CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Elmer Ambrose Sperry - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"422c8939-7948-4769-b9c9-426d385551f8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry","wgTitle":"Elmer Ambrose Sperry","wgCurRevisionId":1263732827,"wgRevisionId":1263732827,"wgArticleId":363829,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2023","Pages using infobox person with multiple parents","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","1860 births","1930 deaths","Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery","Cornell University alumni", "People from Cortland, New York","American people in rail transportation","American mechanical engineers","Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers","Collier Trophy recipients","John Fritz Medal recipients","Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun","Naval Consulting Board","People from Cincinnatus, New York","19th-century American engineers","20th-century American engineers","Engineers from New York (state)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry","wgRelevantArticleId":363829,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q761838","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/1200px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1641"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/800px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1094"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/640px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="875"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Elmer Ambrose Sperry - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry rootpage-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Elmer+Ambrose+Sperry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Elmer+Ambrose+Sperry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Elmer+Ambrose+Sperry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Elmer+Ambrose+Sperry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_gyroscopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_gyroscopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Work with gyroscopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_gyroscopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aircraft improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_turret_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_turret_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Naval turret improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_turret_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Late life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Էլմեր Սպերրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլմեր Սպերրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="المير امبروس سپيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المير امبروس سپيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Sperry" title="Elmer Sperry – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elmer Sperry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сперри, Элмер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сперри, Элмер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96" title="Елмер Сперрі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елмер Сперрі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q761838#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&oldid=1263732827" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&id=1263732827&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElmer_Ambrose_Sperry"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElmer_Ambrose_Sperry"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q761838" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American industrialist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Elmer Ambrose Sperry Sr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/220px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/330px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg/440px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1860-10-12</span>)</span>October 12, 1860<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus,_New_York" title="Cincinnatus, New York">Cincinnatus, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 16, 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-06-16)</span> (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyroscopic compasses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Zula Augusta Goodman (1860–1929) (m. 1887–1929)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Helen M. Sperry (1889–Oct 1977)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Goodman_Sperry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Goodman Sperry (page does not exist)">Edward Goodman Sperry</a> (1890–1945) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Burst_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Burst Sperry">Lawrence Burst Sperry</a> (1892–1923)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Jr. (page does not exist)">Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Jr.</a> (1894–1968) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Stephen Decatur Sperry (1825–1889)<br /> Mary Burst (1839–1860)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1929)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png/150px-Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png/225px-Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png/300px-Signature_of_Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry_Sr.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elmer Ambrose Sperry Sr.</b> (October 12, 1860 – June 16, 1930) was an American <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, most famous for construction, two years after <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ansch%C3%BCtz-Kaempfe" title="Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe">Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompass</a> and as founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry Gyroscope Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as the "father of modern navigation technology".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sperry's compasses and stabilizers were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and used in both world wars. He also worked closely with Japanese companies and the Japanese government and was honored after his death with a volume of reminiscences published in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sperry was born in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus,_New_York" title="Cincinnatus, New York">Cincinnatus, New York</a>, on October 12, 1860, to Stephen Decatur Sperry and Mary Burst. His mother died the next day, from complications from his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English ancestry</a>. His family had been in what is now the Northeastern United States since the 1600s, and his earliest American ancestor was an English colonist named Richard Sperry (born 1606).<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sperry spent three years at the <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Cortland" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Cortland">State Normal School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cortland,_New_York" title="Cortland, New York">Cortland, New York</a>, then a year at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1878 and 1879, where he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, early in 1880 and soon after founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sperry_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sperry Electric Company (page does not exist)">Sperry Electric Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Zula Augusta Goodman (1860-1929) in Chicago, Illinois on June 28, 1887. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_inventions">Early inventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, Sperry created a system to bring electricity into coal mines, heating the copper wires to prevent corrosion.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system allowed him to bring self-designed mining equipment deep below the surface, to greatly increase the production of coal. In 1888 the Sperry Electric Machinery Mining Company was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, Sperry formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sperry_Electric_Railway_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sperry Electric Railway Company (page does not exist)">Sperry Electric Railway Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he used ideas from the electric trains sold by his mining company to create electric trolleys in large, hilly cities in Ohio and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working with this company, Sperry designed an <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric automobile</a>, which led to Sperry patenting ideas that would be later used in the development of portable <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead acid batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, he drove his car in Paris, making it the first American-made car in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> bought the railway company and its associated patents.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900 Sperry established an <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he and his associate, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_P._Townshend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton P. Townshend (page does not exist)">Clifton P. Townshend</a>, developed a process for making pure <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> and discovered a process for recovering <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> from scrap metal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_with_gyroscopes">Work with gyroscopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work with gyroscopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg/220px-Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg/330px-Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg/440px-Ship_stabilizing_gyroscopes_USS_Henderson_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Sperry's stabilizing gyroscope installed in the <a href="/wiki/USS_Henderson_(AP-1)" title="USS Henderson (AP-1)">USS <i>Henderson</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>After experiencing seasickness on an Atlantic voyage in 1898, Sperry started to work on incorporating a large <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> into a ship to lessen the effect of waves on the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_E._Brown-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His gyroscope-stabilized ship differed from others at the time by having a sensor built in to the system to detect the first signs of a wave that the system would have to work to mitigate.<sup id="cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_E._Brown-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, Sperry worked with the US Navy to incorporate his gyroscopic stabilizer, which greatly reduced major roll of the ship, into Navy ships.<sup id="cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_E._Brown-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While effective, Sperry's gyrostabilizer never was widely sold because of its expense, both in installation and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sperry found another use for his gyroscopes in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Compass">Magnetic compasses</a> on steel battleships at the time had issues with maintaining <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic North">magnetic north</a> with the variations of the magnetic field they experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with Hannibal C. Ford, Sperry began work on a gyrocompass to replace the magnetic compass.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Gyroscope Company">Sperry Gyroscope Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a> on the basis of this innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first navigational gyroscope was tested that same year in <a href="/wiki/USS_Delaware_(BB-28)" title="USS Delaware (BB-28)">USS <i>Delaware</i> (BB-28)</a>. After successful tests, Sperry's gyrocompass was soon being installed on American, British, French, Italian, and Russian naval crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the importance of the gyrocompass increased as the compass was adapted to control the steering of a ship to automatically hold a steady line.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_improvements">Aircraft improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aircraft improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg/220px-Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg/330px-Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg/440px-Horizontal-gyro_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft gyrocompass built by Sperry</figcaption></figure><p>In 1913, working with his son <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Sperry" title="Lawrence Sperry">Lawrence Burst Sperry</a>, Sperry created a gyro that could control the <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> of an aircraft through a series of <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servomechanisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sperry successfully implemented his gyrostablizer technology, formerly thought to be only applicable to large ships, because of their high weight, into aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1914, Sperry and his son won the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ro-Club_de_France" title="Aéro-Club de France">Aero Club of France</a>'s competition to build a safer aircraft, demonstrating the stabilizer with his son doing a "no-hands" flight past the judges.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Institute Medal">Franklin Institute Medal</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gyrostabilization system, while never implemented on a massive scale, laid the foundation for his son's <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1916_in_aviation" title="1916 in aviation">1916</a>, Sperry joined <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Hewitt</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Hewitt-Sperry_Automatic_Airplane" title="Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane">Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane</a>, one of the first successful precursors of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="History of unmanned aerial vehicles">UAV</a>. </p><p>In 1917, Sperry solved the issue of magnetic compasses indicating the opposite position when an aircraft is turning, inventing the Gyro Turn Indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This turn indicator was later modified into what is known now as the <a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and Slip Indicator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Directional Gyro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Gyro Horizon</a> added later, Sperry created a core of <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight instruments</a> that became standard equipment on all aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During both world wars, Sperry's company profited from military demand for gyroscopes. His technology was subsequently used in torpedoes, ships, airplanes, and spacecraft. Sperry moved into related devices such as <a href="/wiki/Bombsight" title="Bombsight">bombsights</a>, fire control, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and automated take off and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-rPBS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rPBS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> he worked to create a "flying bomb", and on March 6, 1918, he guided an aerial torpedo for more than half a mile using radio control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_turret_improvements">Naval turret improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naval turret improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg/220px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg/330px-Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Elmer Ambrose Sperry demonstrating the operation of a searchlight</figcaption></figure><p>Working with the US Navy, Sperry developed a system to control the entire battery of a battleship from an interior room of the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This control system used his gyroscopic equipment to correct an individual gun's position based on changes in course of the ship, allowing the entire battery to focused on one point.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This control system was installed on all battleships of the United States Navy during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sperry was a founding member of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Consulting_Board" title="Naval Consulting Board">Naval Consulting Board</a>, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1914, Sperry began working with the US Navy to develop higher-power lighting for use with naval turrets.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of this partnership, Sperry and his team created a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a> that heated a gas to incandescence, creating a source of light five times brighter than other continuous light sources of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-NABM_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918 he produced a high-intensity arc lamp which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlight</a> by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> and Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_life_and_death">Late life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923, Sperry's son Lawrence died in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in the crash of an airplane of his own design. In January 1929, Sperry sold his Sperry Gyroscope Company to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>. The following year his wife died, on March 31, in <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sperry died at St. John Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, on June 16, 1930, from complications following the removal of <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a> six weeks earlier. He was 69 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships">Memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sperry was a member of the following groups:<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Founder and charter member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder and charter member of the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_Society" title="Electrochemical Society">American Electro-Chemical Society</a></li> <li>American Association for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>American Physical Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Naval_Architects_and_Marine_Engineers" title="Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers">Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Electrical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Electrical Society (page does not exist)">New York Electrical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Pioneers" title="Edison Pioneers">Edison Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautical Association">National Aeronautical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Club_of_America" title="Aero Club of America">Aero Club of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers%27_Club_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers' Club (Manhattan)">Engineers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Association" title="National Electric Light Association">National Electric Light Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_(Manhattan)" title="Japan Society (Manhattan)">Japan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Peaceful_Arts" title="Museum of the Peaceful Arts">Museum of the Peaceful Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Club_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero Club of France">Aero Club of France</a> (1914) for his airplane stabilizer<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Franklin Institute Medal (1914, specific award unknown) for his gyroscopic compass<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> (1914) for gyroscopic control<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> (1916) for his drift indicator<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holley_Medal" title="Holley Medal">Holley Medal</a> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Albert Gary Medal (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1929) for gyroscopic navigational and recording instruments<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two decorations from the last Czar of Russia; two decorations from the Emperor of Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure" title="Order of the Sacred Treasure">Order of the Sacred Treasure</a>; and the grand prize of the Panama Exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> (1973)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sperry Electric Mining Machine Company, (1888)</li> <li>Sperry Electric Railway Company, (1894)</li> <li>Chicago Fuse Wire Company, (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rail_Service" title="Sperry Rail Service">Sperry Rail Service</a> (1911) a rail defect detection company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Gyroscope Company">Sperry Gyroscope Company</a> (1910), founded to manufacture Sperry's development of the <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompass</a>, originally invented by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ansch%C3%BCtz-Kaempfe" title="Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe">Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe</a> in 1908. Sperry's first model was installed on the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Delaware_(BB-28)" title="USS Delaware (BB-28)">USS <i>Delaware</i></a> in 1911</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Elmer_A._Sperry_Award" title="Elmer A. Sperry Award">Elmer A. Sperry Award</a>, which encourages progress in transportation-related engineering, is named for him</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sperry_(AS-12)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Sperry (AS-12)">USS <i>Sperry</i> (AS-12)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">submarine tender</a>, was named for him</li> <li>The Sperry Center at <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_at_Cortland" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York College at Cortland">SUNY Cortland</a> in Cortland, NY is named after him<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D16FC3D5B10738DDDA10894D9415B8588F1D3">"Edward G. Sperry, An Industrialist. Executive of Products Firm He Founded With Father, the Gyroscope Inventor, Dies. Designed Ship Stabilizers. Held Several Directorships"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 8, 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Edward Goodman Sperry, vice president, treasurer and a director of Sperry Products, Inc., Hoboken, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edward+G.+Sperry%2C+An+Industrialist.+Executive+of+Products+Firm+He+Founded+With+Father%2C+the+Gyroscope+Inventor%2C+Dies.+Designed+Ship+Stabilizers.+Held+Several+Directorships&rft.date=1945-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0D16FC3D5B10738DDDA10894D9415B8588F1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/24/archives/elmer-sperry-jr-inventor-was-74-son-of-the-founder-of-gyroscope.html">"Elmer Sperry Jr., Inventor, Was 74. Son of the Founder of Gyroscope Company Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. December 24, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Jr., a pioneer in gyroscope development and son of the founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company, died here Saturday at the age ... He was born May 9, 1894, in Cleveland, a son of Elmer Sperry, Sr. and Zula ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elmer+Sperry+Jr.%2C+Inventor%2C+Was+74.+Son+of+the+Founder+of+Gyroscope+Company+Dies&rft.date=1968-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F12%2F24%2Farchives%2Felmer-sperry-jr-inventor-was-74-son-of-the-founder-of-gyroscope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1012.html">"Elmer Sperry Dies. Famous Inventor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 17, 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Elmer A. Sperry, inventor, died yesterday morning at St. John's Hospital, Brooklyn, from complications which set in after he had recovered from an operation for gallstones six weeks ago. He was in his seventieth year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elmer+Sperry+Dies.+Famous+Inventor&rft.date=1930-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/sperry_hi.html">"Who Made America: Elmer Sperry"</a>. PBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Made+America%3A+Elmer+Sperry&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ftheymadeamerica%2Fwhomade%2Fsperry_hi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durgin, Russell and Kawaguchi, Zenichi, "Dr. Sperry As We Knew Him" (1931, Nichi-Bei Press). This volume of reminiscences by the Japanese engineers and diplomats who knew him was published in a bilingual text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NABM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NABM_6-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>National Academy Biographical Memoirs - Vol. XXVIII</i>. National Academies Press. 1954. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Academy+Biographical+Memoirs+-+Vol.+XXVIII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1012.html">"Elmer Sperry Dies; Famous Inventor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elmer+Sperry+Dies%3B+Famous+Inventor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_E._Brown-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_E._Brown_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_David_E.2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David E. (2003). <i>Inventing modern America : from the microwave to the mouse</i>. B MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262523493" title="Special:BookSources/0262523493"><bdi>0262523493</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746926958">746926958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+modern+America+%3A+from+the+microwave+to+the+mouse&rft.pub=B+MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F746926958&rft.isbn=0262523493&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rPBS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rPBS_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/sperry_hi.html">"Who Made America? – Innovators – Elmer Sperry"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Who+Made+America%3F+%E2%80%93+Innovators+%E2%80%93+Elmer+Sperry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ftheymadeamerica%2Fwhomade%2Fsperry_hi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenson,_Alvin_K.2010" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Alvin K. (2010). <i>Great lives from history. Inventors & inventions</i>. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587655296" title="Special:BookSources/9781587655296"><bdi>9781587655296</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496519422">496519422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+lives+from+history.+Inventors+%26+inventions&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496519422&rft.isbn=9781587655296&rft.au=Benson%2C+Alvin+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1915/09/13/archives/daniels-names-naval-advisors-announces-makeup-of-board-of-inventors.html">"DANIELS NAMES NAVAL ADVISORS; Announces Makeup of Board of Inventors Headed by Thomas A. Edison. COOPER HEWITT A MEMBER Hudson Maxim, Henry A. Wise Wood, Alfred Craven, and F.J. Sprague Other New Yorkers. NOTED ENGINEERS TO SERVE Chemists, Aeronautical Experts, Inventors, and Authorities on Explosives Also Picked. DANIELS NAMES NAVAL ADVISORS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 13, 1915. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DANIELS+NAMES+NAVAL+ADVISORS%3B+Announces+Makeup+of+Board+of+Inventors+Headed+by+Thomas+A.+Edison.+COOPER+HEWITT+A+MEMBER+Hudson+Maxim%2C+Henry+A.+Wise+Wood%2C+Alfred+Craven%2C+and+F.J.+Sprague+Other+New+Yorkers.+NOTED+ENGINEERS+TO+SERVE+Chemists%2C+Aeronautical+Experts%2C+Inventors%2C+and+Authorities+on+Explosives+Also+Picked.+DANIELS+NAMES+NAVAL+ADVISORS&rft.date=1915-09-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1915%2F09%2F13%2Farchives%2Fdaniels-names-naval-advisors-announces-makeup-of-board-of-inventors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-AIEE/Journal-Of-The-AIEE-1923-12.pdf#page=131&zoom=auto,-52,860">"Institute and Related Activities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers</i>. <b>XLII</b>: 1369. December 1923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJoAIEE.1923.6593440">10.1109/JoAIEE.1923.6593440</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.atitle=Institute+and+Related+Activities&rft.volume=XLII&rft.pages=1369&rft.date=1923-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJoAIEE.1923.6593440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-AIEE%2FJournal-Of-The-AIEE-1923-12.pdf%23page%3D131%26zoom%3Dauto%2C-52%2C860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101048908949?urlappend=%3Bseq=1445%3Bownerid=27021597769242661-1593">Alternate Link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSociety1912" class="citation book cs1">Society, New York Electrical (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=JIgmAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP8"><i>Transactions of the New York Electrical Society ...</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+New+York+Electrical+Society+...&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=New+York+Electrical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DJIgmAQAAMAAJ%26hl%3Den%26pg%3DGBS.PP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001696.html">"Elmer Sperry"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Elmer+Sperry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/elmer-ambrose-sperry">"Elmer Ambrose Sperry"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute</i>. January 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Elmer+Ambrose+Sperry&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flaureates%2Felmer-ambrose-sperry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-1911-1919-winners">"Collier 1911–1919 Recipients - NAA: National Aeronautic Association"</a>. <i>naa.aero</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naa.aero&rft.atitle=Collier+1911%E2%80%931919+Recipients+-+NAA%3A+National+Aeronautic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaa.aero%2Fawards%2Fawards-and-trophies%2Fcollier-trophy%2Fcollier-1911-1919-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38806627/buffalo_evening_news/">"Aviation Honors Awarded at Banquet"</a>. <i>Buffalo Evening News</i>. Buffalo, New York. January 15, 1915. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Aviation+Honors+Awarded+at+Banquet&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1915-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F38806627%2Fbuffalo_evening_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/about-asme/participate/honors-awards/achievement-awards/holley-medal">"Holley Medal"</a>. <i>The American Society of Mechanical Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.atitle=Holley+Medal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Fabout-asme%2Fparticipate%2Fhonors-awards%2Fachievement-awards%2Fholley-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaes.org/john-fritz-medal-past-recipients">"John Fritz Medal Past Recipients"</a>. <i>American Association of Engineering Societies</i>. March 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Engineering+Societies&rft.atitle=John+Fritz+Medal+Past+Recipients&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaes.org%2Fjohn-fritz-medal-past-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/elmer-sperry">"Elmer A. Sperry"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute</i>. January 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Elmer+A.+Sperry&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flaureates%2Felmer-sperry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.cortland.edu/offices/facilities-management/sperry-center">"Sperry Center"</a>. <i>www2.cortland.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.cortland.edu&rft.atitle=Sperry+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cortland.edu%2Foffices%2Ffacilities-management%2Fsperry-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes1971" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas Parke (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elmersperryinven0000hugh/"><i>Elmer Sperry : inventor and engineer</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1133-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-1133-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elmer+Sperry+%3A+inventor+and+engineer&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1133-3&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Parke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felmersperryinven0000hugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElmer+Ambrose+Sperry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fahrney, Delmer S. (RAdm ret): <i>History of Radio-Controlled Aircraft and Guided Missiles</i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> </i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a><i>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315120948/http://fi.edu/case_files/sperry_2524/">Elmer A. Sperry case file</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> contains records concerning his 1914 Franklin Award for the gyroscopic compass</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1279471">U.S. patent 1,279,471</a></span> for the gyroscopic compass, filed June 1911; issued September 1918</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html">US patent search page, search for Elmer and Sperry in Inventor name, 1790–present, yields about 160 results—some recent ones are by EA Sperry Jr, earliest ones not found</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428221946/http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html">Archived</a> April 28, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/967">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li>Finding aids for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1893.xml">Elmer Ambrose Sperry papers</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1985_257.xml">Elmer Sperry photograph collection</a> are available at <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1904 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2020 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2023 : <a href="/wiki/Asad_M._Madni" title="Asad M. Madni">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Thurston" title="Robert Henry Thurston">Robert H. Thurston</a> (1880–1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_Leavitt_Jr." title="Erasmus Darwin Leavitt Jr.">Erasmus D. Leavitt</a> (1883–1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John E. Sweet</a> (1884–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius_Holloway" title="Josephus Flavius Holloway">Josephus F. Holloway</a> (1885–1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Sellers_II" title="Coleman Sellers II">Coleman Sellers II</a> (1886–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Herman_Babcock" title="George Herman Babcock">George H. Babcock</a> (1887–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_See" title="Horace See">Horace See</a> (1888–1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Towne" title="Henry R. Towne">Henry R. Towne</a> (1889–1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Smith" title="Oberlin Smith">Oberlin Smith</a> (1890–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hunt" title="Robert W. Hunt">Robert W. Hunt</a> (1891–1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Loring" title="Charles Harding Loring">Charles H. Loring</a> (1892–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eckley_Brinton_Coxe" title="Eckley Brinton Coxe">Eckley B. Coxe</a> (1893–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._C._Davis" title="Edward F. C. Davis">Edward F. C. Davis</a> (1894–1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Billings" title="Charles E. Billings">Charles E. Billings</a> (1895–1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a> (1896–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Reed_Warner" title="Worcester Reed Warner">Worcester R. Warner</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wallace_Hunt" title="Charles Wallace Hunt">Charles W. Hunt</a> (1898–1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">George W. Melville</a> (1899–1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1919</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill_Morgan" title="Charles Hill Morgan">Charles H. Morgan</a> (1900–1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Wellman" title="Samuel T. Wellman">Samuel T. Wellman</a> (1901–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Reynolds_(engineer)" title="Edwin Reynolds (engineer)">Edwin Reynolds</a> (1902–1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Mapes_Dodge" title="James Mapes Dodge">James M. Dodge</a> (1903–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a> (1904–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John R. Freeman</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick W. Taylor</a> (1906–1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Remsen_Hutton" title="Frederick Remsen Hutton">Frederick R. Hutton</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minard_Lafever_Holman" title="Minard Lafever Holman">Minard L. Holman</a> (1908–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Merrick_Smith" title="Jesse Merrick Smith">Jesse M. Smith</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Meier" title="Edward Daniel Meier">Edward D. Meier</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crombie_Humphreys" title="Alexander Crombie Humphreys">Alexander C. Humphreys</a> (1912–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Myrick_Goss" title="William Freeman Myrick Goss">William F. M. Goss</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">James Hartness</a> (1914–1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brashear" title="John Brashear">John Brashear</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Schenk_Jacobus" title="David Schenk Jacobus">David S. Jacobus</a> (1916–1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Nelson_Hollis" title="Ira Nelson Hollis">Ira N. Hollis</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Main" title="Charles T. Main">Charles T. Main</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Elwyn_Cooley" title="Mortimer Elwyn Cooley">Mortimer E. Cooley</a> (1919–1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920–1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_J._Miller" title="Fred J. Miller">Fred J. Miller</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Salisbury_Carman" title="Edwin Salisbury Carman">Edwin S. Carman</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_S._Kimball" title="Dexter S. Kimball">Dexter S. Kimball</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Harrington" title="John L. Harrington">John L. Harrington</a> (1923–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Low" title="Fred R. Low">Fred R. Low</a> (1924–1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Durand" title="William F. Durand">William F. Durand</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Abbott" title="William L. Abbott">William L. Abbott</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dow" title="Alex Dow">Alex Dow</a> (1928–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elmer A. Sperry</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Piez" title="Charles Piez">Charles Piez</a> (1930–1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_V._Wright" title="Roy V. Wright">Roy V. Wright</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_N._Lauer" title="Conrad N. Lauer">Conrad N. Lauer</a> (1932–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Abraham_Potter" title="Andrey Abraham Potter">A. A. Potter</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Aaron_Langevin_Doty" title="Paul Aaron Langevin Doty">Paul Doty</a> (1934–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph E. Flanders</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Loren_Batt" title="William Loren Batt">William L. Batt</a> (1936–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hervey_Herron" title="James Hervey Herron">James H. Herron</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_N._Davis" title="Harvey N. Davis">Harvey N. Davis</a> (1938–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Christie" title="Alexander Graham Christie">Alexander G. Christie</a> (1939–1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Horton_McBryde" title="Warren Horton McBryde">Warren H. McBryde</a> (1940–1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hanley" title="William A. Hanley">William A. Hanley</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wentworth_Parker" title="James Wentworth Parker">James W. Parker</a> (1942–1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_V._Coes" title="Harold V. Coes">Harold V. Coes</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarland_Gates" title="Robert McFarland Gates">Robert M. Gates</a> (1944–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Davison_Bailey" title="Alex Davison Bailey">Alex D. Bailey</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._Robert_Yarnall" title="D. Robert Yarnall">David R. Yarnall</a> (1946–1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._O%27Brien" title="Eugene W. O'Brien">Eugene W. O'Brien</a> (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ervin_G._Bailey" title="Ervin G. Bailey">Ervin G. Bailey</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Todd" title="James M. Todd">James M. Todd</a> (1949–1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Cunningham" title="James D. Cunningham">James D. Cunningham</a> (1950–1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Calvin_Brown" title="J. Calvin Brown">J. Calvin Brown</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_J._S._Pigott" title="Reginald J. S. Pigott">Reginald J. Pigott</a> (1952–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele_Blackall_Jr." title="Frederick Steele Blackall Jr.">Frederick S. Blackall Jr.</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_K._Sillcox" title="Lewis K. Sillcox">Lewis K. Sillcox</a> (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_William_Rowsen_Morgan" title="David William Rowsen Morgan">David W. Morgan</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Barker" title="Joseph Warren Barker">Joseph W. Barker</a> (1956–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Ryan_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Ryan (engineer) (page does not exist)">William F. Ryan</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Nobel_Landis" title="James Nobel Landis">James N. Landis</a> (1958–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a> (1959–1960)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lee_Cisler" title="Walker Lee Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a> (1960–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Bryne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Bryne (page does not exist)">William H. Bryne</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Harold_Shumaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Harold Shumaker (page does not exist)">Clifford H. Shumaker</a> (1962–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_B._Smith" title="Ronald B. Smith">Ronald B. Smith</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Otto_Bergman" title="Elmer Otto Bergman">Elmer O. Bergman</a> (1964–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_N._Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry N. Muller (page does not exist)">Henry N. Muller</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Harlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Harlow (page does not exist)">James H. Harlow</a> (1966–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N._Rowley_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis N. Rowley Jr. (page does not exist)">Louis N. Rowley Jr.</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Habach" title="George F. Habach">George F. Habach</a> (1968–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Edward_Marlowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Edward Marlowe (page does not exist)">Donald E. Marlowe</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Franklin_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Franklin Rhodes (page does not exist)">Allen F. Rhodes</a> (1970–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Andrew_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Andrew Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a> (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Folsom" title="Richard G. Folsom">Richard G. Folsom</a> (1972–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a> (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Robertson (page does not exist)">Richard B. Robertson</a> (1974–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Tutt_III" title="Charles L. Tutt III">Charles L. Tutt III</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earle_C._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earle C. Miller (page does not exist)">Earle C. Miller</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stothe_Peter_Kezios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stothe Peter Kezios (page does not exist)">Stothe P. Kezios</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orval_Leroy_Lewis" title="Orval Leroy Lewis">Orval L. Lewis</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Nelson_Zwiep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Nelson Zwiep (page does not exist)">Donald N. Zwiep</a> (1979–1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Jones_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Jones (engineer) (page does not exist)">Charles E. Jones</a> (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Gaither" title="Robert B. Gaither">Robert B. Gaither</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a> (1982–1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_M._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M. Scott (page does not exist)">Frank M. Scott</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kotnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kotnick (page does not exist)">George Kotnick</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_S._Fletcher" title="Leroy S. Fletcher">Leroy S. Fletcher</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Deloye_Fitzroy" title="Nancy Deloye Fitzroy">Nancy D. Fitzroy</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rosenberg_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Rosenberg (engineer) (page does not exist)">Richard Rosenberg</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Daman" title="Ernest L. Daman">Ernest L. Daman</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Velzy" title="Charles O. Velzy">Charles O. Velzy</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_E._Bergles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur E. Bergles (page does not exist)">Arthur E. Bergles</a> (1990–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_H._Hurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan H. Hurt (page does not exist)">Nathan H. Hurt</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Falcon" title="Joseph A. Falcon">Joseph A. Falcon</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Fernandes (page does not exist)">John H. Fernandes</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Torpey" title="Paul J. Torpey">Paul J. Torpey</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_T._Koenig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel T. Koenig (page does not exist)">Daniel T. Koenig</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Goldstein (page does not exist)">Richard J. Goldstein</a> (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_B._Thayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith B. Thayer (page does not exist)">Keith B. Thayer</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfred_M._Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winfred M. Phillips (page does not exist)">Winfred M. Phillips</a> (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Nickell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Nickell (page does not exist)">Robert E. Nickell</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Parker (page does not exist)">John R. Parker</a> (2000–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Weiblen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Weiblen (page does not exist)">William A. Weiblen</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Skemp" title="Susan Skemp">Susan H. Skemp</a> (2002–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_I._Vachon" title="Reginald I. Vachon">Reginald I. Vachon</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Armen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Armen (page does not exist)">Harry Armen</a> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Feigel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Feigel (page does not exist)">Richard E. Feigel</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_E._Shoup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry E. Shoup (page does not exist)">Terry E. Shoup</a> (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Y._Zamrik" title="Sam Y. Zamrik">Sam Y. Zamrik</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M._Barlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas M. Barlow (page does not exist)">Thomas M. Barlow</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_E._Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos E. Holt (page does not exist)">Amos E. Holt</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert T. Simmons (page does not exist)">Robert T. Simmons</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rockwell" title="Victoria Rockwell">Victoria Rockwell</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Goldsmith" title="Marc Goldsmith">Marc Goldsmith</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madiha_Kotb" title="Madiha Kotb">Madiha Kotb</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Sims" title="J. Robert Sims">J. Robert Sims</a> (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_C._Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio C. Guerrero (page does not exist)">Julio C. Guerrero</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Keith_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Keith Roe (page does not exist)">K. Keith Roe</a> (2016–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charla_Wise" title="Charla Wise">Charla K. Wise</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Jahanmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Jahanmir (page does not exist)">Said Jahanmir</a> (2018–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Laudenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Laudenat (page does not exist)">Richard Laudenat</a> (2019–2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">2020–present</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_A._Erler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan A. Erler (page does not exist)">Bryan A. Erler</a> (2020–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahantesh_Hiremath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahantesh Hiremath (page does not exist)">Mahantesh Hiremath</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ohland" title="Karen Ohland">Karen Ohland</a> (2022-2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Kurfess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas R. Kurfess (page does not exist)">Thomas R. Kurfess</a> (2023–2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ipri-Brown" title="Susan Ipri-Brown">Susan Ipri-Brown</a> (2024–2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761838#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761838#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761838#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029009878">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45151513">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/186481/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCD498j3kjHf4xJbj9jC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121214575">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86147859">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14594521r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14594521r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07087610X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272282205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/293971">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086847619">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ws8vp5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&oldid=1263732827">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&oldid=1263732827</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860_births" title="Category:1860 births">1860 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_deaths" title="Category:1930 deaths">1930 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery">Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornell_University_alumni" title="Category:Cornell University alumni">Cornell University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Cortland,_New_York" title="Category:People from Cortland, New York">People from Cortland, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_in_rail_transportation" title="Category:American people in rail transportation">American people in rail transportation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_mechanical_engineers" title="Category:American mechanical engineers">American mechanical engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Category:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers">Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collier_Trophy_recipients" title="Category:Collier Trophy recipients">Collier Trophy recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Fritz_Medal_recipients" title="Category:John Fritz Medal recipients">John Fritz Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun">Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_Consulting_Board" title="Category:Naval Consulting Board">Naval Consulting Board</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Cincinnatus,_New_York" title="Category:People from Cincinnatus, New York">People from Cincinnatus, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_engineers" title="Category:19th-century American engineers">19th-century American engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_engineers" title="Category:20th-century American engineers">20th-century American engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineers_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Engineers from New York (state)">Engineers from New York (state)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2023">Use mdy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_parents" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents">Pages using infobox person with multiple parents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 December 2024, at 08:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-wdjq8","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.546","walltime":"0.726","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3775,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":111321,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3029,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":105177,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 592.506 1 -total"," 25.95% 153.773 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.95% 130.036 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 13.80% 81.758 6 Template:Cite_news"," 12.93% 76.602 2 Template:Navbox"," 12.47% 73.880 1 Template:John_Fritz_Medal"," 10.76% 63.780 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.16% 54.266 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 7.01% 41.526 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.70% 39.705 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.301","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8061486,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-775cfc968-6fwmq","timestamp":"20250211200752","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Elmer Ambrose Sperry","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q761838","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q761838","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-11T20:50:19Z","dateModified":"2024-12-18T08:45:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry.jpg","headline":"American mechanical engineer (1860\u20131930)"}</script> </body> </html>