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id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Italian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10th_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>10th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squadra_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squadra_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><span><i>Squadra</i></span> 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squadra_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regia_Marina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regia_Marina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><span><i>Regia Marina</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regia_Marina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Italian plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Desert_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Desert_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Western Desert Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Desert_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_skirmishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_skirmishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Border skirmishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_skirmishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operazione_E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operazione_E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><i>Operazione</i></span> E</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operazione_E-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><i>Operazione</i></span> E subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operazione_E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-9–10_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9–10_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>9–10 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9–10_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13–14_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13–14_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>13–14 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13–14_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>16 September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsequent operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Compass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Compass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Operation Compass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Compass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_of_Battle_10_June_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_of_Battle_10_June_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orders of Battle 10 June 1940</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orders_of_Battle_10_June_1940-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orders of Battle 10 June 1940 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orders_of_Battle_10_June_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5th_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>5th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th_Army_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_Army_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>10th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_Army_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Squadra_5_(June_1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squadra_5_(June_1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span><span><i>Squadra</i></span> 5 (June 1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squadra_5_(June_1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Desert_Force_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Desert_Force_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Western Desert Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Desert_Force_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sidi_Barrani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidi_Barrani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Sidi Barrani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidi_Barrani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Commonwealth_Forces_in_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Commonwealth_Forces_in_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Other Commonwealth Forces in Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Commonwealth_Forces_in_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_of_battle,_September_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_of_battle,_September_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orders of battle, September 1940</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orders_of_battle,_September_1940-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orders of battle, September 1940 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orders_of_battle,_September_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10th_Army_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_Army_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>10th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_Army_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Squadra_5_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squadra_5_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span><span><i>Squadra</i></span> 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squadra_5_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Desert_Force_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Desert_Force_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Western Desert Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Desert_Force_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian invasion of Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="الغزو الإيطالي لمصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الإيطالي لمصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ایتالیا میصره سالدیریسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا میصره سالدیریسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египетска операция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египетска операция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_italiana_d%27Egipte" title="Invasió italiana d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió italiana d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiens_invasion_af_Egypten" title="Italiens invasion af Egypten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italiens invasion af Egypten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Invasion_%C3%84gyptens" title="Italienische Invasion Ägyptens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienische Invasion Ägyptens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_italiana_de_Egipto" title="Invasión italiana de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión italiana de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="تهاجم ایتالیا به مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهاجم ایتالیا به مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_italienne_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Invasion italienne de l'Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion italienne de l'Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="이탈리아의 이집트 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아의 이집트 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Mesir_oleh_Italia" title="Invasi Mesir oleh Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Mesir oleh Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_italiana_dell%27Egitto" title="Invasione italiana dell'Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione italiana dell'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפלישה האיטלקית למצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלישה האיטלקית למצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="იტალიელების შეჭრა ეგვიპტეში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიელების შეჭრა ეგვიპტეში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptom_elleni_olasz_hadj%C3%A1rat" title="Egyiptom elleni olasz hadjárat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptom elleni olasz hadjárat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="غزو ايطاليا لمصر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غزو ايطاليا لمصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="イタリアのエジプト侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリアのエジプト侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_italiana_d%27Egipte" title="Invasion italiana d'Egipte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Invasion italiana d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oska_inwazja_na_Egipt" title="Włoska inwazja na Egipt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włoska inwazja na Egipt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazia_italian%C4%83_a_Egiptului" title="Invazia italiană a Egiptului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invazia italiană a Egiptului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египетская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Италијанска инвазија Египта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијанска инвазија Египта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Italije_na_Egipat" title="Invazija Italije na Egipat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija Italije na Egipat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys_Egyptiin" title="Italian hyökkäys Egyptiin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian hyökkäys Egyptiin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyan_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_taarruzu" title="İtalyan Mısır taarruzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalyan Mısır taarruzu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Єгипетська операція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгипетська операція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Italian invasion of Egypt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg/250px-WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg/375px-WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg/500px-WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span><br />Western Desert 1940</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9–16 September 1940<br />(1 week)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°N</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°N 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Italian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> 10th Army advanced to the Egyptian port of Sidi Barrani</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Berti" title="Mario Berti">Mario Berti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Bergonzoli" title="Annibale Bergonzoli">Annibale Bergonzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maletti" title="Pietro Maletti">Pietro Maletti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O_Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard O Connor">Richard O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gott" title="William Gott">William Gott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Campbell">John Campbell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4 divisions<br />300 aircraft</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 reinforced brigade<br />205 aircraft<br />naval support</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 120 killed<br />410 wounded<br />6 aircraft</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 40 killed<br />10 tanks<br />11 armoured cars<br />4 lorries</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="Western_Desert_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign"><span class="wrap"> Western Desert Campaign </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass"><i>Compass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Nibeiwa" title="Attack on Nibeiwa">Nibeiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">1st Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_capture_of_Tobruk" title="British capture of Tobruk">Tobruk 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Mechili" title="Action at Mechili">Mechili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Giarabub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume"><i>Sonnenblume</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Tobruk siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bardia" title="Raid on Bardia">2nd Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity"><i>Brevity</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion"><i>Skorpion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe"><i>Battleaxe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader"><i>Crusader</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(November_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (November 1941)">1st Bir el Gubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_175" title="Battle of Point 175">Point 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(December_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (December 1941)">2nd Bir el Gubi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Acrobat" title="Operation Acrobat"><i>Acrobat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_capture_of_Tobruk" title="Axis capture of Tobruk">Tobruk 1942</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersa_Matruh" title="Battle of Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">1st Alamein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sidi_Haneish_Airfield" title="Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield">Sidi Haneish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Alam Halfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caravan" title="Operation Caravan"><i>Caravan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">2nd Alamein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram"><i>Bertram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Braganza" title="Operation Braganza"><i>Braganza</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Outpost_Snipe" title="Defence of Outpost Snipe">Outpost Snipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Agheila" title="Battle of El Agheila">El Agheila</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">Frontier Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_gardens" title="Devil's gardens">Devil's gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babini_Group" title="Babini Group">Babini Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combeforce" title="Combeforce">Combeforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Indian_Motor_Brigade" title="3rd Indian Motor Brigade">3rd Indian Motor Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggush_Box" title="Baggush Box">Baggush Box</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Sonderkommando Blaich</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Italian invasion of Egypt</b> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><b>Operazione E</b></i></span>) was an offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> from Italian Libya, against <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> in the neutral <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>. The invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">10th Army</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">10ª Armata</i></span>) ended border <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">skirmishing</a> on the frontier and began the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> (1940–1943) proper. The Italian strategy was to advance from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> along the Egyptian coast to seize the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. After numerous delays, the scope of the offensive was reduced to an advance as far as <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a> and the defeat of any British forces in the area. </p><p>The 10th Army advanced about 65 mi (105 km) into Egypt against British screening forces of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Support Group">7th Support Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a>) the main force remaining in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a>, the principal British base in the Western Desert. On 16 September 1940, the 10th Army halted and took up defensive positions around the port of Sidi Barrani. British casualties were 40 men killed and the Italians suffered 120. The army was to wait in fortified camps, until engineers had built the <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a> (Victory Road) along the coast, an extension of the Libyan <a href="/wiki/Via_Balbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Balbia">Via Balbia</a>. The Italians began to accumulate supplies for an advance against the 7th Armoured Division and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Division">4th Indian Division</a> at Mersa Matruh, about 80 mi (130 km) further on. </p><p>On 8 December, before the 10th Army was ready to resume its advance on Mersa Matruh, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a> (WDF) began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, a five-day raid against the fortified Italian camps outside Sidi Barrani. The raid succeeded and the few units of the 10th Army in Egypt that were not destroyed were forced into a hurried retreat. The WDF pursued the remnants of the 10th Army along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Sollum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sollum">Sollum</a> and across the border to <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechili" title="Mechili">Mechili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beda_Fomm" title="Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sirte</a>. The WDF suffered casualties of <span class="nowrap">1,900 men</span> killed and wounded during Compass and took <span class="nowrap">133,298 Italian</span> and Libyan prisoners, <span class="nowrap">420 <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>,</span> over <span class="nowrap">845 guns</span> and many <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27,_Nordafrika,_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0107-27%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienischer_Panzer_L3-33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Italian <a href="/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/33</a> tankettes</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, the eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, had been an Italian colony since the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912), although resistance continued until 1932. With <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, a part of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> to the east, the Italians had to defend both frontiers and established a North Africa Supreme Headquarters, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>, Marshal of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a>. Supreme Headquarters had the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (Italy)">5th Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a>) in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">10th Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Berti" title="Mario Berti">Mario Berti</a>) in the east, which in mid-1940 had nine metropolitan divisions with an establishment of about <span class="nowrap">13,000 men</span> each, three (Blackshirt) divisions and two <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division" title="Italian Libyan Colonial Division">Libyan colonial</a> divisions, with an establishment of <span class="nowrap">8,000 men</span> each. Reservists had been recalled in 1939, along with the usual call-up of new conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mk1CruiserTank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mk1CruiserTank.jpg/220px-Mk1CruiserTank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mk1CruiserTank.jpg/330px-Mk1CruiserTank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mk1CruiserTank.jpg/440px-Mk1CruiserTank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Tank Mk I (A9)</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The British had based military forces in Egypt since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a>. The small British and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> force garrisoned the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and the Red Sea route, which was vital to British communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt was neutral</a> during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006117–119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006117–119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</a> (GOC-in-C) of the new <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatres</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>, French divisions in Tunisia faced the Italians on the western Libyan border forcing the garrison to divide and face both ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Libya, the Royal Italian Army had about <span class="nowrap">215,000 men</span> and in Egypt the British had about <span class="nowrap">36,000 troops,</span> with another <span class="nowrap">27,500 men</span> training in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces included the Mobile Division (Egypt) <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Percy Hobart</a>, one of two British armoured training formations, which in mid-1939 was renamed the Armoured Division (Egypt) and on 16 February 1940, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a>. The Egyptian–Libyan border was defended by the Egyptian Frontier Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/British_6th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 6th Infantry Division">6th Infantry Division</a> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>) took over command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>, if war began. The 7th Armoured Division, less the 7th Armoured Brigade, assembled at Mersa Matruh and sent the <a href="/wiki/7th_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Support Group">7th Support Group</a> forward towards the frontier as a covering force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97–98,_375_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97–98,_375-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RAF also moved most of its bombers closer to the frontier and Malta was reinforced to threaten the Italian supply route to Libya. The HQ of the 6th Infantry Division, still lacking complete and fully trained units, was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a> (WDF) on 17 June. In Tunisia, the French had eight divisions, capable only of limited operations and in Syria had three poorly armed and trained divisions, with about <span class="nowrap">40,000 troops</span> and border guards, on occupation duties against the civilian population. Italian land and air forces in Libya greatly outnumbered the British in Egypt but suffered from poor morale and were handicapped by some inferior equipment. In Italian East Africa were another <span class="nowrap">130,000 Italian</span> and East African troops with <span class="nowrap">400 guns,</span> <span class="nowrap">200 light</span> tanks and <span class="nowrap">20,000 lorries.</span> On 10 June 1940 Italy declared war on France and Britain from 11 June. Canada declared war on Italy on 10 June and on 11 June, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97,_100,_375_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97,_100,_375-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain">Terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; background: #def; border:2px solid #ccc; width: 290px; font-size: 16px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: white; border: #ccc 1px solid; color: #048; text-align:center;"><small>The winds of the Mediterranean</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position: relative; left: 0; top: 0; height: 180px; line-height:15px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 30px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_windrose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brosen_windrose.svg/120px-Brosen_windrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brosen_windrose.svg/180px-Brosen_windrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brosen_windrose.svg/240px-Brosen_windrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="position:absolute; top: 12px; width: 100%; text-align: center;"><small><a href="/wiki/Tramontane" title="Tramontane">Tramontane</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; right: 0; top: 44px; width: 50%; text-align: left;"><div style="position:absolute; left: 47px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Gregale" title="Gregale">Gregale</a></small></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; right: 0; top: 81px; width: 50%; text-align: left;"><div style="position:absolute; left: 65px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Levant_(wind)" title="Levant (wind)">Levante</a></small></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; right: 0; top: 118px; width: 50%; text-align: left;"><div style="position:absolute; left: 47px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></small></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom: 12px; width: 100%; text-align: center;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ostro" title="Ostro">Ostro</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left: 0; top: 118px; width: 50%; text-align: right;"><div style="position:absolute; right: 47px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Libeccio" title="Libeccio">Libeccio</a></small></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left: 0; top: 81px; width: 50%; text-align: right;"><div style="position:absolute; right: 65px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ponente" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponente">Ponente</a></small></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left: 0; top: 44px; width: 50%; text-align: right;"><div style="position:absolute; right: 47px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a></small></div></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Western Desert</a> is about 240 mi (390 km) long, from Mersa Matruh in Egypt, west to Gazala on the Libyan coast, along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Balbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Balbia">Via Balbia</a>, the only paved road. The <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">Sand Sea</a>, 150 mi (240 km) inland, marks the southern limit of the desert at its widest at Giarabub and Siwa; in British parlance, Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. From the coast, extending into the hinterland lies a raised, flat plain of stony desert about 500 ft (150 m) above sea level, that runs 120–190 mi (200–300 km) in depth until the Sand Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuck198992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuck198992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is inhabited by a small number of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> nomads and local wildlife consists of scorpions, vipers and flies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bedouin tracks link wells (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">birs</i></span>) and the easier traversed ground; desert navigation is by sun, star, compass and "desert sense", good perception of the environment gained by experience. (When the Italian invasion of Egypt began in September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a>, [<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Raggruppamento Maletti</i></span>, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maletti" title="Pietro Maletti">Pietro Maletti</a>], lacking experience of desert conditions, got lost leaving Sidi Omar, disappeared and had to be found by reconnaissance aircraft.) In spring and summer, days are miserably hot and nights very cold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Gibleh</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Ghibli</i></span>), a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, reducing visibility to a few yards and coating eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment. Motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil and air filters and the barren ground means that water and food as well as military stores, have to be transported from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin1998149_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin1998149-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Army">Italian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pariani" title="Alberto Pariani">Alberto Pariani</a> had been appointed Chief of Staff of the Italian Army. Pariani began a reorganisation of the army to fight <i>wars of rapid decision</i>, according to thinking that speed, mobility and new technology could revolutionise military operations. In 1937, traditional three-regiment tertiary divisions began to change to two-regiment <a href="/wiki/Regio_Esercito_(World_War_II)#Binary_infantry_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Regio Esercito (World War II)">binary divisions</a>, as part of a ten-year plan to reorganise the standing army into <span class="nowrap">24 binary,</span> <span class="nowrap">24 triangular,</span> twelve mountain, three motorised and three armoured divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiolo2010197_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiolo2010197-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of the change was to increase the administrative overhead of the army with no corresponding increase in effectiveness; new technology such as tanks, motor vehicles and wireless communications were slow to arrive and were inferior to those of potential enemies. The dilution of the officer class to find extra unit staffs was made worse by the politicisation of the army and the addition of Blackshirt Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197124_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197124-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms also promoted the tactics of <a href="/wiki/Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">frontal assault</a> to the exclusion of other theories of war, dropping the emphasis on fast, mobile warfare backed by artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1939, sixteen divisions of the 67 in the Italian Army (excluding the garrison of Ethiopia) had been converted to binary divisions and had received their establishment of arms and equipment. The remaining divisions had obsolete equipment, no stock of replacements and lacked artillery, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber201566–67_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber201566–67-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morale was considered to be high and the army had recent experience of military operations. The Italian navy had prospered under the Fascist regime, which had paid for fast, well-built and well-armed ships and a large submarine fleet but the navy lacked experience and training. The air force had been ready for war in 1936 but had stagnated and was not considered by the British to be capable of maintaining a high rate of operations. The 5th Army (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">5ª Armata</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, the western half of Libya opposite Tunisia, had eight divisions; the 10th Army with six infantry divisions garrisoned the province Cyrenaica in the east. At the end of June, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, four divisions were transferred from the 5th Army to the 10th Army. When Italy declared war on 10 June, the 10th Army comprised the <a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="1st Libyan Division (Italy)">1st Libyan Division</a> on the frontier from Giarabub to Sidi Omar and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/XXI_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXI Army Corps (Italy)">XXI Corpo d'Armata</a></i></span> (XXI Corps, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Dalmazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Dalmazzo">Lorenzo Dalmazzo</a>) from Sidi Omar to the coast, Bardia and Tobruk. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/XX_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XX Army Corps (Italy)">XX Corpo d'Armata</a></i></span> (XX Corps, Lieutenant-General (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Tenente Generale</i></span>) was moved south-west of Tobruk, as a counter-attack force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war, Balbo expressed his doubts to Mussolini </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not the number of men which causes me anxiety but their weapons ... equipped with limited and very old pieces of artillery, almost lacking anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons ... it is useless to send more thousands of men if we cannot supply them with the indispensable requirements to move and fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>and demanding more equipment including <span class="nowrap">1,000 trucks,</span> <span class="nowrap">100 water</span> tankers, more medium tanks and anti-tank guns, which the Italian economy could not produce or the army transfer from elsewhere. In Rome, Badoglio, the chief-of-staff, fobbed him off with promises, "When you have the seventy medium tanks you will dominate the situation", as Balbo prepared to invade Egypt on 15 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Balbo was killed in an accident, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> replaced him with Marshal <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a>, with orders to attack Egypt by 8 August. Graziani replied that the 10th Army was not properly equipped and that an attack could not possibly succeed; Mussolini ordered him to attack anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959207_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959207-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_Army">10th Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 10th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ten divisions of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Italy)" title="10th Army (Italy)">10th Army</a> (Lieutenant-General Mario Berti) comprised the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">XX Corpo d'Armata</i></span> (XX Corps), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">XXI Corpo d'Armata</i></span> (XXI Corps), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/XXII_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXII Army Corps (Italy)">XXII Corpo d'Armata</a></i></span> (XXII Corps, Lieutenant-General) <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Pitassi_Mannella" title="Enrico Pitassi Mannella">Enrico Mannella</a>), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/XXIII_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXIII Army Corps (Italy)">XXIII Corpo d'Armata</a></i></span> (XXIII Corps, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Bergonzoli" title="Annibale Bergonzoli">Annibale Bergonzoli</a>). The army comprised metropolitan infantry divisions, <a href="/wiki/Blackshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackshirt">Blackshirt</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Camicie Nere</i></span> [CC.NN.]) infantry divisions and Libyan colonial divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber201565_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber201565-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XXIII Corps, with the metropolitan divisions "Cirene" and "Marmarica", the Blackshirt Division "23rd Marzo", the 1st and 2nd Libyan divisions (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Gallina" title="Sebastiano Gallina">Sebastiano Gallina</a>) and the Maletti Group was to conduct the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergonzoli had about <span class="nowrap">1,000 lorries,</span> first to move the "Cirene" and "Marmarica" divisions, followed by the "23rd Marzo". The Libyan divisions had <span class="nowrap">650 vehicles,</span> enough to move equipment, weapons and supplies but the infantry would have to walk; the Maletti Group had <span class="nowrap">450 vehicles,</span> enough to move its troops. The Maletti Group comprised three battalions of Libyan infantry, additional artillery, much of the Italian armoured vehicle element in Libya and almost all of the <a href="/wiki/M11/39" class="mw-redirect" title="M11/39">M11/39</a> medium tanks. XXI Corps, with the Sirte and "28th Ottobre" divisions formed a reserve and XXII Corps with the "Catanzaro" and "3rd Gennaio" divisions were left at Tobruk because of the transport shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squadra_5"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Squadra 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg/220px-Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg/330px-Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg/440px-Fiat_CR.42_-_Benina_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Fiat CR.42s of the 73° and 97° Squadriglia, 9° Gruppo, 4° Stormo over Benina in Libya, 1940</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Operational commands of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Aeronautica</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Italian Air Force">Royal Italian Air Force</a>) were called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Zona Aerea Territoriale</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> or the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Comando</i></span> of an area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199810_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199810-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th Army was supported by <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5, with <span class="nowrap">336 aircraft.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 had four bomber wings, a fighter wing, three fighter groups, two reconnaissance groups and two squadrons of colonial reconnaissance aircraft, comprising 110 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79</a> bombers, fifty <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.65" title="Breda Ba.65">Breda Ba.65</a> ground attack aircraft, 170 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.42" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat CR.42">Fiat CR.42</a> fighters and six <a href="/wiki/IMAM_Ro.37" title="IMAM Ro.37">IMAM Ro.37</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.309" title="Caproni Ca.309">Caproni Ca.309</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.310" title="Caproni Ca.310">Caproni Ca.310bis</a> long-range reconnaissance aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo198192Schreiber2015a272_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198192Schreiber2015a272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 September, another sixty-four bombers, seventy-five ground-attack aircraft and fifteen reconnaissance aircraft arrived from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 was organised to follow and support the army in the field as a self-contained unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regia_Marina"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Marina</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regia Marina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></div> <p>Berti could expect little support from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Italian Navy">Royal Italian Navy</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Marina</i></span>), because ten submarines had been lost since Italy declared war, the fleet was too important to risk and was short of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_plans">Italian plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italian plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three times, deadlines were set for an Italian invasion and cancelled; the first plan was intended to coincide with an expected German invasion of England on 15 July 1940. Balbo took all the trucks from the 5th Army and the M11/39 medium tanks being delivered from Italy, to reinforce the 10th Army for a crossing of the frontier wire and an occupation of Sollum as soon as war was declared. After a British counter-attack was repulsed and the Italian armies were replenished, the advance would continue. Although this plan was based on a realistic appreciation of what the Italian armies in Libya could achieve, it fell through when the invasion of England was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199951–52_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199951–52-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second plan, for 22 August, was for a limited advance to Sollum and Shawni el Aujerin to the east, with three columns moving on three lines of advance. Once Sollum had been occupied, an advance on Sidi Barrani would be considered, an example of advance-in-mass, used on the northern front in the Ethiopian War. The Italian non-motorized infantry divisions were to use the only road but the summer heat in August, which would have affected them most, led to another postponement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199952-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_(Sept_1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg/220px-Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg/330px-Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg/440px-Italian_pilots_studying_a_map_in_Egypt_%28Sept_1940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Italian pilots of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Italian Air Force">Royal Italian Air Force</a> in Egypt study a map (September 1940).</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The third plan was for an invasion on 9 September with Sidi Barrani as the objective, which Graziani disclosed to his staff six days before Mussolini ordered the invasion. The non-motorised, metropolitan divisions would advance along the coast and attack through Halfaya Pass, occupy Sollum and continue to Sidi Barrani. A southern column of the Libyan divisions and the Maletti Group was to advance along the Dayr al Hamra–Bir ar Rabiyah–Bir Enba track, to outflank the British on the escarpment. The Maletti Group was to drive south and east through the desert but the Italian staff failed to provide proper maps and navigation equipment; when moving to its assembly and jumping-off points, the group got lost and XXIII Corps Headquarters had to send aircraft to help lead the group into position; the Libyan divisions arriving late at the rendezvous near Fort Capuzzo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952–53_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199952–53-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The embarrassment of the Maletti Group added to doubts about the lack of lorries, transport aircraft and British domination of the terrain, which led to another change of plan. The fourth plan was set for 13 September, with Sidi Barrani and the area to the south as the objective. The 10th Army, with only five divisions, due to the shortage of transport and the tanks of the Maletti Group, would advance in mass down the coast road, occupy Sollum and advance through Buq Buq to Sidi Barrani. The 10th Army was to consolidate at Sidi Barrani and bring up supplies, destroy a British counter-attack and resume the advance to Matruh. The non-motorized infantry divisions were to use the coast road because they would be ineffective anywhere else. A similar operation had been conducted on the northern front in Ethiopia but went against mobile warfare theory, for which there were ample forces to execute. Graziani believed the only way to defeat the British was by mass, having overestimated their strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199953–54_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199953–54-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Desert_Force">Western Desert Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western Desert Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg/170px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg/255px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg/340px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E443.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">British Light Tanks MK VIB of the 7th Armoured Division on patrol in the desert, 2 August 1940.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Against an estimated <span class="nowrap">250,000 Italian</span> troops based in Libya and about <span class="nowrap">250,000 more</span> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, Wavell had a ration strength of about <span class="nowrap">36,000 troops</span> in Egypt; fourteen non-brigaded battalions of British infantry; the <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Freyberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Freyberg">Bernard Freyberg</a>) with one infantry brigade, an understrength cavalry regiment, a machine gun battalion and a field artillery regiment. The <a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Infantry Division">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Noel_Beresford-Peirse" title="Noel Beresford-Peirse">Noel Beresford-Peirse</a>) had two infantry brigades and some artillery, the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Moore_Creagh" title="Michael O'Moore Creagh">Michael Creagh</a>) had two armoured brigades with two armoured regiments each instead of three.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195992–93_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195992–93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7th Support Group, with three motorised infantry battalions, artillery, engineers and machine-gunners, was to harass the Italians and to fight delaying actions between the border and Matruh if attacked but to retain the capacity to engage the main Italian force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959205_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959205-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Matruh an infantry force would await the Italian attack, while from the escarpment on the desert flank the bulk of the 7th Armoured Division, would be ready to counter-attack. The covering force was to exaggerate its size and the 7th Support Group was to use its mobility to cover the desert flank, while along the coast road, the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>, a company of the 1st Battalion <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">King's Royal Rifle Corps</a> (KRRC) and a company of <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> Motor Marines, with supporting artillery and machine-gunners, would fall back in stages, demolishing the road as they retired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197140Playfair1959209–210_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197140Playfair1959209–210-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of May 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> had <span class="nowrap">205 aircraft,</span> including <span class="nowrap">96 obsolete</span> <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bombay" title="Bristol Bombay">Bombay</a> medium bombers and modern <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a> light bombers, <span class="nowrap">75 obsolete</span> <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gladiator</a> fighters and <span class="nowrap">34 other</span> types. In July, four <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> fighters arrived but only one could be spared for the WDF. By the end of July, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and were able to bombard Italian coastal positions and transport supplies along the coast to Matruh and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128–29_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128–29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_skirmishes">Border skirmishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Border skirmishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">Frontier Wire (Libya)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg/170px-IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg/255px-IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg/340px-IWM-E-380-Morris-CS9-libyan-frontier-19400626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Officers of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a> using a parasol to give shade during a halt, while out patrolling on the Libyan frontier, 26 July 1940. The vehicle is a <a href="/wiki/Morris_CS9" title="Morris CS9">Morris CS9</a> armoured car.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 June, using the headquarters of the British <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">6th Infantry Division</a>, the headquarters of the WDF (Lieutenant-General O'Connor) was formed to control all troops facing the Italians in Cyrenaica, a force of about <span class="nowrap">10,000 men,</span> with aircraft, tanks and guns. O'Connor was to organise aggressive patrolling along the frontier and set out to dominate <a href="/wiki/No-man%27s_land" class="mw-redirect" title="No-man's land">no-man's land</a> by creating "<a href="/wiki/Jock_column" title="Jock column">jock columns</a>", mobile combined-arms formations based on units of 7th Armoured Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead2007331_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007331-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These small, well-trained, regular forces made the first attacks on Italian convoys and fortified positions across the border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197126_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197126-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British patrols closed up to the frontier wire on 11 June, with orders to dominate the area, harass the garrisons of the frontier forts and lay ambushes along the Via Balbia and inland tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt198032_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitt198032-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Italian troops were unaware that war had been declared and seventy were captured on the track to Sidi Omar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt198032_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitt198032-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrols ranged north to the coast road between Bardia and Tobruk, west to Bir el Gubi and south to Giarabub. Within a week, the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) had seized <a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a> and at an ambush east of <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a>, captured the 10th Army Engineer-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier-General">Brigadier-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Romolo_Lastrucci" title="Romolo Lastrucci">Romolo Lastrucci</a>. Italian reinforcements arrived at the frontier, began to conduct reconnaissance patrols, improved the frontier defences and recaptured Fort Capuzzo. On 13 August, the British raids were stopped to conserve the serviceability of vehicles; the 7th Support Group took over to observe the wire for 60 mi (97 km) from Sollum to Fort Maddalena, ready to fight delaying actions if the Italians invaded Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959119,_205_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959119,_205-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operazione_E"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Operazione</i></span> E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operazione E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9–10_September"><span id="9.E2.80.9310_September"></span>9–10 September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 9–10 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Blenheim_(9817839176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg/220px-Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg/330px-Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg/440px-Bristol_Blenheim_%289817839176%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Restored example of a Bristol Blenheim (9817839176)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">XXIII Corpo d'Armata</i></span> (XXIII Corps) was to lead the 10th Army attack to Sidi Barrani in Egypt along the coast road with non-motorised and motorised formations. The corps had been given more lorries; the <a href="/wiki/62nd_Infantry_Division_%22Marmarica%22" title="62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"">62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"</a> and <a href="/wiki/63rd_Infantry_Division_%22Cirene%22" title="63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"">63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"</a> were part-motorised, the <a href="/wiki/1st_CC.NN._Division_%2223_Marzo%22" title="1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"">1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"</a> was motorised, as were the Maletti Group and the 1st Tank Group (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">1° Raggruppamento Carri</i></span>). The part-motorised infantry divisions would move by shuttling forward and the non-motorized infantry would have to march the 60 mi (97 km) to Sidi Barrani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergonzoli wanted the 1st Tank Group as an advanced guard, two motorised infantry divisions in line and one motorised division in reserve. The two Libyan non-motorised infantry divisions would have to move on foot, with the Maletti Group bringing up the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Tank Group was held back in reserve, except for the LXII Tank Battalion "L" attached to the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" and the LXIII Tank Battalion "L", which was attached to the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica". The 2nd Tank Group stayed at Bardia except for the IX Tank Battalion "L" attached to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="2nd Libyan Division (Italy)">2nd Libyan Division</a>. The II Tank Battalion "M" was with the Maletti Group, which had three fully-motorised Libyan infantry battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 September, the activity of the Royal Italian Air Force increased and bombers from <a href="/wiki/No._55_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 55 Squadron RAF">55 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._113_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 113 Squadron RAF">113 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._211_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 211 Squadron RAF">211 Squadron</a> RAF retaliated with attacks on Italian airfields, transport, supply dumps and a raid on Tobruk by <span class="nowrap">21 aircraft.</span> Later in the day, <span class="nowrap">27 Italian</span> fighters made a sweep over Buq Buq and the RAF flew more sorties against Italian airfields. British air reconnaissance revealed much ground movement at Bardia, Sidi Azeiz, Gabr Saleh and in the direction of Sidi Omar, on the frontier wire, from the west, which was interpreted as the beginning of the Italian invasion. The forward move of the 10th Army showed the limits of Italian mobility and navigation, when the Maletti Group got lost moving up to Sidi Omar. On 10 September, the armoured cars of the 11th Hussars spotted the Maletti Group and a thick mist shielded the British as they shadowed the slow Italian assembly. As the mist cleared, the hussars were attacked by Italian aircraft, tanks and artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13–14_September"><span id="13.E2.80.9314_September"></span>13–14 September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 13–14 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg/220px-WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg/330px-WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg/440px-WWII_-_Italian_invasion_of_Egypt_1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Italian invasion of Egypt, 1940</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 September the 1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo", re-took Fort Capuzzo and a bombardment fell on Musaid, just over the Egyptian side of the border, which was then occupied. Artillery-fire and bombing began on Sollum airfield and barracks (which were empty), which raised a dust cloud. When the dust cleared the Italian army could be seen drawn up, ready to advance against the British covering force of the 3rd Coldstream Guards, some field artillery, an extra infantry battalion and a machine-gun company. The Italians advanced along the coast with two divisions leading, behind a screen of motorcyclists, tanks, motorised infantry and artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian formation made an easy target for artillery and aircraft but the 1st Libyan Division soon occupied Sollum barracks and began to move down the escarpment to the port.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the inland plateau, an Italian advance towards <a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a> was opposed by a covering force of a 3rd Coldstream company, a Northumberland Fusilier platoon and some artillery, which began to withdraw in the afternoon, as more Italian infantry and tanks arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the evening, two columns of the 2nd Libyan Division, the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" and the Maletti Group from Musaid and the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica" from Sidi Omar, converged on the pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next day, the Italian units on the escarpment began to descend through the pass, towards the Italian force advancing along the road from Sollum. A squadron of the 11th Hussars, the 2nd Rifle Brigade and cruiser tanks of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="1st Royal Tank Regiment">1st Royal Tank Regiment</a> (1st RTR) harassed the Italian force on the escarpment. Just after noon, the British troops on the coast retreated to Buq Buq and met reinforcements from the 11th Hussars and a motorised company of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_marine" title="Troupes de marine">Troupes de marine</a></i></span> (French marines), which was enough to maintain contact with the Italians. The British withdrew to Alam Hamid on 15 September and Alam el Dab on 16 September, trying to inflict maximum losses without being pinned down and destroying the coast road as they went, damage which was made worse by the amount of Italian traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959210,_211_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959210,_211-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_September">16 September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 16 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The uncommitted part of the 1st Tank Group followed the 1st Libyan Division and the 2nd Libyan Division towards Bir Thidan el Khadim. At Alam el Dab near Sidi Barrani, about fifty Italian tanks, motorised infantry and artillery tried an outflanking move, which forced the Coldstream Guards to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199955-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armoured group was engaged by British field artillery and made no further move but by dark the 1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" had occupied <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>. Above the escarpment, the British covering forces fell back parallel to those on the coast road and the threat from the desert flank did not materialise. British aircraft flew many reconnaissance and bombing sorties and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 made sweeps with up to <span class="nowrap">100 fighters</span> and bombers on British forward airfields and defensive positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British anticipated that the Italian advance would stop at Sidi Barrani and Sofafi and began to observe the positions with the 11th Hussars, as the 7th Support Group withdrew to rest and the 7th Armoured Division prepared to confront an advance on Matruh. Italian radio broadcasts about the invasion suggested that the advance would continue from Sidi Barrani but it soon appeared that the Italians were digging-in on an arc to the south and south-west at Maktila, Tummar (east), Tummar (west), Nibeiwa and on top of the escarpment at Sofafi as divisions further back occupied Buq Buq, Sidi Omar and Halfaya Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147,_68Playfair1959211_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147,_68Playfair1959211-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38,_Nordafrika,_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0104-38%2C_Nordafrika%2C_italienische_Panzer_M13-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">New <a href="/wiki/Fiat_M13/40" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M13/40">Fiat M13/40</a> tanks began to arrive in October 1940</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The 10th Army advanced about 12 mi (19 km) a day to enable the non-motorised units to keep up and at Sidi Barrani, built fortified camps. No bold mechanised strokes or flanking movements had been made by the armoured units, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">XXIII Corpo d'Armata</i></span> had guarded the infantry instead and the 10th Army suffered fewer than <span class="nowrap">550 casualties</span> during the advance. The Maletti Group, the 1st Tank Group and the 1st CC.NN. Division "23rd Marzo" had failed to operate according to Italian armoured warfare theory. Lack of preparation, training and organisation had led to blunders in assembling and directing the Maletti Group and over-caution with the other tank battalions of 1st Tank Group. The rush to motorise the 1st CC.NN. Division "23rd Marzo" and lack of training as a motorised division, disorganised the relationship between drivers and infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199955-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advance reached Sidi Barrani with modest losses but failed to do much damage to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199955-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 September, there were sixty-eight Fiat M.11/39 tanks left of the seventy-two sent to Libya. The 1st Medium Tank Battalion had nine serviceable and twenty-three unserviceable tanks and the 2nd Medium Tank Battalion had twenty-eight operational and eight non-operational tanks. Italian medium tank strength was expected to increase when deliveries of the new <a href="/wiki/Fiat_M13/40" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M13/40">Fiat M13/40</a>, which had a powerful <a href="/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32_M35" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannone da 47/32 M35">Cannone da 47/32 M35</a> <span class="nowrap">47 mm</span> gun, began. The II Medium Tank Battalion, with thirty-seven M13/40 tanks, arrived in Libya in early October, followed by the V Medium Tank Battalion with forty-six M13/40 tanks on 12 December. In mid-November the Italians had <span class="nowrap">417 medium</span> and light tanks in Libya and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199956_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199956-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wavell wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The greatest possible credit is due to Brigadier <a href="/wiki/William_Gott" title="William Gott">William Gott</a>, MC, commanding the Support Group, and to Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Campbell">John Campbell</a>, MC, commanding the Artillery, for the cool and efficient way in which this withdrawal was carried out, also to the troops for their endurance and tactical skill.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wavell<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazette37609_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazette37609-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Repair works began on the coast road, renamed <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a></i></span> from Bardia and construction of a water pipe begun, which were not expected to be ready before mid-December, after which the advance would be resumed as far as Matruh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mussolini wrote on 26 October </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Forty days after the capture of Sidi Barrani I ask myself the question, to whom has this long halt been any use—to us or to the enemy? I do not hesitate to answer, it has been of much use, indeed, more to the enemy.... It is time to ask whether you feel you wish to continue to command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Two days later, on 28 October, the Italians invaded Greece, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>. Graziani was allowed to continue planning at a leisurely pace and an Italian advance to Matruh was scheduled for mid-December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, Kenneth Macksey wrote that the 10th Army suffered <span class="nowrap">530 casualties,</span> <span class="nowrap">120 killed</span> and <span class="nowrap">410 wounded</span> against a British loss of "but forty men...and little equipment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197141_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197141-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Harold Raugh wrote of about <span class="nowrap">2,000 Italian</span> casualties against less than fifty British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199385_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199385-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the writers of the informal German official history, <i><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a></i>, noted that equipment losses for both sides had not been accurately tabulated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a276_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a276-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Giorgio Bocca wrote that the WDF suffered casualties of forty men killed, ten tanks, eleven armoured cars and four lorries destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocca199716_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocca199716-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1999 MA thesis, Howard Christie wrote that from 9 to 16 September, the 10th Army suffered casualties of <span class="nowrap">120 men</span> killed and <span class="nowrap">410 wounded.</span> Several tanks and lorries broke down and six aircraft were lost, two to accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199955-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 September, the Mediterranean Fleet began to harass Italian communications and Benghazi harbour was mined. A destroyer and two merchant ships were sunk by torpedo and a destroyer hit a mine at Benghazi and sank. RAF Blenheims destroyed three aircraft on the ground at Benina. The road on the escarpment near Sollum was bombarded by a navy gunboat and targets near Sidi Barrani by two destroyers, from which fires and explosions were seen. Captured Italians spoke of damage, casualties and a loss of morale. An attempt to bombard Bardia by the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kent_(54)" title="HMS Kent (54)">HMS <i>Kent</i></a> and two destroyers was thwarted by Italian torpedo bombers, which put <i>Kent</i> out of action with a hit on the stern. Bombardments continued during the lull, which led to camps and depots being moved inland. Small British columns on land were set up to work with armoured car patrols, moving close to the Italian camps, gleaning information and dominating the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211–212_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211–212-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Compass">Operation Compass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Operation Compass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 December the British began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, a five-day raid against the fortified Italian camps set up in a defensive line outside Sidi Barrani. Berti was on sick leave and Gariboldi had temporarily taken his place. The raid succeeded and the few units of the 10th Army in Egypt that were not destroyed were forced to withdraw. By 11 December, the British began a counter-offensive and the rest of the 10th Army was swiftly defeated. The British pursued the remnants of the 10th Army to Sollum, Bardia, Tobruk, Derna, Mechili, Beda Fomm and El Agheila on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sirte</a>. The British lost <span class="nowrap">1,900 men</span> killed and wounded, about ten per cent of their infantry, in capturing <span class="nowrap">133,298 Italian</span> and Libyan prisoners, <span class="nowrap">420 <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a></span> and over <span class="nowrap">845 guns</span> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. The British were unable to continue beyond El Agheila, due to broken-down and worn out vehicles and the diversion of the best-equipped units to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Campaign">Greek Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211,_257–294,_351–366_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211,_257–294,_351–366-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_of_Battle_10_June_1940">Orders of Battle 10 June 1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Orders of Battle 10 June 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_Army">5th Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 5th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air Marshal Italo Balbo, Supreme Commander Italian Forces in North Africa. Details taken from Christie (1999) unless specified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199965,_68–79,_82,_104_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199965,_68–79,_82,_104-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>5th Army</b> (Western Sector <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, General Italo Gariboldi)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignaniBlennemann199017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignaniBlennemann199017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="X Army Corps (Italy)">X Corps</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'armata</i></span> [Lieutenant-General] <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Barbieri_(general)" title="Alberto Barbieri (general)">Alberto Barbieri</a> from 10 June) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_%22Bologna%22" title="25th Infantry Division "Bologna"">25th Infantry Division "Bologna"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_Infantry_Division_%22Savona%22" title="55th Infantry Division "Savona"">55th Infantry Division "Savona"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_Infantry_Division_%22Sabratha%22" title="60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"">60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XX_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XX Army Corps (Italy)">XX Corps</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'armata</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Cona" title="Ferdinando Cona">Ferdinando Cona</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_%22Pavia%22" title="17th Infantry Division "Pavia"">17th Infantry Division "Pavia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_%22Brescia%22" title="27th Infantry Division "Brescia"">27th Infantry Division "Brescia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61st_Infantry_Division_%22Sirte%22" title="61st Infantry Division "Sirte"">61st Infantry Division "Sirte"</a></li></ul></li> <li>XXIII Corps (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'armata</i></span> Annibale Bergonzoli) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_CC.NN._Division_%2223_Marzo%22" title="1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"">1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_CC.NN._Division_%2228_Ottobre%22" title="2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"">2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="2nd Libyan Division (Italy)">2nd Libyan Division</a> (5th Army reserve)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_Army_2">10th Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 10th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>10th Army</b> (Eastern Sector, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, General Mario Berti [on leave in Italy, Gariboldi deputising]) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXI_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXI Army Corps (Italy)">XXI Corps</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'armata</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Dalmazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Dalmazzo">Lorenzo Dalmazzo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Infantry_Division_%22Marmarica%22" title="62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"">62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63rd_Infantry_Division_%22Cirene%22" title="63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"">63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXII_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXII Army Corps (Italy)">XXII Corps</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'armata</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Pitassi_Mannella" title="Enrico Pitassi Mannella">Enrico Mannella</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/64th_Infantry_Division_%22Catanzaro%22" title="64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"">64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_CC.NN._Division_%223_Gennaio%22" title="4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"">4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="1st Libyan Division (Italy)">1st Libyan Division</a> (10th Army reserve)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squadra_5_(June_1940)"><span id="Squadra_5_.28June_1940.29"></span><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 (June 1940)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Squadra 5 (June 1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 June 1940 there were 363 Italian aircraft in North Africa of which 306 were operational, 179 were unserviceable and 57 were trainers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199811_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199811-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bomber <ul><li>10th Stormo (Wing): 30 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79</a></li> <li>14th Stormo: 12 SM.79, 1 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat BR.20">Fiat BR.20</a></li> <li>15th Stormo: 35 SM.79, 8 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81</a>, 3 BR.20</li> <li>33rd Stormo: 31 SM.79</li></ul></li> <li>Fighter <ul><li>2nd Stormo: 36 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.32" title="Fiat CR.32">Fiat CR.32</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.42" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat CR.42">Fiat CR.42</a></li> <li>50th Stormo: 11 <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.65" title="Breda Ba.65">Breda Ba.65</a> (ground attack), 3 <a href="/wiki/IMAM_Ro.41" title="IMAM Ro.41">IMAM Ro.41</a> (reconnaissance), 23 <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.310" title="Caproni Ca.310">Caproni Ca.310</a> (light bomber/reconnaissance)</li> <li>X Group: 27 Fiat CR.42</li></ul></li> <li>Reconnaissance <ul><li>LXIV Group: 8 <a href="/wiki/IMAM_Ro.37" title="IMAM Ro.37">IMAM Ro.37bis</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Fokker_C.V" title="Fokker C.V">RO.1bis</a></li> <li>LXXIII Group: 6 RO.37bis, 1 RO.1bis</li> <li>143rd Squadron: <a href="/wiki/CANT_Z.501" class="mw-redirect" title="CANT Z.501">CANT Z.501</a>/6 (maritime reconnaissance)</li></ul></li> <li>Colonial <ul><li>I <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gruppo Aviazione Presidio Coloniale</i></span>: 18 <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.309" title="Caproni Ca.309">Caproni Ca.309</a>, CA.310, RO.37 (light bomber/reconnaissance)</li> <li>II <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gruppo Aviazione Presidio Coloniale</i></span>: 21 CA.309, CA.310 and RO.37 (light bomber/reconnaissance)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Desert_Force_2">Western Desert Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Western Desert Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Archibald Wavell <ul><li>Commander WDF: Lieutenant-General R. N. O'Connor</li></ul></li> <li>7th Armoured Division (Major-General Michael Creagh) <ul><li>4th Armoured Brigade, Mersa Matruh <ul><li>1st Royal Tank Regiment</li> <li>6th Royal Tank Regiment</li></ul></li> <li>7th Armoured Brigade, Sidi Suleiman <ul><li>7th Hussars</li> <li>8th Hussars</li></ul></li> <li>7th Support Group (Motorised Infantry Brigade) Sidi Barrani <ul><li>1st K.R.R.C. Battalion</li> <li>2nd Motor Battalion (The Rifle Brigade)</li> <li>3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards</li> <li>1st Royal Northumberland Fusiliers</li> <li>3rd Royal Horse Artillery</li> <li>F Battery, 4th Royal Horse Artillery</li> <li>11th Hussars (attached to 7th Support Group from 7th Armoured Brigade)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sidi_Barrani">Sidi Barrani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sidi Barrani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operations on the Libyan–Egyptian Border </p> <ul><li>Cairo Infantry Brigade – Garrison for Mersa Matruh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Commonwealth_Forces_in_Egypt">Other Commonwealth Forces in Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other Commonwealth Forces in Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>4th Indian Division (less one infantry brigade) Nile Delta <ul><li>5th Indian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>11th Indian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>Divisional Troops</li></ul></li> <li>6th Australian Division (forming, Nile delta)</li> <li>2nd New Zealand Division (forming, Nile delta)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_of_battle,_September_1940"><span id="Orders_of_battle.2C_September_1940"></span>Orders of battle, September 1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Orders of battle, September 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_Army_3">10th Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 10th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>10th Army</b> Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Supreme Commander of the Italian Forces in North Africa <ul><li><b>XXI Corps</b> (10th Army Reserve, Tobruk) <ul><li>61st Infantry Division "Sirte"</li> <li>2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_Tank_Battalion_%22M.O._Locatelli%22" title="60th Tank Battalion "M.O. Locatelli"">LX Tank Battalion "L"</a> (L3/35 tankettes, from the 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha")</li></ul></li> <li><b>XXII Corps</b>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Divisione</i></span> (Major-General) Enrico Mannella <ul><li>64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"</li> <li>4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"</li></ul></li> <li><b>XXIII Corps</b>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Corpo d'Armata</i></span> (Lieutenant-General) Annibale Bergonzoli <ul><li>62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica" (part-motorised for the invasion)</li> <li>63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" (part-motorised for the invasion)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Libyan Divisions Group</b>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Divisione</i></span> Giuseppe Gallina <ul><li>1st Libyan Division (non-motorised)</li> <li>2nd Libyan Division (non-motorised)</li></ul></li> <li>1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" (Reserve, motorised for the invasion of Egypt)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Libyan Tank Command</b> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Comando Carri Armati della Libia</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Generale di Divisione</i></span> (Major-General) Valentino Babini <ul><li><b>1st Tank Group</b> <ul><li>I Tank Battalion "M" / <a href="/wiki/4th_Tank_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Tank Infantry Regiment">4th Tank Infantry Regiment</a> (<a href="/wiki/M11/39_tank" title="M11/39 tank">M11/39 tanks</a>, reserve to XXIII Corps)</li> <li>XXI Tank Battalion "L" (<a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a> tankettes, from XXI Corps)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Armored_Battalion_%22M.O._Jero%22" title="62nd Armored Battalion "M.O. Jero"">LXII Tank Battalion "L"</a> (L3/35 tankettes, from the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/63rd_Tank_Battalion_%22M.O._Fioritto%22" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Tank Battalion "M.O. Fioritto"">LXIII Tank Battalion "L"</a> (L3/35 tankettes, from the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene")</li></ul></li> <li><b>2nd Tank Group</b> <ul><li>II Tank Battalion "M" / 4th Tank Infantry Regiment (M11/39 tanks)</li> <li>IX Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes, from the 2nd Libyan Division)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Tank_Battalion_%22M.O._Pentimalli%22" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli"">XX Tank Battalion "L"</a> (L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes, from XX Corps)</li> <li>LXI Tank Battalion "L" (L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes, from the 61st Infantry Division "Sirte")</li></ul></li> <li><b>Maletti Group</b> (attached XXIII Corps) <ul><li>Mixed Tank Battalion (1 × Company from the II Tank Battalion "M" and 1 × Company from the LX Tank Battalion "L")</li> <li>I Libyan Infantry Battalion</li> <li>V Libyan Infantry Battalion</li> <li>XIX Libyan Infantry Battalion</li> <li>V Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squadra_5_2"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Squadra 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5, 1 September 1940<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="200px"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gruppo</i></span> </th> <th><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadriglie</i></span> </th> <th>Type </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Duties </th> <th>Base/s </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Aviazione Presidio Coloniale</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199826_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199826-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12, 89, 104</td> <td>Ca 309</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td>Desert reconnaissance, supply</td> <td>Mellaha </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>6. 86, 98</td> <td>Ba 88</td> <td align="center">32</td> <td>Ground attack</td> <td>Derna </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>92, 93, 94</td> <td>CR 42</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td>Day fighter, escort</td> <td>Derna </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>84, 90, 91</td> <td>CR 42</td> <td align="center">22</td> <td>Day fighter, escort</td> <td>Bir el Gobi </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>159, 160</td> <td>Ba 65, CR 32</td> <td align="center">7, 10</td> <td>Ground attack</td> <td>Tobruk T2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>77, 78, 82</td> <td>CR 42</td> <td align="center">28</td> <td>Day fighter</td> <td>Berka </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>167, 168</td> <td>CR 32, Ba 65</td> <td align="center">10, 5</td> <td>Ground attack</td> <td>Tobruk T2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>57, 58</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>Reconnaissance/anti-shipping</td> <td>Derna </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>59, 60</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td>—</td> <td>Anti-shipping</td> <td>Benina </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>43, 44</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td>—</td> <td>Day bombing</td> <td>Bir el Bhera </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>45, 46</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td>—</td> <td>Day bombing</td> <td>Bir el Bhera </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>6, 7</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td>Day bombing</td> <td>El Adem </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>20, 21</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td>—</td> <td>Day bombing</td> <td>Benina </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>53, 54</td> <td>SM 81, SM 79</td> <td>—</td> <td>Day bombing</td> <td>Benina </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>218, 219</td> <td>SM 81</td> <td align="center">13</td> <td>Night bombing</td> <td>Ain el Gazala </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>41, 113</td> <td>Ro 37</td> <td align="center">16</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>(Cirenaica) </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>136</td> <td>Ro 37</td> <td>—</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>Gambut </td></tr> <tr> <td>145</td> <td>604, 610</td> <td>SM 74, SM 75</td> <td align="center">3, 4</td> <td>Transport</td> <td>Benghazi </td></tr> <tr> <td>147</td> <td>601, 602, 603</td> <td>SM 75</td> <td align="center">13</td> <td>Transport</td> <td>Benghazi, Tobruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>148</td> <td>605, 606</td> <td>SM 73</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td>Transport</td> <td>Benghazi </td></tr> <tr> <td>151</td> <td>366, 367, 368</td> <td>CR 42</td> <td align="center">30</td> <td>Day fighter</td> <td>Derna, Ain el Gazala </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Battaglione Aviazione Sahariana</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>99, 26</td> <td>Ca 309</td> <td align="center">6, 6</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>Hon, Kufra </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>115</td> <td>Ro 37</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>(Libya) </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>136, 137</td> <td>Ro 37, Ca 310</td> <td align="center">7, 6</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>Menastir </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Autonomo</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>145</td> <td>Z 501</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance–maritme</td> <td>Benghazi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Autonomo</i></span></td> <td>175</td> <td>SM 79</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>Armed reconnaissance</td> <td>Gambut, T5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Desert_Force_3">Western Desert Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Western Desert Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commander-in-Chief, Middle East: General Sir Archibald Wavell Commander WDF: Lieutenant-General R. N. O'Connor </p> <ul><li>Corps Troops <ul><li>7th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment (Matildas)</li> <li>1st Royal Horse Artillery</li> <li>104th Royal Horse Artillery</li> <li>51st Field Regiment R.A.</li> <li>7th Medium Regiments R.A.</li> <li>64th Medium Regiments R.A.</li></ul></li> <li>7th Armoured Division <ul><li>4th Armoured Brigade</li> <li>7th Armoured Brigade</li> <li>Support Group (Infantry Brigade)</li> <li>Divisional Troops</li></ul></li> <li>4th Indian Division <ul><li>5th Indian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>11th Indian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>Divisional Troops</li> <li>16th Infantry Brigade (att. 4th Indian Division until 11 December 1940)</li></ul></li> <li>6th Australian Division (from mid-December)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959265,_271_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959265,_271-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>16th Australian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>17th Australian Infantry Brigade</li> <li>16th Infantry Brigade (det. 4th Indian Division 11 December)</li> <li>Divisional troops</li> <li>7th RTR (det. 7th Armoured Division)</li></ul></li> <li>Selby Force (a Brigade Group for the defence of Mersa Matruh)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian military equipment in World War II">List of Italian military equipment in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of British military equipment of World War II">List of British military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">List of World War II battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="North African campaign timeline">North African campaign timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources give conflicting data, Santoro listed 110 bombers, 135 fighters, 45 ground-attack aircraft, six long-range reconnaissance aircraft and four torpedo-bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italians considered forming a mechanised force to invade Egypt, followed by garrison troops to maintain the lines of communication. Two divisions and a brigade of Libyan troops could be fully motorised and join the tanks and motorised artillery, which would have created an all-arms force. Graziani rejected the suggestion since the rest of the army would lose its supply transport. The Tank Command Libya (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Comando carri della Libia</i></span>), three or four artillery regiments and a motorised infantry division could have been formed according to the new mechanised warfare theory but Graziani favoured strength in numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199952-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 was the air force command responsible for Libya, with its HQ in Tripoli in western Libya, having superseded <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Aeronautica della Libia</i></span> on 15 July 1940. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Settore Ovest</i></span> (west) was based at Tripoli and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Settore Est</i></span> (east) at Tobruk to simplify the administration of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> over such great distances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199811_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199811-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from Dunning 1998 unless indicated<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199826,_188_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199826,_188-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BAS squadrons guarded the oases in southern Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning1998129–130_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning1998129–130-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Squadra</i></span> 5 command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199813_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199813-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The WDF consisted of about <span class="nowrap">31,000 soldiers,</span> <span class="nowrap">120 guns,</span> <span class="nowrap">275 tanks</span> and sixty armoured cars. The Italian 10th Army inside Egypt consisted of <span class="nowrap">80,000 troops,</span> <span class="nowrap">250 guns</span> and <span class="nowrap">125 tanks.</span> The 4th Indian Division was exchanged with the 6th Australian Division for the pursuit after the first part of Operation Compass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199986_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199986-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195938–39,_92_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 38–39, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006117–119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006117–119_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195919,_93_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 19, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97–98,_375-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97–98,_375_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 32, 93, 97–98, 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97,_100,_375-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195932,_93,_97,_100,_375_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 32, 93, 97, 100, 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuck198992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuck198992_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuck1989">Luck 1989</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959115–116_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin1998149-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin1998149_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewin1998">Lewin 1998</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiolo2010197-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiolo2010197_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaiolo2010">Maiolo 2010</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197124-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197124_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2000">Jowett 2000</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber201566–67-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber201566–67_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015">Schreiber 2015</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197138_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959207-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959207_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber201565-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber201565_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015">Schreiber 2015</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a271–272_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015a">Schreiber 2015a</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199810-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199810_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198192Schreiber2015a272-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo198192Schreiber2015a272_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1981">Mollo 1981</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015a">Schreiber 2015a</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a272_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015a">Schreiber 2015a</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199951–52-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199951–52_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199952-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199952–53-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199952–53_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199953–54-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199953–54_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195992–93-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair195992–93_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959205-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959205_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197140Playfair1959209–210-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197140Playfair1959209–210_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128–29-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197128–29_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2007331-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead2007331_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMead2007">Mead 2007</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197126-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197126_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitt198032-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt198032_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt198032_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitt1980">Pitt 1980</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959119,_205-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959119,_205_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 119, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199954–55_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959209–210_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959210,_211-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959210,_211_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 210, 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199955-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199955_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147,_68Playfair1959211-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147,_68Playfair1959211_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, pp. 47, 68; <a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199956-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199956_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazette37609-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazette37609_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGazette37609">Gazette & 37609</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197147_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey197141-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey197141_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1971">Macksey 1971</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199385-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199385_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a276-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber2015a276_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2015a">Schreiber 2015a</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocca199716-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocca199716_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocca1997">Bocca 1997</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211–212-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211–212_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211,_257–294,_351–366-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959211,_257–294,_351–366_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 211, 257–294, 351–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199965,_68–79,_82,_104-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199965,_68–79,_82,_104_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, pp. 65, 68–79, 82, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignaniBlennemann199017-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignaniBlennemann199017_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreeneMassignaniBlennemann1990">Greene, Massignani & Blennemann 1990</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199811-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199811_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199811_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199826,_188-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199826,_188_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, pp. 26, 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199826-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199826_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning1998129–130-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning1998129–130_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning199813-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning199813_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunning1998">Dunning 1998</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959265,_271-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1959265,_271_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1959">Playfair 1959</a>, pp. 265, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199986-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199986_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBocca1997" class="citation book cs1">Bocca, Giorgio (1997) [1969]. <i>Storia d'Italia nella guerra fascista 1940–1943</i> [<i>History of Italy in the Fascist War</i>]. Oscar Storia No. 128 (Mondadori, Roma ed.). Bari: Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-42699-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-42699-8"><bdi>978-88-04-42699-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+d%27Italia+nella+guerra+fascista+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Bari&rft.series=Oscar+Storia+No.+128&rft.edition=Mondadori%2C+Roma&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-88-04-42699-8&rft.aulast=Bocca&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Christie, H. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA367611"><i>Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940</i></a> (MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465212715">465212715</a>. DTIC ADA367611<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fallen+Eagles%3A+The+Italian+10th+Army+in+the+Opening+Campaign+in+the+Western+Desert%2C+June+1940+%E2%80%93+December+1940&rft.inst=U.+S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F465212715&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA367611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, C. (1998). <i>Courage Alone: The Italian Air Force 1940–1943</i>. Aldershot: Hikoki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902109-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902109-02-3"><bdi>1-902109-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courage+Alone%3A+The+Italian+Air+Force+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Hikoki&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-902109-02-3&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneMassignaniBlennemann1990" class="citation book cs1">Greene, J.; Massignani, A.; Blennemann, U. (1990). <i>Mare Nostrum: The War in the Mediterranean, being a Study on Aspects of the Italian Army, Navy and Air Forces, with Comments on the German and Allied War Contribution in the Mediterranean & North Africa Fighting in World War II</i> (2nd online ed.). Watsonville, CA: Jack Greene. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26647786">26647786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mare+Nostrum%3A+The+War+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+being+a+Study+on+Aspects+of+the+Italian+Army%2C+Navy+and+Air+Forces%2C+with+Comments+on+the+German+and+Allied+War+Contribution+in+the+Mediterranean+%26+North+Africa+Fighting+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Watsonville%2C+CA&rft.edition=2nd+online&rft.pub=Jack+Greene&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26647786&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Massignani%2C+A.&rft.au=Blennemann%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, A.</a> (2006). <i>The British Empire and the second World War</i>. London and New York: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1"><bdi>978-1-85285-417-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+second+World+War&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-417-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2000" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2000). <i>The Italian Army 1940–45: Europe 1940–1943</i>. Vol. I. Oxford/New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-864-8"><bdi>978-1-85532-864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345%3A+Europe+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-864-8&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lewin" title="Ronald Lewin">Lewin, Ronald</a> (1998) [1968]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi"><i>Rommel As Military Commander</i></a></span>. New York: B&N Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0861-3"><bdi>978-0-7607-0861-3</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rommel+As+Military+Commander&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=B%26N+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frommelasmilitary0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Luck" title="Hans von Luck">Luck, Hans von</a> (1989). <i>Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck</i>. New York: Dell (Random House). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-20802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-20802-0"><bdi>978-0-440-20802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer+Commander%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Colonel+Hans+von+Luck&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dell+%28Random+House%29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-440-20802-0&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Hans+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacksey1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macksey" title="Kenneth Macksey">Macksey, Major Kenneth</a> (1971). <i>Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory</i>. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02434-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02434-3"><bdi>978-0-345-02434-3</bdi></a>. Battle Book Number 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beda+Fomm%3A+The+Classic+Victory&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ballantine%27s+Illustrated+History+of+the+Violent+Century&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-345-02434-3&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Major+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiolo2010" class="citation book cs1">Maiolo, Joe (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cryhavocarmsrace0000maio"><i>Cry Havoc: The Arms Race and the Second World War 1931–1941</i></a></span>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6519-9"><bdi>978-0-7195-6519-9</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cry+Havoc%3A+The+Arms+Race+and+the+Second+World+War+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6519-9&rft.aulast=Maiolo&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcryhavocarmsrace0000maio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2007" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Richard (2007). <i>Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II</i>. Stroud: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0"><bdi>978-1-86227-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Lions%3A+A+Biographical+Guide+to+the+Key+British+Generals+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-431-0&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1981" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Andrew (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofwor0000moll"><i>The Armed Forces of World War II</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54478-5"><bdi>978-0-517-54478-5</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-517-54478-5&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmedforcesofwor0000moll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37609" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37609/supplement/2997">"Operations in the Middle East from August, 1939 to November, 1940"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). No. 37609. 13 June 1946. pp. 2997–3006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Operations+in+the+Middle+East+from+August%2C+1939+to+November%2C+1940&rft.issue=37609&rft.pages=2997-3006&rft.date=1946-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37609%2Fsupplement%2F2997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt1980" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, B. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwar00pitt"><i>The Crucible of War: Wavell's Command</i></a></span>. Vol. I (2001 ed.). London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35950-9"><bdi>978-0-304-35950-9</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucible+of+War%3A+Wavell%27s+Command&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2001&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35950-9&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrucibleofwar00pitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; et al. (1959) [1954]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/888934805">888934805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F888934805&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Stitt%2C+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh1993" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, H. E. (1993). <i>Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship</i> (1st ed.). London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2"><bdi>978-0-08-040983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wavell+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Study+in+Generalship&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-08-040983-2&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel2015" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, G.; et al. (2015) [1995]. Falla, P. S. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, D. S.; Osers, E.; Willmot, L. (2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford ed.). Freiburg im Breisgau: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe+and+North+Africa%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+From+Italy%27s+Declaration+of+non-Belligerence+to+the+Entry+of+the+United+States+into+the+War&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd+pbk.+trans.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873832-9&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Stegemann%2C+B.&rft.au=Vogel%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSchreiber2015" class="citation">Schreiber, G. "Part I: Political and Military Developments in the Mediterranean Area, 1939–1940. Chapter 1: "Mussolini's Non-belligerence": 4. The Italian Fighting Forces (a) Equipment and Organisation". In <a href="#CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel2015">Schreiber, Stegemann & Vogel (2015)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel2015a" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, G.; et al. (2015a) [1995]. Falla, P. S. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, D. S.; Osers, E.; Willmot, L. (2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford ed.). Freiburg im Breisgau: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe+and+North+Africa%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+From+Italy%27s+Declaration+of+non-Belligerence+to+the+Entry+of+the+United+States+into+the+War&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd+pbk.+trans.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873832-9&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Stegemann%2C+B.&rft.au=Vogel%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSchreiber2015a" class="citation">Schreiber, G. "Part I: Political and Military Developments in the Mediterranean Area, 1939–1940. Chapter 3: The Strategic Dilemma of the summer and autumn of 1940: An Alternative or Interim Strategy (c) The Offensive against Sidi Barrani". In <a href="#CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel2015a">Schreiber, Stegemann & Vogel (2015a)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, E. (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter (ed.). <i>The History of World War II</i> (Orbis: London, rev. ed.). New York: Galahad Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-552-9"><bdi>978-1-85605-552-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Orbis%3A+London%2C+rev.&rft.pub=Galahad+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85605-552-9&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2003). <i>World War Two: A Military History</i>. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30535-8"><bdi>978-0-415-30535-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+Two%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.series=Warfare+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30535-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1986) [1949]. <i>Their Finest Hour</i>. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-41056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-41056-1"><bdi>978-0-395-41056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Finest+Hour&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-395-41056-1&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDando2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Dando, N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004183311/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035"><i>The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943</i></a> (PhD). Plymouth University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/885436735">885436735</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035">the original</a> on 4 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Impact+of+Terrain+on+British+Operations+and+Doctrine+in+North+Africa+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.inst=Plymouth+University&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F885436735&rft.aulast=Dando&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearl.plymouth.ac.uk%2F%2Fhandle%2F10026.1%2F3035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodd1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rodd,_2nd_Baron_Rennell" title="Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell">Rodd, F.</a> (1970) [1948]. <i>British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa during the Years 1941–1947</i> (2nd, Greenwood Press, CT ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1056143039">1056143039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Military+Administration+of+Occupied+Territories+in+Africa+during+the+Years+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd%2C+Greenwood+Press%2C+CT&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1056143039&rft.aulast=Rodd&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitterton2002" class="citation book cs1">Titterton, G. A. (2002) [1952]. Brown, David (ed.). <i>The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: September 1939 – October 1940</i>. Naval Staff Histories. Vol. I. Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5179-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Mediterranean%3A+September+1939+%E2%80%93+October+1940&rft.series=Naval+Staff+Histories&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5179-8&rft.aulast=Titterton&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ian W. (2003). <i>Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa</i>. Marlborough: Crowood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0"><bdi>978-1-86126-646-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3A+Mussolini%27s+Elite+Armoured+Divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Marlborough&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-646-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptstudycircle.org.uk/Articles/p280QC223.pdf">The Italian Army in Egypt during World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764342,00.html">Bush Battles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504160229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764342,00.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i> (12 August 1940)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" 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Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 75,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFGazette37609\"] = 1,\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-nr7wb","timestamp":"20241128021736","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Italian invasion of Egypt","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q698421","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q698421","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-06-06T18:58:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T18:28:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/WesternDesertBattle_Area1941_en.svg","headline":"Italian offensive during the Western Desert Campaign (1940\u20131943) of the Second World War"}</script> </body> </html>