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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_maneuver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_maneuver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opening maneuver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_maneuver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_troops_landing_in_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_troops_landing_in_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Italian troops landing in Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_troops_landing_in_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trench_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trench_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trench phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trench_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Naval warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_war_and_atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_war_and_atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Irregular war and atrocities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_war_and_atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Ouchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Ouchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treaty of Ouchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Ouchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe,_Balkans_and_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_Balkans_and_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Europe, Balkans and First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_Balkans_and_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_the_Dodecanese_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_the_Dodecanese_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fate of the Dodecanese Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_the_Dodecanese_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italo-Turkish War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب العثمانية الإيطالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب العثمانية الإيطالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_italo-turca" title="Guerra italo-turca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra italo-turca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_%C3%ADtalo-turca" title="Guerra ítalo-turca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra ítalo-turca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya%E2%80%93Osmanl%C4%B1_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İtaliya–Osmanlı müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliya–Osmanlı müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایتالیا-عوثمانلی ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا-عوثمانلی ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%93%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তুর্কি–ইতালীয় যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কি–ইতালীয় যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Італа-турэцкая вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італа-турэцкая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Итало-турска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Итало-турска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_italo-turca" title="Guerra italo-turca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra italo-turca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsko-tureck%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Italsko-turecká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italsko-turecká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_italiensk-tyrkiske_krig" title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienisch-T%C3%BCrkischer_Krieg" title="Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιταλοτουρκικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλοτουρκικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_%C3%ADtalo-turca" title="Guerra ítalo-turca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra ítalo-turca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital-turka_milito" title="Ital-turka milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ital-turka milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkiar_Gerra" title="Italo-Turkiar Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italo-Turkiar Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنگ عثمانی و ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ عثمانی و ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_italo-turque" title="Guerre italo-turque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre italo-turque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="이탈리아-튀르크 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아-튀르크 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իտալա-թուրքական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալա-թուրքական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijansko-turski_rat" title="Talijansko-turski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijansko-turski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Italia%E2%80%93Turki" title="Perang Italia–Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Italia–Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Italo-Turc" title="Guerra Italo-Turc – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Italo-Turc" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_italo-turca" title="Guerra italo-turca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra italo-turca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה האיטלקית-עות'מאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה האיטלקית-עות'מאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Итальян-тюрк къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Итальян-тюрк къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთ-იტალიის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთ-იტალიის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Италия-Түрк соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италия-Түрк соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_%C3%8Etalyan_%C3%BB_Tirk%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_1911-1912" title="Şerê Îtalyan û Tirkî yê 1911-1912 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Îtalyan û Tirkî yê 1911-1912" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Italo-Turcicum" title="Bellum Italo-Turcicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Italo-Turcicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81%C4%BCu-turku_kar%C5%A1" title="Itāļu-turku karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itāļu-turku karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olasz%E2%80%93t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Olasz–török háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olasz–török háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Османлиско-италијанска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Османлиско-италијанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Itali-Turki" title="Perang Itali-Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Itali-Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaans-Turkse_Oorlog" title="Italiaans-Turkse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaans-Turkse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="伊土戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="伊土戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Италин-туркойн тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Италин-туркойн тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_italiensk-tyrkiske_krig" title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_italiensk-tyrkiske_krigen" title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den italiensk-tyrkiske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Italoturca" title="Guèrra Italoturca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Italoturca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya-Turkiya_urushi" title="Italiya-Turkiya urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiya-Turkiya urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اطالوی ترک جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اطالوی ترک جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="ايټالوي-ترکي جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايټالوي-ترکي جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w%C5%82osko-turecka" title="Wojna włosko-turecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna włosko-turecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_%C3%8Dtalo-Turca" title="Guerra Ítalo-Turca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Ítalo-Turca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Italo-Turc" title="Războiul Italo-Turc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Italo-Turc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Итало-турецкая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итало-турецкая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliansko-tureck%C3%A1_vojna" title="Taliansko-turecká vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taliansko-turecká vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijansko-tur%C5%A1ka_vojna" title="Italijansko-turška vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijansko-turška vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Турско-италијански рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турско-италијански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijansko-turski_rat" title="Italijansko-turski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijansko-turski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%E2%80%93Turkin_sota" title="Italian–Turkin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian–Turkin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiensk-turkiska_kriget" title="Italiensk-turkiska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italiensk-turkiska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trablusgarp_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Trablusgarp Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trablusgarp Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Італійсько-турецька війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італійсько-турецька війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اطالوی ترک جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالوی ترک جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_%C3%9D_%E2%80%93_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Chiến tranh Ý – Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Ý – Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="義土戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義土戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203824#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Italo-Turkish War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg/300px-Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg/450px-Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg/600px-Italo-Turkish_war_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><br />Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a> of Italian <a href="/wiki/Cannone_da_149/23" title="Cannone da 149/23">149/23</a> cannons; <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> with an Ottoman officer and Libyan <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a></i>; Italian troops landing in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>; an Italian Blériot aircraft; Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Bafra</i> sinking at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Al Qunfudhah</a>; Ottoman prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912<br />(1 year, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a> (Ottoman Libya), <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Italian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Italy gains <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Dodecanese Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi Order</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Caneva" title="Carlo Caneva">Carlo Caneva</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Aubry" title="Augusto Aubry">Augusto Aubry</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ameglio" title="Giovanni Ameglio">Giovanni Ameglio</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Faravelli" title="Luigi Faravelli">Luigi Faravelli</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>Mobilisation 1911:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />55,000 troops<br />8,300 quadrupeds<br />1,500 wagons <br />84 field guns <br />42 mountain guns <br />28 siege guns<br /> </p> Exigencies 1912:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />4 battalions Alpini, 7 battalions Ascari and 1 squadron Meharisti</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Initial</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />~8,000 regular Turkish troops <br />~20,000 local irregular troops<br /><b>Final</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />~40,000 Turks and Libyans</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,432 killed in action<br />1,948 died of disease<br />4,250 wounded<br /><sup id="cite_ref-World_War_I_page_946_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_War_I_page_946-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.82_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-choate1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choate1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,189 killed in action<sup id="cite_ref-JHY_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHY-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />~10,000 killed in reprisals & executions<sup id="cite_ref-student_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-student-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1911)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1911)">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(1911)" title="Battle of Benghazi (1911)">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sciara_Sciat" title="Battle of Sciara Sciat">Sciara Sciat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Italo-Turkish_War" title="Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War">Mechiya Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Al-Hani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Al-Hani (page does not exist)">Al-Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Zara" title="Battle of Ain Zara">Ain Zara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Kunfuda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Al-Fwaihat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Al-Fwaihat (page does not exist)">Al-Fwaihat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1912)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1912)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(1912)" title="Battle of Misrata (1912)">Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Zanzur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scramble_for_Africa4059" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Scramble for Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Scramble for Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Scramble for 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href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Equatoria (1886–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_resistance" title="Banadir resistance">Somalia (1888–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Eritrea (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batetela_rebellion" title="Batetela rebellion">Congo (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs_Expedition_to_Katanga" title="Stairs Expedition to Katanga">Katanga (1891−92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Ashanti (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid"> South Africa (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Matabeleland (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Zanzibar (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Chad (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">South Africa (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Aro (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Namibia (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Tanganyika (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Morocco (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">South Africa (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1907–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Mufilo (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Ouaddai (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Morocco (1911)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">South Africa (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Darfur (1916)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3487" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>The <b>Italo-Turkish</b> or <b>Turco-Italian War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Trablusgarp Savaşı</i>, "Tripolitanian War", <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Guerra di Libia</i>, "War of Libya") was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania Vilayet</a>, of which the main <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sub-provinces</a> were <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> itself. These territories became the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, which would later merge into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>. </p><p>During the conflict, Italian forces also occupied the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="#Treaty_of_Ouchy">Treaty of Ouchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1912. However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwi.lib.byu.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi.lib.byu.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war is considered a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, seeing how easily Italy defeated the Ottomans<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and motivated by incipient Balkan <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, attacked the Ottoman Empire in October 1912, starting the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> a few days before the end of the Italo-Turkish War.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italo-Turkish War saw some <a href="/wiki/Second_generation_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second generation warfare">technological changes</a>, most notably the use of <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">airplanes in combat</a>. On 23 October 1911, an Italian pilot, <i><a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">Capitano</a></i> Carlo Piazza, flew over Turkish lines on the world's first aerial <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> mission,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 1 November, the first <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">aerial bomb</a> was dropped by <i><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Sottotenente</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Gavotti" title="Giulio Gavotti">Giulio Gavotti</a>, on Turkish troops in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, from an early model of <a href="/wiki/Etrich_Taube" title="Etrich Taube">Etrich Taube</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, using rifles, were the first to shoot down an airplane.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another use of new technology was a network of wireless telegraphy stations established soon after the initial landings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, the inventor of wireless telegraphy, came to Libya to conduct experiments with the Italian Corps of Engineers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian claims to Libya date back to the Ottoman defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">War of 1877–1878</a> and subsequent disputes thereafter. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in 1878, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> had agreed to the <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French occupation of Tunisia">French occupation of Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British control over Cyprus</a> respectively, which were both parts of the declining Ottoman state. </p><p>When Italian diplomats hinted about possible opposition to the Anglo-French maneuvers by their government, the French replied that <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> would have been a counterpart for Italy, which made a secret agreement with the British government in February 1887 via a diplomatic exchange of notes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement stipulated that Italy would support British control in Egypt, and that Britain would likewise support Italian influence in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, Italy and France had signed a <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">secret treaty</a> which accorded freedom of intervention in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement, negotiated by Italian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Prinetti" title="Giulio Prinetti">Giulio Prinetti</a> and French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Camille_Barr%C3%A8re" title="Camille Barrère">Camille Barrère</a>, ended the historic rivalry between both nations for control of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The same year, the British government promised Italy that "any alteration in the status of Libya would be in conformity with Italian interests". Those measures were intended to loosen Italian commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> and thereby weaken <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, which France and Britain viewed as their main rival in Europe. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> made the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> in which Russia acknowledged Italy's interest in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in return for Italian support for Russian control of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Italian government did little to realise that opportunity and so knowledge of the Libyan territory and resources remained scarce in the following years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The removal of diplomatic obstacles coincided with increasing colonial fervor. In 1908, the Italian Colonial Office was upgraded to a Central Directorate of Colonial Affairs. The nationalist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Enrico Corradini</a> led the public call for action in Libya and, joined by the nationalist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i> in 1911, demanded an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian press began a large-scale lobbying campaign for an invasion of Libya in late March 1911. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals and well-watered, defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Also, its population was described as hostile to the Ottomans and friendly to the Italians, and they predicted that the future invasion would be little more than a "military walk".<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Giovanni_Giolitti_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian government remained committed into 1911 to the maintenance of the Ottoman Empire, which was a close friend of its German ally. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> rejected nationalist calls for conflict over <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Albania</a>, which was seen as a possible colonial project, as late as the summer of 1911. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> in which French military action in Morocco in July 1911 would lead to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate</a>, changed the political calculations. The Italian leadership then decided that it could safely accede to public demands for a colonial project. The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> powers were highly supportive. British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a> stated to the Italian ambassador on 28 July that he would support Italy, not the Ottomans. On 19 September, Grey instructed Permanent Under-Secretary of State Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nicolson,_1st_Baron_Carnock" title="Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock">Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock</a> that Britain and France should not interfere with Italy's designs on Libya. Meanwhile, the Russian government urged Italy to act in a "prompt and resolute manner".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to its engagement with the Entente powers, Italy largely ignored its military allies in the Triple Alliance. Giolitti and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Patern%C3%B2_Castello,_Marchese_di_San_Giuliano" title="Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano">Antonino Paternò Castello</a> agreed on 14 September to launch a military campaign "before the Austrian and German governments [were aware] of it". Germany was then actively attempting to mediate between Rome and Constantinople, and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal</a> repeatedly warned Italy that military action in Libya would threaten the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and create a crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>, which would destabilise the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> and the European <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>. Italy also foresaw that result since Paternò Castello, in a July report to the king and Giolitti, laid out the reasons for and against military action in Libya, and he raised the concern that the Balkan revolt, which would likely follow an Italian attack on Libya, might force Austria-Hungary to take military action in Balkan areas claimed by Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> had a strong influence over public opinion, but it was in opposition and also divided on the issue. It acted ineffectively against military intervention. The future <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascist">Italian fascist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who was then still a left-wing Socialist, took a prominent antiwar position. A similar opposition was expressed in Parliament by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Leone Caetani</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An ultimatum was presented to the Ottoman government, led by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP), on the night of 26–27 September 1911. Through Austro-Hungarian intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war and maintaining a formal Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. That suggestion was comparable to the situation in <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a>, which was under formal Ottoman suzerainty but was under <i>de facto</i> control by the British. Giolitti refused. </p><p>Italy declared war on 29 September 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaign">Military campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_maneuver">Opening maneuver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opening maneuver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeplin_orta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg/220px-Zeplin_orta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg/330px-Zeplin_orta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Zeplin_orta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions on Libyan territory. The Italo-Turkish War was the first in history to feature aerial bombardment by airplanes and airships.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/220px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="464" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/330px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/440px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="4362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver Bey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_(1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg/240px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg/360px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg/480px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_on_the_Tripoli_Front_%281911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Conker" title="Nuri Conker">Nuri Conker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuat_Bulca" title="Fuat Bulca">Fuat Bulca</a> taken on the front line on December 19, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian army was ill-prepared for the war and was not informed of the government's plans for Libya until late September. The army had a shortage of soldiers as the class of 1889 was demobilized before the war started. Military operations started with the bombardment of Tripoli on 3 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was conquered by 1,500 sailors, much to the enthusiasm of the interventionist minority in Italy. Another proposal for a diplomatic settlement was rejected by the Italians, and so the Ottomans decided to defend the province.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 September 1911, Italy published the declaration of their direct interest towards Libya. Without a proper response, the Italian forces landed on the shores of Libya on 4 October 1911. A considerable number of Italians were living within the Ottoman Empire, mostly inhabiting Istanbul, Izmir, and Thessaloniki, dealing with trade and industry. The sudden declaration of war shocked both the Italian community living in the Empire as well as the Ottoman government. Depending on the mutual friendly relations, the Ottoman Government had sent their Libyan battalions to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in order to suppress local rebellions, leaving only the military police in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, the Ottomans did not have a full army in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. Many of the Ottoman officers had to travel there by their own means, often secretly, through Egypt since the British government would not allow Ottoman troops to be transported en masse through Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> was too weak to transport troops by sea. The Ottomans organised local Libyans for the defence against the Italian invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>, served as combat units along with Eritrean and Italian soldiers in the Italo-Turkish War.<sup id="cite_ref-dsfsdgfdsf_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsfsdgfdsf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Somalian troops stationed would return home only in 1935, when they were transferred back to Italian Somaliland in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion of Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_troops_landing_in_Libya">Italian troops landing in Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italian troops landing in Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italian invasion of Libya</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assalam,_La_Paz,_a%C3%B1o_IX,_n_879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg/200px-Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg/300px-Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg/400px-Assalam%2C_La_Paz%2C_a%C3%B1o_IX%2C_n_879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Argentine newspaper <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assalam" class="extiw" title="es:Assalam">Assalam</a></i> discussing the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> (30 September 1911).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first disembarkation of Italian troops occurred on 10 October. Having no prior military experiences and lacking adequate planning for amphibious invasions, the Italian armies poured onto the coasts of Libya, facing numerous problems during their landings and deployments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these problems was that the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">vice admiral</a> in 1911, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucknam_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucknam Pasha (page does not exist)">Bucknam Pasha</a>, was at first successfully blockading the Italians from landing on the Tripolitanian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italians believed that a force of 20,000 would be able to take over Libya. The force was able to capture Tripoli, Tobruk, Derna, Bengasi, and Homs between 3 and 21 October. However, the Italians suffered a defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_and_massacre_at_Shar_al-Shatt" title="Battle and massacre at Shar al-Shatt">Shar al-Shatt</a>, with at least 21 officers and 482 soldiers dead. The Italians executed 400 women and 4,000 men through firing squads and hanging in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542–43_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201542–43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corps was consequently enlarged to 100,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201543_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeppertMulliganRose201543-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had to face 20,000 Libyans and 8,000 Ottomans. The war turned into one of position. Even the Italian utilisation of <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and air power, both among the earliest in modern warfare, had little effect on the initial outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first military use of <a href="/wiki/Heavier-than-air_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier-than-air craft">heavier-than-air craft</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">Capitano</a></i> Carlo Piazza flew the first <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> flight on 23 October 1911. A week later, <i><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Sottotenente</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Gavotti" title="Giulio Gavotti">Giulio Gavotti</a> dropped four grenades on Tajura (Arabic: تاجوراء Tājūrā’, or Tajoura) and Ain Zara in the first aerial bombing in history.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trench_phase">Trench phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trench phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg/220px-Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg/330px-Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg/440px-Achille_Beltrame_-_Turkish_army_surrenders_and_gives_up_weapons_to_the_Italian_general_Ameglio_at_Rhodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>16 May 1912: surrender of the Ottoman garrison in Rhodes to the Italian general <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ameglio" title="Giovanni Ameglio">Giovanni Ameglio</a> near Psithos<br />(from Italian weekly <i><a href="/wiki/La_Domenica_del_Corriere" title="La Domenica del Corriere">La Domenica del Corriere</a></i>, 26 May – 2 June 1912).</figcaption></figure> <p>Technologically and numerically superior Italian forces easily managed to take the shores. However, the Italians still could not penetrate deep inland.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libyans and Turks, estimated at 15,000, made frequent attacks day and night on the strongly-entrenched Italian garrison in the southern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>. The four Italian infantry regiments on the defensive were supported by the cruisers <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_San_Marco" title="Italian cruiser San Marco"><i>San Marco</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Agordat" title="Italian cruiser Agordat"><i>Agordat</i></a>. The Italians rarely attempted a sortie.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehler49_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehler49-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attack of 20,000 Ottoman and local troops was repulsed on 30 November with considerable losses. Shortly afterward, the garrison was reinforced by the 57th infantry regiment from Italy. The battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Regina_Elena" title="Italian battleship Regina Elena"><i>Regina Elena</i></a> also arrived from Tobruk. During the night of 14 and 15 December, the Ottomans attacked in great force but were repulsed with aid of the fire from the ships. The Italians lost several field guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehler49_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehler49-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, the Ottomans and the Libyans were estimated at 3,500, but they were being constantly reinforced, and a general assault on the Italian position was expected. The Italian and Turkish forces in Tripoli and Cyrenaica were constantly reinforced since the Ottoman withdrawal to the interior enabled them to reinforce their troops considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehler49_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehler49-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lacking a considerable navy, the Ottomans were not able to send regular forces to Libya and so the Ottoman government supported a great number of young officers to travel to the area in order to rally the locals and coordinate the resistance. <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cami_Baykurt" title="Cami Baykurt">Cami Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Conker" title="Nuri Conker">Nuri Bey</a> and many other Turkish officers managed to reach Libya, traveling under secret identities such as covering as a <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> among others. The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a> <a href="/wiki/Osman_Fuad" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Fuad">Osman Fuad</a> had also joined these officers, granting royal support to the resistance. During the war, Mustafa Kemal Bey, the future founder of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, was wounded by shrapnel to his eye.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of the war was defrayed chiefly by voluntary offerings from Muslims; men, weapons, ammunition and all kinds of other supplies were constantly sent across to the Egyptian and Tunisian frontiers, not withstanding their neutrality. The Italians occupied <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a> on the coast between Tobruk and Solum to prevent contraband and troops from entering across the Egyptian frontier, and the naval blockaders guarded the coast as well as capturing several sailing ships laden with contraband.<sup id="cite_ref-Beehler49_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beehler49-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italoturca1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/220px-Italoturca1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/330px-Italoturca1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/440px-Italoturca1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops firing on the Turks in Tripoli, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian troops landed at <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> after a brief bombardment on 4 December 1911, occupied the seashore, and marched towards the hinterlands facing weak <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small numbers of Ottoman soldiers and Libyan volunteers were later organized by Captain <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>. The small 22 December <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Battle of Tobruk</a> resulted in Mustafa Kemal's victory.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With that achievement, he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> War quarters to coordinate the field on 6 March 1912.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Libyan campaign ground to a stalemate by December 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-choate1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choate1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1912, 1,500 Libyan volunteers attacked Italian troops who were building <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenches</a> near Derna. The Italians, who were outnumbered but had superior weaponry, held the line. A lack of coordination between the Italian units sent from Derna as reinforcements and the intervention of Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> threatened the Italian line, and the Libyans attempted to surround the Italian troops. Further Italian reinforcements, however, stabilised the situation, and the battle ended in the afternoon with an Italian victory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 14 September, the Italian command sent three columns of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> to disband the Arab camp near Derna. The Italian troops occupied a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> and interrupted Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Supply_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply lines">supply lines</a>. Three days later, the Ottoman commander, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Enver Bey">Enver Bey</a>, attacked the Italian positions on the plateau. The larger Italian fire drove back the Ottoman soldiers, who were surrounded by a battalion of <a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpini</a> and suffered heavy losses. A later Ottoman attack had the same outcome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Then, operations in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> ceased until the end of the war. </p><p>Although some elements of the local population collaborated with the Italians, counterattacks by Ottoman soldiers with the help of local troops confined the Italian army to the coastal region.<sup id="cite_ref-student_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-student-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, by the end of 1912 the Italians had made little progress in conquering <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. The Italian soldiers were in effect besieged in seven <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> on the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wright_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest was at <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and extended barely 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from the town.<sup id="cite_ref-wright_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_warfare">Naval warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naval warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_fleet_organisation_during_the_Italo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman fleet organisation during the Italo-Turkish War">Ottoman fleet organisation during the Italo-Turkish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Beirut_battle.jpg/220px-Beirut_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Beirut_battle.jpg/330px-Beirut_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Beirut_battle.jpg/440px-Beirut_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Italian cruiser bombarding Ottoman vessels in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> harbor.</figcaption></figure> <p>At sea, the Italians enjoyed a clear advantage. The Italian Navy had seven times the tonnage of the Ottoman Navy and was better trained.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1912, the Italian cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina#World_War_I_2" title="Regia Marina">Piemonte</a></i>, with the Soldato class destroyers <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina#Destroyers" title="Regia Marina">Artigliere</a></i> and <i>Garibaldino</i>, sank seven Ottoman gunboats (<i>Ayintab</i>, <i>Bafra</i>, <i>Gökcedag</i>, <i>Kastamonu</i>, <i>Muha</i>, <i>Ordu</i> and <i>Refahiye</i>) and a yacht (<i>Sipka</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Battle of Kunfuda Bay</a>. The Italians blockaded the Red Sea ports of the Ottomans and actively supplied and supported the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Emirate of Asir</a>, which was also then at war with the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, on 24 February, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Battle of Beirut</a>, two Italian armoured cruisers attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Lighter_(barge)" title="Lighter (barge)">lighters</a>, retreated and returned and then sank an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ironclad_Avnillah" title="Ottoman ironclad Avnillah"><i>Avnillah</i></a> alone suffered 58 killed and 108 wounded. By contrast, the Italian ships took no casualties and also no direct hits from any of the Ottoman warships.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy had feared that the Ottoman naval forces at <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> could be used to threaten the approach to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. The Ottoman naval presence at Beirut was completely annihilated and casualties on the Ottoman side were heavy. The Italian Navy gained complete naval dominance of the southern Mediterranean for the rest of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman military officers <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Conker" title="Nuri Conker">Nuri Conker</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Italy could extend its control to almost all of the 2,000 km of the Libyan coast between April and early August 1912, its ground forces could not venture beyond the protection of the navy's guns and so were limited to a thin coastal strip. In the summer of 1912, Italy began operations against the Ottoman possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> with the approval of the other powers, which were eager to end a war that was lasting much longer than expected. Italy occupied twelve islands in the sea, comprising the Ottoman province of <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Rhodes" title="Sanjak of Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, which then became known as the Dodecanese, but that raised the discontent of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, which feared that it could fuel the <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a> of nations such as <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and Greece and cause imbalance in the already-fragile situation in the Balkan area. The only other relevant military operation of the summer was an attack of five Italian torpedo boats in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> on 18 July. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_war_and_atrocities">Irregular war and atrocities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Irregular war and atrocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Italo-Turkish_War" title="Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War">Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal,_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/220px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/330px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/440px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> (left) with an Ottoman military officer and Libyan <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a decree of 5 November 1911, Italy declared its sovereignty over Libya. Although the Italians controlled the coast, many of their troops had been killed in battle and nearly 6,000 Ottoman soldiers remained to face an army of nearly 140,000 Italians. As a result, the Ottomans began using guerrilla tactics. Indeed, some "Young Turk" officers reached Libya and helped organize a guerrilla war with local <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many local Libyans joined forces with the Ottomans because of their common faith against the "Christian invaders" and started bloody <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. Italian authorities adopted many repressive measures against the rebels, such as public hangings as retaliation for ambushes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Trablusgarp%27ta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Group of Ottoman military officers (including <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 October 1911, over 500 Italian soldiers were slaughtered by Turkish troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_and_massacre_at_Shar_al-Shatt" title="Battle and massacre at Shar al-Shatt">Sciara Sciatt</a>, on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This massacre occurred, at least in part, reportedly due to the rape and sexual assault of Libyan and Turkish women by the Italian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, as a consequence, on the next day the <a href="/wiki/1911_Tripoli_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Tripoli massacre">1911 Tripoli massacre</a> had Italian troops systematically murder thousands of civilians by moving through local homes and gardens one by one, including by setting fire to a mosque with 100 refugees inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Italian authorities attempted to keep the news of the massacre from getting out, the incident soon became internationally known.<sup id="cite_ref-Simons2003_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simons2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians started to show photographs of the massacred Italian soldiers at Sciara Sciat to justify their revenge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Ouchy"><span class="anchor" id="Treaty_of_Ouchy"></span> Treaty of Ouchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaty of Ouchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumbeyoglu_fahreddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rumbeyoglu_fahreddin.jpg/130px-Rumbeyoglu_fahreddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Rumbeyoglu_fahreddin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rumbeyo%C4%9Flu_Fahreddin_Bey" title="Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey">Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey</a> led the Turkish delegation at Lausanne (1912).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Turkish and Italian delegations at Lausanne (1912). From left to right (seating): <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bertolini" title="Pietro Bertolini">Pietro Bertolini</a>, Mehmet Nabi Bey, Guido Fusinato, <a href="/wiki/Rumbeyo%C4%9Flu_Fahreddin_Bey" title="Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey">Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Giuseppe Volpi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian diplomats decided to take advantage of the situation to obtain a favourable peace deal. On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty in <a href="/wiki/Ouchy" title="Ouchy">Ouchy</a> in Lausanne called the <b>First Treaty of Lausanne</b>, which is often also called <b>Treaty of Ouchy</b> to distinguish it from the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, (the Second Treaty of Lausanne).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main provisions of the treaty were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Ottomans would withdraw all military personnel from Trablus and Benghazi vilayets (Libya), but in return, Italy would return <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and the other Aegean islands that it held to the Ottomans.</li> <li>Trablus and Benghazi vilayets would have a special status and a <i><a href="/wiki/Naib" class="mw-redirect" title="Naib">naib</a></i> (regent), and a <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">kadi</a></i> (judge) would represent the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>.</li> <li>Before the appointment of the <i>kadis</i> and <i>naibs</i>, the Ottomans would consult the Italian government.</li> <li>The Ottoman government would be responsible for the expenses of these <i>kadis</i> and <i>naibs</i>.</li></ul> <p>Subsequent events prevented the return of the Dodecanese to Turkey, however. The <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> broke out shortly before the treaty had been signed. Turkey was in no position to reoccupy the islands while its main armies were engaged in a bitter struggle to preserve its remaining territories in the Balkans. To avoid a Greek invasion of the islands, it was implicitly agreed on that the Dodecanese would remain under neutral Italian administration until the conclusion of hostilities between the Greeks and the Ottomans, after which the islands would revert to Ottoman rule. </p><p>Turkey's continued involvement in the Balkan Wars, followed shortly by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (which found Turkey and Italy again on opposing sides), meant that the islands were never returned to the Ottoman Empire. Turkey gave up its claims on the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, and the Dodecanese continued to be administered by Italy until 1947, when after the Italian defeat in World War II, the islands were ceded to Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_in_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Italians_in_Libya.jpg/220px-Italians_in_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Italians_in_Libya.jpg/330px-Italians_in_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Italians_in_Libya.jpg/440px-Italians_in_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpini</a></i> and Libyan corpses after the attack against "Ridotta Lombardia".</figcaption></figure> <p>The invasion of Libya was a costly enterprise for Italy. Instead of the 30 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a> a month judged sufficient at its beginning, it reached a cost of 80 million a month for a much longer period than was originally estimated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The war cost Italy 1.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a>, nearly a billion more than <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> estimated before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-choate_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruined ten years of fiscal prudence.<sup id="cite_ref-choate_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army the Italians could easily extend their occupation of the country, seizing East Tripolitania, <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a>, the Djebel and <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a> during 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-be206_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-be206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of the First World War with the necessity to bring back the troops to Italy, the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> by the Ottomans and the uprising of the Libyans in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> forced the Italians to abandon all occupied territory and to entrench themselves in Tripoli, Derna, and on the coast of Cyrenaica.<sup id="cite_ref-be206_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-be206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian control over much of the interior of Libya remained ineffective until the late 1920s when forces under the Generals <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a> waged bloody pacification campaigns. Resistance petered out only after the execution of the rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> on 15 September 1931. The result of the Italian colonisation for the Libyan population was that by the mid-1930s it had been cut in half due to emigration, famine, and war casualties. The Libyan population in 1950 was at the same level as in 1911, approximately 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_Balkans_and_First_World_War"><span id="Europe.2C_Balkans_and_First_World_War"></span>Europe, Balkans and First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe, Balkans and First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924, the Serbian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Spalajkovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Spalajković">Miroslav Spalajković</a> could look back on the events that led to the First World War and its aftermath and state of the Italian attack, "all subsequent events are nothing more than the evolution of that first aggression."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the British-controlled Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a> <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a>, which made up modern-day Libya, was core territory of the Empire, like that of the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition that had defended the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856), minimised Ottoman territorial losses at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878) and supported the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> (1885–88) had largely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction in the Balkans to the Italian declaration of war was immediate. The first draft by Serbia of a military treaty with <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> against Turkey was written by November 1911, with a defensive treaty signed in March 1912 and an offensive treaty signed in May 1912 focused on military action against Ottoman-ruled Southeastern Europe. The series of bilateral treaties between <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> that created the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> was completed in 1912, with the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–1913) beginning by a Montenegrin attack on 8 October 1912, ten days before the Treaty of Ouchy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swift and nearly-complete victory of the Balkan League astonished contemporary observers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, none of the victors were happy with the division of captured territory, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913) in which Serbia, Greece, the Ottomans, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> took almost all of the territory that Bulgaria had captured in the first war.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the enormous change in the regional balance of power, Russia switched its primary allegiance in the region from Bulgaria to Serbia and guaranteed Serbian autonomy from any outside military intervention. The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist and the resulting Austro-Hungarian plan for military action against Serbia was a major precipitating event of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918). </p><p>The Italo-Turkish War illustrated to the French and British governments that Italy was more valuable to them inside the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> than being formally allied with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I#Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a>. In January 1912, the French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cambon" title="Paul Cambon">Paul Cambon</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> that Italy was "more burdensome than useful as an ally. Against Austria, she harbours a latent hostility that nothing can disarm".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tensions within the Triple Alliance would eventually lead Italy to sign the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>, which had it abandon the Triple Alliance and join the Entente.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Italy itself, massive funerals for fallen heroes brought the Catholic Church closer to the government from which it had long been alienated. There emerged a cult of patriotic sacrifice in which the colonial war was celebrated in an aggressive and imperialistic way. The ideology of "crusade" and "martyrdom" characterised the funerals. The result was to consolidate Catholic war culture among devout Italians, which was soon expanded to include Italian involvement in the Great War (1915–1918). That aggressive spirit was revived by the Fascists in the 1920s to strengthen their popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resistance in Libya was an important experience for the young officers of the Ottoman Army, such as <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cami_Baykurt" title="Cami Baykurt">Cami Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Conker" title="Nuri Conker">Nuri Bey</a> and many others. These young officers were to perform important military duties and accomplishments in the First World War, led the Turkish independency war and found the Republic of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_the_Dodecanese_Islands">Fate of the Dodecanese Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fate of the Dodecanese Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> remained under Italian military occupation. According to the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, which was never ratified, Italy was supposed to cede all of the islands except <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> to Greece in exchange for a vast Italian zone of influence in southwest <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. However, the Greek defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco–Turkish War</a> and the foundation of modern Turkey created a new situation that made the enforcement of the terms of that treaty impossible. In Article 15 of the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, which superseded the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Turkey formally recognised the Italian annexation of the Dodecanese. The population was largely Greek, and by treaty in 1947, the islands eventually became part of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Dodecanese were part of Italy, the local population was not affected by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>, and a small community of <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Turks">Dodecanese Turks</a> has remained to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>Primo, the Turkish Child</i>, the Turkish author <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a> tells the fictional story of a boy living in the Ottoman city of Selânik (Salonica, today <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>), who has to choose his national identity between his Turkish father and Italian mother after the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912–1913 (Ömer Seyfettin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWidoAEACAAJ">Primo Türk Çocuğu</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_and_massacre_at_Shar_al-Shatt" title="Battle and massacre at Shar al-Shatt">Sciara Sciatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Battles of Zanzur (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_for_the_Italo-Turkish_War_1911%E2%80%931912" title="Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912">Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErik_Goldstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Erik Goldstein (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWWKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991</i></a>. Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134899128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134899128"><bdi>978-1134899128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Peace+Treaties%3A+1816+to+1991&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1134899128&rft.au=Erik+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWWKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.15_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_13-36_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of the Italian-Turkish War</i>, William Henry Beehler, pp. 13–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_War_I_page_946-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_War_I_page_946_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._TuckerPriscilla_Mary_Roberts" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts. <i>World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</i>. p. 946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=946&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.82-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)_p.82_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated and Compiled from the Reports of the Italian General Staff, "The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)" (Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1914), p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choate1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choate1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choate1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vZDzTX5uCIC&q=%22his+cautious+tactics+led+to+relatively+low+casualties%22"><i>Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad</i></a>, Mark I. Choate, Harvard University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02784-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02784-1">0-674-02784-1</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHY-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JHY_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall2020" class="citation book cs1">Lyall, Jason (2020). <i>"Divided Armies": Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Divided+Armies%22%3A+Inequality+and+Battlefield+Performance+in+Modern+War&rft.place=Princeton+University+Press&rft.pages=278&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lyall&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-student-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-student_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-student_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&q=%22during+the+war+italy+suffered%22"><i>World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-879-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-879-8">1-85109-879-8</a>, p. 946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025183004/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm">"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912"</a>. <i>www.mtholyoke.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mtholyoke.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne%2C+October%2C+1912.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwi.lib.byu.edu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwi.lib.byu.edu_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive"</a>. <i>wwi.lib.byu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwi.lib.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne+-+World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Michel_Rabaté2008" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Michel Rabaté (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WY8vGO2lHtEC&pg=PA7"><i>1913: The Cradle of Modernism</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69147-2"><bdi>978-0-470-69147-2</bdi></a>. <q>Realizing how easily the Italians had defeated the Ottomans, the members of the Balkan League attacked the empire before the war with Italy was over</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1913%3A+The+Cradle+of+Modernism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69147-2&rft.au=Jean-Michel+Rabat%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWY8vGO2lHtEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=RA1-PA310"><i>Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Sage. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412981767" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412981767"><bdi>978-1412981767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412981767&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtCL2OYsH6wC%26pg%3DRA1-PA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksel" class="citation web cs1">Maksel, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/the-worlds-first-warplane-115175678/?no-ist=">"The World's First Warplane"</a>. <i>airspacemag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airspacemag.com&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+First+Warplane&rft.aulast=Maksel&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fdaily-planet%2Fthe-worlds-first-warplane-115175678%2F%3Fno-ist%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Pre_WWI/AP1.htm">Aviation at the Start of the First World War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009223955/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Pre_WWI/AP1.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Crabtree: <i>On air defense</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275947920" title="Special:BookSources/0275947920">0275947920</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJAwkoYgghQC&q=%22shot+down+by+ground+fire+as+the+turks%22&pg=PA9">p. 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy_in_the_Italo-Turkish_War" title="Wireless telegraphy in the Italo-Turkish War">Wireless telegraphy in the Italo-Turkish War</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.J.P._Taylor1954" class="citation book cs1">A.J.P. Taylor (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_YkAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195014082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195014082"><bdi>978-0195014082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe%2C+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0195014082&rft.au=A.J.P.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_YkAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Ungari2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Ungari (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29oxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>The Libyan War 1911–1912</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443864923" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443864923"><bdi>978-1443864923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Libyan+War+1911%E2%80%931912&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1443864923&rft.au=Andrea+Ungari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29oxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/alliance.htm">"Alliance System / System of alliances"</a>. <i>thecorner.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne%2C+October%2C+1912&rft.pub=Mount+Holyoke+College%2C+Program+in+International+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903224624/http://www.bildirmen.com/usi-ouchy-antlasmasi/">"Uşi (Ouchy) Antlaşması"</a> [Treaty of Ouchy] (in Turkish). Bildirmem.com. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U%C5%9Fi+%28Ouchy%29+Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1&rft.pub=Bildirmem.com&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bildirmen.com%2Fusi-ouchy-antlasmasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choate-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choate_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choate_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark I. Choate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vZDzTX5uCIC&q=%22italian+government+1.3+billion+lire%22"><i>Emigrant nation: the making of Italy abroad</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02784-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02784-1">0-674-02784-1</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-be206-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-be206_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-be206_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertarelli (1929), p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning, Waniss Otman, Erling Karlberg, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, pp. 243–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, pp. 256–258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matteo Caponi, "Liturgie funebri e sacrificio patriottico I riti di suffragio per i caduti nella guerra di Libia (1911–1912)."["Funeral Liturgies and Patriotic Sacrifices: The Rites for the Souls of Those Who Fell in the War of Libya (1911–1912)"] <i>Rivista di storia del cristianesimo</i> 10.2 (2013) 437–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> İlber Ortaylı, 2012, “ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LU3fMgEACAAJ">Yakın Tarihin Gerçekleri</a> “ p. 55 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.J. Carabott, "The Temporary Italian Occupation of the Dodecanese: A Prelude to Permanency," <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>, (1993) 4#2 pp 285–312.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeppertMulliganRose2015" class="citation book cs1">Geppert, Dominik; Mulligan, William; Rose, Andreas, eds. (2015). <i>The Wars before the Great War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107478145" title="Special:BookSources/9781107478145"><bdi>9781107478145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+before+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107478145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Askew, William C. <i>Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya, 1911–1912</i> (1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3044731/europe-and-italy-s-acquisition-of-libya-1911-1912">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008133033/https://www.questia.com/read/3044731/europe-and-italy-s-acquisition-of-libya-1911-1912">Archived</a> 2020-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Baldry, John (1976). "al-Yaman and the Turkish occupation 1849–1914". <i>Arabica</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">156–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005876X00227">10.1163/157005876X00227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=al-Yaman+and+the+Turkish+occupation+1849%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005876X00227&rft.aulast=Baldry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beehler, William Henry. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyitaliant00beehgoog">The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912</a></i>. (1913; reprint: Harvard University Press, 2008)</li> <li>Biddle, Tami Davis, <i>Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945</i>. Princeton University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12010-2">978-0-691-12010-2</a>.</li> <li>Childs, Timothy W. <i>Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912</i>. Brill, Leiden, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09025-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09025-8">90-04-09025-8</a>.</li> <li>Crow, Duncan, and Icks, Robert J. <i>Encyclopedia of Armored Cars</i>. Chatwell Books, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89009-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89009-058-0">0-89009-058-0</a>.</li> <li>Hallion, Richard P. <i>Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945</i>. (2nd ed.) University of Alabama Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817356576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817356576">978-0817356576</a>.</li> <li>Paris, Michael. <i>Winged Warfare</i>. Manchester University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 106–115.</li> <li>Stevenson, Charles. <i>A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War</i> (2014), a major scholarly study</li> <li>Vandervort, Bruce. <i>Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914</i> (Indiana University Press, 1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). <i>Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII</i> (in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+d%27Italia%2C+Vol.+XVII&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Consociazione+Turistica+Italiana&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Bertarelli&rft.aufirst=L.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maltese, Paolo. "L'impresa di Libia", in <i>Storia Illustrata</i> #167, October 1971.</li> <li>"1911–1912 Turco–Italian War and Captain Mustafa Kemal". Ministry of Culture of Turkey, edited by Turkish Armed Forces-Division of History and Strategical Studies, pp. 62–65, Ankara, 1985.</li> <li>Schill, Pierre. <i>Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)</i>, éd. Créaphis, 2018. 480 pages and 230 photographs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35428-141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35428-141-0">978-2-35428-141-0</a></li> <li><i>Awaken the archive of a colonial war. Photographs and writings of a French war correspondent during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya (1911–1912)</i>. With contributions from art historian Caroline Recher, critic Smaranda Olcèse, writer Mathieu Larnaudie and historian Quentin Deluermoz.</li> <li>"Trablusgarp Savaşı Ve 1911–1912 Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri: Tarblusgarp Savaşı'nda Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'le İlgili Bazı Belgeler", Hale Şıvgın, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-0160-5">978-975-16-0160-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italo-Turkish_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tripoliitalianal00mart">Antonio De Martino.<i>Tripoli italiana</i> Societa Libraria italiana (Library of Congress). New York, 1911</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614033253/http://www.turkeyswar.com/trablusgarp.html">Turco-Italian War</a> at Turkey in the First World War website</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Alan (2011-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13294524">"Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya+1911%3A+How+an+Italian+pilot+began+the+air+war+era&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13294524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalo-Turkish+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19120601/">Map of Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316070043/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19120601/">Archived</a> 2015-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> during Italo-Turkish War at omniatlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/sep/28.htm">V. I. Lenin, <i>The End of the Italo-Turkish War</i></a>, September 28, 1912.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars5231" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars5231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire794" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template talk:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire794" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> (1299–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gallipoli" title="Treaty of Gallipoli">Gallipoli (1403)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Selymbria" title="Treaty of Selymbria">Selymbria (1411)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_peace_treaty_(1419)" title="Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1419)">Venice (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Szeged (1444)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> (1453–1566)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1454)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1454)">Constantinople (1454)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Constantinople (1479)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1533)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1533)">Constantinople (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Adrianople (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Amasya (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1562)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1562)">Constantinople (1562)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> (1566–1703)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1568)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1568)">Adrianople (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1590)">Constantinople (1590)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Zitvatorok (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nasuh_Pasha" title="Treaty of Nasuh Pasha">Nasuh Pasha (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Busza" title="Peace of Busza">Busza (1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Serav" title="Treaty of Serav">Serav (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Khotyn" title="Treaty of Khotyn">Khotin (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Zuhab (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">Vasvár (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buchach" title="Treaty of Buchach">Buczacz (1672)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C5%BBurawno" title="Treaty of Żurawno">Żurawno (1676)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Bakhchisaray (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Karlowitz (1699)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">Constantinople (1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> (1703–1789)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Pruth (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Passarowitz (1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Constantinople (1724)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ahmet_Pasha" title="Treaty of Ahmet Pasha">Ahmet Pasha (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1736)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1736)">Constantinople (1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Belgrade (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Niş (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kerden" title="Treaty of Kerden">Kerden (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Küçük Kaynarca (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aynal%C4%B1kavak" title="Treaty of Aynalıkavak">Aynalıkavak (1779)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Modernization</a> (1789–1908)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova" title="Treaty of Sistova">Sistova (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Jassy (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish" title="Convention of El Arish">El Arish (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1800)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1800)">Constantinople (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Paris (1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Dardanelles" title="Treaty of the Dardanelles">Çanak (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Bucharest (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#First_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Adrianople (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Constantinople (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Hünkar İskelesi (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Convention of Kütahya">Kütahya (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Balta_Liman" title="Treaty of Balta Liman">Balta Liman (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">London (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#Second_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Paris (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Scutari" title="Convention of Scutari">Scutari (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">San Stefano (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Berlin (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Halepa (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophane_Agreement" title="Tophane Agreement">Tophane (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Constantinople (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1897)">Constantinople (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Fall</a> (1908–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Daan" title="Treaty of Daan">Daan (1911)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Treaty_of_Ouchy">Ouchy (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">London (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Constantinople (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Athens (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">Armenian reforms (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_convention_(1915)" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman convention (1915)">Sofia (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Erzincan (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Brest-Litovsk (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Mudros (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres (1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Template:Treaties of Turkey">Treaties of Turkey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Banadir Resistance">Banadir Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/76px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/152px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">World War II campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Italian Blockade of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Italian Invasion of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Intervention_in_Northern_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Intervention in Northern Russia">Italian Intervention in Northern Russia</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_di_spedizione_italiano_in_Murmania" class="extiw" title="it:Corpo di spedizione italiano in Murmania">it</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Occupation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Libya128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Libya" title="Template:Italian Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Libya" title="Template talk:Italian Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Libya128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Italian_Libya" title="List of governors-general of Italian Libya">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg/200px-Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg/300px-Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg/400px-Administrative_subdivision_of_Italian_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied administration of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_refugees_from_Libya" title="Italian refugees from Libya">Italian refugees from Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Province" title="Tripoli Province">Tripoli Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misrata_Governorate" title="Misrata Governorate">Misurata Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Province" title="Benghazi Province">Benghazi Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_Province" title="Derna Province">Derna Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_Territory" title="Southern Military Territory">Southern Military Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Tripolitania" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Tripolitania">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Cyrenaica" title="List of colonial governors of Italian Cyrenaica">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Fascist imperialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya_Railways" title="Italian Libya Railways">Italian Libya Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Libya" title="Railway stations in Libya">Railway stations in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Castel_Benito" title="RAF Castel Benito">Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Benghazi" title="Italian Benghazi">Italian Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Coastal_Highway" title="Libyan Coastal Highway">Via Balbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch_(Libya)" title="Marble Arch (Libya)">Arch of the Fileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Grand_Prix" title="Tripoli Grand Prix">Tripoli Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_International_Fair" title="Tripoli International Fair">Tripoli International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Line" title="Imperial Line">Imperial Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">Frontier Wire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_and_massacre_at_Shar_al-Shatt" title="Battle and massacre at Shar al-Shatt">Sciara Sciatt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Saharan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-Saharan Company">Auto-Saharan Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Shore" title="Fourth Shore">Fourth Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Italian_Libya" title="Postage stamps of Italian Libya">Postage stamps</a></li> <li>Pidgin Italian of Libya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Innocenzo_Martinelli" title="Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli">Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Visconti" title="Adriano Visconti">Adriano Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossana_Podest%C3%A0" title="Rossana Podestà">Rossana Podestà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Gentile" title="Claudio Gentile">Claudio Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Califano" title="Franco Califano">Franco Califano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Bandini" title="Lorenzo Bandini">Lorenzo Bandini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division" title="Italian Libyan Colonial Division">Italian Libyan Colonial Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="1st Libyan Division (Italy)">1st Libyan Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="2nd Libyan Division (Italy)">2nd Libyan Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascari_del_Cielo" title="Ascari del Cielo">Ascari del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savari" title="Savari">Savari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Spahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203824#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4162618-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138757">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022671h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022671h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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