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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen Maud Land</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningin_Maudland" title="Koningin Maudland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koningin Maudland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="أرض الملكة مود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرض الملكة مود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_de_la_Reina_Maud" title="Tierra de la Reina Maud – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra de la Reina Maud" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krali%C3%A7a_Mod_Torpa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kraliça Mod Torpağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kraliça Mod Torpağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="রানি মড ভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রানি মড ভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Зямля Каралевы Мод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зямля Каралевы Мод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Земя на кралица Мод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земя на кралица Мод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_kraljice_Maud" title="Zemlja kraljice Maud – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemlja kraljice Maud" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar_ar_Rouanez_Maud" title="Douar ar Rouanez Maud – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar ar Rouanez Maud" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мод Хатанай Газар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мод Хатанай Газар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_de_la_Reina_Maud" title="Terra de la Reina Maud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra de la Reina Maud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9B_kr%C3%A1lovny_Maud" title="Země královny Maud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Země královny Maud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigin-Maud-Land" title="Königin-Maud-Land – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königin-Maud-Land" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninganna_Maudi_maa" title="Kuninganna Maudi maa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuninganna Maudi maa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Γη της Βασίλισσας Μοντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γη της Βασίλισσας Μοντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_de_la_Reina_Maud" title="Tierra de la Reina Maud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra de la Reina Maud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando_de_Maud" title="Lando de Maud – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lando de Maud" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Erreginaren_Lurraldea" title="Maud Erreginaren Lurraldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maud Erreginaren Lurraldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سرزمین شهبانو ماود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین شهبانو ماود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maudland" title="Maudland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Maudland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_de_la_Reine-Maud" title="Terre de la Reine-Maud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre de la Reine-Maud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_da_Ra%C3%AD%C3%B1a_Maud" title="Terra da Raíña Maud – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra da Raíña Maud" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B8%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="퀸모드랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀸모드랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Մոդ թագուհու երկիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդ թագուհու երկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="रानी मौड धरती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रानी मौड धरती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_della_Regina_Maud" title="Terra della Regina Maud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra della Regina Maud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93" title="ארץ המלכה מוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארץ המלכה מוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90" title="დედოფალ მოდის მიწა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედოფალ მოდის მიწა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Мод патшайымының жері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мод патшайымының жері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalienes_Modas_Zeme" title="Karalienes Modas Zeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karalienes Modas Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalien%C4%97s_Matildos_%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Karalienės Matildos Žemė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karalienės Matildos Žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6ra_da_Reginn-a_Maud" title="Tæra da Reginn-a Maud – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tæra da Reginn-a Maud" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9_f%C3%B6ld" title="Maud királyné föld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maud királyné föld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Земја на Кралицата Мод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земја на Кралицата Мод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ارض الملكه مود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارض الملكه مود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Permaisuri_Maud" title="Tanah Permaisuri Maud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanah Permaisuri Maud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningin_Maudland" title="Koningin Maudland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koningin Maudland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ドロンニング・モード・ランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドロンニング・モード・ランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мод паччахьан латта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мод паччахьан латта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nangin_Maud_Lun" title="Könangin Maud Lun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Könangin Maud Lun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_de_la_r%C3%A8ina_Maud" title="Tèrra de la rèina Maud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra de la rèina Maud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="ملکې ماود سيمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ملکې ماود سيمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia_Kr%C3%B3lowej_Maud" title="Ziemia Królowej Maud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia Królowej Maud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_da_Rainha_Maud" title="Terra da Rainha Maud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra da Rainha Maud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Antarctic%C4%83_Norvegian%C4%83" title="Zona Antarctică Norvegiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zona Antarctică Norvegiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Земля Королевы Мод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земля Королевы Мод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovnej_Maud" title="Zem kráľovnej Maud – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zem kráľovnej Maud" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daratan_Ratu_Maud" title="Daratan Ratu Maud – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Daratan Ratu Maud" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningatar_Maudin_maa" title="Kuningatar Maudin maa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuningatar Maudin maa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" title="Dronning Maud Land – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dronning Maud Land" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ควีนม็อดแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควีนม็อดแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krali%C3%A7e_Maud_Topraklar%C4%B1" title="Kraliçe Maud Toprakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraliçe Maud Toprakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Земля Королеви Мод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Земля Королеви Мод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="کوئین ماود لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئین ماود لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_Queen_Maud" title="Vùng đất Queen Maud – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng đất Queen Maud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katunaan_Reyna_Maud" title="Katunaan Reyna Maud – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katunaan Reyna Maud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%9C%B0" title="毛德皇后地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毛德皇后地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%9C%B0" title="慕德皇后地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="慕德皇后地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%9C%B0" title="毛德皇后地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛德皇后地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189999#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dependent territory of Norway</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Queen Maud Land</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Dronning Maud Land</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">Dependent territory of Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Norway_territorial_claim_(Queen_Maud_Land,_2015).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Queen Maud Land (red, in Antarctica)"><img alt="Location of Queen Maud Land (highlighted in red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/290px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/435px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/580px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Queen Maud Land (red, in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Annexed by Norway</span></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependency status</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expanded</th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 2015</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sector claim</th><td class="infobox-data">20°W – 45°E</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud of Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Administered by </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Public_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Public Security">Ministry of Justice and Public Security</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Queen_Maud_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Queen Maud Land">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,700,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,000,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 m (7,000 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,148 m (10,328 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AQ" title="ISO 3166-2:AQ">AQ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.aq" title=".aq">.aq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Queen Maud Land</b> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Dronning Maud Land</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a roughly 2.7-million-square-kilometre (1.0-million-square-mile)<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> region of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">claimed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foranttrakt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foranttrakt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It borders the claimed <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_west" title="20th meridian west">20° west</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/45th_meridian_east" title="45th meridian east">45° east</a>. In addition, a small unclaimed area from 1939 was annexed in June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positioned in <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a>, it makes out about one-fifth of the continent, and is named after the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Queen Maud</a> (1869–1938). </p><p>In 1930, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen</a> was the first person known to have set foot in the territory. On 14 January 1939, the territory was claimed by Norway. On 23 June 1961, Queen Maud Land became part of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>, making it a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarised_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Demilitarised zone">demilitarised zone</a>. It is one of <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">two Antarctic claims</a> made by Norway, the other being <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a>. They are administered by the Polar Affairs Department of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police">Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. </p><p>Most of the territory is covered by the east <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>, and a tall ice wall stretches throughout its coast. In some areas farther within the ice sheet, mountain ranges breach through the ice, allowing for birds to breed and the growth of a limited <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">flora</a>. The region is divided into, from west to east, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast" title="Princess Astrid Coast">Princess Astrid Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast" title="Princess Ragnhild Coast">Princess Ragnhild Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harald_Coast" title="Prince Harald Coast">Prince Harald Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Coast" title="Prince Olav Coast">Prince Olav Coast</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Coast </th> <th>Western border </th> <th>Eastern border </th> <th>Width in<br />degrees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a> </td> <td align="right">20° 00′ W </td> <td align="right">05° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">25° 00′ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast" title="Princess Astrid Coast">Princess Astrid Coast</a> </td> <td align="right">05° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">20° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">15° 00′ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast" title="Princess Ragnhild Coast">Princess Ragnhild Coast</a> </td> <td align="right">20° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">34° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">14° 00′ </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harald_Coast" title="Prince Harald Coast">Prince Harald Coast</a> </td> <td align="right">34° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">40° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">06° 00′ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Coast" title="Prince Olav Coast">Prince Olav Coast</a> </td> <td align="right">40° 00′ E </td> <td align="right">44° 38′ E </td> <td align="right">04° 38′ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #dddddd;"> <td>  </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td align="right">20° 00′ W </td> <td align="right">44° 38′ E </td> <td align="right">64° 38′ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The waters off the coast are called the <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a>. </p><p>There is no permanent population, although there are 12 active <a href="#Research_stations">research stations</a> housing a maximum of around 40 scientists, the numbers fluctuating depending on the season. Six are occupied year-round, while the remainder are seasonal summer stations. The main aerodromes for intercontinental flights, corresponding<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, are <a href="/wiki/Troll_Airfield" title="Troll Airfield">Troll Airfield</a>, near the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a> research station, and a runway at the Russian <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r305_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a barren mountainscape, with snow surrounding black peaks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg/220px-Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg/330px-Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg/440px-Southern_Drygalski_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5669" data-file-height="3340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Mountains" title="Drygalski Mountains">Drygalski Mountains</a>, a constituent range of the <a href="/wiki/Orvin_Mountains" title="Orvin Mountains">Orvin Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Queen Maud Land extends from the boundary with <a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a> in the west to the boundary with <a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a> in the east, and is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast" title="Princess Astrid Coast">Princess Astrid Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast" title="Princess Ragnhild Coast">Princess Ragnhild Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harald_Coast" title="Prince Harald Coast">Prince Harald Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Coast" title="Prince Olav Coast">Prince Olav Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory is estimated to cover around 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which roughly corresponds to the sizes of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limits of the claim, put forth in 1939, did not fix the northern and southern limits other than as "the mainland beach in Antarctica ... with the land that lies beyond this beach and the sea beyond".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sea that extends off the coast between the longitudinal limits of Queen Maud Land is generally called <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s155156_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s155156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is very limited ice-free land at the coast, in the vicinity of Japan's Showa station. The remainder of the coast consists of a 20-to-30-metre high (70 to 100 ft) wall of ice almost throughout the entire territory.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cgaw_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgaw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus only possible to disembark from a ship in a few places.<sup id="cite_ref-cgaw_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgaw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 150 to 200 kilometres (90 to 120 mi) from the coast, rocky peaks pierce the ice cap, itself at a mean height of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, with the highest point at <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8kulkyrkja" class="mw-redirect" title="Jøkulkyrkja">Jøkulkyrkja</a> (3,148 metres or 10,328 feet) in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlig-Hofmann_Mountains" title="Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains">Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major mountain ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Heimefront_Range" title="Heimefront Range">Heimefront Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orvin_Mountains" title="Orvin Mountains">Orvin Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wohlthat_Mountains" title="Wohlthat Mountains">Wohlthat Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r_Rondane_Mountains" title="Sør Rondane Mountains">Sør Rondane Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geologically, the ground of Queen Maud Land is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, formed c. 1 to 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a>, before the creation of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. The mountains consist mostly of <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granitic</a> rocks, formed c. 500 to 600 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny" title="Pan-African orogeny">Pan-African orogeny</a> during the assembly of Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the farthest western parts of the territory, there are younger <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a>. Research on the thickness of the ice has revealed that without the ice, the coast would be similar to those of Norway and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, with deep <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and islands.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_activity">Early activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Queen Maud Land was the first part of Antarctica to be sighted, on 27 January 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian von Bellingshausen</a>. However, it was among the last to be explored, as it required aircraft in combination with ships to undertake systematic exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Norwegian research activities in Antarctica rested entirely on <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">whaling</a> and sealing expeditions funded by ship owners, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Christen_Christensen_(shipowner)" title="Christen Christensen (shipowner)">Christen Christensen</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Christensen (explorer)">Lars</a>. The first two Norwegian expeditions were carried out by sealing ships in 1892–93 and 1893–94. While they were primarily sent for exploring, sealing, and whaling possibilities, they also performed scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-h10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further Norwegian expeditions were mounted into the first decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-h11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a> was claimed for Norway by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> as the King Haakon VII Plateau when <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">his expedition</a> was the first to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole, including all the land above latitude 85°S. However, roughly the same area had been claimed by the British as the King Edward VII Plateau, which was in conflict with the Norwegian claim. Amundsen's claim has never been officially claimed by the Norwegian government.<sup id="cite_ref-j47_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j47-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-th21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-th21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen_(1890-1965),_Norwegian_aviator,_explorer_and_businessman_(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old photograph of Riiser-Larsen, wearing an airforce cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen_%281890-1965%29%2C_Norwegian_aviator%2C_explorer_and_businessman_%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen</a>, aviator and polar explorer who explored much of Queen Maud Land.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name Queen Maud Land was initially applied in January 1930 to the land between 37°E and 49°30′E discovered by <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finn_L%C3%BCtzow-Holm" title="Finn Lützow-Holm">Finn Lützow-Holm</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Lars Christensen</a>'s <i>Norvegia</i> expedition of 1929–30.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named after the Norwegian queen <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud of Wales</a>, wife of the then-reigning <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">King Haakon VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory was explored further during the <i>Norvegia</i> expedition of 1930–31.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this whaling season, a total of 265 whaling ships, mostly Norwegian, worked off the coast of Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-r304_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same season, Riiser-Larsen discovered the Prince Olav Coast, Princess Martha Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast from the air. Captain H. Halvorsen of the whaler <i>Sevilla</i> discovered the Princess Astrid Coast independently at the same time. Six years later, during Christensen's expedition of 1936–37, <a href="/wiki/Viggo_Wider%C3%B8e" title="Viggo Widerøe">Viggo Widerøe</a> flew over and discovered the Prince Harald Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20°W.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway's claim was disputed by Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-admle_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dispatched the <a href="/wiki/New_Swabia#German_Antarctic_Expedition_(1938–1939)" title="New Swabia">German Antarctic Expedition</a> in 1938, led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Alfred Ritscher</a>, to fly over as much of it as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Schwabenland_(1925)" title="MS Schwabenland (1925)"><i>Schwabenland</i></a> reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the expedition, an area of about 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi) was photographed from the air by Ritscher,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who dropped darts inscribed with <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> every 26 kilometres (16 mi). Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name <a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-admle_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January 1939, five days prior to the German arrival, Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by royal decree:<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That part of the mainland coast in the Antarctic extending from the limits of the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west (the boundary of Coats Land) to the limits of the Australian Antarctic Territory in the east (45° east long.), with the land lying within this coast and the environing sea, shall be brought under Norwegian sovereignty.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Norwegian royal resolution, 14 January 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The primary basis for the annexation were the Norwegian explorations and the need to secure the Norwegian whaling industry's access to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npo1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npo1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific operations were also a basis, with Norwegian contributions to international polar science extending back to the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Norway was forced to contend with competing claims made by the United Kingdom and other countries in the years prior to the Norwegian claim, including the new threat of German claims in Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-npo1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npo1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian claim was sometimes referred to as the "Bouvet sector", drawing from the previously annexed <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-admle_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1946 and 1947, vast areas of Queen Maud Land were photographed during the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd">Richard Evelyn Byrd</a> expedition. In 1948, Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to longitudes from 20°W to 45°E, and that the Bruce Coast and <a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a> were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Untersee_(Wohlthatmassiv).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg/220px-Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg/330px-Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg/440px-Untersee_%28Wohlthatmassiv%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Lake Untersee in Queen Maud Land. View from NW to Mt. Bastei.</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic research station</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Maudheim</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic research station</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-71.0433" data-lon="-10.925" data-overlays="["_a52828f4acf3f299e8492fbb751047b2523dbee8"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-71.0433/-10.925/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-71.0433,-10.925,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_a52828f4acf3f299e8492fbb751047b2523dbee8" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-71.0433,-10.925,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_a52828f4acf3f299e8492fbb751047b2523dbee8 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen_Maud_Land&params=71.0433_S_10.925_W_type:city_dim:9000km_region:&title=Maudheim"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">71°02′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">10°55′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">71.0433°S 10.9250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-71.0433; -10.9250</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Maudheim</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1950<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1950-02-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1952<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1952-01-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian%E2%80%93British%E2%80%93Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition">NBSAE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">All year-round</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic research station</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043192559"><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Norway Station</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic research station</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-70.5" data-lon="-2.5333" data-overlays="["_53919c0e71031b38398fdc9dd7525cc2425d902b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-70.5/-2.5333/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-70.5,-2.5333,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_53919c0e71031b38398fdc9dd7525cc2425d902b" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-70.5,-2.5333,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_53919c0e71031b38398fdc9dd7525cc2425d902b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen_Maud_Land&params=70.5_S_2.5333_W_type:city_dim:9000km_region:&title=Norway+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">70°30′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">2°32′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">70.5000°S 2.5333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-70.5000; -2.5333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Norway Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 1957<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1957-01-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">1960<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1960</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Norwegian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition">Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">All year-round</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic research station</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043192559"><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">King Baudouin Station</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="fr">Base antarctique Roi Baudouin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic research station</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-70.4333" data-lon="24.3167" data-overlays="["_dff57dc642f131e935b5db4702663e4e35d95782"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-70.4333/24.3167/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-70.4333,24.3167,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_dff57dc642f131e935b5db4702663e4e35d95782" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-70.4333,24.3167,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_dff57dc642f131e935b5db4702663e4e35d95782 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen_Maud_Land&params=70.4333_S_24.3167_E_type:city_dim:9000km_region:&title=King+Baudouin+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">70°26′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">24°19′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">70.4333°S 24.3167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-70.4333; 24.3167</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">King Baudouin Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1958-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1967</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin of Belgium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Program" title="Belgian Antarctic Program">Belgian Antarctic Program</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">All year-round</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic research station</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043192559"><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lazarev</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ru">Лазарев</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic research station</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-69.9667" data-lon="12.9167" data-overlays="["_4a261e165d0d2a37655ae23e5aff9b238cfd2c93"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-69.9667/12.9167/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-69.9667,12.9167,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_4a261e165d0d2a37655ae23e5aff9b238cfd2c93" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-69.9667,12.9167,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Queen_Maud_Land&revid=1255932451&groups=_4a261e165d0d2a37655ae23e5aff9b238cfd2c93 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen_Maud_Land&params=69.9667_S_12.9167_E_type:city_dim:9000km_region:&title=Lazarev"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°58′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">12°55′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.9667°S 12.9167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-69.9667; 12.9167</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Lazarev</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1959<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1959-03-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 1961<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1961-02-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">All year-round</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian%E2%80%93British%E2%80%93Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1949–52 was the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica. The expedition established its winter quarters at a base called <i>Maudheim</i> at 71°S, 11°W, and mapped much of western Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (1957–1958), year-round stations were established in Queen Maud Land by Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Belgium and Japan. The Norwegian expedition continued with topographical mapping, while the others started geophysical and geological research. Norway's <i>Norway Station</i> was lent to South Africa following the withdrawal of the Norwegian expedition in 1960. South Africa later built the <a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE</a> station, near the now-defunct Norway Station. The Soviet Union, and later Russia, has maintained continual operations, although it moved from <i>Lazarev Station</i> to <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya Station</a>. Japan has been based at its <a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa Station</a> since 1957, except for a hiatus of a few years. Belgium closed its <i>King Baudouin Station</i> in 1961, though it mounted limited operations in cooperation with the Netherlands in 1964–66. The United States established the temporary <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau Station</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the newly created <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a> was assigned the administration of Norwegian territories in the Arctic and Antarctic, including Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-h11_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway sent two major expeditions to the territory in the 1940s and 1950s, but its efforts declined after that.<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 June 1957, Queen Maud Land became subject to Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> (<i>biland</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-foranttrakt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foranttrakt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> officially came into force on 23 June 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian activity during the 1960s was limited to some minor co-expeditions with the United States, until it gradually picked up again following a larger expedition to western Queen Maud Land and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1976–77.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Polar Affairs Department of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police">Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>, headquartered in Oslo, has been assigned the administration of the Norwegian polar areas including Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1979, the Norwegian Polar Institute has been a directorate under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Environment (Norway)">Ministry of the Environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pco1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pco1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of an outpost surrounded by snow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG/220px-Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG/330px-Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG/440px-Troll_research_station_Antarctica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Norway's main research station, Troll, in Queen Maud Land</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, an expedition by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Tollefsen" title="Ivar Tollefsen">Ivar Tollefsen</a> made the first ascents of several mountains, including the tallest, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8kulkyrkja" class="mw-redirect" title="Jøkulkyrkja">Jøkulkyrkja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway established the summer station <a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a> in 1989–90.<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Minister of the Environment <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rge_Brende" title="Børge Brende">Børge Brende</a> was the first Norwegian minister to visit Queen Maud Land, and he soon allocated funds to expand the Troll station.<sup id="cite_ref-naria_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naria-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troll was upgraded to a year-round station in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-snl_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snl-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the centenary of Norway's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-naria_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naria-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the guests were Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Jan_Petersen" title="Jan Petersen">Jan Petersen</a> and Minister of the Environment <a href="/wiki/Knut_Arild_Hareide" title="Knut Arild Hareide">Knut Arild Hareide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-naria_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naria-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Troll was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sonja_of_Norway" title="Queen Sonja of Norway">Queen Sonja of Norway</a>, the first queen to ever visit Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-r305_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>, accompanied by forty officials, scientists and reporters, became the first Norwegian prime minister to visit Queen Maud Land. He personally named three mountains around the Troll station where he was based, although he chose to sleep outdoors in a tent, rather than in a bed inside. He said the purposes of the visit were to claim Norway's possessions in Antarctica, as well as to learn more about the climate research at Troll, which he said was key to better understanding of global climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-r305_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi5_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">King Harald V</a> became the world's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica when he went to Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg/170px-Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg/255px-Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg/340px-Dronning_Maud_Land_in_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4657" data-file-height="6353" /></a><figcaption>The locations of Norway (yellowish white) and Queen Maud Land (red stripes). This map in Winkel tripel projection distorts sizes; Antarctica is much smaller than it appears here.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like all other <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claims in Antarctica</a>, the Norwegian claim of Queen Maud Land (along with its claim of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a>) is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. The treaty makes clear that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and assures the freedom of scientific activity. It promotes international scientific cooperation and bans any <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>-related activities. Although territorial claims are not invalidated by the treaty, all claims under Article III of the treaty are in effect suspended as long as it is in force.<sup id="cite_ref-pco1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pco1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npianttr_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npianttr-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway, Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have all mutually recognised each other's claims in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there is a question on the actual boundaries of the claim, since the initial Norwegian demarcations both towards the South Pole and into the sea were left unclear. Apparently this was to avoid accepting use of the "<a href="/wiki/Sector_principle" title="Sector principle">sector principle</a>" for Arctic Ocean claims by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Norway partially rectified this question by formally laying its claim to the area between the Queen Maud Land and the South Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norwegian administration of Queen Maud Land is controlled by the Polar Affairs Department of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)">Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>, located in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annexation of the territory is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933; Queen Maud Land was added on 21 June 1957. It declares that Norwegian criminal law, private law and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural law</a> apply to the territory, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid in the territory. Furthermore, it establishes that all the land belongs to the state, and prohibits both nuclear detonations and the storage of nuclear waste.<sup id="cite_ref-ld_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ld-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 5 May 1995, Norwegian law has required all Norwegian activity in Antarctica to follow international environmental law for Antarctica. Norwegian citizens who plan activities in Queen Maud Land must therefore report to the Norwegian Polar Institute, which may prohibit any non-compliant activity. Those who visit Queen Maud Land must follow laws regarding protection of nature, treatment of waste, pollution and insurance for <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a white bird sitting on a rock." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg/220px-P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg/330px-P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg/440px-P%C3%A9trel_des_neiges_-_Snow_Petrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Snow_petrel" title="Snow petrel">snow petrel</a> is one of the species of birds found in Queen Maud Land.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three types of birds around Troll station: the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_petrel" title="Antarctic petrel">Antarctic petrel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snow_petrel" title="Snow petrel">snow petrel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_polar_skua" title="South polar skua">south polar skua</a>. The Antarctic petrel lives on the sea ice for most of the year, with the exception of its breeding season (in Antarctica, from November to February), when it moves to the inland mountains and <a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">nunataks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npi6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3.9-square-kilometre (1.5 sq mi) area of ice-free cliffs in Princess Astrid Coast called <a href="/wiki/Svarthamaren_Mountain" title="Svarthamaren Mountain">Svarthamaren Mountain</a> hosts Antarctica's largest known inland colony of breeding seabirds, almost 1 million (250,000 pairs) Antarctic petrels.<sup id="cite_ref-npi_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npi6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many snow petrels and south polar skuas also breed in this area. Snow petrels are generally spread out in smaller colonies throughout the mountainous areas of Queen Maud Land. During the breeding season, the south polar skua feeds exclusively upon the eggs, as well as both young and adult birds, of both petrel species.<sup id="cite_ref-npi6_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a> has some of its breeding places concentrated in Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four of the true Antarctic seals, namely the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal</a>, can be found in the King Haakon VII Sea off Queen Maud Land.<sup id="cite_ref-min_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-min-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ross seal is notably found in its greatest numbers in the King Haakon VII Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nunatak areas have a scarcity of flora, limited to <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophyte</a> and algae. Flowering plants are not found there. The Norwegian Polar Institute has not registered the occurrence of any threatened or rare plants or animals in Queen Maud Land, the known ones thus existing in healthy populations.<sup id="cite_ref-min_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-min-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_stations">Research stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations in Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Queen_Maud_Land" title="Research stations in Queen Maud Land">Research stations in Queen Maud Land</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a base near the edge of a barren cliff, surrounded by snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg/330px-SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg/495px-SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg/660px-SANAE_IV_from_above_the_northern_buttress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a> station on top of <a href="/wiki/Vesleskarvet" title="Vesleskarvet">Vesleskarvet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Queen Maud Land is currently home to at least 13 research stations, six of which are operated year-round. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> all operate both a perennial and a seasonal station. These are the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tor_(research_station)" title="Tor (research station)">Tor</a>; the German <a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer Station III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohnen">Kohnen</a>; and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome_Fuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Fuji">Dome Fuji</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> also operate one permanent station each. <a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a>, respectively. The remaining stations are seasonal, and include: the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth Antarctica</a> base; the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Aboa_(research_station)" title="Aboa (research station)">Aboa</a>; the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah</a>; and the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Wasa_(research_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa (research station)">Wasa</a>. These stations' total summer population is approximately 494,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Stations have been added since this was calculated. (March 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> but with considerably fewer in winter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These stations are connected by the Dronning Maud Land Air Network Project (<a href="/wiki/DROMLAN" title="DROMLAN">DROMLAN</a>), which is a cooperative agreement for transportation between eleven nations with research stations in East Antarctica. Long-range aircraft fly between Cape Town, South Africa and either the <a href="/wiki/Troll_Airfield" title="Troll Airfield">Troll Airfield</a>, located at the Troll research station, or the runway at the <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya Station</a>. From these two main airfields, smaller aircraft may fly further to other Antarctic destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-r305_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway's Troll station serves as a major hub of the DROMLAN network through the Troll Airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-r305_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r305-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research at Troll include air and atmospheric measurements,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and bird colonies, as well as meteorological and climate research.<sup id="cite_ref-naria_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naria-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Norwegian station, <a href="/wiki/Tor_(research_station)" title="Tor (research station)">Tor</a>, was established for researching birds at the breeding colony in <a href="/wiki/Svarthamaren_Mountain" title="Svarthamaren Mountain">Svarthamaren Mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npi6_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npi6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activities conducted by Russia's <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya Station</a> include environmental monitoring, <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>/mapping, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">geomagnetic</a> and meteorological observations, <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>, biology, <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionospheric</a> / auroral observations, <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a>, geology, geophysics and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg/220px-Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg/330px-Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg/440px-Holtedahlfjella_Nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="4134" /></a><figcaption>Charnockitic rock needle, northern Holtedahlfjella, Queen Maud Land, aerial photograph in SSE direction.</figcaption></figure> <p>South Africa's <a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a> station, the successor to three former stations, was completed in 1997. Research at SANAE IV include <a href="/wiki/Invasion_biology_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion biology terminology">invasion biology</a>/ecology, geology, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">atmospheric sciences</a>. Its facilities include a small hospital and a two-helicopter hangar.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Wasa_(research_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa (research station)">Wasa</a> station and the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Aboa_(research_station)" title="Aboa (research station)">Aboa</a> station together make up the <a href="/wiki/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Base" title="Nordenskiöld Base">Nordenskiöld Base</a>, and cooperate in research and logistics. Research carried out includes geodesy/mapping, glaciology, human biology, meteorological observations, geology and geophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer Station III</a>, finished in 2009, succeeded two former stations that were buried by snow and ice.<sup id="cite_ref-r304_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It conducts geophysical, meteorological and seismological research, as well as air chemistry measurements and atmospheric ozone monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany's other station, <a href="/wiki/Kohnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohnen">Kohnen</a>, was opened as part of a major ice-drilling project.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a> station succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a> station in 1989, India's first Antarctic base.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maitri's research focus on geology, and the study of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, when India and Antarctica belonged to the same landmass. It also includes low-temperature engineering research that is relevant to conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa Station</a> is Japan's main research station in Antarctica. A vast array of research is conducted there, including upper atmosphere physics, meteorology, seismology, <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a>, geodesy/mapping, oceanography, glaciology, geology, marine and terrestrial biology, and medical research.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's other station, <a href="/wiki/Dome_Fuji_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Fuji Station">Dome Fuji Station</a> was opened as part of a major ice-coring project.<sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mainly studies climate change and conducts deep drilling and atmospheric observations.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belgium's <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth Antarctica</a> base was established as a project to promote polar sciences, as well as to demonstrate the possibility of building a <a href="/wiki/Zero_emission" title="Zero emission">zero emission</a> station.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is conducted by an international team of scientists, studying climatology, glaciology and <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Queen Maud Land is featured in the 2021 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_2042" title="Battlefield 2042">Battlefield 2042</a></i> as the setting of the multiplayer map Breakaway.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Norwegian pop group is known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dronning_Mauds_Land_(gruppe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dronning Mauds Land (gruppe) (page does not exist)">Dronning Mauds Land</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Mauds_Land_(gruppe)" class="extiw" title="no:Dronning Mauds Land (gruppe)">no</a>]</span></i>, which translates to <i>Queen Maud Land</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Mountains" title="Queen Maud Mountains">Queen Maud Mountains</a> – Major feature group in the Transantarctic Mountains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> – A territory of Antarctica in Queen Maud Land, first explored by Nazi Germany in 1938/39</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled in Norwegian as <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Dronning Mauds land</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian name, Dronning Maud Land, is also used by English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-r304_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m540_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m540-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from a 1974 agreement between Norway and the United Kingdom not to translate the names of each other's claims. Similar agreements, although informal, also exist with Australia, New Zealand and France.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time of the claim, Norway did not validate the <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">sector</a> method of demarcating polar territory. This was in line with Norwegian claims in the Arctic and hence to avoid compromising Norway's position with regard to the former Soviet Union and present-day Russia. In the 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/meld.-st.-32-20142015/id2415997/">White Paper No. 32 (2014–2015) "Norwegian Interests and Policy in Antarctica"</a> the Foreign Ministry confirmed that while Norway rejected the sector method of delimiting claims it was not intended create a difference in interpretation of the Norwegian claim in the Antarctica; White Paper No. 19 (1939) had stated that the purpose of the annexation was to annex "land which is currently <i>terra nullius</i> and that only Norwegians have researched and mapped".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian cartographers however interpose three marginal seas along the coast, namely the <a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut Sea">Cosmonaut Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s155156_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s155156-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although some, notably Norwegian writer Bjarne Aagaard and German geographer Ernst Herrmann, have claimed that Germany never actually occupied the territory, it is well documented that Germany issued a decree about the establishment of a German Antarctic Sector called New Swabia after the expedition's return in August 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-admle_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprak.nrk.no/2015/dronning-mauds-land/">"Dronning Mauds land"</a>. <i>NRK-språket</i>. 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRK-spr%C3%A5ket&rft.atitle=Dronning+Mauds+land&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsprak.nrk.no%2F2015%2Fdronning-mauds-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r304-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r304_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r304_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r304_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, 2008, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m540-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m540_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, 2003, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrvoll" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ørvoll, Oddveig Øien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817073619/http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/kartlegginga-antarktis.html">"Kartlegginga av Antarktis: Internasjonale avtaler"</a> [Mapping Antarctica: International Agreements] (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/kartlegginga-antarktis.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kartlegginga+av+Antarktis%3A+Internasjonale+avtaler&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft.aulast=%C3%98rvoll&rft.aufirst=Oddveig+%C3%98ien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fno%2Fantarktis%2Fkartlegginga-antarktis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/minifakta_en/en/main_02.html">"Minifacts about Norway 2011: 2. Geography, climate and environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2009/Dronning%20Maud%20Lands%20statsrettslige%20stilling">the original</a> on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=Forutsetninger+for+Antarktistraktaten%3A+Dronning+Maud+Lands+statsrettslige+stilling+%E2%80%93+%22utviklingen%22+frem+til+1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Fartikler%2F2009%2FDronning%2520Maud%2520Lands%2520statsrettslige%2520stilling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/dw1q/norge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen">"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"</a>. <i>Aftenposten</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>…formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Norge+utvider+Dronning+Maud+Land+helt+frem+til+Sydpolen&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Ole+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnorge%2Fi%2Fdw1q%2Fnorge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r305-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r305_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r305_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r305_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r305_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r305_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, 2008, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/486862/Queen-Maud-Land">"Queen Maud Land"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Queen+Maud+Land&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F486862%2FQueen-Maud-Land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#geography">"India - The World Factbook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. <q>2,973,193 sq km</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=India+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Findia%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/#geography">"Argentina - The World Factbook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227101423/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. <q>2,736,690 sq km</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Argentina+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fargentina%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/#geography">"Kazakhstan - The World Factbook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227104519/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. <q>2,699,700 sq km</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226033122/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/area_and_population.aspx">"Area and Population"</a>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/area_and_population.aspx">the original</a> on 26 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+and+Population&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_And_You%2Farea_and_population.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dronning+Maud+Land&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fno%2Fantarktis%2Fdronning-maud-land.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgaw-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cgaw_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgaw_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirihaiCox2008" class="citation book cs1">Shirihai, Hadoram; Cox, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YU8XAQAAIAAJ"><i>The complete guide to Antarctic wildlife: birds and marine mammals of the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean</i></a>. Princeton University. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+guide+to+Antarctic+wildlife%3A+birds+and+marine+mammals+of+the+Antarctic+continent+and+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13666-0&rft.aulast=Shirihai&rft.aufirst=Hadoram&rft.au=Cox%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYU8XAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvevold2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elvevold, Synnøve (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007071935/http://www.polarhistorie.no/filearchive/Faktaark_NP_012.pdf">"Geologi i Antarktis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Norsk Polarhistorie</i> (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=Geologi+i+Antarktis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Elvevold&rft.aufirst=Synn%C3%B8ve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Ffilearchive%2FFaktaark_NP_012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h10-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h10_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heldal, 2011, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h11-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h11_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h11_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heldal, 2011, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j47-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j47_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyner, 1992, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-th21-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-th21_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatherton1965" class="citation book cs1">Hatherton, Trevor (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20sOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Antarctica</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hatherton&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20sOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarhistorie.no/hendelser/1209014135.65/tidslinjehendelse_view?geografi=1162838073.78&hovedemne=&underemne=&hovedepoke=&underepoke=&">"1911"</a>. <i>Norsk Polarhistorie</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Fhendelser%2F1209014135.65%2Ftidslinjehendelse_view%3Fgeografi%3D1162838073.78%26hovedemne%3D%26underemne%3D%26hovedepoke%3D%26underepoke%3D%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-admle-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-admle_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admle_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admle_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admle_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiderøe2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Widerøe, Turi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075108/http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2008/annekteringen%20av%20dronning%20maud%20land/print_artikler_view">"Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land"</a>. <i>Norsk Polarhistorie</i> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2008/annekteringen%20av%20dronning%20maud%20land/print_artikler_view">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=Annekteringen+av+Dronning+Maud+Land&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wider%C3%B8e&rft.aufirst=Turi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Fartikler%2F2008%2Fannekteringen%2520av%2520dronning%2520maud%2520land%2Fprint_artikler_view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, 2002, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, 2002, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHince2000" class="citation book cs1">Hince, Bernadette (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJd8_owUxFEC&q=0CDcQ6AEwBTgK&pg=PA242"><i>The Antarctic dictionary: a complete guide to Antarctic English</i></a>. CSIRO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9577471-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9577471-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9577471-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+dictionary%3A+a+complete+guide+to+Antarctic+English&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9577471-1-1&rft.aulast=Hince&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJd8_owUxFEC%26q%3D0CDcQ6AEwBTgK%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npo1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npo1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npo1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401191628/https://polarhistorie.no/artikler/2009/Antarktistraktaten">"Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten"</a>. <i>Norsk Polarhistorie</i> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2009/Antarktistraktaten">the original</a> on 1 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Polarhistorie&rft.atitle=Forutsetninger+for+Antarktistraktaten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarhistorie.no%2Fartikler%2F2009%2FAntarktistraktaten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=115594">"Maudheim"</a>. <i>SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica</i>. Australian Antarctic Data Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milj%C3%B8status+i+Norge&rft.atitle=Dronning+Maud+Land&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miljostatus.no%2FTema%2FPolaromradene%2FAntarktis%2FDronning-Maud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyner, 1992, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1995" class="citation book cs1">Stone, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIGvBCorXLcC&pg=PA19"><i>Seals</i></a>. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0049-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0049-6"><bdi>978-2-8317-0049-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0049-6&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIGvBCorXLcC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095404/http://www.hustadnes.net/Tur/Troll/Om%20Troll.htm">"Antarktis: Troll får nye krefter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_for_Air_Research" title="Norwegian Institute for Air Research">Norwegian Institute for Air Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilu.no/index.cfm?ac=news&folder_id=4316&text_id=22872&view=text">the original</a> on 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarktis%3A+Troll+f%C3%A5r+nye+krefter&rft.pub=Norwegian+Institute+for+Air+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilu.no%2Findex.cfm%3Fac%3Dnews%26folder_id%3D4316%26text_id%3D22872%26view%3Dtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolle2010" class="citation web cs1">Molle, Kris (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073230/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/russia-and-the-antarctic/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/novolazarevskaya">"Novolazarevskaya"</a>. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/russia-and-the-antarctic/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/novolazarevskaya">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novolazarevskaya&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Molle&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Frussia-and-the-antarctic%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Fnovolazarevskaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, 2008, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolle2010" class="citation web cs1">Molle, Kris (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073025/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/finland-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/aboa">"Aboa"</a>. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/finland-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/aboa">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboa&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.aulast=Molle&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Ffinland-and-antarctica%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Faboa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolle2010" class="citation web cs1">Molle, Kris (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073314/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/germany-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/neumayer">"Neumayer"</a>. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/germany-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/neumayer">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neumayer&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Molle&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Fgermany-and-antarctica%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Fneumayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, 2003, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, 2008, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGonigal, 2009, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073115/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/japan-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/syowa">"Syowa"</a>. Polar Conservation Organisation. 3 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/japan-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/syowa">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syowa&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Fjapan-and-antarctica%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Fsyowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolle2010" class="citation web cs1">Molle, Kris (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073143/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/japan-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/dome-fuji">"Dome Fuji"</a>. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/japan-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/dome-fuji">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dome+Fuji&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Molle&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Fjapan-and-antarctica%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Fdome-fuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarcticstation.org/station/">"Princess Elisabeth Antarctica"</a>. Princess Elisabeth Antarctica<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/belgium-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/princess-elisabeth-base">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princess+Elisabeth&rft.pub=Polar+Conservation+Organisation&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.aulast=Molle&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarconservation.org%2Feducation%2Fantarctic-bases%2Fbelgium-and-antarctica%2Fstations-bases-camps-and-refuges%2Fprincess-elisabeth-base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArts2021" class="citation web cs1">Arts, Electronic (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ea.com/games/battlefield/battlefield-2042/game-overview/maps">"Battlefield 2042 Maps – Electronic Arts"</a>. <i>Electronic Arts Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Arts+Inc.&rft.atitle=Battlefield+2042+Maps+%E2%80%93+Electronic+Arts&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=Electronic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ea.com%2Fgames%2Fbattlefield%2Fbattlefield-2042%2Fgame-overview%2Fmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sonichits.com/artist/Dronning_Mauds_Land">Dronning Mauds Land</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeldal2011" class="citation book cs1">Heldal, Tom (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323101831/http://www.geologi.no/data/f/0/20/40/9_2401_0/Abstracts_WinterConf2011.pdf"><i>Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway: Vinterkonferansen 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stavanger: Geological Society of Norway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92394-62-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-92394-62-5"><bdi>978-82-92394-62-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geologi.no/data/f/0/20/40/9_2401_0/Abstracts_WinterConf2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstracts+and+Proceedings+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Norway%3A+Vinterkonferansen+2011&rft.place=Stavanger&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+Norway&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-82-92394-62-5&rft.aulast=Heldal&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geologi.no%2Fdata%2Ff%2F0%2F20%2F40%2F9_2401_0%2FAbstracts_WinterConf2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner1992" class="citation book cs1">Joyner, Christopher C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6JAr747H60C&pg=PA47"><i>Antarctica and the law of the sea</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1823-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1823-1"><bdi>978-0-7923-1823-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica+and+the+law+of+the+sea&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-1823-1&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6JAr747H60C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal2009" class="citation book cs1">McGonigal, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bFcJgX0lIUC"><i>Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent</i></a>. Frances Lincoln Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2980-8"><bdi>978-0-7112-2980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Secrets+of+the+Southern+Continent&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2980-8&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bFcJgX0lIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C"><i>Exploring Polar frontiers: A–L, Volume 1</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-422-0"><bdi>978-1-57607-422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+frontiers%3A+A%E2%80%93L%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-422-0&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David Thomas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZMvwDzH5SoC"><i>German exploration of the polar world: a history, 1870–1940</i></a>. University of Nebraska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3205-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-3205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+exploration+of+the+polar+world%3A+a+history%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3205-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZMvwDzH5SoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Jeff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA120"><i>Antarctica</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-549-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-549-9&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9-DG11ncGkC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonehouse2002" class="citation book cs1">Stonehouse, Bernard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uFd1mICC98C"><i>Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the southern oceans</i></a>. John Wiley and Son. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98665-2"><bdi>978-0-471-98665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antarctica+and+the+southern+oceans&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Son&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98665-2&rft.aulast=Stonehouse&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uFd1mICC98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Maud+Land" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Maud_Land&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dronning_Maud_Land" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dronning Maud Land">Dronning Maud Land</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npolar.no/en/">Norwegian Polar Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/About-the-Ministry-of-Justice-and-the-Po/Organization/Departments/The-Polar-Affairs-Department.html?id=1447">Polar Affairs Department</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Antarctic_territorial_claims" title="Template:Antarctic territorial claims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctic_territorial_claims" title="Template talk:Antarctic territorial claims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic_territorial_claims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic territorial claims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a> <small>(Fr.)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica" title="Argentine Antarctica">Argentine Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Land" title="Kemp Land">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac._Robertson_Land" title="Mac. Robertson Land">Mac. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_Land" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II Land">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oates_Land" title="Oates Land">Oates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Land" title="Queen Elizabeth Land">Queen Elizabeth Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> <small>(Nor.)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Maud Land</a> <small>(Nor.)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <small>(N.Z.)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HSAntarctica.svg/300px-HSAntarctica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HSAntarctica.svg/450px-HSAntarctica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HSAntarctica.svg/600px-HSAntarctica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <small>(Ger.)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Yukihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato Yukihara">Yamato Yukihara</a> <small>(Jap.)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized and <br />Proposed claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Antarctica" title="Uruguayan Antarctica">Uruguayan Antarctica</a></li> <li>American Antarctica</li> <li>Russian Antarctica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Spanish Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unincorporated_areas_and_dependencies_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_territories_of_Norway" title="Template:Overseas territories of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_territories_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Overseas territories of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_territories_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas territories of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unincorporated_areas_and_dependencies_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen" title="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Unincorporated areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen" title="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Unincorporated areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (special area of internal sovereignty, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/36px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/54px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/72px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Maud Land</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related 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