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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire's_colonies,_dominions,_mandates_and_protectorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire's_colonies,_dominions,_mandates_and_protectorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Military histories of the British Empire's colonies, dominions, mandates and protectorates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire's_colonies,_dominions,_mandates_and_protectorates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military histories of the British Empire's colonies, dominions, mandates and protectorates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire's_colonies,_dominions,_mandates_and_protectorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homefront" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homefront"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Homefront</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homefront-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_military_formations_and_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_military_formations_and_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Major military formations and units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_military_formations_and_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>British Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Royal Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Royal Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homefronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homefronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Homefronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homefronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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talk:Campaignbox British Empire World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_British_Empire_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox British Empire World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commonwealth_&amp;_Empire_Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">British Commonwealth & Empire Campaigns of World War II</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><small>Campaigns fought exclusively or largely by the armed forces of <br />the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colonies</a></small> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Allied occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Occupation of Faroe Islands</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkan Campaign</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Invasion of Normandy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of Netherlands</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt>Africa</dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa Campaign</b></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Occupation of Madagascar</a></dd> <dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Defence of Hong Kong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Fall_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Liberation of Burma</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Southern Iran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in September 1939 at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it controlled to varying degrees numerous <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#British_protectorates" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>. It also maintained strong political ties to four of the five independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>—<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as co-members (with the UK) of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BCN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939 the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the Commonwealth together comprised a global power, with direct or <i>de facto</i> political and economic control of 25% of the world's population, and of 30% of its land mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeacock1941266–275_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeacock1941266–275-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> was critical to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war-effort. From September 1939 to mid-1942, the UK led Allied efforts in multiple global military theatres. Commonwealth, <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">Imperial Indian</a> forces, totalling close to <a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II#Personnel_-_Allied_-_British_Empire" title="Military production during World War II">15 million</a> serving men and women, fought the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japanese</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> armies, air-forces and navies across Europe, Africa, Asia, and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Commonwealth forces based in Britain operated across <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> in the effort to slow or stop Axis advances. Commonwealth airforces fought the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">a standstill over Britain</a>, and Commonwealth armies <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">defeated Italian forces in East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> and occupied several overseas colonies of German-occupied European nations. Following successful engagements against Axis forces, Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya, Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroe Islands in World War II">the Faroe Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commonwealth defeated, held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing its <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">globally-integrated economy</a>, military, and industrial infrastructure to build what became, by 1942, the most extensive military apparatus of the war. These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths, 400,000 wounded, 100,000 prisoners, over 300,000 civilian deaths, and the loss of 70 major warships, 39 submarines, 3,500 aircraft, 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles. During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity. Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war-effort in Western Europe, and hosted <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile#Governments_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">governments-in-exile in London</a> to rally support in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a> for the Allied cause. Canada delivered almost $4 billion in <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Gift_and_Mutual_Aid" title="Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid">direct financial aid</a> to the United Kingdom, and Australia and New Zealand began<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> shifting to domestic production<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the US entry into the war in December 1941, the Commonwealth and the United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally. As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased, the US undertook command in many theatres, relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere, and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> also developed. However, it proved difficult to co-ordinate the defence of far-flung colonies and Commonwealth countries from simultaneous attacks by the Axis powers. In part this difficulty was exacerbated by disagreements over priorities and objectives, as well as over the deployment and control of joint forces. </p><p>Although the British Empire emerged from the war as one of the primary victors, regaining all colonial territories that had been lost during the conflict, it had become financially, militarily and logistically exhausted. The British Empire's position as a global superpower was supplanted by the United States, and Britain hitherto no longer played as great of a role in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international politics</a> as it had previously done so. Stoked by the war, rising nationalist sentiments in British colonies, in particular those in Africa and Asia, led to the gradual dissolution of the British Empire during the second half of the 20th century through <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war_plans_for_defence">Pre-war plans for defence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-war plans for defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1923, defence of British colonies and protectorates in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> was centred on the "<a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a>". This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> within two or three days of a Japanese attack, while relying on <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a> and, in the event of war with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2006315_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006315-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France: Nazi occupation, the loss of control over the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>, and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself, forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities. </p><p>During the 1930s, a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of militaristic governments in Germany, Italy, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998284_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998284-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany threatened Britain itself, while Italy and Japan's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively. However, there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat, and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaration_of_war_against_Germany">Declaration of war against Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Declaration of war against Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg/170px-Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg/255px-Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg/340px-Nla.pic-an23217367-v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a> broadcasting to Australia the news of the outbreak of war, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 September 1939, Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>. Two days later, on 3 September, after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Britain's declaration of war automatically committed <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colonies">Crown colonies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorates">protectorates</a>, but the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> had granted autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">Dominions</a> so each decided their course separately. </p><p>Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September, believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> followed suit simultaneously, at 9.30 pm on 3 September (local time), after <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser_(New_Zealand_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Fraser (New Zealand politician)">Peter Fraser</a> consulted the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a>; although as Chamberlain's broadcast was drowned by static, the Cabinet (led by Fraser as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Savage</a> was terminally ill) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war, then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> took three days to make its decision (on 6 September), as the Prime Minister General <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> favoured <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament, led by General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, who then replaced Hertzog. Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration, but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration, which it did so one week later on 10 September. Ireland, though still a member of the Commonwealth, severed its legal ties as a dominion in 1937<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chose to remain <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">neutral</a> throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998307–309_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998307–309-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empire_and_Commonwealth_contribution">Empire and Commonwealth contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Empire and Commonwealth contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg/350px-British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg/525px-British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg/700px-British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_c._1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>British Empire and Commonwealth forms of government and production c 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-139-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Kenya Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>While the war was initially intended to be limited, resources were mobilized quickly, and the first shots were fired almost immediately. Just hours after the Australian declaration of war, a gun at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Queenscliff" title="Fort Queenscliff">Fort Queenscliff</a> fired across the bows of a ship as it attempted to leave <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> without required clearances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKernan19834_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKernan19834-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 1939, an aircraft of <a href="/wiki/No._10_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 10 Squadron RAAF">No. 10 Squadron RAAF</a> based in England became the first Commonwealth air force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens200676–79_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens200676–79-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Canadian convoy of 15 ships bearing war goods departed <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a> just six days after the nation declared war, with two destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMCS_St._Laurent" title="HMCS St. Laurent">HMCS <i>St. Laurent</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Saguenay" title="HMCS Saguenay">HMCS <i>Saguenay</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByers198622_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByers198622-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 26 convoys of 527 ships sailed from Canada in the first four months of the war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1 January 1940 Canada had landed an entire <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Canadian Infantry Division">division</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByers198626_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByers198626-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 June 1940 Canadian troops deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> in Belgium. As the fall of France grew imminent, Britain looked to Canada to rapidly provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America, the Atlantic and Caribbean. Following the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939, Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the British Caribbean colonies, with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda, Jamaica, the Bahamas and British Guiana. Canadian troops were also sent to the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">colony of Newfoundland</a>, on Canada's east coast, the closest point in North America to Germany. Fearing the loss of a land link<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the British Isles, Canada was also requested to occupy Iceland, which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941, following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">initial British invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey1970_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1970-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From mid-June 1940, following the rapid German invasions and occupations of <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the British Commonwealth was the main opponent of Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>, until the entry into the war of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in June 1941. During this period Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa provided dozens of ships and several divisions for the defence of the Mediterranean, Greece, Crete, Lebanon and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where British troops were outnumbered four to one by the Italian armies in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada delivered a further <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a>, pilots for two air squadrons, and several warships to Britain to face a possible invasion from the continent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:23_Bn_flag_(AWM_108563).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg/220px-23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg/330px-23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg/440px-23_Bn_flag_%28AWM_108563%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> with a captured Japanese flag</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> launched, in quick succession, attacks on British <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malaya</a>, the United States naval base at <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. </p><p>Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Gift_and_Mutual_Aid" title="Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid">Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Gift_and_Mutual_Aid" title="Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid">War Appropriation Act</a>. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">armed forces</a> (out of a population of under 7 million), whose military units fought primarily in <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> (also known as the "Empire Air Training Scheme") was established by the governments of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK resulting in: </p> <ul><li>joint training at flight schools in Canada, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, Australia and New Zealand;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>formation of new squadrons of the Dominion air forces, known as "<a href="/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons" title="Article XV squadrons">Article XV squadrons</a>" for service as part of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> operational commands, and;</li> <li>in practice, the pooling of RAF and Dominion air force personnel, for posting to both RAF and Article XV squadrons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in India and Canada during the war, as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries. Canada also made gifts. Britain's sterling balances around the world amounted to £3.4 billion in 1945 or the equivalent of about $US 200 billion in 2016 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>However, Britain treated this as a long-term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date. Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue, for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_in_the_Mediterranean">Crisis in the Mediterranean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crisis in the Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth,_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg/220px-Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg/330px-Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg/440px-Indian_Wrens_Visit_Rosyth%2C_3_June_1945_A29070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Second Officer <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Sen" title="Kalyani Sen">Kalyani Sen</a> and Chief Officer Margaret I. Cooper, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Indian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Indian Naval Service">Women's Royal Indian Naval Service</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1940, France <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">surrendered</a> to invading German forces, and Italy joined the war on the Axis side, causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who had replaced <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> as British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> the previous month (see <a href="/wiki/Norway_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway debate">Norway debate</a>), ordered that the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2006335_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006335-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977339_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977339-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East. In the circumstances envisaged, it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East. We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998317_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Commonwealth forces played a major role in North and East Africa following Italy's entry to the war, participating in the invasion of Italian <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, but were forced to retreat after Churchill diverted resources to Greece and Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977337_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977337-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_Singapore">Fall of Singapore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/220px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/330px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg/440px-Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Allied troops surrendering to Japanese troops in Singapore</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></div> <p>The Battle of Singapore was fought in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asian Theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre</a> of World War II when the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">British Malaya</a> and its stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Singapore was the major British military base in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a> and nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">"Gibraltar of the East"</a>. The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942. It followed a <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">humiliating naval engagement</a> in December 1941 in which two British capital ships were sunk. </p><p>It resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a> to the Japanese, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> of British-led military personnel in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 80,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a> troops became <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malayan campaign</a>. Britain's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British history.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg/220px-Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg/330px-Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg/440px-Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>British (red) and Belgian (maroon) colonies fought with the Allies. Italian (light green) with the Axis. French colonies (dark blue) fought with the Allies until the Fall of France after which some supported Vichy and some the Free French. Portuguese (dark green) and Spanish (yellow) colonies remained neutral.</figcaption></figure> <p>Africa was a large continent whose geography gave it strategic importance during the war. North Africa was the scene of <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">a major campaign</a> against Italy and Germany, which itself included the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> (resulting in tide-turning battles such as those in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk" title="Battle of Tobruk">Tobruk)</a> and, with large-scale American support, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. East Africa was also the scene of a <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">major campaign</a> against Italy which resulted in the liberation of Somalia, Eritrea and most chiefly Ethiopia which had been <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">conquered by the Italian Empire</a> in 1936. The vast geography provided major transportation routes linking the United States to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. The sea route around South Africa was heavily used even though it added 40 days to voyages that had to avoid the dangerous Suez region. Lend Lease supplies to Russia often came this way. Internally, long-distance road and railroad connections facilitated the British war effort. The Union of South Africa was part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and had been an independent self-governing country since 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-BCN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British colonies in Africa were administered by the Colonial Office, which frequently implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>. France also held extensive possessions in Africa, but they played a much smaller role in the war, since they were largely tied to Vichy France. Portuguese holdings played a minor role. Italian holdings were the target of successful British military campaigns. The Belgian Congo, and two other Belgian colonies, were major exporters. In terms of numbers and wealth, the British controlled the richest portions of Africa, and made extensive use not only of the geography, but the manpower and the natural resources. Civilian colonial officials made a special effort to upgrade the African infrastructure, promote agriculture, integrate colonial Africa with the world economy, and recruit over a half million soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war, Britain had made few plans for the utilization of Africa, but it quickly set up command structures. The Army set up the West Africa Command, which recruited 200,000 soldiers. The East Africa Command was created in September 1941 to support the overstretched Middle East Command. The Southern Command was the domain of South Africa. The Royal Navy set up the South Atlantic Command based in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a>, that became one of the main convoy assembly points. The RAF Coastal Command had major submarine-hunting operations based in West Africa, while a smaller RAF command Dealt with submarines in the Indian Ocean. Ferrying aircraft from North America and Britain was the major mission of the Western Desert Air Force. In addition smaller more localized commands were set up throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006175–177_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006175–177-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/220px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/330px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/440px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> in Libya</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the war, the military establishments were very small throughout British Africa, and largely consisted of white troops, who comprised only two percent of the population outside Africa. As soon as the war began, a large number of new military units were established in Africa, primarily by the Army. The new recruits were a mixture of volunteers and conscripts, who were raised in close cooperation with local tribal leaders. During the war, military pay scales far exceeded what African civilians could earn, especially when food, housing and clothing allowances are included. The largest numbers were in construction units, called Pioneer Units, consisting of over 82,000 African servicemembers. The RAF and Navy also recruited in Africa during the conflict. East Africa provided the largest number of men, over 320,000, chiefly from Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda. They did some fighting, a great deal of guard duty, and construction work. 80,000 served in the Middle East. Special care was taken in dealing with African servicemembers not to challenge or overturn the existing social and racial hierarchies which existed in colonial Africa; nevertheless, the soldiers were drilled and train to European standards, given strong doses of propaganda, and learnt leadership and organizational skills that proved essential to the formation of nationalistic and independence movements after 1945. There were minor episodes of discontent among Africans who fought for the British Empire, though the majority remained loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006180–189_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006180–189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a> played a major role in South African opposition to joining the war, but pro-German Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> resigned in 1939 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, a fellow Afrikaner who was an enthusiastic supporter of South Africa participating in the conflict. Under Smuts' direction, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Defence_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Union Defence Force (South Africa)">Union Defence Force</a> raised 340,000 volunteers (of which 190,000 were white, about one-third of all eligible white men in South Africa) to fight in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006240–245_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006240–245-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg/220px-New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg/330px-New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg/440px-New_recruits_to_the_Indian_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Over 2.5 million Indians enlisted in the largest <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer army</a> in history<sup id="cite_ref-CWrepdirect_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWrepdirect-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany with no consultations with Indian politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious tension erupted over American support for <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">independence for India</a>, a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain's disengagement from India. The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politically active Indian population was deeply divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One element was so insistent on the expulsion of the British, that it sided with Germany and Japan, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) from Indian prisoners of war. It fought as part of the Japanese invasion of Burma and eastern India. There was a large pacifist element, which rallied to Gandhi's call for abstention from the war; he said that violence in every form was evil.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a high level of religious tension between the Hindu majority and the Muslims minority. For the first time the Muslim community became politically active, giving strong support for the British war effort. Over 2 million Indians volunteered for military service, including a large Muslim contingent. The British were sensitive to demands of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, since it needed Muslim soldiers in India and Muslim support all across the Middle East. London used the religious tensions in India as a justification to continue its rule, saying it was needed to prevent religious massacres of the sort that did happen in 1947. The imperialist element in Britain was strongly represented in the Conservative party; Churchill himself had long been its leading spokesman. On the other hand, Attlee and the Labour Party favoured independence and had close ties to the Congress Party. The British cabinet sent Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> to India with a <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">specific peace plan</a> offering India the promise of dominion status after the war. Congress demanded independence immediately and the Cripps mission failed. Roosevelt gave support to Congress, sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence. Churchill was outraged, refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue, and threatened to resign as prime minister if Roosevelt pushed too hard. Roosevelt pulled back.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942 when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> of non-violent civil disobedience, the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists (including Gandhi), holding them for the duration. Meanwhile, wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India; hundreds of thousands died of starvation. To this day a large Indian element blames Churchill for the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of the war effort, India became a major base for American supplies sent to China, and Lend Lease operations boosted the local economy. The 2 million Indian soldiers were a major factor in British success in the Middle East. Muslim support for the British war effort proved decisive in the British decision to partition India, forming of the new state of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victory">Victory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Victory over Japan Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/220px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/330px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/440px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>The front page of <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Star" title="Montreal Star">The Montreal Daily Star</a> announcing the German surrender. 7 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet victory on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> brought about the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II in Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> formally accepted the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> of the armed forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> on 8 May 1945. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> was not until 9 May 1945. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler committed suicide</a> on 30 April during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">act of military surrender</a></i> was signed on 7 May in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France, and ratified on 8 May in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany. </p><p>The US-led victory over the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> brought about the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of World War II in Asia</a>. In the afternoon of 15 August 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> occurred, effectively ending <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. On this day the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made in Japan, and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States, Western Europe, the Americas, the Pacific Islands, and Australia/New Zealand on 14 August 1945. The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a></div> <p>By the end of the war in August 1945, British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and/or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories, occupied during the war, including <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea#British_occupation_and_the_end_of_the_colony" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Libya</a>, Madagascar, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland#British_Military_Administration_(1941-1949)" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, Syria, Thailand and portions of Germany, Austria and Japan. Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities. Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#Occupation_zones" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a> until 1955. World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been, and that it had been surpassed by the United States and Soviet Union on the world stage. Canada, Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States. The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks, and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977341_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977341-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price for India's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence, which came within two years of the end of the war, relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony. The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies, and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977342_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977342-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of actual engagement with the enemy, historians have recounted a great deal in South Asia and Southeast Asia, as summarized by <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Ashley Jackson</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Terror, mass migration, shortages, inflation, blackouts, air raids, massacres, famine, forced labour, urbanization, environmental damage, occupation [by the enemy], resistance, collaboration – all of these dramatic and often horrific phenomena shaped the war experience of Britain's imperial subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>British historians of the Second World War have not emphasized the critical role played by the Empire in terms of money, manpower and imports of food and raw materials.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powerful combination meant that Britain did not stand alone against Germany, it stood at the head of a great but fading empire. As Ashley Jackson has argued," The story of the British Empire's war, therefore, is one of Imperial success in contributing toward Allied victory on the one hand, and egregious Imperial failure on the other, as Britain struggled to protect people and defeat them, and failed to win the loyalty of colonial subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contribution in terms of soldiers numbered 2.5 million men from India, over 1 million from Canada, just under 1 million from Australia, 410,000 from South Africa, and 215,000 from New Zealand. In addition, the colonies mobilized over 500,000 uniformed personnel who serve primarily inside Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006563_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006563-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of financing, the British war budget included £2.7 billion borrowed from the Empire's Sterling Area, And eventually paid back. Canada <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Gift_and_Mutual_Aid" title="Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid">made C$3 billion in gifts and loans</a> on easy terms.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire's_colonies,_dominions,_mandates_and_protectorates"><span id="Military_histories_of_the_British_Empire.27s_colonies.2C_dominions.2C_mandates_and_protectorates"></span>Military histories of the British Empire's colonies, dominions, mandates and protectorates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military histories of the British Empire's colonies, dominions, mandates and protectorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contributions from individual colonies, dominions, mandates, and protectorates to the war effort were extensive and global. Further information about their involvement can be found in the military histories of the individual colonies, dominions, mandates, and protectorates listed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island#World_War_II" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/23px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/35px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg/46px-Unofficial_Basutoland_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="259" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroons</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">Gambia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)"><img alt="Gold Coast (British colony)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281921%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mauritius_%281923%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Nigeria" title="British Nigeria"><img alt="British Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria#Second_World_War" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland"><img alt="Nyasaland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281925%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena_%281874%E2%80%931985%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Helena_and_Dependencies_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Saint Helena and Dependencies in World War II">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles_%281903%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#Crown_Colony" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone_%281916%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa"><img alt="South West Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia"><img alt="Southern Rhodesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Swaziland Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory"><img alt="Tanganyika Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281923%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas"><img alt="The Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas_%281923%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas#World_War_II" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_Infantry#Creation_of_the_Bermuda_Militia_Infantry" title="Bermuda Militia Infantry">Bermuda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_%281925%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana"><img alt="British Guiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Guiana_%281919%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras"><img alt="British Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Honduras_%281919%E2%80%931981%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Leeward_Islands_%281871%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland#Second_World_War" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_%281889%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks and Caicos">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Windward_Islands_%281903%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong"><img alt="British Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281876%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus"><img alt="British Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281922%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_since_1878#British_Cyprus_(1914–60)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cyprus since 1878">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Government_Ensign_of_Gibraltar_%281939%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Guernsey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey"><img alt="Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey_%28pre_1981%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Jersey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta"><img alt="Crown Colony of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malta_%281923%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta"><img alt="Crown Colony of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malta_%281943%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony"><img alt="Aden Colony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Aden_%281937%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aden_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Aden in World War II">Aden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281932%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain#Treaties_with_Britain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt during World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait_%281940-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar_%281936%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="280" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar#British_protectorate_(1916–1971)" title="History of Qatar">Qatar Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ajman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ajman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ajman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ajman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ajman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ajman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea"><img alt="Territory of New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua"><img alt="Territory of Papua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Territory_of_Papua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji#Fiji_in_World_War_II" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands"><img alt="Gilbert and Ellice Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_New_Hebrides_%281906%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Samoa_Trust_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Western Samoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands"><img alt="British Solomon Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga Protectorate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon"><img alt="British Ceylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg/23px-Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg/35px-Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg/45px-Old_National_Flag_of_the_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives Protectorate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei_1906-1959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma"><img alt="British rule in Burma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burma_%281939%E2%80%931941%2C_1945%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (except Singapore)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Unfederated Malay States (except Johor)</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo"><img alt="North Borneo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements"><img alt="Singapore in the Straits Settlements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg/46px-Flag_of_Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/64px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homefront">Homefront</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Homefront"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 29em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island Mutiny and Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Gibraltar evacuation in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II#Britain" title="Home front during World War II">British home front during the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Japanese occupation of Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_military_formations_and_units">Major military formations and units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Major military formations and units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Empire_corps_of_the_Second_World_War" title="List of British Empire corps of the Second World War">List of British Empire corps of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Empire_divisions_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War">List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Empire_brigades_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Empire brigades of the Second World War">List of British Empire brigades of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Command" title="East Africa Command">East Africa Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Far_East_Command" title="British Far East Command">Far East Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Command" title="Malaya Command">Malaya Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persia_and_Iraq_Command" title="Persia and Iraq Command">Persia and Iraq Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Command" title="West Africa Command">West Africa Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Fleet" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)">Reserve Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ferry_Command" title="RAF Ferry Command">Ferry Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command" title="RAF Fighter Command">Fighter Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons">RAF Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> was technically a dominion but operated largely as an independent republic and remained neutral during the war. <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, though still called a "Dominion", had ceased self-governing functions and was governed as a colony.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BCN_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCN_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "British Commonwealth of Nations", popularised during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, became official after the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> in 1926. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, passed in 1931, gave legal status to the independence of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Statute of Westminster was passed in 1931, the Dominions were "as independent as they wished to be".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm">"Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/history-of-the-commonwealth/statute-westminster#:~:text=Statute%20of%20Westminster%20gives%20legal,facto%20independence%20of%20the%20dominions.">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214145502/https://thecommonwealth.org/history-of-the-commonwealth/statute-westminster#:~:text=Statute%20of%20Westminster%20gives%20legal,facto%20independence%20of%20the%20dominions.">Archived</a> 14 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2G63IrFXpgC&pg=PA558">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._David_McIntyre" title="W. David McIntyre">W. David McIntyre</a>, 1999, "The Commonwealth"; in Robin Winks (ed.), <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 558-560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeacock1941266–275-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeacock1941266–275_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeacock1941">Leacock 1941</a>, pp. 266–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStacey1970">Stacey 1970</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEdgerton2011">Edgerton 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMadgwickSteedsWilliams1982" class="citation book cs1">Madgwick, Peter James; Steeds, David; Williams, L. J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DcaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Britain Since 1945</i></a> (reprint ed.). Hutchinson. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0914-7371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0914-7371-6"><bdi>978-0-0914-7371-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The nationalist movements used the political principles of European democracy - self-determination, one man one vote - against European colonialism. Their cause was greatly assisted by the humiliating defeats to which Britain and the other colonial powers were subjected in the Second World War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Since+1945&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-0914-7371-6&rft.aulast=Madgwick&rft.aufirst=Peter+James&rft.au=Steeds%2C+David&rft.au=Williams%2C+L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DcaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Loyd E., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZ7SyQ5bVYEC"><i>World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research</i></a>. Gale virtual reference library. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-9325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-9325-2"><bdi>978-0-3132-9325-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] the war brought forth a new generation of African politicians who refused to accept the pace of political change laid down by the colonial governments. [...] politicians in British West Africa agitated for self-government [...]. [...] There is a paucity of material about how the Second World War facilitated the decolonization process in individual countries. However, some work has been done on Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Americas%2C+with+General+Sources%3A+A+Handbook+of+Literature+and+Research&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Gale+virtual+reference+library&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3132-9325-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZ7SyQ5bVYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006315-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2006315_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouis2006">Louis 2006</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998284-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998284_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Robert B. (July 1938). "Treaty-Making Procedure in the British Dominions". American Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 32 (3): 467–487. Note: from 1937-1949, Ireland's status with regards to the British Empire is hard to define. Though the 1937 amendments abolished the post of Governor General and removed The Crown entirely from having any role in the State's internal governance, certain posts related to foreign policy, such as Irish diplomats continued to receive their accreditation from the monarch and Irish citizens legally remained royal subjects. This confusion was settled after Ireland formally became a recognized Republic in 1949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998307–309-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998307–309_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, pp. 307–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKernan19834-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKernan19834_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKernan1983">McKernan 1983</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens200676–79-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens200676–79_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens2006">Stephens 2006</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByers198622-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByers198622_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByers1986">Byers 1986</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2000_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2000">Hague 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByers198626-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByers198626_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByers1986">Byers 1986</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1970-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey1970_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStacey1970">Stacey 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1977">McIntyre 1977</a>, pp. 336–337; Grey (2008). pp. 156–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 310; <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbreu2015" class="citation book cs1">Abreu, Marcelo de Paiva (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.puc-rio.br/uploads/adm/trabalhos/files/td643.pdf"><i>India as a creditor: sterling balances, 1940–1953</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Economics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+as+a+creditor%3A+sterling+balances%2C+1940%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Department+of+Economics%2C+Pontifical+Catholic+University+of+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Abreu&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+de+Paiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.puc-rio.br%2Fuploads%2Fadm%2Ftrabalhos%2Ffiles%2Ftd643.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis2006335-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis2006335_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouis2006">Louis 2006</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977339-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977339_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1977">McIntyre 1977</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998317-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998317_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977337-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977337_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1977">McIntyre 1977</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Colin (2006). <i>Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II</i>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1410-1036-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-1410-1036-3"><bdi>0-1410-1036-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Burning%3A+Heroism+and+Surrender+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-1410-1036-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, Winston (1986). <i>The Hinge of Fate, Volume 4</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3954-1058-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3954-1058-4">0-3954-1058-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 171–239; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillingrayRathbone1986" class="citation book cs1">Killingray, David; Rathbone, Richard, eds. (1986). <i>Africa and the Second World War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006175–177-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006175–177_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 175–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006180–189-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006180–189_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 180–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006240–245-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006240–245_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 240–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWrepdirect-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWrepdirect_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618081321/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf">"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Report on India 2007–2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission+Report+on+India+2007%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fadmin%2Ffiles%2Fcwgc_india.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Basanta Kumar (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142017.">"India's Response To The British Offer Of August 1940"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>40</b>: 717–719. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142017">44142017</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=India%27s+Response+To+The+British+Offer+Of+August+1940&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=717-719&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44142017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Basanta+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44142017.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis, Wm. Roger</a> (1978). <i>Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+at+Bay%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Decolonization+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, Andrew N. (2011). "The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December 1941 – September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma". <i>Global War Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 5–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5893%2F19498489.08.02.01">10.5893/19498489.08.02.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+War+Crisis+and+the+Decolonization+of+India%2C+December+1941+%E2%80%93+September+1942%3A+A+Political+and+Military+Dilemma&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-31&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5893%2F19498489.08.02.01&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Clymer, Kenton J. (1988). "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 261–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3640705">10.2307/3640705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640705">3640705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%2C+Louis+Johnson%2C+India%2C+and+Anticolonialism%3A+Another+Look&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-284&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3640705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3640705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Kenton+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2008" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2008). <i>Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age</i>. Bantam Books. pp. 472–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5538-0463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5538-0463-8"><bdi>978-0-5538-0463-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10634350M">10634350M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+%26+Churchill%3A+The+Epic+Rivalry+That+Destroyed+an+Empire+and+Forged+Our+Age&rft.pages=472-539&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10634350M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-5538-0463-8&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_F._Kimball" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren F. Kimball">Kimball, Warren F.</a> (1994). <i>The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPfwANTbzi0C&pg=PA135">134–135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6910-3730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-6910-3730-2"><bdi>0-6910-3730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Juggler%3A+Franklin+Roosevelt+as+Wartime+Statesman&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-6910-3730-2&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Warren+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hickman, John (2008). "Orwellian Rectification: Popular Churchill Biographies and the 1943 Bengal Famine". <i>Studies in History</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 235–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F025764300902400205">10.1177/025764300902400205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=Orwellian+Rectification%3A+Popular+Churchill+Biographies+and+the+1943+Bengal+Famine&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-243&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F025764300902400205&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Eric S. (January–March 2011). "America, Britain, and Swaraj: Anglo-American Relations and Indian Independence, 1939–1945". <i>India Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 40–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14736489.2011.548245">10.1080/14736489.2011.548245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Review&rft.atitle=America%2C+Britain%2C+and+Swaraj%3A+Anglo-American+Relations+and+Indian+Independence%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-80&rft.date=2011-01%2F2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14736489.2011.548245&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977341-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977341_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1977">McIntyre 1977</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977342-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre1977342_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1977">McIntyre 1977</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a>. <i>The British Empire, 1939–1945</i>. p. 559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=559&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015">Bosworth & Maiolo 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for survey see <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For comprehensive coverage and up-to-date bibliography see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishempireatwar.org/">"The British Empire at War Research Group"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a>. <i>The British Empire, 1939–1945</i>. pp. 558–580 (quote p. 559).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=558-580+%28quote+p.+559%29&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015">Bosworth & Maiolo 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006563-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006563_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyerTooz2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Geyer, Michael; Tooz, Adam, eds. (2015). <i>The Cambridge History of the Second World War</i>. Vol. 3: Total War: Economy, Society and Culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xb_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">80–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3162-9880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3162-9880-0"><bdi>978-1-3162-9880-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3162-9880-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph, eds. (2015). <i>The Cambridge History of the Second World War</i>. Vol. 2: Politics and Ideology. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3162-9856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3162-9856-5"><bdi>978-1-3162-9856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3162-9856-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC"><i>The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1992-4679-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-1992-4679-3"><bdi>0-1992-4679-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-1992-4679-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpSvK3An3hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByers1986" class="citation book cs1">Byers, A. R., ed. (1986). <i>The Canadians at War 1939–45</i> (2nd ed.). Westmount, QC: The Reader's Digest Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8885-0145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8885-0145-5"><bdi>978-0-8885-0145-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11266235M">11266235M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadians+at+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Westmount%2C+QC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Reader%27s+Digest+Association&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11266235M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8885-0145-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2011" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, David (2011). <i>Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+War+Machine%3A+Weapons%2C+Resources%2C+and+Experts+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague2000" class="citation book cs1">Hague, Arnold (2000). <i>The allied convoy system 1939–1945 : its organization, defence and operation</i>. St.Catharines, Ontario: Vanwel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5575-0019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5575-0019-9"><bdi>978-1-5575-0019-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL12084150M">12084150M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+allied+convoy+system+1939%E2%80%931945+%3A+its+organization%2C+defence+and+operation.&rft.place=St.Catharines%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Vanwel&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL12084150M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-5575-0019-9&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishempireatwardotorg.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/prologue.pdf"><i>The British Empire and the Second World War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5417-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5417-1"><bdi>978-1-8528-5417-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-8528-5417-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishempireatwardotorg.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fprologue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2015). <i>The Raj at War: A People's History of India's Second World War (India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War)</i>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-4227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-4227-8"><bdi>978-0-0995-4227-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28443197M">28443197M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raj+at+War%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+India%27s+Second+World+War+%28India+at+War%3A+The+Subcontinent+and+the+Second+World+War%29&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28443197M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-0995-4227-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeacock1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock, Stephen</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501279/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Our British empire; its structure, its history, its strength</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24216040M">24216040M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+British+empire%3B+its+structure%2C+its+history%2C+its+strength&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24216040M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Leacock&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.501279%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis, Wm. Roger</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8451-1347-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-8451-1347-0"><bdi>1-8451-1347-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8958002M">8958002M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez+and+Decolonization&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8958002M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1-8451-1347-0&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._David_McIntyre" title="W. David McIntyre">McIntyre, W. Donald</a> (1977). <i>The Commonwealth of Nations</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0792-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0792-3"><bdi>0-8166-0792-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21263204M">21263204M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21263204M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8166-0792-3&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan1983" class="citation book cs1">McKernan, Michael (1983). <i>All in! Australia during the Second World War</i>. Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1700-5946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1700-5946-6"><bdi>978-0-1700-5946-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7381398M">7381398M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+in%21+Australia+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7381398M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-1700-5946-6&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, C. P.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1970-policies-ww2-en.pdf"><i>Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Men+and+Governments%3A+The+War+Policies+of+Canada%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fthemes%2Fdefence%2Fcaf%2Fmilitaryhistory%2Fdhh%2Fofficial%2Fbook-1970-policies-ww2-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Alan (2006). <i>The Royal Australian Air Force, A History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195555417" title="Special:BookSources/9780195555417"><bdi>9780195555417</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28314135M">28314135M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Air+Force%2C+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28314135M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780195555417&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allport, Alan. <i>Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941</i> (2020)</li> <li>Bousquet, Ben and Colin Douglas. <i>West Indian Women at War: British Racism in World War II</i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120079104/west-indian-women-at-war-british-racism-in-world">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322172037/https://www.questia.com/library/120079104/west-indian-women-at-war-british-racism-in-world">Archived</a> 22 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Robert Broughton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTt4EP5T1BQC&pg=PP1"><i>Canada and the cost of World War II</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2938-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2938-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2938-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+cost+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2938-0&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Robert+Broughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTt4EP5T1BQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Butler, J.R.M. et al. <i>Grand Strategy</i> (6 vol 1956–60), official overview of the British war effort; Volume 1: Rearmament Policy; Volume 2: September 1939 – June 1941; Volume 3, Part 1: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 3, Part 2: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 4: September 1942 – August 1943; Volume 5: August 1943 – September 1944; Volume 6: October 1944 – August 1945</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrandRonald_Volstad2001" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René; Ronald Volstad (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLRJ_xgxT2cC&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian Forces in World War II</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8417-6302-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-8417-6302-0"><bdi>1-8417-6302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-8417-6302-0&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Ronald+Volstad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLRJ_xgxT2cC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chin, Rachel. <i>War of Words: Britain, France and Discourses of Empire During the Second World War</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vF4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Churchill, Winston. <i>The Second World War</i> (6 vol 1947–51), classic personal history with many documents</li></ul> <ul><li>Clarke, Peter. <i>The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana</i> (Bloomsbury, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZXVuvab_gMC&dq=clarke+%22LAST+THOUSAND%22&pg=PT7">online</a>.</li> <li>Clayton, Anthony. <i>The British Empire as a Superpower</i> (Springer, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cevCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+empire%22+1945++%22World+War%22&pg=PR11">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Coates, Oliver. "New Perspectives on West Africa and World War Two: Introduction." <i>Journal of African Military History</i> 4.1-2 (2020): 5-39. Focus on Nigeria and Gold Coast (Ghana). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/jamh/4/1-2/article-p5_2.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppRichard_Nielsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Copp, J. T; Richard Nielsen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGps_LOKRVIC&pg=PP1"><i>No price too high: Canadians and the Second World War</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0755-2713-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-0755-2713-8"><bdi>0-0755-2713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+price+too+high%3A+Canadians+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Ryerson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-0755-2713-8&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=J.+T&rft.au=Richard+Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGps_LOKRVIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Eccles, Karen E, and Debbie McCollin, edfs. <i>World War II and the Caribbean</i> (2017).</li></ul> <ul><li>Hajkowski, Thomas. "The BBC, the empire, and the Second World War, 1939-1945." <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i> 22.2 (2002): 135-155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01439680220133765">https://doi.org/10.1080/01439680220133765</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Harrison, Mark <i>Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War</i> (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1992-6859-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-1992-6859-2">0-1992-6859-2</a></li> <li>Hastings, Max. <i>Winston's War: Churchill, 1940–1945</i> (2010)</li></ul> <ul><li>Kennedy, Dane. <i>Britain and Empire, 1880-1945</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1999" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8ecMckv08C&pg=PP1"><i>A military history of Canada</i></a> (4th ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0"><bdi>0-7710-6514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7710-6514-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui8ecMckv08C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey" class="citation book cs1">Mulvey, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/444982"><i>The British Empire in World War II</i></a>. Academic.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Academic.edu&rft.aulast=Mulvey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F444982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Owino, Meshack. "Kenya and the Second World War: A review of the historiographical landscape." <i>History Compass</i> 19.3 (2021): e12649.</li></ul> <ul><li>Raghavan, Srinath. <i>India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia</i> (2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Andrew (2008). <i>Empire Lost: Britain, the Dominions and the Second World War</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-5244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-5244-9"><bdi>978-1-8472-5244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Lost%3A+Britain%2C+the+Dominions+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8472-5244-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Empire+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Toye, Richard. <i>Churchill's Empire</i> (Pan, 2010).</li> <li>Walton, Calder. <i>Empire of secrets: British intelligence, the Cold War, and the twilight of empire</i> (Abrams, 2014).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Army">British Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: British Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allport, Alan. <i>Browned Off and Bloody-Minded: The British Soldier Goes to War, 1939–1945</i> (Yale UP, 2015)</li> <li>Buckley, John. <i>British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944</i> (2004)</li> <li>D'Este, Carlo. <i>Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign</i> (1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0021-7056-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-0021-7056-6">0-0021-7056-6</a>.</li> <li>Ellis, L.F. <i>The War in France and Flanders, 1939–1940</i> (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/index.html">online</a></li> <li>Ellis, L.F. <i>Victory in the West, Volume 1: Battle of Normandy</i> (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1962)</li> <li>Ellis, L.F. <i>Victory in the West, Volume 2: Defeat of Germany</i> (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1968)</li> <li>Fraser, David. <i>And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in World War II</i> (1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3404-2637-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3404-2637-1">978-0-3404-2637-1</a></li> <li>Hamilton, Nigel. <i>Monty: The Making of a General: 1887–1942</i> (1981); <i>Master of the Battlefield: Monty's War Years 1942–1944</i> (1984); <i>Monty: The Field-Marshal 1944–1976</i> (1986).</li> <li>Thompson, Julian. <i>The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945</i> (2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Navy">Royal Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Royal Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnett, Corelli. <i>Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War</i> (1991)</li> <li>Marder, Arthur. <i>Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 2: The Pacific War, 1942–1945</i> with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield (1990)</li> <li>Roskill, S. W. <i>The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945</i> (1960). summary</li> <li>Roskill, S. W. <i>War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive</i> London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1954; <i>War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 2: The Period of Balance,</i> 1956; <i>War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 1,</i> 1960; <i>War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 2,</i> 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html">online vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html">online vol 2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Air_Force">Royal Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Royal Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bungay, Stephen. <i>The Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain</i> (2nd ed. 2010)</li> <li>Collier, Basil. <i>Defence of the United Kingdom</i> (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/index.html">online</a></li> <li>Fisher, David E, <i>A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar, and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1593760477?p=S00N">excerpt online</a></li> <li>Hastings, Max. <i>Bomber Command</i> (1979)</li> <li>Hansen, Randall. <i>Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945</i> (2009)</li> <li>Hough, Richard and Denis Richards. <i>The Battle of Britain</i> (1989) 480 pp</li> <li>Messenger, Charles, <i>"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945</i> (1984), defends Harris</li> <li>Overy, Richard. <i>The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality</i> (2001) 192 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393322971">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Richards, Dennis, et al. <i>Royal Air Force, 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds – Vol. 1</i> (Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1953), official history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-III/index.html">vol 3 online edition</a></li> <li>Shores, Christopher F. <i>Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945</i> (2005)</li> <li>Terraine, John. <i>A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945</i> (1985)</li> <li>Verrier, Anthony. <i>The Bomber Offensive</i> (1969), British</li> <li>Walker, David. "Supreme air command-the development of royal air force command practice in the second world war." (PhD dissertation, . University of Birmingham, 2018.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/8209/2/Walker18PhD.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961), 4 vol. Important official British history</li> <li>Wood, Derek, and Derek D. Dempster. <i>The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930–40</i> (1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homefronts">Homefronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Homefronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mosby, Ian. <i>Food Will Win the War: The Politics, Culture, and Science of Food on Canada's Home Front</i> (2014)</li> <li>Ollerenshaw, Philip. <i>Northern Ireland in the Second World War: Politics, economic mobilisation and society, 1939–45</i> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526111630/9781526111630.xml">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finney, Patrick, ed. <i>Remembering the Second World War</i> (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315178905">online</a></li> <li>Henderson, Joan C. "Remembering the Second World War in Singapore: Wartime heritage as a visitor attraction." <i>Journal of Heritage Tourism</i> 2.1 (2007): 36–52.</li> <li>Joshi, Vandana. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/memory-and-memorialisation-interment-and-exhumation-propaganda-and-politics-during-wwii-through-the-lens-of-international-tracing-service-its-collections/">Memory and Memorialisation, Interment and Exhumation, Propaganda and Politics during WWII through the lens of International Tracing Service (ITS) Collections</a>." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-mida.de/rechercheportal/reflexicon/">MIDA Archival Reflexicon</a></i> (2019): 1-12.</li> <li>Summerfield, Penny. <i>Reconstructing women's wartime lives: discourse and subjectivity in oral histories of the Second World War</i> (1998).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishempireatwar.org/">"The British Empire at War Research Group"</a>. For comprehensive coverage and up-to-date bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/">Checklist of official histories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/eng/ww2-eng.html">Britain in World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the11thday.org/">The 11th Day: Crete 1941</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template talk:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Empire battles of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign"><b>North Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Siege of Giarabub</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Capture of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion">Operation Skorpion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands occupation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkans</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rethymno" title="Battle of Rethymno">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><b>Mediterranean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Battle of Calabria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Battle of Cape Bon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Passero (1940)">Battle of Cape Passero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Battle of Cape Spartivento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Battle of the Ligurian Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Battle of Skerki Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Battle off Zuwarah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Operation Abstention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation Albumen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Operation Excess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Operation Grog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Operation Scylla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">Operation White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Raid on Souda Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Battle of Grand Harbour</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Battle of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Operation Gisela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diver" title="Operation Diver">Operation Diver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Operation Blackcock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Battle of the Reichswald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Kowloon_and_New_Territories" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Kowloon and New Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Island" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Defence of Johore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Recapture of Burma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Battle of Ceylon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">Indian Ocean raid (1944)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Battle of the Malacca Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outflank" title="Operation Outflank">Bombing of Sumatra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collie" title="Operation Collie">Bombardment of Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Livery" title="Operation Livery">Bombardment of Northern Malaya</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Fallujah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Siege_of_Habbaniya" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Siege of Habbaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Basra" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Baghdad" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Capture of Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_Invasion_of_Khuzestan" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Khuzestan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_invasion_of_Central_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Central Iran</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Capture of Beirut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Capture of Damascus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_theater_(World_War_II)" title="American theater (World War II)">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><b>Atlantic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Battle of the Denmark Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> 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