905–1169 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_and_suburbs_of_Greater_Cairo121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Template:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Template talk:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Greater_Cairo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Greater Cairo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_and_suburbs_of_Greater_Cairo121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts and suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Greater Cairo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassia" title="Abbassia">Abbassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azbakeya" title="Azbakeya">Azbakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulaq">Bulaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daher,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Daher, Egypt">Daher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Al-Darb al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Marg" title="El Marg">El Marg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Massarah">Massarah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">City of the Dead (al-Qarafa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manshiyat_Naser" title="Manshiyat Naser">Manshiyat Naser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_City" title="Nasr City">Nasr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Qobbah" title="El Qobbah">El Qobbah</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roda_Island" title="Roda Island">Rhoda Island</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Manial" title="El Manial">El Manial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sakkakini" title="El Sakkakini">El Sakkakini</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shubra" title="Shubra">Shubra</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_(administrative_region)" title="Shubra (administrative region)">Shubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sahel" title="El Sahel">El Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_El_Farag" title="Rod El Farag">Rod El Farag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo" title="Zeitoun, Cairo">Zeitoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Historical</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggala" title="Faggala">Faggala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Islamic Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">El Matareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Affluent</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Cairo" title="Garden City, Cairo">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Newly planned</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madinaty" title="Madinaty">Madinaty</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="El Rehab">El Rehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Settlement" title="Fifth Settlement">Fifth Settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Heliopolis" title="New Heliopolis">New Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">El Shorouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/150px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/225px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG/300px-Beauty_Of_Egypt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="2860" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-Nile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/250px-Giza-Nile.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/330px-Giza-Nile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouza" title="Agouza">Agouza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_Okba" title="Mit Okba">Mit Okba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Imbaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Historical</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerdasa" title="Kerdasa">Kerdasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Affluent</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dokki" title="Dokki">Dokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohandessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandessin">Mohandessin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Newly planned</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_City" title="Sheikh Zayed City">Sheikh Zayed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i>Newly planned</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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