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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9:_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7" title="الفلسفة: من الذي يحتاج إليها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفلسفة: من الذي يحتاج إليها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0:_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Философията: кому е нужна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философията: кому е нужна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It" title="Philosophy: Who Needs It – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Philosophy: Who Needs It" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It" title="Philosophy: Who Needs It – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Philosophy: Who Needs It" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%E2%80%A4_%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A7_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Փիլիսոփայություն․ ո՞ւմ է այն պետք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիսոփայություն․ ո՞ւմ է այն պետք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It" title="Philosophy: Who Needs It – 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Philosophy: Who Needs It <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It&rft.author=%5B%5BAyn+Rand%5D%5D&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=%5B%5BBobbs-Merrill%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist+%22+%3E%0A%2A276+%28hardcover%29%0A%2A274+%28paperback%29%0A%2A228+%28Centennial+edition%29%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft.series=Ayn+Rand+Library&rft_id=info:oclcnum/8346296"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosophy,_Who_Needs_It_(hardback_edition).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Philosophy%2C_Who_Needs_It_%28hardback_edition%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="159" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data">Ayn Rand Library</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>276 (hardcover)</li> <li>274 (paperback)</li> <li>228 (Centennial edition)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-52725-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-52725-1">0-672-52725-1</a> (hardcover)<br />0-451-13893-7 (Centennial edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8346296">8346296</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Philosophy: Who Needs It</b></i> is a collection of essays by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, published posthumously in 1982. It was the last book on which Rand worked during her lifetime. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title essay is an address given to the graduating class of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> on March 6, 1974, in which Rand argues that <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> plays a central role in all human activities, that every action or thought has certain assumptions, and that humans need to examine those assumptions to live a full, meaningful life. Another speech included is "Faith and Force: The Destroyers of the Modern World", which was delivered at college appearances in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstein83-85_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstein83-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining chapters are reprints of articles Rand published in the 1970s, primarily in her periodical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ayn_Rand_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ayn Rand Letter">The Ayn Rand Letter</a></i>. These reprints include "Kant Versus Sullivan", which is about how <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(playwright)" title="William Gibson (playwright)">William Gibson's</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_Worker_(play)" title="The Miracle Worker (play)">The Miracle Worker</a></i> illustrates the importance of language and conceptual learning,<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstein83-85_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstein83-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "An Open Letter to Boris Spassky", addressed to <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a>, and "The Stimulus and the Response", a critique of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Freedom_and_Dignity" title="Beyond Freedom and Dignity">Beyond Freedom and Dignity</a></i> by psychologist <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker93_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rand had begun work on the collection prior to her death, but the final editing was handled by her heir, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a>. Most of the essays originally appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ayn_Rand_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ayn Rand Letter">The Ayn Rand Letter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker93_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a> published the hardcover edition in September 1982, followed by a trade paperback edition in September 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a> published it as a mass market paperback in November 1984. The New American Library edition was promoted as volume one of the "Ayn Rand Library" series edited by Peikoff.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of its release, the book received mostly negative reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i>, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Den_Uyl" title="Douglas Den Uyl">Douglas Den Uyl</a> gives the book a "mixed assessment", saying that several of the essays are worth reading, but the book as a whole "is not particularly original or substantive" in comparison to her previous works.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den Uyl reaches a similar conclusion in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_B._Rasmussen" title="Douglas B. Rasmussen">Douglas B. Rasmussen</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophic_Thought_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand">The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand</a></i> that the book "does not contain the kind of significant philosophizing found in her earlier works".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later scholars have also criticized the book, as well as some of its essays. The historian James Baker writes that the volume "lacks the strength to launch any significant project".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher Fred Seddon says that Rand's explanation of the ethical views of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> in the essay "Causality versus Duty" is a <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">straw man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">George H. Smith</a> describes "Causality versus Duty" as "an important essay" describing Rand's views on morality, but criticizes her for another essay in which she criticized the views expressed by philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> without having read the book.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gladstein83-85-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstein83-85_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstein83-85_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGladstein2009">Gladstein 2009</a>, pp. 83–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker93-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker93_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker93_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1987">Baker 1987</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerinn1990">Perinn 1990</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerinn1990">Perinn 1990</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1987">Baker 1987</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annual-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Annual_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerliner2000" class="citation news cs1">Berliner, Michael S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062311/http://www.aynrand.org/site/DocServer/volume3.pdf">"Ayn Rand in Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives Annual: The Newsletter of the Ayn Rand Archives</i>. Vol. 3. p. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrand.org/site/DocServer/volume3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Annual%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+Ayn+Rand+Archives&rft.atitle=Ayn+Rand+in+Review&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aynrand.org%2Fsite%2FDocServer%2Fvolume3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDen_Uyl1983" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Den_Uyl" title="Douglas Den Uyl">Den Uyl, Douglas</a> (May 1983). "Rand's Last Words". <i>Reason</i>. Vol. 15, no. 1. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Rand%27s+Last+Words&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1983-05&rft.aulast=Den+Uyl&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDen_UylRasmussen1984" class="citation book cs1">Den Uyl, Douglas & Rasmussen, Douglas (1984). "Conclusion". In Den Uyl, Douglas & Rasmussen, Douglas (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophic_Thought_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand">The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand</a></i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophicthoug0000unse/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01033-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01033-7"><bdi>0-252-01033-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9392804">9392804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=The+Philosophic+Thought+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9392804&rft.isbn=0-252-01033-7&rft.aulast=Den+Uyl&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1987">Baker 1987</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, Fred (2003). <i>Ayn Rand, Objectivists, and the History of Philosophy</i>. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2308-5"><bdi>0-7618-2308-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51969016">51969016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%2C+Objectivists%2C+and+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51969016&rft.isbn=0-7618-2308-5&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith, George H.</a> (1991). <i>Atheism, Ayn Rand, and Other Heresies</i>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-577-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-577-6"><bdi>0-87975-577-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22593041">22593041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%2C+Ayn+Rand%2C+and+Other+Heresies&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22593041&rft.isbn=0-87975-577-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1987" class="citation book cs1">Baker, James T. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aynrand0000bake"><i>Ayn Rand</i></a></span>. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-7497-1"><bdi>0-8057-7497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8057-7497-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faynrand0000bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). <i>Ayn Rand</i>. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4513-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-4513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Major+Conservative+and+Libertarian+Thinkers+series&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4513-1&rft.aulast=Gladstein&rft.aufirst=Mimi+Reisel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). <i>Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography</i>. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0"><bdi>0-9610494-8-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%3A+First+Descriptive+Bibliography&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Quill+%26+Brush&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-9610494-8-0&rft.aulast=Perinn&rft.aufirst=Vincent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy%3A+Who+Needs+It" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ayn_Rand52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayn_Rand" title="Template talk:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ayn_Rand52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ayn_Rand_and_Objectivism" title="Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthem_(novella)" title="Anthem (novella)">Anthem</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(novel)" title="Ideal (novel)">Ideal</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_New_Intellectual" title="For the New Intellectual">For the New Intellectual</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Objectivist_Epistemology" title="Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology">Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fiction:_A_Guide_for_Writers_and_Readers" title="The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers">The Art of Fiction</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collected essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal" title="Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Manifesto" title="The Romantic Manifesto">The Romantic Manifesto</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Left:_The_Anti-Industrial_Revolution" title="The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution">The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy: Who Needs It</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pawn" title="Red Pawn">Red Pawn</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_Letters_(1945_film)" title="Love Letters (1945 film)">Love Letters</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Came_Along" title="You Came Along">You Came Along</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_January_16th" title="Night of January 16th">Night of January 16th</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(play)" title="Ideal (play)">Ideal</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquered_(1940_play)" title="The Unconquered (1940 play)">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Early_Ayn_Rand" title="The Early Ayn Rand">The Early Ayn Rand</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Letters of Ayn Rand">Letters of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Journals of Ayn Rand">Journals of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_5-3000" title="Liberty 5-3000">Liberty 5-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_Shrugged_characters" title="List of Atlas Shrugged characters">List of <i>Atlas Shrugged</i> characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galt" title="John Galt">John Galt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_January_16th_(film)" title="The Night of January 16th (film)"><i>The Night of January 16th</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living_(film)" title="We the Living (film)"><i>We the Living</i></a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gawaahi" title="Gawaahi">Gawaahi</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_(film_series)" title="Atlas Shrugged (film series)"><i>Atlas Shrugged</i> (film series)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part I"><i>Part I</i></a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part II"><i>Part II</i></a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III:_Who_Is_John_Galt%3F" title="Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?"><i>Part III</i></a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquered_(1940_play)" title="The Unconquered (1940 play)">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(play)" title="The Fountainhead (play)">The Fountainhead</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_homosexuality" title="Objectivism and homosexuality">Objectivism and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randian_hero" title="Randian hero">Randian hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Ayn_Rand_Studies" title="The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies">The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_periodicals" title="Objectivist periodicals">Objectivist periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_and_the_World_She_Made" title="Ayn Rand and the World She Made">Ayn Rand and the World She Made</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_A_Sense_of_Life" title="Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life">Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_The_Russian_Radical" title="Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical">Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ayn_Rand_Cult" title="The Ayn Rand Cult">The Ayn Rand Cult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market" title="Goddess of the Market">Goddess of the Market</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day:_My_Years_with_Ayn_Rand" title="Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand"><i>Judgment Day</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand">The Passion of Ayn Rand</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand_(film)" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)"><i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i></a> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_Ayn_Rand%3F" title="Who Is Ayn Rand?">Who Is Ayn Rand?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&oldid=1267012323">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It&oldid=1267012323</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1982_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1982 non-fiction books">1982 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_essay_collections" title="Category:American essay collections">American essay 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