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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tây_Sơn_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tây_Sơn_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tây Sơn rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tây_Sơn_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Siam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Siam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conflict with Siam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Siam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Trịnh_lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Trịnh_lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Conquest of Trịnh lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Trịnh_lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_of_Lê_dynasty_and_relationship_with_Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_of_Lê_dynasty_and_relationship_with_Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_of_Lê_dynasty_and_relationship_with_Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Nguyễn_Ánh_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Nguyễn_Ánh_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Nguyễn_Ánh_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tây Sơn dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tey%C5%9Fon_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Teyşon sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teyşon sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تای سون سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تای سون سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_Ti%C3%A2u" title="Tây Sơn Tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tây Sơn Tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y-S%C6%A1n-Dynastie" title="Tây-Sơn-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tây-Sơn-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" title="Dinastía Tây Sơn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Tây Sơn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" title="Dynastie Tây Sơn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Tây Sơn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%96%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%A0_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="떠이선 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="떠이선 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" title="Dinasti Tây Sơn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Tây Sơn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" title="Dinastia Tây Sơn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Tây Sơn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тайшон көтерілісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тайшон көтерілісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87_%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ລາຊະວົງ ໄຕເຊີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງ ໄຕເຊີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Son-periode" title="Tay Son-periode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tay Son-periode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%9D" title="西山朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西山朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n-perioden" title="Tây Sơn-perioden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tây Sơn-perioden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_Tayson%C3%B3w" title="Powstanie Taysonów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie Taysonów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" title="Dinastia Tây Sơn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Tây Sơn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Династия Тэйшон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Династия Тэйшон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin_sis%C3%A4llissota_(1772%E2%80%931802)" title="Vietnamin sisällissota (1772–1802) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin sisällissota (1772–1802)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Son-upproret" title="Tay Son-upproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tay Son-upproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Династія Тейшон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Тейшон" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1778–1802 ruling dynasty of Vietnam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the district of the same name in Bình Định province, where the Tây Sơn brothers originated, see <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_district" title="Tây Sơn district">Tây Sơn district</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Đại Việt</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">大越國</span></span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Việt Quốc</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1778–1802</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial seal of Tây Sơn dynasty"><img alt="Imperial seal of Tây Sơn dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/85px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/128px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/170px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)#Government_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Imperial seal</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_(Vi).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/250px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/375px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/500px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2482" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Political division of Vietnam at the end of the 18th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#757E9E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2c85c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Nguyễn Nhạc</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80c79c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%E1%BB%AF" title="Nguyễn Lữ">Nguyễn Lữ</a>, later captured by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> in 1789</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> within <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> <small>(1778–1788)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">Internal imperial system</a> within <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> <small>(1789–1802)</small><sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a> <small> (1801–1802)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Đồ Bàn</a> <small>(1776–1788)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a> <small>(1788–1801)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Bắc Thành</a> <small>(1801–1802)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a><br />Written <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(official)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebel governance</a> <small>(1771–1778)</small><hr /><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> <small>(1778–1802)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Vietnam">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1778–1788 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Thái Đức</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1788–1792 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Quang Trung</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1792–1802 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Cảnh Thịnh</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn rebellion</a> emerged </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1771</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Nguyễn Nhạc established Tây Sơn dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1778</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> collapsed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 1789</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Đông Kinh</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1802</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1800 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">unknown, circa 10 million</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Copper-alloy and zinc cash coins</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/20px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/30px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/40px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg/20px-Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg/30px-Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg/40px-Seal_of_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Lords_%28T%C4%A9nh_%C4%90%C3%B4_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%E9%9D%96%E9%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="352" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/20px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/30px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/40px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Nguyễn Tây Sơn</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">18th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Nguyễn Nhạc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Nguyễn Quang Toản</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperor of Đại Việt/King of Annam</a><br />Titles given by <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>:<br /> <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_Ch%E1%BB%89_qu%E1%BA%ADn_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Giao Chỉ quận vương">King of Giao Chỉ</a></li><li><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" class="extiw" title="vi:An Nam quốc vương">King of Annam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quy_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Quy Nhơn">Quy Nhơn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Phú Xuân</a>, <a 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of Vietnam">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of <span class="fn org label">Vietnam</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichsuvietnammoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/150px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/225px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/300px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Việt Nam toàn cảnh dư đồ (越南全境輿圖) là bản đồ Dại Nam chú giải bằng chữ Hán"><img alt="Việt Nam toàn cảnh dư đồ (越南全境輿圖) là bản đồ Dại Nam chú giải bằng chữ Hán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/200px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/300px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg/400px-VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_culture" title="Sơn Vi culture">Sơn Vi culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20,000 BC–12,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12,000 BC–10,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_culture" title="Bắc Sơn culture">Bắc Sơn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10,000 BC–8,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_culture" title="Quỳnh Văn culture">Quỳnh Văn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8,000 BC–6,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90a_B%C3%BAt_culture" title="Đa Bút culture">Đa Bút culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4,000 BC–3,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2,000 BC–1,500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_culture" title="Đồng Đậu culture">Đồng Đậu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,500 BC–1,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_Mun_culture" title="Gò Mun culture">Gò Mun culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,000–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–100 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–200 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Óc Eo culture">Óc Eo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1–630 AD)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2879 BC</abbr>–258 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Thục dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 257 BC–179 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204 BC–111 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Dominated</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">1st Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 111 BC–40 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 40–43</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">2nd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 43–544</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">544–602</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">3rd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">602–938</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Dynastic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 939–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 965–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 968–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Later Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1009–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1225–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–1407</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">4th Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1407–1428</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428–1527</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Later Lê Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1533–1789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1778–1802</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1802–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#French_colonial_era_(1858–1945)" title="History of Vietnam">Colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1862–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French Annam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French Tonkin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1887–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975–1976 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–1955 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976-now</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam#History" title="Vietnam">Non-Vietnamese history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 68–627</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 192–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_archaeological_site" title="Cát Tiên archaeological site">Cát Tiên archaeological site</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 300–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–781</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 738–902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 802–1431</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 937–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nung-Zhuang kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1042–1052</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0u_H%E1%BB%91ng" title="Ngưu Hống">Ngưu Hống</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1061–1432</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Jarai kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1600–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1707–1832</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Vietnam">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Vietnam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tây Sơn dynasty</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Vietnamese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[təj<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂəːn]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">"Nhà Tây Sơn" or "Triều Tây Sơn"</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 朝西山; <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>: 茹西山), officially <b>Đại Việt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a>: 大越), was an imperial <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">dynasty of Vietnam</a>. It originated in a revolt led by three peasant brothers with the surname Nguyễn, rebelling against the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> (no relation). The Tây Sơn would later be succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim-359_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-359-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tây Sơn dynasty ended the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">century-long war</a> between the Trịnh and Nguyễn families, overthrew the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>, and united the country for the first time in 200 years. They acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> suzerainty and gained recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> as the legitimate rulers of Vietnam. Under the most prominent of the Tây Sơn brothers <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Nguyễn Huệ</a> Vietnam experienced several years of relative peace and prosperity. But Quang Trung died relatively young at the age of 40 and his successor <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Cảnh Thịnh</a>, aged 9, was unable to prevent civil conflict among the Tây Sơn court which allowed the last Nguyễn lord <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Nguyễn Ánh</a> to retake the south of Vietnam, extinguish the Tây Sơn and establish the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tây Sơn dynasty was named after the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_district" title="Tây Sơn district">Tây Sơn district</a> in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Bình Định province">Bình Định province</a>, the birthplace of the three brothers who established the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim-359_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-359-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Tây Sơn" means "western mountains" from Chinese 西山 <i>Xīshān</i> where 西 xi means west and 山 shan means mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh–Nguyễn War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA%E2%80%93M%E1%BA%A1c_War" title="Lê–Mạc War">Lê–Mạc War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty#Restored_Lê_(1597–1789)" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty § Restored Lê (1597–1789)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Tây Sơn dynasty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png/220px-Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png/330px-Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Quang_Trung_Thong_Bao.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption><i>Quang Trung thông bảo</i> (光中通寶), a coin issued during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Quang Trung</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg/220px-Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg/330px-Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg/440px-Annam%27s_envois_with_Qing%27s_officials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Late 18th-century painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> receiving <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_Hi%E1%BB%83n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Quang Hiển (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Quang Hiển</a>, the peace envoy from Nguyen Hue in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, Vietnam was <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>, but real power lay in the hands of two warring families, the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> of the north who ruled from the imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> in the south, who ruled from their capital <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>. Both sides warred extensively for control of the country. Life for the peasants during these times was difficult: ownership of land concentrated in the hands of a few powerful landlords as time passed on. The <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">imperial</a> bureaucracy grew corrupt and oppressive; at one point the imperial examination-degrees were sold to whoever was wealthy enough to purchase them. The lords continued to live lavish lifestyles in opulent palaces as the poor grew poorer. While the Trịnh lords had enjoyed peace since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn</a> in 1672,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Nguyễn lords regularly campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Angkor Period">Cambodia</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Kingdom of Siam</a>. While the Nguyễn lords usually won these wars and opened up new fertile lands for the landless poor to settle, the frequent warring cost money, resources, and lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tây_Sơn_rebellion"><span id="T.C3.A2y_S.C6.A1n_rebellion"></span>Tây Sơn rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tây Sơn rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Tây Sơn dynasty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1769 the new king of Siam <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> launched a war to regain control of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. He was successful and forced the Nguyễn lords to abandon some of their conquests, such as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a> on the southernmost coast of Vietnam. Lord <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Phúc Khoát">Nguyễn Phúc Khoát</a> had also died in 1765, which put power in the hands of the regent <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ph%C3%BAc_Loan" title="Trương Phúc Loan">Trương Phúc Loan</a>, plunging the Nguyễn court into political crisis. These developments, coupled with heavy taxes and endemic local corruption spurred three peasant brothers—Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ (no relation to the Nguyễn lords) from the village of Tây Sơn, central Vietnam, to revolt in 1771 against the Nguyễn lord <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Thu%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Phúc Thuần">Phúc Thuần</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tây Sơn brothers styled themselves as champions of the people. Over the next year, the revolt gained traction and they won some battles against the Nguyễn army that was sent to crush their rebellion. The Tây Sơn drew their support from not only poor farmers but also by some indigenous highland tribes. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a>, the brothers' leader, said that his goal was to end the people's oppression, reunite the country, and restore the power of the Lê emperor in Hanoi. The Tây Sơn also promised to remove corrupt officials and redistribute land. </p><p>In 1773 the Tây Sơn captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qui Nhơn">Qui Nhơn</a>, where the merchants, who had suffered under restrictive laws put in place by the Nguyễn, lent the uprising their financial support. The Nguyễn, at last recognizing the serious scale of the revolt, made peace with the Siamese, giving up some land they had conquered in previous decades. However, their problems were compounded when <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_S%C3%A2m" title="Trịnh Sâm">Trịnh Sâm</a> chose to end the 100-year peace and exploit the turmoil in the south by sending his army to attack Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế), the Nguyễn capital. The Trịnh army captured the city, forcing the Nguyễn to flee to Gia Định (now modern day <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a>). </p><p>The Trịnh army continued to march south and the Tây Sơn army continued its conquest of other southern cities. The forces arrayed against the Nguyễn were simply too many and in 1776 the Tây Sơn army captured the last Nguyễn stronghold of Gia Định and massacred the town's <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Chinese</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire Nguyễn family was killed at the end of the siege, except for one nephew, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a>, who managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>. The eldest Tây Sơn brother, Nguyễn Nhạc, proclaimed himself Emperor in 1778. A conflict with the Trịnh thus became unavoidable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Siam">Conflict with Siam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict with Siam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Tây Sơn dynasty">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Tây Sơn spent the next decade consolidating their control over the former Nguyễn territory. Nguyễn Ánh proved to be a stubborn enemy. He convinced the King of Siam, P'ya <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a>, to invade Vietnam in support of him. The Siamese army attacked in 1780, but in several years of warfare, it was unable to defeat the Tây Sơn army, as gains were followed by losses. In 1782, the Siamese king was killed in a revolt, and less than a year later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces were driven out of Vietnam. In 1785, Siam launched an invasion again and occupied part of the Mekong Delta, but was defeated by Nguyen Hue in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút">Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Trịnh_lords"><span id="Conquest_of_Tr.E1.BB.8Bnh_lords"></span>Conquest of Trịnh lords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of Trịnh lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Tây Sơn dynasty">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg/200px-Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg/300px-Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg/400px-Tr%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%9Di_T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>A war drum of the Tây Sơn rebels</figcaption></figure> <p>Having vanquished the Nguyễn for the time being, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a> decided to destroy the power of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a>. He marched to the north at the head of a large army in 1786, and after a short campaign, defeated the Trịnh army successfully. The Trịnh were also unpopular and the Tây Sơn army seemed invincible. The Trịnh lord fled north into China. Nguyễn Huệ later married princess Lê Ngọc Hân, the daughter of the nominal later Lê Emperor, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Hi%E1%BB%83n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Hiển Tông">Lê Hiển Tông</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow_of_Lê_dynasty_and_relationship_with_Qing_dynasty"><span id="Overthrow_of_L.C3.AA_dynasty_and_relationship_with_Qing_dynasty"></span>Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BARROW(1806)_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg/200px-BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg/300px-BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg/400px-BARROW%281806%29_p347_SCENE_IN_A_CONCHIN_CHINESE_OPERA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>An opera house in <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Yên">Phú Yên</a>, 1793 </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png/220px-Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png/330px-Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png/440px-Thap_dong_thoi_Tay_Son_1800.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>A royal bronze drum of Tay Son emperor Cảnh Thịnh, cast in 1800.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few months later, realising that his hope of retaining power had gone, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Chi%C3%AAu_Th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Lê Chiêu Thống">Lê Chiêu Thống</a> fled north to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> of China, where he formally petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> for aid. The Qianlong Emperor agreed to restore Lê Chiêu Thống to power, and so in 1788, a large Qing army marched south into Vietnam and captured the capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a>. </p><p>Nguyễn Huệ gathered a new army and prepared to fight the Qing army. He addressed his troops before the battle saying:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Qing have invaded our country and occupied the capital city, Thăng Long. In our history, the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Trưng Sisters</a> fought against the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Ti%C3%AAn_Ho%C3%A0ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Đinh Tiên Hoàng">Đinh Tiên Hoàng</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Mongol Yuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>. These heroes did not resign themselves to standing by and seeing the invaders plunder our country; they inspired the people to fight for a just cause and drive out the aggressors... The Qing, forgetting what happened to the Song, Yuan and Ming, have invaded our country. We are going to drive them out of our territory.</p></blockquote> <p>In a surprise attack, while the Qing army was celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a>, Nguyễn Huệ's army defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a> and forced them, along with Lê Chiêu Thống, to retreat. The Tay Son were supported by <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">Chinese pirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-pirate activities were undertaken by a joint alliance between the Qing dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> while Chinese pirates collaborated with the Tay Son.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, Nguyễn Huệ sought to restore the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary relationship</a> in order to deter a joint Qing-<a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> pincer attack and prevent further Qing Chinese attempts to restore the Lê dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nguyễn Huệ sent a ritually submissive request to the Qianlong Emperor under the name of Nguyễn Quang Bình (also referred to as Ruan Guangping).<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor agreed to re-establish the tributary relationship and enfeoff Nguyễn as the King of Annam on the condition that Nguyễn Huệ personally lead a special delegation to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to celebrate the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Qianlong Emperor, the motivation for accepting the arrangement was to retain the Qing's supremacy and stabilize their southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese and Vietnamese sources agreed that Nguyễn Huệ sent an imposter with a delegation to Beijing, where they were received with lavish imperial favors.<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qianlong Emperor approved the proposal and bestowed Nguyễn Huệ with the title <i>An Nam quốc vương</i> ("King of Annam"). The title indicated that Nguyễn Huệ was recognized as the legal ruler of Vietnam and Lê Chiêu Thống was no longer supported.<sup id="cite_ref-WLR_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Nguyễn_Ánh_and_fall"><span id="War_with_Nguy.E1.BB.85n_.C3.81nh_and_fall"></span>War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png/220px-Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png/330px-Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png/440px-Trieu_duong_chi_an_Tay_Son.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Tây Sơn dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quang Trung, was resentful. He trained his army, built large warships and waited for an opportunity to take revenge. He also provided refuge to organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Tiandihui" title="Tiandihui">Tiandihui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Societies" title="White Lotus Societies">White Lotus</a>. Chinese pirates, such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tien-pao" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Tien-pao">Chen Tien-pao</a> (陳添保), <a href="/wiki/Mo_Kuan-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mo Kuan-fu">Mo Kuan-fu</a> (莫觀扶), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Wen-keng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Wen-keng (page does not exist)">Liang Wen-keng</a> (梁文庚), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Wen-tsai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Wen-tsai (page does not exist)">Fan Wen-tsai</a> (樊文才), <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng Chi">Cheng Chi</a> (鄭七) and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Cheng I</a> (鄭一) were granted official positions and noble ranks under the Tây Sơn empire.<sup id="cite_ref-pirates3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirates3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All attack plans had to be given up due to Nguyễn Huệ's sudden death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack never materialized by the time that Quang Trung died in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-dainam30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dainam30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Tây Sơn massacred ethnic Han Chinese settlers in 1782, the support of the Qing Chinese shifted towards to the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Quang Trung's death, his son Nguyễn Quang Toản was enthroned as Emperor Cảnh Thịnh at the age of ten. However, the real power was in the hands of his uncle Bui Dac Tuyen, who enacted a massive political purge. Many who served under Quang Trung were executed, while others became discouraged and left the regime, considerably weakening the Tây Sơn. This paved the way for Nguyễn Ánh to capture the entire country within 10 years, with the help of French military adventurers enlisted by French <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigneau de Behaine">Pigneau de Behaine</a>. In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Quy_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Quy Nhơn">Quy Nhơn</a> citadel. In 1801, he occupied <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a>, forcing <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Nguyễn Quang Toản</a> to flee to <a href="/wiki/Th%C4%83ng_Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Thăng Long">Thăng Long</a>. In 1802, Ánh besieged Thăng Long. The then 20-year-old Nguyễn Quang Toản escaped, but then was captured and executed, ending the dynasty after 24 years, and the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn</a>, the last imperial dynasty of Vietnam, took over the country in 1802. </p><p>The Nguyễn lords eventually defeated the Tây Sơn dynasty, took complete control of Vietnam, and established the imperial <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-resga_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resga-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heav_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heav-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nguyễn executed the defeated Tây Sơn leader <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B9i_Th%E1%BB%8B_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Bùi Thị Xuân">Bùi Thị Xuân</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crushing_by_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crushing by elephant">crushing the body with an elephant</a>. The heart and liver from her body were consumed by soldiers of the Nguyễn.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_military_tactics_and_organization" title="Tây Sơn military tactics and organization">Tây Sơn military tactics and organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutton (2006), p. 236. "For a detailed description of the lengths to which the Nguyễn went in this regard see the account in Quách Tân and Quách Giao, Nhà Tây Sơn (The Tây Sơn Dynasty), 234–249."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WLR-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLR_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWang2014" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Wensheng (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRXdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188">"Chapter Seven: The Pirate Crisis and Foreign Diplomacy"</a>. <i>White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674727991" title="Special:BookSources/9780674727991"><bdi>9780674727991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Seven%3A+The+Pirate+Crisis+and+Foreign+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=White+Lotus+Rebels+and+South+China+Pirates&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674727991&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Wensheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRXdAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2017" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tw3xDQAAQBAJ&q=c%E1%BA%A3nh+th%E1%BB%8Bnh&pg=PA264"><i>Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195160765" title="Special:BookSources/9780195160765"><bdi>9780195160765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+A+History+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780195160765&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtw3xDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dc%25E1%25BA%25A3nh%2Bth%25E1%25BB%258Bnh%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-359-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim-359_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim-359_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2015" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186"><i>A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631179610" title="Special:BookSources/9780631179610"><bdi>9780631179610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Critical+Crossroads&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780631179610&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcETJBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupuy, p. 653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Little, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dar, Sino-Vietnamese Relations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dar, Tay Son Uprising.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pirates3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pirates3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1987" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Dian H. (1987). "3". <i>Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790-1810</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1376-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1376-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2381407M">2381407M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Pirates+of+the+South+China+Coast%2C+1790-1810&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2381407M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1376-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Dian+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292">"Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+violence+and+state+formation+in+Vietnam%3A+Piracy+and+the+Tay+Son+Rebellion%2C+1771%E2%80%931802+%28book+chapter%2C+2014%29&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311876292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dainam30-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dainam30_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E6%AD%A3%E7%B7%A8%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3%E5%88%9D%E9%9B%86/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81" class="extiw" title="s:zh:大南正編列傳初集/卷三十">vol. 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292">"Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+violence+and+state+formation+in+Vietnam%3A+Piracy+and+the+Tay+Son+Rebellion%2C+1771%E2%80%931802+%28book+chapter%2C+2014%29&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311876292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA35">p.35–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA74">p.74–</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resga-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-resga_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370241">"SINO-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1771-1802: FROM CONTENTION TO FAITHFUL CORRELATION"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SINO-VIETNAMESE+RELATIONS%2C+1771-1802%3A+FROM+CONTENTION+TO+FAITHFUL+CORRELATION&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F303370241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heav-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heav_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317631684">"Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tay+Son+Uprising+%281771-1802%29+In+Vietnam%3A+Mandated+By+Heaven%3F&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317631684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marr, pp. 211–12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDar" class="citation web cs1">Dar, Ku Boon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370241">"Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1771-1802: From Contention to Faithful Correlation"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sino-Vietnamese+Relations%2C+1771-1802%3A+From+Contention+to+Faithful+Correlation&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft.aulast=Dar&rft.aufirst=Ku+Boon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F303370241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDar" class="citation web cs1">Dar, Ku Boon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317631684">"Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) in Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?"</a>. Research Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tay+Son+Uprising+%281771-1802%29+in+Vietnam%3A+Mandated+By+Heaven%3F&rft.pub=Research+Gate&rft.aulast=Dar&rft.aufirst=Ku+Boon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317631684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuyDupuy1993" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu"><i>The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present</i></a></span> (Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270056-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270056-1"><bdi>0-06-270056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harper+Encyclopedia+of+Military+History%3A+From+3500+B.C.+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-270056-1&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=R.+Ernest&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trevor+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharperencycloped0000dupu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, George (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taysonuprisingso0000dutt"><i>The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam (Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory)</i></a></span>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2984-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2984-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2984-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tay+Son+Uprising%3A+Society+and+Rebellion+in+Eighteenth-Century+Vietnam+%28Southeast+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Memory%29&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2984-1&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaysonuprisingso0000dutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2013" class="citation web cs1">Dutton, George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishrainbow.com/collection.asp?category=100054">"A Brief History of the Tay Son Movement (1771-1802)"</a>. <i>English Rainbow</i>. EnglishRainbow.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Rainbow&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Tay+Son+Movement+%281771-1802%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishrainbow.com%2Fcollection.asp%3Fcategory%3D100054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Trần Trọng (2005). <i>Việt Nam sử lược</i> (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+s%E1%BB%AD+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c&rft.place=Ho+Chi+Minh+City&rft.pub=Ho+Chi+Minh+City+General+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+Tr%E1%BB%8Dng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1999" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George Childs (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwars0000kohn"><i>Dictionary of Wars</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3928-3"><bdi>0-8160-3928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3928-3&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofwars0000kohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard,_Jane_Kate1984" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Jane Kate (1984). <i>Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World</i>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-94855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-94855-6"><bdi>978-0-674-94855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wei+Yuan+and+China%27s+Rediscovery+of+the+Maritime+World&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-94855-6&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Jane+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle,_Benerson2010" class="citation book cs1">Little, Benerson (2010). <i>Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders from Antiquity to the Present</i>. Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-588-9"><bdi>978-1-59797-588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirate+Hunting%3A+The+Fight+Against+Pirates%2C+Privateers%2C+and+Sea+Raiders+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-588-9&rft.au=Little%2C+Benerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1984" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (1984). <i>Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90744-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90744-7"><bdi>978-0-520-90744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Tradition+on+Trial%2C+1920%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90744-7&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen,_Norman_G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Norman G. (2005). <i>The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia</i>. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Owen%2C+Norman+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lzcenter.com/Documents/The%20First%20Tet%20Offensive%20of%201789.pdf">"The First Tet Offensive of 1789"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Izcenter</i>. Spencer Tucker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Izcenter&rft.atitle=The+First+Tet+Offensive+of+1789&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lzcenter.com%2FDocuments%2FThe%2520First%2520Tet%2520Offensive%2520of%25201789.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034173#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98007803">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554110005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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