CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of sport - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"207665d7-7a22-429f-af5a-4b81b3004f70","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_sport","wgTitle":"History of sport","wgCurRevisionId":1264679384,"wgRevisionId":1264679384,"wgArticleId":398318,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2024","Western culture-centric","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018", "All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from April 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018","History of sports","History of science by discipline"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_sport","wgRelevantArticleId":398318,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1936640","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="957"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="638"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="510"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of sport - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sport"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sport"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_sport rootpage-History_of_sport skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+sport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+sport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+sport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+sport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_in_pre-history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_in_pre-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sports in pre-history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_in_pre-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Sumer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Sumer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient Sumer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Sumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_sports_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sports_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ancient sports elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sports_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_modern_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_modern_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development of modern sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_modern_sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of modern sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_modern_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_Empire_and_post-colonial_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Empire_and_post-colonial_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The British Empire and post-colonial sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_Empire_and_post-colonial_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_sport_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_sport_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Women's sport history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_sport_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadia_through_the_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadia_through_the_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stadia through the ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadia_through_the_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of sport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الرياضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الرياضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="খেলার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খেলার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Sports" title="Geschichte des Sports – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Sports" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_sport" title="Histoire du sport – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du sport" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_olahraga" title="Sejarah olahraga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah olahraga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="היסטוריה של הספורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של הספורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_sukan" title="Sejarah sukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah sukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="スポーツの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スポーツの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_sportit" title="Historia e sportit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e sportit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ක්‍රීඩා ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රීඩා ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportens_historia" title="Sportens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sportens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%83_thao" title="Lịch sử thể thao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử thể thao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="体育运动历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="体育运动历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1936640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_sport" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_sport" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_sport" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&oldid=1264679384" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_sport&id=1264679384&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_sport"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_sport"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_sport&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_sport" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1936640" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_sport" title="Talk:History of sport">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of the development of sport over time</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg/220px-Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg/330px-Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg/440px-Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumo_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo wrestling">sumo-wrestling</a> competition from the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (between 794 and 1333)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of sports</b> extends back to the Ancient world in 7000 BC. The physical activity that developed into sports had early links with <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Study of the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of sport can teach lessons about <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">social changes</a> and about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> itself, as sport seems involved in the development of basic human skills (compare <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As one delves further back in history, dwindling evidence makes theories of the origins and purposes of sport more and more difficult to support. </p><p>As far back as the beginnings of sport, it was related to <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a>. For example, competition was used as a mean to determine whether individuals were fit and useful for <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">service</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a> were used to train and to prove the capability to fight in the military and also to <a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">work together as a team</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">military unit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_in_pre-history">Sports in pre-history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sports in pre-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WadiSuraHumans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/WadiSuraHumans.jpg/220px-WadiSuraHumans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/WadiSuraHumans.jpg/330px-WadiSuraHumans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/WadiSuraHumans.jpg/440px-WadiSuraHumans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Paintings</a> of humans in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Swimmers" title="Cave of Swimmers">Cave of Swimmers</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> caves in France appear to depict <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> around 15,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barber2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Bayankhongor_Province" title="Bayankhongor Province">Bayankhongor Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> dating back to the Neolithic Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000 BC</span>) show a wrestling match surrounded by crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Rock art found at the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_swimmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of swimmers">cave of swimmers</a> in Wadi Sura, near <a href="/wiki/Gilf_Kebir" title="Gilf Kebir">Gilf Kebir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> shows evidence of <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> being practiced around 10,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Vörös2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vörös2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a> cave paintings in Japan depict a sport similar to <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-Crego2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crego2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Sumer">Ancient Sumer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Sumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptmotionseries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Egyptmotionseries.jpg/220px-Egyptmotionseries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Egyptmotionseries.jpg/330px-Egyptmotionseries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Egyptmotionseries.jpg/440px-Egyptmotionseries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Burial_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial chamber">burial chamber</a> <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a>, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a> dating to around 2400 BCE, showing <a href="/wiki/Wrestler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler">wrestlers</a> in action<sup id="cite_ref-lessing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Various representations of wrestlers have been found on stone slabs attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One showing three pairs of wrestlers has been generally dated to around 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanchard1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cast <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> figurine<sup id="cite_ref-Inc1938_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc1938-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (perhaps the base of a <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vase</a>) found at Khafaji in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> shows two figures in a <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_hold" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestling hold">wrestling hold</a> and dates to around 2600 BC. Interpreted as one of the earliest depictions of sport, the statue is housed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baṣmahʹjī1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baṣmahʹjī1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romano1993_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano1993-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeology has also found early suggestions pointing to the sport of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> in ancient Sumer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> gives one of the first historical records of sport, with <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> engaging in a form of <a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">belt wrestling</a> with <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets recording the tale date to around 2000 BC; however, the historical Gilgamesh is supposed to have lived around 2800 to 2600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sumerian king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 21st century BCE) boasts of his prowess in sport in the <a href="/wiki/Self-praise_of_Shulgi_(Shulgi_D)" title="Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)">Self-praise of Shulgi</a> A, B, and C.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing hooks not unlike those made today have been found during excavations at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, suggesting some sort of <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a> activity in Sumer around 2600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellekson2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellekson2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AurigaDelfi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/200px-AurigaDelfi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/300px-AurigaDelfi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/400px-AurigaDelfi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="3499" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Charioteer_of_Delphi" title="Charioteer of Delphi">Charioteer of Delphi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Museum">Delphi Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Monuments to the Pharaohs found at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a> dating to around 2000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Hamblin2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicate that a number of sports, including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing, archery, fishing<sup id="cite_ref-Hellekson2005_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellekson2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games, were well-developed and regulated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. Other Egyptian sports also included javelin throwing and <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker1988_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier portrayal of figures wrestling was found in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqara, Egypt">Saqqara</a> dating to around 2400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-lessing_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rice2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline of ancient Greece</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> art of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> depict ritual sporting events - thus a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> dating to 1500 BC records <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> in the form of religious <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">bull-leaping</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>. The origins of Greek sporting festivals may date to <a href="/wiki/Funeral_games_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral games (antiquity)">funeral games</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greece">Mycenean</a> period, between 1600 BCE and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> includes extensive descriptions of funeral games held in honour of deceased warriors, such as those held for <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>. Engaging in sport is described as the occupation of the noble and wealthy, who have no need to do manual labour themselves. In the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, king <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a> proves his royal status to king <a href="/wiki/Alkino%C3%B6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkinoös">Alkinoös</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phaiakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaiakes">Phaiakes</a> by showing his proficiency in throwing the <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>. It was in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> that sports were first instituted formally, with the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> recorded in 776 BC in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, where they were celebrated until 393 AD. These games took place every four years, or <i><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></i>, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies. Initially a single sprinting event, the Olympics gradually expanded to include several <a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">footraces</a>, run in the nude or in armor, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">wrestling</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the celebration of the games, an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Truce" title="Olympic Truce">Olympic Truce</a> came into effect, allowing athletes to travel from their home polities to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were <a href="/wiki/Wreaths_of_laurel_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wreaths of laurel leaves">wreaths of laurel leaves</a>. Other important sporting events in ancient Greece included the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmian games">Isthmian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a>, these were the most prestigious games, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a>. Some games, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, included musical, reading and other non-athletic contests in addition to regular sports-events. The <a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a>, held in Olympia as early as the 6th century BCE, were the first recorded sporting competition for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sports_elsewhere">Ancient sports elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient sports elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Ireland">Ancient Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Scots">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">harpastum</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>) in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a> originated over three thousand years ago. The Mayan ballgame of Pitz is believed to be the first ball sport, as it was first played around 2500 BC. There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional games of Persia">Ancient Persian sports</a> include the traditional <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> martial art of <a href="/wiki/Zourkhaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zourkhaneh">Zourkhaneh</a>. Among other sports that originated in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> are <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>. A polished bone implement found at <a href="/wiki/Eva,_Tennessee" title="Eva, Tennessee">Eva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, United States and dated to around 5000 BC has been construed as a possible sporting device used in a "ring and pin" game.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanchard1995_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">traditional sports of India</a> are believed to be thousands of years old, with <a href="/wiki/Kho-kho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kho-kho">kho-kho</a> having been played since at least the fourth century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aspects of <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a> having potentially been mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atya-patya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atya-patya">atya-patya</a> having been described in the <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fi%E1%B9%87ai" title="Naṟṟiṇai">Naṟṟiṇai</a>, around 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jousting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jousting.jpg/220px-Jousting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jousting.jpg/330px-Jousting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jousting.jpg/440px-Jousting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Jousting at the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Renaissance_Festival" title="Maryland Renaissance Festival">Maryland Renaissance Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For at least 900 years, entire villages had competed with each other in rough, and sometimes violent, ballgames in England (<a href="/wiki/Shrovetide_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrovetide football">Shrovetide football</a>) and Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">caid</a>). In comparison, the game of <a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">calcio Fiorentino</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, was originally reserved for combat sports such as <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> being popular. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>, in particular, was a favourite of the upper class in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> founding the <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot Racecourse</a>. </p><p>Long summer days provided predictable opportunities for free time, when peasants could engage in athletic activities. Swimming, wrestling, and racing were common among all ages and both genders, while organized ball games of various types can be found in every medieval society and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of sports (ball games to be exact) at the time loosened control the ruling class had over the peasants; this is not a rare trend throughout history. By the fourteenth century no fewer than thirty bans have been placed by English kings on ball games such as football, handball, and hurling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Middle Ages were not immediately devoid of sports from the Roman Empire after it collapsed. Gladiatorial bouts and chariot racing continued sporadically and intermittently well into the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would eventually fade away and be replaced by local activities. Hawking, however, was the particular reserve of emperors and kings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sport would be one of the few sports continued in the Middle Ages; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> may have played a critical role in its persistence as he was an avid hawker who authored <a href="/wiki/De_arte_venandi_cum_avibus" title="De arte venandi cum avibus">the first comprehensive book on falconry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, kings may have followed the example of falconry as to mimic the status of an emperor. </p><p>During the Middle Ages, tournaments were not an uncommon occurrence; after all, war was a constant threat that could occur often. Thus, preparation (for war) is practice, practice is competition, and competition is sport; consequently, (before the establishment of sports history), the medieval hallmarks of upper-class sports (i.e. jousting, mock combat, and blood sports) were generally agreed upon as military training. Modern sports historians, however, debate that such sports were for entertainment purposes; one example considered were tournaments which offered little to prepare one for actual war and would likely have set any forms of real training back. Tournaments in the Middle Ages arose out of local festivals. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many tournaments had their own local characteristic but were uniform in habits and customs of the region the tournament was stationed in. </p><p>Medieval tournaments presents characteristics of modern sport as those (ex: professional knights) who were most successful and popular, perhaps the only medieval equivalent to today's sports stars, followed the money and fame of the tournament circuit. Those with political backing and social favor were able to accumulate property and goods to ensure a comfortable life after their competitive days were over. The tournament was a market and a social mixer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tournaments consequently attracted many people to attend for various purposes such as marriages, and trade of livestock and land or wares provided by merchants and vendors. </p><p>Sébastien Nadot writes that sport already existed in the 15th century. He shows that the organization of the chivalry around European contests worked like a system in an elaborate network. He evokes an "chivalrous international", sharing the same codes, especially at tournaments and games. These sporting events went beyond borders and were accompanied by a common cultural base, including courtesy, fair play, honor, and loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle Ages also revealed the importance of owning a horse; common to the sports and amusements of the ruling class was the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If someone of the ruling class did not own a horse, it would represent that they did not have much wealth and leisure (since they would be unable to participate in certain activities like horse racing). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the late middle ages, early modern sports became less of a violent or military training activity and more of an activity done for recreational benefit in Europe. During the Renaissance, educators, and medical surgeons promoted playing sports because of their numerous physical and psychological benefits to the human body. During this era, there was also support for moderating sports, as it was viewed as more for leisure than a strict procedure. Open-air sporting events became an attraction for many and people of all different social hierarchies were involved in this new culture. These new radical ideas about sports made their way into books, and films, and eventually became part of the social culture during the Renaissance. As mentioned by Mike Huggins, <i>Gargantua</i> written by François Rabelais was a well-known novel published in 1534 that mentioned sports and games as a unit, like many other renowned works of literature. All different types of sports became a functional unit in many people's routines and it brought refreshment into people's lives. As the popularity and involvement of sports increased, rules began to form and sports became more regulated so they could be fair. Sports clubs and associations which provided a sense of unity also became more common, especially for elite sports such as horse racing, cockfighting, hunting, and tennis during the sixteenth and seventeenth-centuries. For example, Charles II formed 20 rules for horse racing in 1665. Sports were a form of entertainment for spectators who did not play themselves. There were stake-money contests and prizes in these sports and racing competitions. These modern advancements and developments made about sporting life in the Renaissance in Europe eventually made their way to Asia, Africa, and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_modern_sports">Development of modern sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of modern sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western sports</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket,_WG_Grace,_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_(Gainsborough).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg/150px-Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg/225px-Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg/300px-Cricket%2C_WG_Grace%2C_1891-_A_Young_Cricketer_%28Gainsborough%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>A young cricketer by <a href="/wiki/W.G._Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Grace">W.G. Grace</a>, 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>Some historians – most notably <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> – claim that <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> as we know them today are primarily an invention of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> was more explicit in 1995: </p> <dl><dd>We invented the majority of the world's great sports.... 19th century Britain was the cradle of a leisure revolution every bit as significant as the agricultural and industrial revolutions we launched in the century before.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The traditional team sports are seen as springing primarily from Britain, and subsequently exported across the vast <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> helped spread particular games around the world, especially <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> (not directly related to <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>), football of various sorts, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a> in a number of forms, <a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">cue sports</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carom_billiards" title="Carom billiards">carom billiards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)" title="Pool (cue sports)">pool</a>), <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> and its derivatives, <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">equestrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a>. The originally European-dominated modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> generally also ensured standardization in particularly European, especially British, directions when rules for similar games around the world were merged.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of game origins, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> brought increased leisure which allowed more time to engage in playing or observing (and gambling upon) <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator sports">spectator sports</a>, as well as less elitism in and greater accessibility of sports of many kinds. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> and global communication, <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professionalism</a> became prevalent in sports, and this furthered sports popularity in general. </p><p>With the increasing values placed on those who won also came the increased desire to cheat. Some of the most common ways of cheating today involve the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids. The use of these drugs has always been frowned on but in recent history there have also been agencies set up to monitor professional athletes and ensure fair play in the sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport in the United Kingdom § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport in England</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Ashes.jpg/150px-The_Ashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Ashes.jpg/225px-The_Ashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Ashes.jpg/300px-The_Ashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Ashes" title="The Ashes">The Ashes</a> urn, competed for between Australia and England in cricket</figcaption></figure> <p>Writing about cricket in particular, John Leech has explained the role of <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritan</a> power, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">the Restoration</a> of the monarchy in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leach_2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leach_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> in 1642 "banned theatres, which had met with Puritan disapproval. Although similar action would be taken against certain sports, it is not clear if cricket was in any way prohibited, except that players must not <i>break the Sabbath</i>". In 1660, "the Restoration of the monarchy in England was immediately followed by the reopening of the theaters and so any sanctions that had been imposed by the Puritans on cricket would also have been lifted."<sup id="cite_ref-leach_2005_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leach_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes on to make the key point that political, social and economic conditions in the aftermath of the Restoration encouraged excessive gambling, so much so that a Gambling Act was deemed necessary in 1664. It is certain that cricket, horse racing and boxing (i.e., prizefighting) were financed by gambling interests. Leech explains that it was the habit of cricket patrons, all of whom were gamblers, to form strong teams through the 18th century to represent their interests. He defines a strong team as one representative of more than one parish and he is certain that such teams were first assembled in or immediately after 1660. Prior to the English Civil War and the Commonwealth, all available evidence concludes that cricket had evolved to the level of <a href="/wiki/Village_cricket" title="Village cricket">village cricket</a> only where teams that are strictly representative of individual parishes compete. The "strong teams" of the post-restoration mark the evolution of cricket (and, indeed of professional team sport, for cricket is the oldest professional team sport) from the parish standard to the county standard. This was the point of origin for major, or <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a>, cricket. The year 1660 also marks the origin of professional team sport.<sup id="cite_ref-leach_2005_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leach_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/All-England_cricket_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="All-England cricket teams">All-England cricket teams</a> have played since 1739. </p><p>A number of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">introduced variants of football</a> and other sports for their pupils. These were described at the time as "innocent and lawful", certainly in comparison with the rougher rural games. With urbanization in the 19th century, the rural games moved to the new urban centres and came under the influence of the middle and upper classes. The rules and regulations devised at English institutions began to be applied to the wider game, with governing bodies in England being set up for a number of sports by the end of the 19th century. The rising influence of the upper class also produced an emphasis on the amateur, and the spirit of "<a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">fair play</a>". The industrial revolution also brought with it increasing mobility, and created the opportunity for universities in Britain and elsewhere to compete with one another. This sparked increasing attempts to unify and reconcile various games in England, leading to the establishment of the Football Association in London, the first official governing body in football. </p><p>For sports to become professionalized, coaching had to come first. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian Era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sport became an important part of military life for British servicemen serving around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_Empire_and_post-colonial_sports">The British Empire and post-colonial sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The British Empire and post-colonial sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence of British sports and their codified rules began to spread across the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>. A number of major teams elsewhere in the world still show these British origins in their names, such as <a href="/wiki/A.C._Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Milan">A.C. Milan</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense" class="mw-redirect" title="Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense">Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense</a> in Brazil, and <a href="/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao" title="Athletic Bilbao">Athletic Bilbao</a> in Spain. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> became popular in several of the nations of the then British Empire, such as Australia, South Africa, India and Pakistan, and remain popular in and beyond today's <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The revival of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> by Baron <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a> was also heavily influenced by the amateur ethos of the English public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British played a major role in defining amateurism, professionalism, the tournament system and the concept of fair play.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sports developed in England, spread to other countries and then lost its popularity in England while remaining actively played in other countries, a notable example being <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> which remains popular in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Norway, Russia, and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-SBF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European morals and views on empires were embedded in the structure of sports. Ideas of "social discipline" and "loyalty" were key factors in European empire ettiequte, which eventually transferred into sports ettiequte. Also ideas of "patient and methodical training", were enforced to make soldiers stronger, and athletes better. Diffusion helped with the process of connecting these two concepts and has helped shaped the values of sports as we know it today. Sports like baseball, football (soccer), and cricket all came from European influence, and all share the same values based on European empires. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baseball (closely related to English <a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">rounders</a> and French <a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">la soule</a>, and less clearly connected to cricket) became established in the urban <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, with the first rules being codified in the 1840s, while American football was very popular in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">south-east</a>, with baseball spreading to the south, and American football spreading to the north after the Civil War. There is documented evidence of baseball in England. An extract from an 18th-century diary containing the oldest known reference to baseball is among the items on display in a new exhibition in London exploring the English origins and cricketing connections of America's national sport. </p><p>While baseball was once claimed to have been invented in the U.S. in the mid-19th century, recent findings suggest a sport of the same name may have evolved decades earlier alongside cricket, crossing the Atlantic with English settlers to the American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. "Went to Stoke church this morn.," wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. "After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8." In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in the focus from the player to the club. The rise of baseball also helped squeeze out other sports such as cricket, which had been popular in Philadelphia prior to the rise of baseball. </p><p>American football (and <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a> more generally) also has its origins in the English variants of the game, with the first set of intercollegiate football rules based directly on the rules of the Football Association in London. However, Harvard chose to play a game based on the rules of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> would then heavily modify this variant in the 1880s, with the modifications also heavily influencing the rules of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg/220px-2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg/330px-2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg/440px-2006_Pro_Bowl_tackle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption>American footballers tackling</figcaption></figure> <p>Worldwide, the British influence includes many different football codes, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and other sports. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower#History" title="Lawn mower">world's first lawn mower</a> in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">History of sports in the United States</a></div> <p>Most sports in the United States evolved out of European practices. However, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing#History" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a> are North American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. However, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> in particular arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era#Sport" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era § Sport</a></div> <p>The 21st century has seen a move towards adventure sports as a form of individual <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapism</a>, transcending the routines of life. Examples include <a href="/wiki/White_water_rafting" class="mw-redirect" title="White water rafting">white water rafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">canyoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_jumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Base jumping">base jumping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>. </p><p>Shorter formats have been invented for various sports, such as <a href="/wiki/T20_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="T20 cricket">T20 cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3 basketball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a> has helped in globalizing some of these formats, such as 3x3 and <a href="/wiki/Hockey5s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockey5s">hockey5s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban sports in general have become prioritized to a greater extent for inclusion in the Olympic Games, due to their ability to appeal to youth and generate digital engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sports_and_games" title="Traditional sports and games">Traditional non-Western sports</a>, which had been diminished by Western dominance in earlier centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also become newly popularized and standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_sport_history"><span id="Women.27s_sport_history"></span>Women's sport history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women's sport history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sara_Yamasaki,_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg/220px-Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg/330px-Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg/440px-Sara_Yamasaki%2C_Alexa_Enlow_fighting_over_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2849" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>UCSD women's soccer players fighting over ball</figcaption></figure> <p>Women's competition in sports has been frowned upon by many societies in the past. The English public-school background of organized sport in the 19th and early 20th century led to a paternalism that tended to discourage women's involvement in sports, with, for example, no women officially competing in the 1896 Olympic Games. The 20th century saw major advances in the participation of women in sports due to a growing <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">women's sports</a> movement in Europe and North America. This led to the initiation of the Women's Olympiad (held three times <a href="/wiki/1921_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1921 Women's Olympiad">1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1922 Women's Olympiad">1922</a> and <a href="/wiki/1923_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1923 Women's Olympiad">1923</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Games" title="Women's World Games">Women's World Games</a> (held four times (<a href="/wiki/1922_Women%27s_World_Games" title="1922 Women's World Games">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1926_Women%27s_World_Games" title="1926 Women's World Games">1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/1930_Women%27s_World_Games" title="1930 Women's World Games">1930</a> and <a href="/wiki/1934_Women%27s_World_Games" title="1934 Women's World Games">1934</a>. In 1924 the <a href="/wiki/1924_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1924 Women's Olympiad">1924 Women's Olympiad</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The increase in girls' and women's participation in sport has been partly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively. In the United States, female student participation in sports was significantly boosted by the <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> Act in 1972, which forbade gender discrimination in all aspects of any educational environment that uses federal financial aid,<sup id="cite_ref-Britt_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to increased funding<sup id="cite_ref-Reinbrecht_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinbrecht-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support to develop female athletes. </p><p>Pressure from sports funding bodies has also improved gender equality in sports. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club" title="Marylebone Cricket Club">Marylebone Cricket Club</a> (MCC) and the <a href="/wiki/Leander_Club" title="Leander Club">Leander Club</a> (for rowing) in England had both been male-only establishments since their founding in 1787 and 1818, respectively, but both opened their doors to female members at the end of the 20th century at least partially due to the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Lottery">United Kingdom Lottery</a> Sports Fund. </p><p>The 21st century has seen women's participation in sport at its all-time highest. At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in Beijing, women competed in 27 sports over 137 events, compared to 28 men's sports in 175 events.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfister_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfister-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several national <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_sports" title="Women's professional sports">women's professional sports</a> leagues have been founded and are in competition, and women's international sporting events such as the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">Women's Rugby World Cup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Hockey World Cup">Women's Hockey World Cup</a> continue to grow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stadia_through_the_ages">Stadia through the ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stadia through the ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Stadium north of Amrit, Syria"><img alt="Phoenician Stadium north of Amrit, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg/120px-Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg/180px-Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg/240px-Stadio_Amrit_1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phoenician Stadium north of <a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Olympia stadium"><img alt="The Olympia stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG/120px-Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG/180px-Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG/240px-Stadio_Olimpia_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Olympia stadium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadium at the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi, Greece"><img alt="Stadium at the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg/120px-Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg/180px-Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg/240px-Delphi_stadium_DSC06305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stadium at the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum in Rome, Italy"><img alt="The Colosseum in Rome, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/120px-Colosseo_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/180px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/240px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12051" data-file-height="8442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed Roman amphitheatre in Xanten, Germany"><img alt="Reconstructed Roman amphitheatre in Xanten, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg/120px-Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg/180px-Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg/240px-Amphitheater_Xanten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TogyuWP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tōgyū arena in Okinawa, Japan"><img alt="Tōgyū arena in Okinawa, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/TogyuWP.jpg/120px-TogyuWP.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/TogyuWP.jpg/180px-TogyuWP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/TogyuWP.jpg/240px-TogyuWP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dgy%C5%AB" title="Tōgyū">Tōgyū</a> arena in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldSeries1903-640.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Huntington Avenue Grounds during the 1903 World Series, United States"><img alt="The Huntington Avenue Grounds during the 1903 World Series, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WorldSeries1903-640.jpg/120px-WorldSeries1903-640.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WorldSeries1903-640.jpg/180px-WorldSeries1903-640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WorldSeries1903-640.jpg/240px-WorldSeries1903-640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Huntington Avenue Grounds during the <a href="/wiki/1903_World_Series" title="1903 World Series">1903 World Series</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rogers Centre, the first functional retractable-roof stadium, Canada"><img alt="Rogers Centre, the first functional retractable-roof stadium, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg/120px-Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg/180px-Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg/240px-Rogers_Centre_open_and_closed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre" title="Rogers Centre">Rogers Centre</a>, the first functional retractable-roof stadium, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Stadium_(London),_16_April_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="London Olympic Stadium, United Kingdom"><img alt="London Olympic Stadium, United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/120px-Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/180px-Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg/240px-Olympic_Stadium_%28London%29%2C_16_April_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/London_Olympic_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="London Olympic Stadium">London Olympic Stadium</a>, United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Ballcourt of Chichen Itza"><img alt="The Grand Ballcourt of Chichen Itza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/120px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/180px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg/240px-Juego_de_pelota_chichen_itza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Grand Ballcourt of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport in the United Kingdom § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Australia" title="History of sport in Australia">History of sport in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Canada">History of sports in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sport in the United States">History of sport in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_sport" title="Nationalism and sport">Nationalism and sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology of sport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrowther2007" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Nigel B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whvJtfTSd04C"><i>Sport in Ancient Times</i></a>. Praeger Series on the Ancient World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275987398" title="Special:BookSources/9780275987398"><bdi>9780275987398</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-1406">1932-1406</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>People in the ancient world rarely practiced sports for their own sake, especially in the earliest times, for physical pursuits had strong links with ritual, warfare, entertainment, or other external features.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Praeger+Series+on+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1932-1406&rft.isbn=9780275987398&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Nigel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhvJtfTSd04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/sport-and-preparing-troops-war">"Sport and preparing troops for war"</a>. <i>NAM.ac.uk</i>. National Army Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAM.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Sport+and+preparing+troops+for+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Fsport-and-preparing-troops-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelo2010" class="citation web cs1">Capelo, Holly (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508010237/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/symbols_from_the_sky/">"Symbols from the Sky: Heavenly messages from the depths of prehistory may be encoded on the walls of caves throughout Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seed_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed Magazine">Seed Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/symbols_from_the_sky">the original</a> on 8 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seed+Magazine&rft.atitle=Symbols+from+the+Sky%3A+Heavenly+messages+from+the+depths+of+prehistory+may+be+encoded+on+the+walls+of+caves+throughout+Europe&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Capelo&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fsymbols_from_the_sky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2007" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Gary (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oASTvHPxitMC&pg=PA25"><i>Getting Started in Track and Field Athletics: Advice & Ideas for Children, Parents, and Teachers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412065573" title="Special:BookSources/9781412065573"><bdi>9781412065573</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+Started+in+Track+and+Field+Athletics%3A+Advice+%26+Ideas+for+Children%2C+Parents%2C+and+Teachers&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=9781412065573&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoASTvHPxitMC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaneyMadigan2021" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Tim; Madigan, Tim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S74-EAAAQBAJ&dq=wrestling+cave+paintings+france&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8237-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-8237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Sports%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8237-2&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Madigan%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS74-EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwrestling%2Bcave%2Bpaintings%2Bfrance%26pg%3DPA58%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartsell2016" class="citation news cs1">Hartsell, Jeff (14 October 2016) [16 March 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/wrestling-in-our-blood-says-bulldogs-luvsandorj/article_38523109-17ce-59d5-9943-599b8e5cd508.html">"Wrestling 'in our blood,' says Bulldogs' Luvsandorj"</a>. <i>Post and Courier</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Wrestling+%27in+our+blood%2C%27+says+Bulldogs%27+Luvsandorj&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Hartsell&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fsports%2Fwrestling-in-our-blood-says-bulldogs-luvsandorj%2Farticle_38523109-17ce-59d5-9943-599b8e5cd508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vörös2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vörös2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVörös2007" class="citation book cs1">Vörös, Győző (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StEyE9jkMHEC&pg=PA39"><i>Egyptian Temple Architecture: 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt, 1907-2007</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789636620844" title="Special:BookSources/9789636620844"><bdi>9789636620844</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Temple+Architecture%3A+100+Years+of+Hungarian+Excavations+in+Egypt%2C+1907-2007&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789636620844&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s&rft.aufirst=Gy%C5%91z%C5%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStEyE9jkMHEC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crego2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crego2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrego2003" class="citation book cs1">Crego, Robert (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg"><i>Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg/page/34">34</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313316104" title="Special:BookSources/9780313316104"><bdi>9780313316104</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Games+of+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313316104&rft.aulast=Crego&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportsgamesof18t0000creg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lessing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lessing_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lessing_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lessing-photo.com/dispimg.asp?i=08011040+&cr=40&cl=1">Egypt Thomb</a>. <i>Lessing Photo</i>. 15 Feb 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Crawford" title="Harriet Crawford">Crawford, Harriet</a> (16 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumersumerians00"><i>Sumer and the Sumerians</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumersumerians00/page/247">247</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521533386" title="Special:BookSources/9780521533386"><bdi>9780521533386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumer+and+the+Sumerians&rft.pages=247-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft.isbn=9780521533386&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumersumerians00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanchard1995-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard1995_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard1995_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1995" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Kendall (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGeLoS1pWA4C&pg=PA99"><i>The Anthropology of Sport: An Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 99–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897893305" title="Special:BookSources/9780897893305"><bdi>9780897893305</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Sport%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=99-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780897893305&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGeLoS1pWA4C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc1938-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc1938_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59">"Mesopotamia: Sumerian Sculpture Shows Oldest Civilization Goes Back 6,000 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. Time Inc. 15 August 1938. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Sumerian+Sculpture+Shows+Oldest+Civilization+Goes+Back+6%2C000+Years&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1938-08-15&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baṣmahʹjī1975-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baṣmahʹjī1975_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaṣmahʹjī1975" class="citation book cs1">Baṣmahʹjī, Faraj (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbJtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Treasures of the Iraq Museum</i></a>. Al-Jumhuriya Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+Iraq+Museum&rft.pub=Al-Jumhuriya+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ba%E1%B9%A3mah%CA%B9j%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Faraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbJtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romano1993-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romano1993_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman_Romano1993" class="citation book cs1">Gilman Romano, David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0gyy5JOZzIC&pg=PA10"><i>Athletics and Mathematics in Archaic Corinth: The Origins of the Greek Stadion</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692061" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692061"><bdi>9780871692061</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athletics+and+Mathematics+in+Archaic+Corinth%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Greek+Stadion&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780871692061&rft.aulast=Gilman+Romano&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0gyy5JOZzIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1995" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Kendall (1995) [1995]. "Prehistory and Early History of Sport". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGeLoS1pWA4C"><i>The Anthropology of Sport: An Introduction</i></a> (revised ed.). Westport, Connecticut: ABC-CLIO. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897893305" title="Special:BookSources/9780897893305"><bdi>9780897893305</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The earliest clues to the existence of sport in the urban state, those from the ruins at Sumer, suggest not only wrestling, but boxing and sport hunting and board games as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistory+and+Early+History+of+Sport&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Sport%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780897893305&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGeLoS1pWA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2007_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2007_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther2007" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Nigel B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whvJtfTSd04C&pg=PA15"><i>Sport in Ancient Times</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275987398" title="Special:BookSources/9780275987398"><bdi>9780275987398</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pages=15-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780275987398&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Nigel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhvJtfTSd04C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellekson2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellekson2005_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellekson2005_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellekson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hellekson, Terry (19 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaP74hiL3hIC&pg=PA2"><i>Fish Flies: The Encyclopedia of the Fly Tier's Art</i></a>. Gibbs Smith. pp. 2–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586856922" title="Special:BookSources/9781586856922"><bdi>9781586856922</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+Flies%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Fly+Tier%27s+Art&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2005-11-19&rft.isbn=9781586856922&rft.aulast=Hellekson&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaP74hiL3hIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamblin2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2006_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin2006" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, W. J. (12 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5IQQir5eFEC&pg=PA433"><i>Warfare in Ancient Near East</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 433–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415255882" title="Special:BookSources/9780415255882"><bdi>9780415255882</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=433-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.isbn=9780415255882&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5IQQir5eFEC%26pg%3DPA433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker1988-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker1988_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1988" class="citation book cs1">Baker, William J. (1 July 1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsinwesternw00bake"><i>Sports in the Western World</i></a></span>. University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsinwesternw00bake/page/8">8</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252060427" title="Special:BookSources/9780252060427"><bdi>9780252060427</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+in+the+Western+World&rft.pages=8-&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1988-07-01&rft.isbn=9780252060427&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportsinwesternw00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice2001_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2001" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (7 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYSlilLfT0C&pg=PA98"><i>Who's Who in Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 98–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415154499" title="Special:BookSources/9780415154499"><bdi>9780415154499</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=98-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001-11-07&rft.isbn=9780415154499&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkYSlilLfT0C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaschke1988" class="citation book cs1">Raschke, Wendy J. (15 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwU1IlTEhrYC&pg=PA22"><i>Archaeology of the Olympics: The Olympics & Other Festivals in Antiquity</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299113346" title="Special:BookSources/9780299113346"><bdi>9780299113346</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Olympics%3A+The+Olympics+%26+Other+Festivals+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1988-06-15&rft.isbn=9780299113346&rft.aulast=Raschke&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwU1IlTEhrYC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303183246/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm">"Sports History in China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+History+in+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchineseculture.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa032301a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.jagran.com/sports/the-evolution-of-kho-kho-mats-in-india-a-historical-overview-10080405">"The Evolution of Kho Kho Mats in India: A Historical Overview"</a>. <i>English Jagran</i>. 20 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Jagran&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Kho+Kho+Mats+in+India%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jagran.com%2Fsports%2Fthe-evolution-of-kho-kho-mats-in-india-a-historical-overview-10080405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/news/kabaddi-rules-regulations-how-to-play">Kabaddi: How to play India's 4000-year-old indigenous sport</a> Olympics.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-history-rules-how-to-play">Kho Kho, a kabaddi-like sport linked with Indian epic Mahabharata - know all about it</a> Olympics.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasu2020" class="citation web cs1">Arasu, S. T. (4 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/">"Galah Panjang and its Indian roots"</a>. <i>On the sport: Be part of it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=On+the+sport%3A+Be+part+of+it&rft.atitle=Galah+Panjang+and+its+Indian+roots&rft.date=2020-07-04&rft.aulast=Arasu&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gosports.com.my%2Fnews%2Fgalah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2020" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Robert (2020). "Chapter 6: Medieval Sport". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1147289853"><i>Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197520956" title="Special:BookSources/9780197520956"><bdi>9780197520956</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147289853">1147289853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Medieval+Sport&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Sports+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147289853&rft.isbn=9780197520956&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1147289853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadot2009" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadot, Sébastien (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/tel-03840212"><i>Joutes, emprises et pas d'armes en Castille, Bourgogne et France, 1428–1470</i></a>. <i>Sciences de l'Homme et Société</i> (Thesis) (in French). Paris: Centre de Recherches Historiques / Unité Mixte de Recherches, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Joutes%2C+emprises+et+pas+d%27armes+en+Castille%2C+Bourgogne+et+France%2C+1428%E2%80%931470&rft.inst=Centre+de+Recherches+Historiques+%2F+Unit%C3%A9+Mixte+de+Recherches%2C+%C3%89cole+des+Hautes+%C3%89tudes+en+Sciences+Sociales&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nadot&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Ftel-03840212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelmanRobert2020" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Wilson; Robert, Wayne (June 2020). "Chapter 7". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i>. p. 113-114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197520956" title="Special:BookSources/9780197520956"><bdi>9780197520956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sports+History&rft.pages=113-114&rft.date=2020-06&rft.isbn=9780197520956&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft.au=Robert%2C+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhannel2005" class="citation book cs1">Whannel, Garry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpvVj-vFVVAC&pg=PA72"><i>Media Sport Stars: Masculinities and Moralities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134698714" title="Special:BookSources/9781134698714"><bdi>9781134698714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Sport+Stars%3A+Masculinities+and+Moralities&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781134698714&rft.aulast=Whannel&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpvVj-vFVVAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/sports/olympics/27iht-srolbritish27.html">"Britain's Living Legacy to the Games: Sports"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 26 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Living+Legacy+to+the+Games%3A+Sports&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F27%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F27iht-srolbritish27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leach_2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leach_2005_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leach_2005_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leach_2005_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leach (2005a) is a heavily annotated chronology of cricket 1300-1730 and the source for numerous entries here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Use Cite book to provided specific page citations. (December 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Day, <i>Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonRiedi2010" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Tony; Riedi, Eliza (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuRw08WgowQC"><i>Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139788977" title="Special:BookSources/9781139788977"><bdi>9781139788977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+the+Military%3A+The+British+Armed+Forces+1880%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139788977&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Riedi%2C+Eliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuRw08WgowQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-m_CwAAQBAJ"><i>"The Army Isn't All Work": Physical Culture and the Evolution of the British Army, 1860–1920</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317044536" title="Special:BookSources/9781317044536"><bdi>9781317044536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Army+Isn%27t+All+Work%22%3A+Physical+Culture+and+the+Evolution+of+the+British+Army%2C+1860%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317044536&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-m_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovic2017" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanovic, Nikolai (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUJHMQAACAAJ"><i>Fit to Fight: A History of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps 1860–2015</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472824219" title="Special:BookSources/9781472824219"><bdi>9781472824219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fit+to+Fight%3A+A+History+of+the+Royal+Army+Physical+Training+Corps+1860%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781472824219&rft.aulast=Bogdanovic&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUJHMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Perkin" title="Harold Perkin">Harold Perkin</a>, "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth." <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i> 6.2 (1989): 145-155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Loland, "Fair play in sports contests-a moral norm system." <i>Sportwissenschaft</i> 21.2 (1991): 146-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBF-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBF_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151140/http://iof1.idrottonline.se/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Bandy-Sverige/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Historikochstatistik/Historiskamilstolpar/Bandyhistoria1875-1919/">"Svenska Bandyförbundet, bandyhistoria 1875–1919"</a> (in Swedish). Iof1.idrottonline.se. 1 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iof1.idrottonline.se/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Bandy-Sverige/SvenskaBandyforbundet/Historikochstatistik/Historiskamilstolpar/Bandyhistoria1875-1919/">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svenska+Bandyf%C3%B6rbundet%2C+bandyhistoria+1875%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Iof1.idrottonline.se&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiof1.idrottonline.se%2FSvenskaBandyforbundet%2FBandy-Sverige%2FSvenskaBandyforbundet%2FHistorikochstatistik%2FHistoriskamilstolpar%2FBandyhistoria1875-1919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent" class="citation book cs1">Laurent, Dubois. <i>Diffusion and Empire, The Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i>. Robert Edlemen and Wayne Wilson. pp. <span class="nowrap">174–</span>175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diffusion+and+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sports+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Robert+Edlemen+and+Wayne+Wilson&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Dubois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National <i>Ockham's Razor</i>, first broadcast 6 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorn2004" class="citation book cs1">Gorn, Elliott J. (2004). <i>A Brief History of American Sports</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+American+Sports&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gorn&rft.aufirst=Elliott+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1997" class="citation book cs1">Pope, S. W., ed. (1997). <i>The New American Sport History: Recent Approaches and Perspectives</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Sport+History%3A+Recent+Approaches+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,DHNS" class="citation web cs1">Menon,DHNS, Sandeep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/sport-and-culture-an-evolutionary-tale-1031884.html">"Sport and culture: An evolutionary tale"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Sport+and+culture%3A+An+evolutionary+tale&rft.aulast=Menon%2CDHNS&rft.aufirst=Sandeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fsports%2Fsport-and-culture-an-evolutionary-tale-1031884.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/news/high-five-baseball5-hits-the-yog">"High five: baseball5 hits the YOG"</a>. <i>Olympics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Olympics&rft.atitle=High+five%3A+baseball5+hits+the+YOG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fhigh-five-baseball5-hits-the-yog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2024" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Josh (27 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a6752876-e7b3-4121-a772-ecc94c65e3e5">"Sponsors embrace Olympic push into urban sports"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Sponsors+embrace+Olympic+push+into+urban+sports&rft.date=2024-07-27&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa6752876-e7b3-4121-a772-ecc94c65e3e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240904065257/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1145153/ioc-and-its-shift-towards-urban-sport">"The IOC and its shift towards urban sport"</a>. 8 May 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1145153/ioc-and-its-shift-towards-urban-sport">the original</a> on 4 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+IOC+and+its+shift+towards+urban+sport&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1145153%2Fioc-and-its-shift-towards-urban-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesnierBrownellCarter2018" class="citation book cs1">Besnier, Niko; Brownell, Susan; Carter, Thomas F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SZQ6DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA47"><i>The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28901-7"><bdi>978-0-520-28901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Sport%3A+Bodies%2C+Borders%2C+Biopolitics&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28901-7&rft.aulast=Besnier&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft.au=Brownell%2C+Susan&rft.au=Carter%2C+Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DSZQ6DwAAQBAJ%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarenWashington2015" class="citation book cs1">Karen, David; Washington, Robert E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QXrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA551"><i>Sociological Perspectives on Sport: The Games Outside the Games</i></a>. Routledge. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97394-2"><bdi>978-1-317-97394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+Perspectives+on+Sport%3A+The+Games+Outside+the+Games&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-97394-2&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Washington%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QXrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000088574">"The Come-back of traditional sports and games"</a>. <i>unesdoc.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesdoc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=The+Come-back+of+traditional+sports+and+games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000088574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britt-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britt_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittTimmerman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Britt, M.; Timmerman, M. (March 2014). "Title IX and Higher Education: The Implications for the 21st Century". <i>Franklin Business and Law Journal</i>. <b>2014</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Franklin+Business+and+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Title+IX+and+Higher+Education%3A+The+Implications+for+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2014-03&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Timmerman%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinbrecht-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reinbrecht_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinbrecht2015" class="citation journal cs1">Reinbrecht, E. (September 2015). "Northwestern University and Title IX: One Step Forward for Football Players, Two Steps Back for Female Student Athletes". <i>University of Toledo Law Review</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toledo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Northwestern+University+and+Title+IX%3A+One+Step+Forward+for+Football+Players%2C+Two+Steps+Back+for+Female+Student+Athletes&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Reinbrecht&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfister-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfister_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pfister, G. (November–December 2010). "Outsiders: Muslim Women and Olympic Games: Barriers and Opportunities". <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>27</b> (<span class="nowrap">16–</span>18): <span class="nowrap">2925–</span>2957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2010.508291">10.1080/09523367.2010.508291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=Outsiders%3A+Muslim+Women+and+Olympic+Games%3A+Barriers+and+Opportunities&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2925-%3C%2Fspan%3E2957&rft.date=2010-11%2F2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2010.508291&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crawford Scott, A. G. M. <i>Serious Aport: J. A. Mangan's Contribution to the History of Sport</i>, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Guttmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Guttmann (page does not exist)">Guttmann, Allen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Guttmann" class="extiw" title="de:Allen Guttmann">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Guttmann" class="extiw" title="fr:Allen Guttmann">fr</a>]</span>. <i>Women's Sports: A History</i>, Columbia University Press (1992)</li> <li>Guttmann, Allen. <i>Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism</i>, Columbia University Press, 1996</li> <li>Guttmann, Allen. <i>The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games</i> (2002)</li> <li>Holt, Richard. <i>Sport and Society in Modern France</i> (1981).</li> <li>Holt, Richard. <i>Sport and the British: A Modern History</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Sport-British-Modern-History-Studies/dp/0192852299/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Howell, Colin. <i>Blood, Sweat, and Cheers: Sport and the Making of Modern Canada</i> (2001)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan1996" class="citation book cs1">Mangan, J. A. (1996). <i>Militarism, Sport, Europe: War Without Weapons</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarism%2C+Sport%2C+Europe%3A+War+Without+Weapons&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maurer, Michael. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025408">Vom Mutterland des Sports zum Kontinent: Der Transfer des englischen Sports im 19. Jahrhundert</a>", Mainz: <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a> (2011), retrieved: 25 February 2012.</li> <li>Morrow, Don; Wamsley, Kevin B. <i>Sport in Canada: A History</i> (2009)</li> <li>Murray, Bill. <i>The World's Game: A History of Soccer</i> (1998)</li> <li>Polley, Martin. <i>Sports History: A Practical Guide</i>, Palgrave, 2007.</li></ul> <pre>S.Battente, The idea of sport in western culture from antiquity to the contemporary era, Vernon press, 2020. </pre> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/">online article from <i>The Sports Historian</i> 1993-2001</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Studies_in_Sport_History" class="mw-redirect" title="European Studies in Sport History">European Studies in Sport History</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cesh-site.eu/?page_id=30">[1]</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fhsp20">The International Journal of the History of Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofsporthistory.org/">Journal of Sport History</a></i></li> <li><i>Sport History Journal</i></li> <li><i>Sport in History</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(journal)" title="Stadion (journal)">Stadion</a>: International Journal of Sport History</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.humankinetics.com/journal/shr">Sport History Review</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesh-site.eu">European Committee for Sports History</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_committee_for_sports_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European committee for sports history">CESH</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aseansport.com/">Asean Sport</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_sports38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_sports" title="Template:History of sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_sports" title="Template talk:History of sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_sports38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_auto_racing" title="History of auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball" title="History of baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_basketball" title="History of basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket" title="History of cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling" title="History of cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fencing" title="History of fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_field_hockey" title="History of field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_figure_skating" title="History of figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_golf" title="History of golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hurling" title="History of hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_professional_wrestling" title="History of professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rodeo" title="History of rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rowing_sports" title="History of rowing sports">Rowing sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_skiing" title="History of skiing">Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_surfing" title="History of surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_swimming" title="History of swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_polo" title="History of water polo">Water polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wrestling" title="History of wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_sports_by_country633" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_sports_by_country633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of sports by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">United States</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&oldid=1264679384">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&oldid=1264679384</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_sports" title="Category:History of sports">History of sports</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_science_by_discipline" title="Category:History of science by discipline">History of science by discipline</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2024">Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_culture-centric" title="Category:Western culture-centric">Western culture-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2018">Articles with failed verification from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2024, at 23:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sport&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of sport</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>13 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-zkgn7","wgBackendResponseTime":115,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.820","walltime":"1.102","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4500,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":131554,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4076,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":217,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":206604,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 942.981 1 -total"," 44.33% 418.064 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.05% 264.476 28 Template:Cite_book"," 14.17% 133.605 1 Template:World_topic"," 9.89% 93.228 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.43% 79.532 1 Template:History_of_sports"," 7.28% 68.622 1 Template:Globalize"," 5.79% 54.570 1 Template:Ambox"," 5.34% 50.348 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.38% 41.305 8 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.513","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7016225,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-xvzzt","timestamp":"20250210044950","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of sport","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_sport","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1936640","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1936640","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-12T03:43:35Z","dateModified":"2024-12-22T23:48:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Ancient_Sumo_competition.jpg","headline":"study of the development of sport over time"}</script> </body> </html>