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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenvolk-Demokratie" title="Herrenvolk-Demokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herrenvolk-Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_Herrenvolk" title="Democracia Herrenvolk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia Herrenvolk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_Herrenvolk" title="Démocratie Herrenvolk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie Herrenvolk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot paper used in the referendum. Ballot reads on the upper row: IS U TEN GUNSTE VAN 'N REPUBLIEK VIR DIE UNIE? in Afrikaans and on the bottom row: ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF A REPUBLIC FOR THE UNION? in English." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png/220px-South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png/330px-South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png/440px-South_Africa_republic_referendum_1960_ballot_paper.png 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>A ballot paper from the <a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 South African republic referendum</a>, in which only <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white people</a> were allowed to vote—the first such national election <a href="/wiki/Cape_qualified_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape qualified franchise">in the union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy</b> is a nominally <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> form of government in which only a specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> has <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> and the right to run for office, while other groups are <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy is a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">ethnocracy</a>, which refers to any form of government where one ethnic group dominates the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, with or without elections. Elections were/are generally <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free</a>, but voting suffrage was restricted based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, with governance that reflected the interests of the politically dominant racial group. The German term <i>Herrenvolk</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>", was used in nineteenth century discourse that justified German <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> with the supposed <a href="/wiki/Racial_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial superiority">racial superiority</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (1861–1865), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> (1948–1994), and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (1847–1946) are described as examples of <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> (1948–) has also been characterized as a <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy by some scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-ISR1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISR2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISR3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other scholars dispute this characterization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This form of government is typically employed by an ethnic group or groups to maintain control and power within the system. It is often accompanied with a pretense of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As people of the dominant ethnic group gain <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and egalitarian principles are advanced, other ethnic groups are <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressed</a> and prevented from being involved in the government. </p><p>The term was first used in 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Racism" title="Race and Racism">Race and Racism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1991 book <i>The Wages of Whiteness</i>, historian <a href="/wiki/David_R._Roediger" class="mw-redirect" title="David R. Roediger">David R. Roediger</a> reinterprets this form of government in the context of 19th-century United States, arguing that the term "<i>Herrenvolk</i> republicanism" more accurately describes racial politics at this time. The basis of <i>Herrenvolk</i> republicanism went beyond the <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> of black people in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Republican_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican government">republican government</a> serving the "master race"; it contended that "blackness" was synonymous with dependency and servility and was, therefore, antithetical to republican independence and white freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoediger1997172_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoediger1997172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the dependent white worker at this time used his whiteness to differentiate himself from and elevate himself over the dependent black worker or enslaved person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoediger199759–60_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoediger199759–60-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this ideology, black people were not merely "<a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">non-citizens</a>"; they were "anti-citizens" who inherently opposed the ideals of a republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This principle can be seen in the development of both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>—especially the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">Southern states</a>—and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these historical scenarios, even as legislation moved toward <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> and later toward <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>, it also further entrenched restrictions on political participation by <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> and upheld their disenfranchisement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sociologist Michael West, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> adopted a voting franchise based on income, property ownership, and literacy qualifications which was not a whites-only "herrenvolk democracy" as practiced in neighboring South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-West_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West notes that the Rhodesian system was "unlike" a herrenvolk democracy in that sense, although it still upheld <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> by imposing strict economic qualifications which only permitted a relatively small number of black Africans to participate in the democratic process.<sup id="cite_ref-West_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their discussion of South Africa as a herrenvolk democracy, sociologists Chester Hunt and Lewis Walker found that the Rhodesian system could not confine citizenship and representative government to the "herrenvolk" because it was simply too small - white Rhodesians never made up more than five percent of the country's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-ED1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunt and Walker argued that this practical reality forced white Rhodesians to accept compromises that resulted in a slightly more pluralistic system as opposed to South Africa's herrenvolk democracy, albeit one in which they continued to enjoy disproportionate influence.<sup id="cite_ref-ED1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> voting was restricted to descendants of <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a> until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberian nationality law</a> is not alone: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> At least half a dozen [African] countries effectively ensure that those from certain ethnic groups can never obtain nationality from birth; nor can their children nor their children’s children. At the most extreme end, Liberia and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, both founded by freed slaves, take the position that only those of “Negro” (Liberia) or “NegroAfrican” (Sierra Leone)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Even if its a quote it should noted which time span is meant in the section. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> descent can be citizens from birth. Sierra Leone also provides for more restrictive rules for naturalisation of “non-negro-Africans”, while Liberia provides that those not “of Negro descent” are not only excluded from citizenship from birth, but, “in order to preserve, foster, and maintain the positive Liberian culture, values, and character”, are prohibited from becoming citizens even by naturalisation.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Manby, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Liberia)" title="Republican Party (Liberia)">Republican Party</a> in the 1890s, Liberia turned into a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/True_Whig_Party" title="True Whig Party">True Whig Party</a> until 1980. </p><p>Some scholars and commentators, including <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Baruch Kimmerling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a>, have characterized <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as a <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy due to Israel's <i>de facto</i> control of the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territories of Palestine">occupied territories</a> whose native inhabitants may not vote in Israeli elections.<sup id="cite_ref-ISR1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISR2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISR3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISR3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smooha" title="Sammy Smooha">Sammy Smooha</a>, Ilan Peleg, <a href="/wiki/Nachman_Ben-Yehuda" title="Nachman Ben-Yehuda">Nachman Ben-Yehuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Ophir" title="Adi Ophir">Adi Ophir</a>, have asserted that this characterization is invalid, variously describing the Israeli regime as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">ethnic democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democracy</a> or a "hybrid regime".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smooha_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_democracy">Ethnic democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnic democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></div> <p>The term <i>ethnic democracy</i> has sometimes been used with either the same or a different meaning as <i>Herrenvolk democracy</i>. The former term was first introduced by Professor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1975, who defined it as functionally synonymous with <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy: "a political system that is democratic for the dominant group but excludes, on the basis of ethnicity, other groups from the democratic process".<sup id="cite_ref-Smooha23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smooha23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was subsequently and independently used by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> sociologist Professor <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smooha" title="Sammy Smooha">Sammy Smooha</a> in a book published in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a universalised model of the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smooha23_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smooha23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Linz, Smooha and a number of other scholars have used the term to refer to a type of state that differs from <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy (or <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">ethnocracy</a>) in having more purely democratic elements: they argue that Israel and other purported "ethnic democracies" provide the non-core groups with more political participation, influence and improvement of status than is typical under a <i>Herrenvolk</i> state.<sup id="cite_ref-smooha_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critical scholars have argued that the so-called "ethnic democracies" are not fundamentally different from <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracies or ethnocracies, or that the differences are of degree rather than kind. According to these critics, Herrenvolk democracy and ethnic democracy both share numerous key features, in particular hegemonic control and tyranny of the majority, but differ in tactics: when the minority is unmanageable or outright ceases to be a numerical minority, the dominant ethnic group resorts to the more repressive tactics of <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy, but when the non-dominant ethnicities are smaller or weaker, the dominant group maintains a façade of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-smooha_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethnocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></div> <p>The term "ethnocracy" was initially defined by <a href="/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel" title="Oren Yiftachel">Oren Yiftachel</a> as a model for describing and understanding Israel, as "a non-democratic regime which attempts to extend or preserve disproportional ethnic control over a contested multiethnic territory".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smooha_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, ethnocracies generally make at least some attempts to erect a thin democratic façade.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yiftachel distinguishes ethnocracy by noting that "[s]ignificant (though partial) civil and political rights are extended to minority members, distinguishing ethnocracies from Herrenvolk or authoritarian regimes."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, interpreting Yiftachel's model, Sammy Smooha has noted that while ethnocracy, like <i>Herrenvolk</i> democracy, is not truly democratic, it distinguishes itself from the latter in having "universal suffrage and democratic institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-smooha_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish and democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVickery1974" class="citation journal cs1">Vickery, Kenneth P. (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500012469">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Herrenvolk' Democracy and Egalitarianism in South Africa and the U.S. South"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>16</b> (13): 309–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500012469">10.1017/s0010417500012469</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/17826">17826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=%27Herrenvolk%27+Democracy+and+Egalitarianism+in+South+Africa+and+the+U.S.+South&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=309-328&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500012469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F17826%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0010417500012469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGründer1999" class="citation book cs1">Gründer, Horst (1999). 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Cape Town: African Minds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928331-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928331-08-7"><bdi>978-1-928331-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+Law+in+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=African+Minds&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-928331-08-7&rft.au=Bronwen+Manby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriely2021" class="citation book cs1">Ariely, Gal (2021). "Israel's Regime Conflicting Classifications". In Kumaraswamy, P. R. 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Singapore: Springer. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-2717-0_2-1">10.1007/978-981-16-2717-0_2-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2717-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2717-0"><bdi>978-981-16-2717-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Regime+Conflicting+Classifications&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+International+Handbook+of+Israel&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-2717-0_2-1&rft.isbn=978-981-16-2717-0&rft.aulast=Ariely&rft.aufirst=Gal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmooha1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smooha, Sammy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246820">"Ethnic Democracy: Israel as an Archetype"</a>. <i>Israel Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 198–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.1997.2.2.198">10.2979/ISR.1997.2.2.198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246820">30246820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Democracy%3A+Israel+as+an+Archetype&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-241&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.1997.2.2.198&rft.aulast=Smooha&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smooha-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smooha_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smooha_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smooha_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smooha_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smooha_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmooha2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smooha, Sammy (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8219.00062">"The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state"</a>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 475–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-8219.00062">10.1111/1469-8219.00062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078">1354-5078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+model+of+ethnic+democracy%3A+Israel+as+a+Jewish+and+democratic+state&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-503&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1469-8219.00062&rft.issn=1354-5078&rft.aulast=Smooha&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1469-8219.00062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarel-ShalevPeleg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harel-Shalev, Ayelet; Peleg, Ilan (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2347798913518462">"Hybridity and Israel's Democratic Order: The End of an Imperfect Balance?"</a>. <i>Contemporary Review of the Middle East</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 75–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798913518462">10.1177/2347798913518462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2347-7989">2347-7989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Hybridity+and+Israel%27s+Democratic+Order%3A+The+End+of+an+Imperfect+Balance%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-94&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798913518462&rft.issn=2347-7989&rft.aulast=Harel-Shalev&rft.aufirst=Ayelet&rft.au=Peleg%2C+Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798913518462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriely2021" class="citation book cs1">Ariely, Gal (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108951371/type/book"><i>Israel's Regime Untangled: Between Democracy and Apartheid</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108951371.002">10.1017/9781108951371.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-95137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-95137-1"><bdi>978-1-108-95137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Regime+Untangled%3A+Between+Democracy+and+Apartheid&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108951371.002&rft.isbn=978-1-108-95137-1&rft.aulast=Ariely&rft.aufirst=Gal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781108951371%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smooha23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smooha23_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smooha23_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smooha, 2001, p.23: "I used this name in 1989 without being aware that it was coined originally by Linz in 1975 to refer to a political system that is democratic for the dominant group but excludes, on the basis of ethnicity, other groups from the democratic process. In 1996 Linz and Stepan followed Linz’s original usage and employed the term (Type II, pp. 429-430) to essentially mean “Herrenvolk democracy”, which is a non-democratic system."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smooha, S. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf">The model of ethnic democracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193044/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf">Archived</a> 2 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2001, p24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Smooha, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img2.tapuz.co.il/CommunaFiles/32398285.pdf">Ethnic democracy: Israel as an archetype </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309143326/http://img2.tapuz.co.il/CommunaFiles/32398285.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Israel, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel1997" class="citation journal cs1">Yiftachel, Oren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4329117">"Israeli Society and Jewish-Palestinian Reconciliation: 'Ethnocracy' and Its Territorial Contradictions"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>51</b> (4). Middle East Institute: 505–519. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4329117">4329117</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Israeli+Society+and+Jewish-Palestinian+Reconciliation%3A+%27Ethnocracy%27+and+Its+Territorial+Contradictions&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-519&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=00263141&rft.aulast=Yiftachel&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4329117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, James (30 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/mcs/article/view/5143/5715">"ETHNOCRACY: Exploring and Extending the Concept"</a>. <i>Cosmopolitan Civil Societies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fccs.v8i3.5143">10.5130/ccs.v8i3.5143</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmopolitan+Civil+Societies&rft.atitle=ETHNOCRACY%3A+Exploring+and+Extending+the+Concept&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fccs.v8i3.5143&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepress.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fmcs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5143%2F5715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfheil-Somers1998" class="citation web cs1">Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/1998/06/democracy-or-ethnocracy/">"Democracy or Ethnocracy?"</a>. <i>MERIP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MERIP&rft.atitle=Democracy+or+Ethnocracy%3F&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.aulast=Ufheil-Somers&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F1998%2F06%2Fdemocracy-or-ethnocracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenvolk_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoediger1997" class="citation book cs1">Roediger, David R. (1997). <i>The Wages of Whiteness</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844671458" title="Special:BookSources/9781844671458"><bdi>9781844671458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Whiteness&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781844671458&rft.aulast=Roediger&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerrenvolk+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" 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