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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Unyong+Sobyetiko" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item 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href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimolohiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Himagsikan_at_Pagkakatatag_(1917-1927)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himagsikan_at_Pagkakatatag_(1917-1927)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Himagsikan at Pagkakatatag (1917-1927)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himagsikan_at_Pagkakatatag_(1917-1927)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kampanyang_Manchuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kampanyang_Manchuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kampanyang Manchuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kampanyang_Manchuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagsisimula_ng_Digmaang_Malamig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagsisimula_ng_Digmaang_Malamig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pagsisimula ng Digmaang Malamig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagsisimula_ng_Digmaang_Malamig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digmaang_Sobyet-Afghan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digmaang_Sobyet-Afghan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digmaang_Sobyet-Afghan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perestroika_at_Glasnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perestroika_at_Glasnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Perestroika at Glasnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perestroika_at_Glasnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heograpiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demograpiya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demograpiya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Demograpiya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pangkat_etniko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangkat_etniko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pangkat etniko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangkat_etniko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pananampalataya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pananampalataya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Pananampalataya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pananampalataya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haba_ng_buhay_at_mortalidad_ng_sanggol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haba_ng_buhay_at_mortalidad_ng_sanggol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Haba ng buhay at mortalidad ng sanggol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haba_ng_buhay_at_mortalidad_ng_sanggol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamahalaan_at_Politika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamahalaan_at_Politika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pamahalaan at Politika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pamahalaan_at_Politika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Pamahalaan at Politika</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pamahalaan_at_Politika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saligang_Batas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saligang_Batas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Saligang Batas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saligang_Batas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_Politiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_Politiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mga Politiko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_Politiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistemang_Panghukuman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemang_Panghukuman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Sistemang Panghukuman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistemang_Panghukuman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ang_Estadong_Sobyet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ang_Estadong_Sobyet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Ang Estadong Sobyet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ang_Estadong_Sobyet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinuno_ng_Konseho_ng_Mamamayang_Komisar_ng_Unyong_Sobyet[46]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinuno_ng_Konseho_ng_Mamamayang_Komisar_ng_Unyong_Sobyet[46]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Pinuno ng Konseho ng Mamamayang Komisar ng Unyong Sobyet<sup><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinuno_ng_Konseho_ng_Mamamayang_Komisar_ng_Unyong_Sobyet[46]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinuno_ng_Sentral_na_Ehekutibong_Komisyon_ng_Lahat_ng_Kongresong_Ruso_ng_Sobyet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinuno_ng_Sentral_na_Ehekutibong_Komisyon_ng_Lahat_ng_Kongresong_Ruso_ng_Sobyet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Pinuno ng Sentral na Ehekutibong Komisyon ng Lahat ng Kongresong Ruso ng Sobyet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinuno_ng_Sentral_na_Ehekutibong_Komisyon_ng_Lahat_ng_Kongresong_Ruso_ng_Sobyet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugnayang_Panlabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugnayang_Panlabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ugnayang Panlabas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugnayang_Panlabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paghahating_Pampangasiwaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paghahating_Pampangasiwaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Paghahating Pampangasiwaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paghahating_Pampangasiwaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugnayang_Panlabas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugnayang_Panlabas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ugnayang Panlabas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugnayang_Panlabas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ekonomiya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Ekonomiya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalagayan_at_Pagpapatakbo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalagayan_at_Pagpapatakbo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Kalagayan at Pagpapatakbo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalagayan_at_Pagpapatakbo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enerhiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enerhiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Enerhiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enerhiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agham_at_Teknolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agham_at_Teknolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Agham at Teknolohiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agham_at_Teknolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programang_Pangkalawakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programang_Pangkalawakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Programang Pangkalawakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programang_Pangkalawakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Transportasyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legasiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legasiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legasiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legasiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tingnan_rin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tingnan_rin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tingnan rin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tingnan_rin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Tingnan rin</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tingnan_rin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kawing_panlabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mga kawing panlabas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unyong Sobyetiko</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 214 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-214" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">214 (na) wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sowjetunie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%95%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiet_Gesamnung" title="Sofiet Gesamnung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sofiet Gesamnung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="الاتحاد السوفييتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاتحاد السوفييتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Xunión Soviética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSS" title="TSSS – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="TSSS" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0" title="SSRİ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C4%ABbu_S%C4%81jonga" title="Tarību Sājonga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tarību Sājonga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="सोवियत यूनियन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोवियत यूनियन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སུའུ་ལེན་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུའུ་ལེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_ar_Republiko%C3%B9_Sokialour_Soviedel" title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_de_Rep%C3%BAbliques_Socialistes_Sovi%C3%A8tiques" title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AD-li%C3%A8ng" title="Sŭ-lièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŭ-lièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" title="Unyong Sobyet – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unyong Sobyet" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Euralar_Sotsialistik_Cumhuriyetleri_Birligi" title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%BD_svaz" title="Sovětský svaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sovětský svaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%AB%EA%99%81%D1%8A" title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Sofietaidd" title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Sovyetan" title="Yewiya Sovyetan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Sovyetan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zw%C4%9Bzk" title="Sowjetski zwězk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwězk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koisaan_Soviet" title="Koisaan Soviet – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Koisaan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetunio" title="Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liit" title="Nõukogude Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliitto" title="Neuvostoliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5vvokogoliit" title="Nõvvokogoliit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nõvvokogoliit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetsamveldi%C3%B0" title="Sovjetsamveldið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sovjetsamveldið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioon" title="Sowjetunioon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sowjetunioon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiche" title="Union Sovietiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Union Sovietiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Uny" title="Sovjet-Uny – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sovjet-Uny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAontas_S%C3%B3iv%C3%A9adach" title="An tAontas Sóivéadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAontas Sóivéadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_di_s%C3%A9_r%C3%A9piblik_sosyalis_sovy%C3%A9tik" title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Aonadh_Sobhiatach" title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شؤروي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شؤروي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaty_Sovi%C3%A9tiko" title="Joaty Soviétiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Joaty Soviétiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B8" title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8" title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnaneys_ny_Pobblaghtyn_Soveidjagh_Soshiallagh" title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarayyar_Sobiyet" title="Tarayyar Sobiyet – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarayyar Sobiyet" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB-li%C3%A8n" title="Sû-lièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû-lièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ברית המועצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोवियत संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोवियत संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zwjazk" title="Sowjetski zwjazk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwjazk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_repiblik_sosyalis_sovyetik" title="Inyon repiblik sosyalis sovyetik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inyon repiblik sosyalis sovyetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szovjetuni%C3%B3" title="Szovjetunió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szovjetunió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietic" title="Union Sovietic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Union Sovietic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Union" title="Soviet-Union – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Soviet-Union" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suviatam_Nunaa" title="Suviatam Nunaa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suviatam Nunaa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappon_ti_Sobiet" title="Kappon ti Sobiet – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kappon ti Sobiet" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Uniono" title="Soviet-Uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Soviet-Uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkin" title="Sovétríkin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sovétríkin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="ソビエト連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoviet_Yuunian" title="Suoviet Yuunian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suoviet Yuunian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sofygu%27e" title="sofygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sofygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovy%C3%A8t" title="Uni Sovyèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uni Sovyèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukli_n_Tegdudiwin_Tinemlayin_Tisuvyitiyin" title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_Soviyet" title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F" title="សហភាពសូវៀត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហភាពសូវៀត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F" title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8" title="소련 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Союзу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Союзу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%90%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%AA%D9%90%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82" title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Komar%C3%AAn_Sovyet_%C3%AAn_Sosyal%C3%AEst" title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кеңештер Бирлиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кеңештер Бирлиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_Rerum_Publicarum_Sovieticarum_Socialisticarum" title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovyetika" title="Union Sovyetika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Union Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioun" title="Sowjetunioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sowjetunioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%80" title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_de_Republicas_Sosialiste_Soviet" title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_di_Republegh_Socialista_Sovietegh" title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%C5%B3_S%C4%85junga" title="Sovietų Sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sovietų Sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padomju_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Padomju Savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Padomju Savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Советонь Соткс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Советонь Соткс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaisan%27_ny_Repoblika_S%C3%B4sialista_S%C3%B4vietika" title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hononga_Howete" title="Hononga Howete – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hononga Howete" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Советски Сојуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Советски Сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोव्हिएत संघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोव्हिएत संघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjoni_Sovjetika" title="Unjoni Sovjetika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Unjoni Sovjetika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounion_Sobi%C3%A9tica" title="Ounion Sobiética – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ounion Sobiética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunione_Sovieteca" title="Aunione Sovieteca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aunione Sovieteca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetuny" title="Sovjetuny – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sovjetuny" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnion_Sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Unnion Soviétique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Unnion Soviétique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_de_las_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevvostoliitto" title="Nevvostoliitto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nevvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Советон Цæдис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Советон Цæдис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiko" title="Union Sovietiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Union Sovietiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Socjalistycznych_Republik_Radzieckich" title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Union Soviética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Union Soviética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سویت یونین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویت یونین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شوروي اتحاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شوروي اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="União Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susyalista_Suwit_Ripuwlikakunap_Hu%C3%B1un" title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniun_sovietica" title="Uniun sovietica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uniun sovietica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unioni_Suvi%C3%A8tica" title="Unioni Suviètica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unioni Suviètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سوويت يونين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوويت يونين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlihttu" title="Sovjetlihttu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sovjetlihttu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සෝවියට් සංගමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝවියට් සංගමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietsky_zv%C3%A4z" title="Sovietsky zväz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sovietsky zväz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سوویت یونین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سوویت یونین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_zveza" title="Sovjetska zveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sovjetska zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlitto" title="Sovjetlitto – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sovjetlitto" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midowga_Sofiyet" title="Midowga Sofiyet – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midowga Sofiyet" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_Sovjetik" title="Bashkimi Sovjetik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi Sovjetik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Совјетски Савез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Совјетски Савез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovi%C3%A9t" title="Uni Soviét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uni Soviét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Kisovyeti" title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojusz_Socjalistycznych_Sowjeckich_Republik" title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="สหภาพโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sosialist_Respublikon_Ibemon" title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Sovyetler Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%AD" title="ССРЭ – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="ССРЭ" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سوویت اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوویت اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sotsialistik_Respublikalari_Ittifoqi" title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A8tega" title="Union Soviètega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Union Soviètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevondkundali%C5%BEiden_Socialisti%C5%BEiden_Tazovaldkundoiden_%C3%9Chti%C5%A1tuz" title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovy%C3%A4tabalatam" title="Sovyätabalatam – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sovyätabalatam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.R.S.S." title="U.R.S.S. – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="U.R.S.S." data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyon_Sovyetika" title="Unyon Sovyetika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unyon Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Yi_Benno" title="Soviet Yi Benno – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Soviet Yi Benno" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoviet_Union" title="Isoviet Union – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isoviet Union" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3" title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סאוועטן פארבאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאוועטן פארבאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cs%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_S%C3%B3f%C3%AC%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%C3%AC" title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhlienz" title="Suhlienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suhlienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-li%C3%A2n" title="So͘-liân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-liân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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[j]" accesskey="j"><span>Mga nakaturo rito</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Nakakawing_ng_kamakailang_pagbabago/Unyong_Sobyetiko" rel="nofollow" title="Mga huling binago sa mga kaugnay na pahina mula sa pahinang ito [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Kaugnay na pagbabago</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tl" title="Magkarga ng mga larawan o iba pang midya [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Mag-upload ng file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina" title="Tala ng mga natatanging pahina [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&oldid=2129834" title="Ibigay ang palagiang kawing para sa kasalukuyang bersyon ng pahinang ito"><span>Permanenteng link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15180" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item na Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Idinirekta mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=USSR&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Nakaturo ang "Sobyet" dito. Para sa ibang mga gamit, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Sobyet_(paglilinaw)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sobyet (paglilinaw)">Sobyet (paglilinaw)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2051707">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Unyon ng mga Sobyetikong Sosyalistang Republika</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Союз Советских Социалистических Республик</span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a>)</span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i lang="ru-Latn" title="Ruso-language romanisasyon">Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik</i></span></span></li></ul></div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1922–1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watawat ng Unyong Sobyetiko"><img alt="Watawat ng Unyong Sobyetiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Watawat_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Watawat ng Unyong Sobyetiko">Watawat<br />(1955–1991)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pampamahalaang Sagisag (1956–1991) ng Unyong Sobyetiko"><img alt="Pampamahalaang Sagisag (1956–1991) ng Unyong Sobyetiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div>Pampamahalaang Sagisag<br />(1956–1991)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Salawikain: </b><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:95%;"><span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!</span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mga_manggagawa_ng_lahat_ng_bayan,_magkaisa!" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga manggagawa ng lahat ng bayan, magkaisa!"><i>Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!</i></a><br />"Mga proletaryo ng lahat ng bayan, magkaisa!"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Awitin: </b><span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Интернационал</span><br /><i lang="ru-Latn" title="Ruso-language romanisasyon"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Internasyunal" title="Ang Internasyunal">Internatsional</a></i> (1922–1944)<br />"Ang Internasyunal" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="Internationale-ru.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg/Internationale-ru.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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title="Ruso language text">Государственный гимн СССР</span><br /><i lang="ru-Latn" title="Ruso-language romanisasyon"><a href="/wiki/Gosudarstvennyy_gimn_SSSR" title="Gosudarstvennyy gimn SSSR">Gosudarstvennyy gimn SSSR</a></i> (1944–1991)<br />"Himnong Estatal ng USSR"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="Soviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Soviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Soviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg/Soviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASoviet_Anthem_Instrumental_1955.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawak ng Unyong Sobyetiko pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig."><img alt="Lawak ng Unyong Sobyetiko pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Lawak ng Unyong Sobyetiko pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kabisera<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span class="nowrap">at pinakamalaking</span> lungsod</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1948753">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unyong_Sobyetiko&params=55_45_N_37_37_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mga mapa, mga larawang panghimpapawid, at iba pang datos para sa lokasyong ito"><span class="latitude">55°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mga mapa , mga larawang panghimpapawid, at iba pang datos para sa lokasyong ito">55.750°N 37.617°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.750; 37.617</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wikang opisyal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Katawagan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Demograpiya">Sobyetiko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pamahalaan</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li>Unipartidistang <a href="/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista">republikang sosyalistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederal</a><br />(1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo">Leninistang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isang_partidong_estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isang partidong estado (hindi pa naisusulat)">isang-partidong</a> <a href="/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista">republikang sosyalistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederal</a> sa ilalim ng isang <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitaryong</a> <a href="/wiki/Diktadura" title="Diktadura">diktadura</a><br />(1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxismo-Leninismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxismo-Leninismo">Marxista-Leninistang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isang_partidong_estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isang partidong estado (hindi pa naisusulat)">isang-partidong</a> <a href="/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista">republikang sosyalistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederal</a> sa ilalim ng isang <a href="/wiki/Stalinismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinismo">Stalinistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitaryong</a> <a href="/wiki/Diktadura" title="Diktadura">diktadura</a><br />(1927–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxismo%E2%80%93Leninismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxismo–Leninismo">Marxista-Leninistang</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isang_partidong_estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isang partidong estado (hindi pa naisusulat)">isang-partidong</a> <a href="/wiki/Parlamentaryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentaryo">parlamentaryong</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemang_direktoryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemang direktoryal (hindi pa naisusulat)">direktoryal</a> na <a href="/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista">republikang sosyalistang</a> <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederal</a><br />(1953–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamamaraang_semi-presidensyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamamaraang semi-presidensyal">Kalahati-pampanguluhang republikang</a> <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederal</a><br />(1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pinuno_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinuno ng Unyong Sobyetiko">Pinuno</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1924 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1924–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Iosif Stalin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiy_Malenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgiy Malenkov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Georgiy Malenkov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1964 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1984 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Andropov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Andropov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Yuriy Andropov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1984–1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1985–1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lehislatura</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongreso_ng_mga_Sobyetiko_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongreso ng mga Sobyetiko ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kongreso ng mga Sobyetiko</a><br />(1922–1936)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kataas-taasang_Sobyetiko_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko</a><br />(1936–1991)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Mataas na Kapulungan</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetiko_ng_mga_Kabansaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetiko ng mga Kabansaan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sobyetiko ng mga Kabansaan</a><br />(1936–1991)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetiko_ng_mga_Kabansaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetiko ng mga Kabansaan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sobyetiko ng mga Republika</a><br />(1991)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Mababang Kapulungan</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetiko_ng_Unyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetiko ng Unyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sobyetiko ng Unyon</a><br />(1936–1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Panahon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panahong_Entregera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panahong Entregera (hindi pa naisusulat)">Panahong Entregera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Malamig" title="Digmaang Malamig">Digmaang Malamig</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Oktubre" class="mw-redirect" title="Himagsikang Oktubre">Himagsikang Oktubre</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 Nobyembre 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratado_ng_Paglikha_ng_URSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratado ng Paglikha ng URSS (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tratado ng Paglikha</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 Disyembre 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagtatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Sibil_sa_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Sibil sa Rusya">Digmaang Sibil sa Rusya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 Hunyo 1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saligang_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unang Saligang Batas (1924)</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 Enero 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saligang_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ikalawang Saligang Batas (1936)</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 Disyembre 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pakanlurang Pagpapalawak </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Hanay_(Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig)" title="Silangang Hanay (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig)">Dakilang Digmaang Makabayan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_the_United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter of the United Nations (hindi pa naisusulat)">Admitted to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 Oktubre 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desestalinisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desestalinisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Desestalinisasyon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 Pebrero 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saligang_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ikatlong Saligang Batas (1977)</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 Oktubre 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akto_ng_Muling_Pagtatatag_ng_Estado_ng_Litwanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akto ng Muling Pagtatatag ng Estado ng Litwanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagtiwalag</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sosyalistang_Sobyetiko_ng_Litwanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sosyalistang Sobyetiko ng Litwanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">unang republika (Litwanya)</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 Marso 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangkang_Kudeta_sa_Unyong_Sobyetiko_(1991)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangkang Kudeta sa Unyong Sobyetiko (1991) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kudetang Agosto</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19–22 Agosto 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratado_ng_Belabesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratado ng Belabesa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tratado ng Belabesa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 Diysmebre 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkabuwag_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkabuwag ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagkabuwag ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 Disyembre 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Lawak</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kabuuan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,402,200 km<sup>2</sup> (8,649,500 mi kuw) (ika-1)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasyon</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Senso ng 1989</div></th><td class="infobox-data">286,730,819 (ika-3)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Densidad</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.7/km<sup>2</sup> (32.9/mi kuw)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic product">KDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing power parity">PLP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pagtataya sa 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kabuuan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.7 trilyon (ika-2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Bawat kapita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$9,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic product">KDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pagtataya sa 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kabuuan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.7 trilyon (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">ika-2</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Bawat kapita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$9,000 (ika-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Koepisyente_ng_Gini" class="mw-redirect" title="Koepisyente ng Gini">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1989)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.275<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">mababa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Talatuntunan_ng_Kaunlarang_Pantao" title="Talatuntunan ng Kaunlarang Pantao">TKP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1989)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.920<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">napakataas</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salapi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rublo_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rublo ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rublo ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a> (руб) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SUR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sona ng oras</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 to +12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gilid ng pagmamaneho</th><td class="infobox-data">kanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kodigong pantelepono</th><td class="infobox-data">+7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kodigo sa ISO 3166</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:SU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:SU (hindi pa naisusulat)">SU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet TLD</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.su" class="mw-redirect" title=".su">.su</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Pinalitan</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Pumalit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosyalistang_Pederatibong_Republikang_Sobyet_ng_Rusya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosyalistang Pederatibong Republikang Sobyet ng Rusya (hindi pa naisusulat)"><b>1922:</b><br />RSPS Rusya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Ukranya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Ukranya">RSS Ukranya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosyalistang_Republikang_Sobyetikang_ng_Belorusya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosyalistang Republikang Sobyetikang ng Belorusya (hindi pa naisusulat)">RSS Biyelorusya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sosyalistikong_Pederatibong_Republikang_Soviet_ng_Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosyalistikong Pederatibong Republikang Soviet ng Transcaucasia">RSPS Transkaukasya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sobyetikang_Sosyalista_ng_Buhara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sobyetikang Sosyalista ng Buhara (hindi pa naisusulat)"><b>1924:</b><br />RSS Buhara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/20px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/30px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/40px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sobyetikang_Sosyalista_ng_Korasmiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sobyetikang Sosyalista ng Korasmiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">RSS Korasmiya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikalawang_Republikang_Polako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikalawang Republikang Polako (hindi pa naisusulat)"><b>1939:</b><br />Polonya (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pinlandiya" title="Pinlandiya"><b>1940:</b><br />Pinlandiya (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaharian_ng_Rumanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaharian ng Rumanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rumanya (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonia">Estonya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia">Letonya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Litwanya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="390" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Bayan_ng_Tanu_Tuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Bayan ng Tanu Tuba (hindi pa naisusulat)"><b>1944:</b><br />Tanu Tuba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Germany"><b>1945:</b><br />Alemanya (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Japan">Hapon (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatlong_Republikang_Tsekoslobako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatlong Republikang Tsekoslobako (hindi pa naisusulat)"><b>1946:</b><br />Tsekoslobakya (bahagi)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania"><b>1990:</b><br />Litwanya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(bansa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (bansa)"><b>1991:</b><br />Heorhiya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonia">Estonya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia">Letonya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine">Ukranya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Transnistriya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova">Moldabya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/20px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kirgistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistan">Usbekistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan">Tayikistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Armenya" title="Armenya">Armenya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Aserbayan" title="Aserbayan">Aserbayan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/20px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Tsestena_ng_Itskerya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Tsestena ng Itskerya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tsetsenya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus">Biyelorusya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya">Rusya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan">Kasakistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ang <b>Unyong Sobyetiko</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a>: <span lang="ru">Советский Союз</span>, <small>tr.</small> <i lang="ru-Latn" title="Ruso-language romanisasyon">Sovietski Soyuz</i>), opisyal na <b>Unyon ng mga Sobyetikong Sosyalistang Republika</b>, at karaniwang dinadaglat na <b>USSR</b>, ay <a href="/wiki/Estadong_komunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadong komunista">estadong komunista</a> at bansang transkontinental na sumaklaw sa karamihan ng <a href="/wiki/Eurasya" title="Eurasya">Eurasya</a> sa panahon ng pag-iral nito mula 1922 hanggang 1991. Isang <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederasyon</a> na binuo ng 15 republika, ito ang naging pinakamalaking bansa sa buong mundo, na sumakop sa mahigit 22,402,200 km<sup>2</sup> at labing-isang <a href="/wiki/Sona_ng_oras" title="Sona ng oras">sona ng oras</a>. Tinahanan ito ng mahigit 286.7 milyong mamamayan, at nagranggo bilang ikatlong pinakamataong estado. Ang kabisera at pinakamalaking lungsod nito ay <a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a>. </p><p>Sumibol ang bansa sa <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Oktubre" class="mw-redirect" title="Himagsikang Oktubre">Himagsikang Oktubre</a> ng 1917, kung saan nagwagi ang mga <a href="/wiki/Bolshebista" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshebista">Bolshebista</a> sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> sa pagbagsak ng <a href="/wiki/Pamahalaang_Probisyonal_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamahalaang Probisyonal ng Rusya">Pamahalaang Probisyonal</a>, na siyang nagpatalsik sa nabigong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastiyang_Romanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastiyang Romanov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dinastiyang Romanov</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ruso" title="Imperyong Ruso">Imperyong Ruso</a> noong <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Pebrero" title="Himagsikang Pebrero">Himagsikang Pebrero</a>. Kasunod nito ay naitatag ang <a href="/wiki/Sobyetikong_Republika_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobyetikong Republika ng Rusya">Sobyetikong Republika ng Rusya</a>, ang kauna-unahang konstitusyonal na <a href="/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista">estadong sosyalista</a>. Humantong ang mga tunggalian sa loob ng estado sa <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Sibil_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Sibil ng Rusya">Digmaang Sibil ng Rusya</a>, kung saan kinalaban ng <a href="/wiki/Hukbong_Pula" title="Hukbong Pula">Hukbong Pula</a> ang mga kaaway nito tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukbong_Lunti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukbong Lunti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hukbong Lunti</a>, mga kaliwang sosyal-rebolusyonaryo, mga <a href="/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo">anarkista</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhnovstsina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhnovstsina (hindi pa naisusulat)">Makhnovstsina</a>, at partikular na ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilusang_Puti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilusang Puti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kilusang Puti</a>, ang pinakamalaking paksyon sa laban na sinupil ang mga Bolshebista at mga tagasuporta nila sa <a href="/wiki/Puting_Sindak" title="Puting Sindak">Puting Sindak</a>. Sinalungat ito ng <a href="/wiki/Pulang_Sindak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulang Sindak">Pulang Sindak</a>, kung saan sinugpo ng mga pula ang mga kalaban at tumutol sa kanila sa panahon ng digmaan. Nagtagumpay sila noong 1922, na nagdulot sa pag-iisa ng mga republika ng Rusya, Ukranya, Biyelorusya, at <a href="/wiki/Republikang_Sobyetikong_Pederatibong_Sosyalista_ng_Transkawkasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Republikang Sobyetikong Pederatibong Sosyalista ng Transkawkasya">Transkawkasya</a>. </p><p>Kasunod ng <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin#Pagkamatay_at_Libing" title="Vladimir Lenin">pagkamatay ni Lenin</a> noong 1924, nagkaroon ng pakikibaka para sa kapangyarihan, na naipanalo ni <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Stalin">Iosif Stalin</a>. Inabandona niya ang <a href="/wiki/Bagong_Patakarang_Pang-ekonomiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagong Patakarang Pang-ekonomiya">Bagong Patakarang Pang-ekonomiya</a> ni Lenin noong 1928 at pinalitan ito ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomiyang_sentralisado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomiyang sentralisado (hindi pa naisusulat)">ekonomiyang sentralisado</a>. Dumanas ang bansa ng malawakang <a href="/wiki/Industriyalisasyon" title="Industriyalisasyon">industriyalisasyon</a> at sapilitang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolektibisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolektibisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">kolektibisasyon</a>, na nagdulot ng makabuluhang pang-ekonomiyang pag-unlad ngunit humantong sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetikong_Taggutom_ng_1930-1933&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetikong Taggutom ng 1930-1933 (hindi pa naisusulat)">taggutom noong 1930 hanggang 1933</a>. Sa panahong ito ay pinalawak ni Stalin ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulag (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gulag</a>, ang sistema ng kampong paggawa ng unyon. Isinagawa rin niya ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakilang_Purga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakilang Purga (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dakilang Purga</a> noong 1936 hanggang 1938, kung saan tinanggal niya ang kanyang mga aktuwal at inakalang kalaban sa <a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyetiko">Partido Komunista</a> sa pamamagitan ng malawakang pag-aresto sa mga pampolitikang opisyal, sundalo, at karaniwang mamamayan. Lahat sila'y ibinilanggo sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampong_paggawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampong paggawa (hindi pa naisusulat)">kampong paggawa</a> o <a href="/wiki/Parusang_kamatayan" title="Parusang kamatayan">sinentensiyahan ng kamatayan</a>. Sa pagsiklab ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> kasunod ng pagsalakay ng <a href="/wiki/Alemanyang_Nasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemanyang Nasi">Alemanyang Nasi</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya">Polonya</a>, sinakop ng pormal na walang pinapanigang Unyong Sobyetiko ang mga teritoryo ng ilang estado sa <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa">Silangang Europa</a>, kabilang ang mga silangang rehiyon ng Polonya, <a href="/wiki/Litwanya" title="Litwanya">Litwanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya">Letonya</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya">Estonya</a>. Sinira ng Alemanya noong Hunyo 1941 ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakto_ng_Molotov-Ribbentrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakto ng Molotov-Ribbentrop (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pakto ng Molotov-Ribbentrop</a>, ang pakto ng walang pagsasalakayan ng dalawang bansa, nang nilunsad nito ang <a href="/wiki/Operasyong_Barbarossa" title="Operasyong Barbarossa">Operasyong Barbarossa</a> kung saan nakita ang malawakang pagsakop ng <a href="/wiki/Kapangyarihang_Aksis" title="Kapangyarihang Aksis">kapangyarihang Aksis</a> sa Unyong Sobyetiko. Binuksan nito ang <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Hanay_(Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig)" title="Silangang Hanay (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig)">Silangang Hanay</a> sa labanan. Sa kabila ng unang tagumpay ng mga Aksis sa digmaan, naibaligtad ito ng mga Sobyetiko sa <a href="/wiki/Labanan_ng_Stalingrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Labanan ng Stalingrado">Labanan ng Stalingrado</a> at sa kalaunan ay nakuha nila ang <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Pagkatapos ay nagdeklara sila ng tagumpay laban sa Alemanya noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Tagumpay_(9_Mayo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araw ng Tagumpay (9 Mayo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">9 Mayo 1945</a>. Tinatayang 27 milyong katao ang pinagsamang bilang ng mga nasawi na Sobyetikong sibilyan at militar sa tagal ng gera, na nagbilang para sa karamihan ng mga pagkalugi sa panig ng mga <a href="/wiki/Kapangyarihang_Alyado_(Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapangyarihang Alyado (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig)">puwersang Alyado</a>. Kasunod ng digma ay bumuo ang mga Sobyetiko ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadong_satelite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadong satelite (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadong satelite</a> sa mga teritoryong nakuha ng Hukbong Pula sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Bloke" title="Silangang Bloke">Silangang Bloke</a>. Hinudyat nito ang simula ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Malamig" title="Digmaang Malamig">Digmaang Malamig</a>, kung saan hinarap ng kanilang bloke ang katapat nitong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanlurang_Bloke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanlurang Bloke (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kanlurang Bloke</a> noong 1947. Nagkaisa ang kanluran noong 1949 sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Organisasyon_ng_Tratado_ng_Hilagang_Atlantiko" title="Organisasyon ng Tratado ng Hilagang Atlantiko">Organisasyon ng Tratado ng Hilagang Atlantiko</a> habang nagsama-sama ang silangan noong 1955 sa <a href="/wiki/Pakto_ng_Varsovia" title="Pakto ng Varsovia">Pakto ng Varsovia</a>. </p><p>Pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin#Kamatayan_at_Libing" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Stalin">pagkamatay ni Stalin</a> noong 1953 ay nagkaroon ulit ng pakikibaka para sa kapangyarihan na naiwagi ni <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Kruschov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Kruschov">Nikita Kruschov</a>. Kasunod nito ay tinuligsa niya ang <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin#Kulto_ng_Personalidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Stalin">kulto ng personalidad</a> ni Stalin, at nangasiwa sa panahon ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=DeseStalinisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeseStalinisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">DeseStalinisasyon</a> na naging pambungad sa panahon ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagtunaw_ng_Kruschov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagtunaw ng Kruschov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagtunaw ng Kruschov</a>. Maagang nanguna ang mga Sobyetiko sa <a href="/wiki/Karerang_Pangkalawakan" title="Karerang Pangkalawakan">Karerang Pangkalawakan</a> sa paggawa ng unang sateliteng artipisyal (<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik I">Sputnik I</a>), pangkalawakang paglipad (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vostok I (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vostok I</a>), at sondang dumaong sa ibang planeta (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera 7 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Venera 7</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Benus" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Benus">Benus</a>). Noong kalagitnaan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekada_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekada 1980 (hindi pa naisusulat)">dekada 1980</a> ay naghangad ang huling pinuno ng bansa na si <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Gorbachov">Mikhail Gorbachov</a> ng higit pang reporma at pagliberalisa ng ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga patakaran na <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, na may layuning ipanatili ang pamumuno ng partido komunista habang ibaligtad ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panahon_ng_Pagwawalang-kilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panahon ng Pagwawalang-kilos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Panahon ng Pagwawalang-kilos</a>. Sa mga huling yugto ng Digmaang Malamig ay naganap ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Himagsikan_ng_1989" title="Mga Himagsikan ng 1989">mga himagsikan ng 1989</a> na nagpabagsak sa mga pamahalaang <a href="/wiki/Marxismo%E2%80%93Leninismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxismo–Leninismo">Marxista–Leninista</a> ng iba't-ibang bansa sa Pakto ng Varsovia, na sinamahan ng pagsiklab ng malawakang pagkakagulo sa unyon. Pinasimulan ni Gorbachov noong 1991 ang isang pambansang reperendum na binoikot ng mga republika ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Litwanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Litwanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Litwanya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Letonya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Letonya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Letonya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Estonya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Estonya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estonya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Armenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Armenya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Armenya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Heorhiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Heorhiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heorhiya</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Moldabya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Moldabya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Moldabya</a> na nagresulta sa pagboto ng mayorya ng mga kalahok bilang pabor sa pagpapanatili ng bansa bilang isang panibagong pederasyon. Sa Agosto ng parehong taon ay nagsagawa ng <a href="/wiki/Kudeta" title="Kudeta">kudeta</a> ang mga kasaping mahigpit ng partido kay Gorbachov. Gumanap ng mahalagang papel si <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> sa pagharap sa kaguluhan, at sa kalaunan ay nabigo ang pagtangka at ipinagbawal ang partido komunista. Pormal na nagdeklara ng <a href="/wiki/Kasarinlan" title="Kasarinlan">kasarinlan</a> ang mga republikang Sobyetiko na pinamunuan ng Rusya at Ukranya. Nagbitiw si Gorbachov sa pagkapangulo noong 25 Disyembre 1991 at kasunod na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkabuwag_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkabuwag ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">nabuwag ang Unyong Sobyetiko</a>. Inako ng <a href="/wiki/Pederasyong_Ruso" class="mw-redirect" title="Pederasyong Ruso">Pederasyong Ruso</a> ang mga karapatan at obligasyon ng Unyong Sobyetiko at mula noo'y kinilala bilang <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de factong</a> kahalili ng estado. </p><p>Sa pagtatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig hanggang sa pagkabuwag nito ay naging isa ang Unyong Sobyetiko sa dalawang pinakamakapangyarihang bansa, kasama ang <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> na parehong nangibabaw sa pandaigdigang ahendang pang-ekonomiya, ugyanang dayuhan, operasyong militar, pagpapalitang pangkalinangan, makaagham na pag-unlad, pangkalawakang paggalugad, at palakasan sa <a href="/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko" title="Palarong Olimpiko">Palarong Olimpiko</a>. Naging modelong sanggunian ang unyon para sa mga kilusang manghihimagsik at estadong sosyalista. Binuo ang militar nito ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetikong_Sandatahang_Lakas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetikong Sandatahang Lakas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sobyetikong Sandatahang Lakas</a>, na siyang naging pinakamalaking nakatayong militar. Tinaglay ng estado ang pinakamalaking arsenal ng mga sandatang nukleyar gayundin ang ikalawang pinamalaking ekonomiya sa mundo. Naging kasaping tagapagtatag ito ng <a href="/wiki/Nasyones_Unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasyones Unidas">Nasyones Unidas</a> at kasaping permanente ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsehong_Pangkatiwasayan_ng_Nasyones_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsehong Pangkatiwasayan ng Nasyones Unidas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Konsehong Pangkatiwasayan</a> nito, nangunang miyembro ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konseho_ng_Ayudang_Mutuwang_Ekonomiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konseho ng Ayudang Mutuwang Ekonomiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Konseho ng Ayudang Mutuwang Ekonomiko</a> (KAME/CAME), at bahagi ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasyon_para_sa_Katiwasayan_at_Kooperasyon_sa_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasyon para sa Katiwasayan at Kooperasyon sa Europa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Organisasyon para sa Katiwasayan at Kooperasyon sa Europa</a> (OKKE/OSCE) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Pederasyong_Sindikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Pederasyong Sindikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pandaigdigang Pederasyong Sindikal</a>. Umiba ang mga limitasyong heograpiko ng bansa sa paglipas ng panahon, ngunit pagkatapos ng pagsanib ng mga republikang Baltiko, silangang Polonya, Besarabya, at ilang pang teritoryo ay halos tumugma ang lawak nito sa dating Imperyong Ruso, binibigyang-pansing pagbubukod ng <a href="/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya">Polonya</a>, karamihan sa <a href="/wiki/Pinlandiya" title="Pinlandiya">Pinlandiya</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, samakatuwid sumaklaw ng higit isang-ikapitong bahagi ng kaibabawan ng Daigdig. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimolohiya">Etimolohiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Etimolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimolohiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nagmumula ang salitang <i>sobyetiko</i> sa salitang Ruso na <i>sovet</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a>: <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">совет</span>), na karaniwang sinasalin bilang "konseho", "asembleya", at "payo"; siyang nanggagaling sa proto-Eslabong pampandiwang ugat na *<i>vět-iti</i> ("ipaalam"). Iilan sa mga organisasyon sa Rusya ay tinawag na konseho. Sa <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ruso" title="Imperyong Ruso">Imperyong Ruso</a>, ang Konsehong Pang-estado na gumana mula 1810 hanggang 1917 ay tinukoy bilang Konseho ng mga Ministro pagkatapos ng pag-aalsa noong 1905. Ang salitang <i>sovietnik</i> ay nangangahulugang 'konsehal'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa panahon ng Suliraning Heorhiyano ay nanawagan sina Vladimir Lenin, Iosif Stalin, at ang kanilang mga tagasuporta na sumali ang mga estadong bansa sa Rusya bilang mga bahaging semi-malaya ng isang mas malaking unyon na sa una'y pinangalanan ni Lenin bilang Unyon ng mga Republikang Sobyetiko ng Europa at Asya (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a>: <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии</span>, <small>tr.</small> <i>Soyuz Sovetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup> Noong una ay tinutulan ni Stalin ang panukala ngunit sa huli ay tinanggap niya ito, ngunit sa kasunduan ni Lenin ay pinalitan ang pangalan sa Unyon ng mga Republikang Sobyetikong Sosyalista, bagaman sa kalaunan ay nagbago ang kaayusan ng pangalan sa <i>Sosyalistang Sobyetiko</i> noong 1936. Bilang karagdagan, ang salitang "konseho" at "konsilyar" sa mga wikang pambansa ng ibang republika ng unyon napalitan sa huli ng mga pagkapagbagay ng Rusong <i>soviet</i>. </p><p>Ginamit ng mga Sobyetiko ang daglat na <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">СССР</span> (tr. <i>SSSR</i>) upang tukuyin ang unyon nang napakadalas anupat naging pamilyar ang madlang internasyonal sa kahulugan nito. Ang pinakakaraniwang pagsisimula sa Ruso nito'y <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Союз ССР</span> (tr. <i>Soyuz SSR</i>), na kapag binabalewala ang mga pagkakaiba sa balarila ay isinasalin bilang Unyon ng mga RSS sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Filipino" title="Wikang Filipino">Filipino</a>. Madalas ding ginagamit din ang Rusong pinaikling pangalang <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Советский Союз</span> (tr: <i>Sovetskiy Soyuz</i>, literal na Unyong Sobyetiko), ngunit sa di-pinaikling anyo lamang nito. Sa pagsisimula ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Hanay_(Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig)" title="Silangang Hanay (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig)">Dakilang Digmaang Makabayan</a>, ang pagdadaglat ng Unyong Sobyetiko bilang <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">СС</span> sa wikang Ruso (sa parehong paraan ng pagdadaglat ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>, kilala bilang <i>United States</i> sa Ingles, bilang <i>US</i>) ay naging prohibido sa dahilan na ang <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">СС</span> bilang daglat sa <a href="/wiki/Alpabetong_Siriliko" title="Alpabetong Siriliko">Siriliko</a> ay nauugnay sa organisasyong paramilitar na <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Alemanyang_Nazi" title="Alemanyang Nazi">Alemanyang Nazi</a>. </p><p>Sa midyang Ingles at Filipino ang estado ay tinukoy bilang Unyong Sobyetiko (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i>Soviet Union</i>) o URSS (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i>USSR</i>). Sa mga wika sa Europa ang mga maikling anyong salin ang madalas na ginagamit tulad ng <i>Union soviétique</i> at <i>URSS</i> sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Pranses" title="Wikang Pranses">wikang Pranses</a> o <i>Sowjetunion</i> at <i>UdSSR</i> sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman">wikang Aleman</a>. Kung minsan ay impormal ding tinawag ang Unyong Sobyetiko na Rusya at mga mamamayan nito na Ruso kaysa sa Sobyetiko, kahiman ang Rusya ay ang pinakamalaking republika sa unyon hindi ito tamang kagawian dahil binubuo ang unyon ng 14 na di-Rusong republika, na may natatanging <a href="/wiki/Pangkat-etniko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkat-etniko">pangkat-etniko</a> at kabansaan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang mga lokal na daglat, pinaikling pangalan, at kabuuang pangalan ng Unyong Sobyetiko sa mga wika ng mga republika nito ay nakalagay sa ibaba (ipinapakita sa kaayusang konstitusyonal): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="130px">Wika </th> <th width="220px">Daglat at Pinaikling Pangalan </th> <th width="450px">Kabuuang Pangalan </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a></td> <td><span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">СССР</span>; <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Советский Союз</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSSR</i>; <i>Sovetskiy Soyuz</i></td> <td><span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Союз Советских Социалистических Республик</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ukranyo" title="Wikang Ukranyo">Ukranyo</a></td> <td><span lang="uk" title="Ukranyo language text">СРСР</span>; <span lang="uk" title="Ukranyo language text">Радянський Союз</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SRSR</i>; <i>Radyansʹkyy Soyuz</i></td> <td><span lang="uk" title="Ukranyo language text">Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Soyuz Radyansʹkykh Sotsialistychnykh Respublik</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Biyeloruso" title="Wikang Biyeloruso">Biyeloruso</a></td> <td><span lang="be" title="Biyeloruso language text">СССР</span>; <span lang="be" title="Biyeloruso language text">Савецкі Саюз</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSSR</i>; <i>Saviecki Sajuz</i></td> <td><span lang="be" title="Biyeloruso language text">Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sayuz Savyetskikh Satsyyalistychnykh Respublik</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Usbeko" title="Wikang Usbeko">Usbeko</a></td> <td><span lang="uz" title="Usbeko language text">ССРИ</span>; <span lang="uz" title="Usbeko language text">Совет Иттифоқи</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSRI</i>; <i>Sovet Ittifoqi</i></td> <td><span lang="uz" title="Usbeko language text">Совет Социалистик Республикалари Иттифоқи</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kasaho" title="Wikang Kasaho">Kasaho</a></td> <td><span lang="kk" title="Kasaho language text">ССРО</span>; <span lang="kk" title="Kasaho language text">Советтер Одағы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSRO</i>; <i>Sovetter Odağı</i></td> <td><span lang="kk" title="Kasaho language text">Советтік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sovettık Sotsialistık Respublikalar Odağy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Heorhiyano" title="Wikang Heorhiyano">Heorhiyano</a></td> <td><span lang="ka" title="Heorhiyano language text">სსრკ</span>; <span lang="ka" title="Heorhiyano language text">საბჭოთა კავშირი</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>ssrk’</i>; <i>sabch’ota k’avshiri</i></td> <td><span lang="ka" title="Heorhiyano language text">საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>sabch’ota sotsialist’uri resp’ublik’ebis k’avshiri</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Aseri" title="Wikang Aseri">Aseri</a></td> <td><span lang="az" title="Aseri language text">ССРИ</span>; <span lang="az" title="Aseri language text">Совет Иттифагы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSRİ</i>; <i>Sovet İttifaqı</i></td> <td><span lang="az" title="Aseri language text">Совет Сосиалист Республикалары Иттифагы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Litwano" title="Wikang Litwano">Litwano</a></td> <td><i lang="lt" title="Litwano language text">TSRS</i>; <i lang="lt" title="Litwano language text">Tarybų Sąjunga</i></td> <td><i lang="lt" title="Litwano language text">Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikang_Moldabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikang Moldabo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Moldabo</a></td> <td><span lang="ro" title="Rumano language text">УРСС</span>; <span lang="ro" title="Rumano language text">Униуня Советикэ</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>URSS</i>; <i>Uniunea Sovietică</i></td> <td><span lang="ro" title="Rumano language text">Униуня Републичилор Советиче Сочиалисте</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Leton" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikang Leton">Leton</a></td> <td><i lang="lv" title="Leton language text">PSRS</i>; <i lang="lv" title="Leton language text">Padomju Savienība</i></td> <td><i lang="lv" title="Leton language text">Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienība</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kirgis" title="Wikang Kirgis">Kirgis</a></td> <td><span lang="ky" title="Kyrgyz language text">ССРС</span>; <span lang="ky" title="Kyrgyz language text">Советтер Союз</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSRS</i>; <i>Sovetter Soyuz</i></td> <td><span lang="ky" title="Kyrgyz language text">Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikalar Soyuzu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tayiko" title="Wikang Tayiko">Tayiko</a></td> <td><span lang="tg" title="Tayiko language text">ИҶШС</span>; <span lang="tg" title="Tayiko language text">Иттиҳоди Шӯравӣ</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>IÇŞS</i>; <i>Ittihodi Şūravī</i></td> <td><span lang="tg" title="Tayiko language text">Иттиҳоди Ҷумҳуриҳои Шӯравии Сосиалистӣ</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Ittihodi Çumhurihoji Şūraviji Sosialistī</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Armenyo" title="Wikang Armenyo">Armenyo</a></td> <td><span lang="hy" title="Armenyo language text">ԽՍՀՄ</span>; <span lang="hy" title="Armenyo language text">Խորհրդային Միություն</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>KHSHM</i>; <i>Khorhrdayin Miut’yun</i></td> <td><span lang="hy" title="Armenyo language text">Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Khor'hr'dayin Soc'ialistakan Hanrapetut'yunner'i Miutʿyun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Turkomano" title="Wikang Turkomano">Turkomano</a></td> <td><span lang="tk" title="Turkmeno language text">ССРС</span>; <span lang="tk" title="Turkmeno language text">Совет Союзы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>SSSR</i>; <i>Sowet Soýuz</i></td> <td><span lang="tk" title="Turkmeno language text">Совет Социалистик Республикалары Союзы</span><br /><small>tr.</small> <i>Sowet Sosialistik Respublikalary Soýuzy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Estonyo" title="Wikang Estonyo">Estonyo</a></td> <td><i lang="et" title="Estonyo language text">NSVL</i>; <i lang="et" title="Estonyo language text">Nõukogude Liit</i></td> <td><i lang="et" title="Estonyo language text">Nõukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liit</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaysayan_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasaysayan ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kasaysayan ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Himagsikan_at_Pagkakatatag_(1917-1927)"><span id="Himagsikan_at_Pagkakatatag_.281917-1927.29"></span>Himagsikan at Pagkakatatag (1917-1927)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Himagsikan at Pagkakatatag (1917-1927)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Himagsikan at Pagkakatatag (1917-1927)"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Oktubre" class="mw-redirect" title="Himagsikang Oktubre">Himagsikang Oktubre</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratado_ng_Paglikha_ng_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratado ng Paglikha ng USSR (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tratado ng Paglikha ng USSR</a></div> <p>Ang modernong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebolusyonista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebolusyonista (hindi pa naisusulat)">rebolusyonista</a> aktibidad sa <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ruso" title="Imperyong Ruso">Imperyong Ruso</a> ay nagsimula noong <a href="/wiki/Disyembre" title="Disyembre">Disyembre</a> 1825, at bagaman ang kalipunan ay bumaksak noong 1961, ang pag-aagaw ay nakamit sa termino na salungat sa mga <a href="/wiki/Magsasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magsasaka">magsasaka</a> at nagsilbi upang hikayatin ang mga rebolusyonista. Ang <a href="/wiki/Parliyamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliyamento">parliyamento</a> - ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estado Duma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estado Duma</a> - ay itinatag noong 1906 matapos ang <a href="/wiki/Rebolusyong_Ruso" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rebolusyong Ruso">Rebolusyong Ruso</a> noong 1905, ngunit ang mga <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> ay bigo sa pagtatangka upang ilipat mula sa ganap na monarkiyang konstitusyonal. Ang mga pang-aalipin at kalituhan ay patuloy sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> na sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Militar">militar</a> na may pagkatalo at kakulangan sa pagkain sa mga malalaking <a href="/wiki/Lungsod" title="Lungsod">lungsod</a>. Si <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> ay nagudyok sa kakapalan ng tao noong 1920 at nagsalita sa <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, bilang tugon sa panahon ng digmaan at pagkabulok ng <a href="/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya">Rusya</a> sa ekonomiya at moral, kulminidad sa "Rebolusyong Pebrero" at ang pagbaksak ng imperyal na pamahalaan noong <a href="/wiki/Marso" title="Marso">Marso</a> 1917. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg/300px-After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg/450px-After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg/600px-After_Lenin_Speech_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="3560" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>,nagpapaliwanag sa <a href="/wiki/Mamamayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamamayan">mamamayan</a> noong 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang awtokrasiyang tsarista ay pinalitan ng probisyonal ng Gobyerno, na ang pinuno na inilaan para sa mga halalan ng mga Ruso na may pagtitipon at upang ipagpatuloy ang mga kalahok sa gilid ng pinagkaintindihan sa <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>. Sa parehong panahon, upang masiguro na ang mga karapatan ng nagtatrabaho klase, manggagawa 'konseho, na kilala bilang Sobyet, na kumalat sa buong bansa. Ang mga Bolsheviks, na humantong sa pamamagitan ni Vladimir Lenin, para sa mga sosyalista rebolusyon sa Sobyet at sa mga kalsada. Noong <a href="/wiki/Nobyembre" title="Nobyembre">Nobyembre</a> 1917, sa panahon ng "Rebolusyong Oktubre," sila ay naluklok sa kapangyarihan mula sa mga probisyonal na Pamahalaan. Noong Disyembre, ang mga Bolsheviks ay pinirmahan ang isang pagtigil ng labanan kasama ang <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Ngunit, sa pagitan noong <a href="/wiki/Pebrero" title="Pebrero">Pebrero</a> 1918, ay nagkaroon ng labanan These two documents were confirmed by the 1st <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Soviets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of Soviets (hindi pa naisusulat)">Congress of Soviets</a> of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kalinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Kalinin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, Mikha Tskhakaya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Frunze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Frunze (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mikhail Frunze</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Petrovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigory Petrovsky (hindi pa naisusulat)">Grigory Petrovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Chervyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Chervyakov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aleksandr Chervyakov</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Noong Marso, ang mga Sobyet ay umalis ng digmaan para sa mabuti at nilagdaan ang <a href="/wiki/Kasunduang_Brest-Litovsk" title="Kasunduang Brest-Litovsk">Kasunduang Brest-Litovsk</a>. Tanging matapos ang mahaba at marugo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Sibil_ng_mga_Ruso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Sibil ng mga Ruso (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Sibil ng mga Ruso</a>, na nagsimula sa 1917 at natapos sa 1923, ay ang bagong Sobiyet kapangyarihan secure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang mga digmaang sibil sa pagitan ng mga Reds at ang mga puti na kasama dayuhang interbensiyon at ang pagpapatupad ng Nicholas II at sa kanyang pamilya. Noong <a href="/wiki/Marso" title="Marso">Marso</a> 1921, sa panahon ng mga kaugnay na conflict sa Poland, ang Kapayapaan ng Riga ay nalagdaan at nahati disputed teritoryo sa Belarus at Ukraine sa pagitan ng Republika ng Poland at Sobiyet Russia. Ang Sobiyet Union ay para malutas ang mga katulad na kasalungat ng bagong itinatag <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Finland">Republika ng Finland</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Estonia">Republika ng Estonia</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Latvia">Republika ng Latvia</a>, at ang <a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Lithuania">Republika ng Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzbassenergo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzbassenergo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kampanyang_Manchuria">Kampanyang Manchuria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kampanyang Manchuria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kampanyang Manchuria"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilang pagtugon sa kaso ng mga Sobiyet militar na pag-atake, ang komandanteng Hapon ay naghanda ng isang detalyadong plano sa pagtatanggol. Gayunman, sila ay kinakalkula na ang Red Army lamang ay mabuksan ang nakakasakit sa unang bahagi ng tagsibol ng 1945 o tagsibol ng 1946. Kaya simula sa Agosto 1945 kapag ang mga yunit ng Red Army ay tipunin at tapos na sa mga handa na atake sa <a href="/wiki/Hukbo_ng_Kwantung" title="Hukbo ng Kwantung">Hukbo ng Kwantung</a> pa rin sa isang estado ng pagbabago ng ayos ng pwersa<sup id="cite_ref-ResCE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResCE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang kampanya ay nagsimula sa <a href="/wiki/Mansurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansurya">Mansurya</a> kondisyon ng panahon ay hindi kanais-nais. Mula sa Hulyo 8 sa pamamagitan ng Agosto mula sa baybayin sa rehiyon na may malakas na ulan Amua bilang ilog antas ng tubig sa tumaas apat na paa, ang mga lambak lawa. sa kabila ng ulan at baha, kahit na sa gabi 1945/09/08, ang Sobiyet Border Guard yunit sa tulong ng mga fronts pagmamatyag sa kilos ng kaaway yunit, na may isang kamangha-mangha lihim na review patakaran ay pupuksain sa halos lahat ng estasyon at ang batayang pera ng kaaway kasama ng hangganan. Ang matagumpay na pagbubukas ng mga hangganan pwersa bantay ginawa kanais-nais na kondisyon para sa ilong ng atake ng kampanya. Patuloy na hukbong panghimpapawid bombed ang railways, ang mga administrative sentro ng Harbin, Changchun, "ports" na sa North Korea. Sa unang araw ng kampanya, ang ilong ng Zabaikal atake ay na-50-150 kilometro metro<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang hukbong Hapon kasama ang Argun River at solid pagtatanggol lugar Chalaino - Mansurya, ay fiercely resisted ang ilong ng pagsulong Army 36. Subalit sa tulong ng mga kawal hukbong-lakad, 33 Army ay mabilis sa cross ng ilog, maghawak ng lugar Chalaino - Mansurya, 9–8 sa umaga ay halos 40 metro kilometro papunta sa Khaila, 9 ng gabi sa, ang isang dulo ng Red Army ay pagsulong laban sa Khaila. Ngunit kapag dumarating ang mga lungsod, ang Red Army ay nakatagpo ng pagtutol sa pamamagitan ng Japanese pagkahumaling. Dito, ang mabangis labanan naganap. Maraming mga halimbawa ng magiting labanan ang Hukbong Pula lumitaw, tangke at sundalo kinuha ang kanilang sariling Innokenchi European clearance butas bukas. Sa 14–8, ang Hukbong Pula abala bahagi ng lungsod<sup id="cite_ref-ResCE_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResCE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Manchuria_1945-A.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manchuria_1945-A.PNG/220px-Manchuria_1945-A.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manchuria_1945-A.PNG/330px-Manchuria_1945-A.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manchuria_1945-A.PNG/440px-Manchuria_1945-A.PNG 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Isang simpleng mapa na ipinapakita ang plano ng Sobyet na salakayin ang Manchuria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa ilalim ng mga pangyayari, ang Army command ay pinkamalakas sa dalawang divisions impanterya 94 at 293, na may dalawang brigades artilerya mataas radiation pinahusay na pormasyon Khaila ilong attacked mula sa kanang pakpak. Upang 18–8 pangkalahatang sa kaaway ay nananatiling sa Khaila ay upang ihiga armas magpahuli<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang kaliwang pakpak, ang kawalerya yunit ng Sobyet - <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> militar ng aspeto ng Zabakal 2 hinati sa 2 utos ilong pasulong at Siphen Cangan. 14–8 sa petsa, ang mga sundalo ng Sobiyet Union at Mongolia kinuha Dalono lungsod, at sa mga lungsod na pag-aari Canbao 15-8. Hukbong 17 mga review sa petsa sa Siphen 15–8 Zabansan ay nakuha sa lungsod<sup id="cite_ref-saeimcond_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saeimcond-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Latvres_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latvres-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/220px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/330px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg/440px-Retreat_of_the_Russian_Army_after_the_Battle_of_Mukden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Ang pagsuko ng sundalong Ruso pagkatapos ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labanan_sa_Mukden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labanan sa Mukden (hindi pa naisusulat)">Labanan sa Mukden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sariling ilong ang lahat ng mga militar ng aspeto ng Army sa pamamagitan ng 39, 53 tangke at corporate tanod hit No 6 na kumuha ng dalawang pangunahing mga direksiyon Shenyang at Changchun ay may marched sa natural na mga kondisyon mahirap . Ang Red Army sundalo ay dapat pagtagumpayan Daxing Isang kahanga-hanga array. Sila ay dapat isulong sa kalagayan ng walang daan, daanan at kahit na ang ulan ay may din ay nabura. Sa ilong pangunguna 11–8 tangke ng Army crossed sa ibabaw ng anim na Greater Khingan at sa parehong araw na ito ay accounted Lubai, isang mahaba pumasa 400 kilometro metro<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Upang 12–8 sa tangke at sundalo ay nakuha sa lungsod Taoan<sup id="cite_ref-YuschObr_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuschObr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Presurg_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presurg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-YuschObr_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuschObr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Presurg_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presurg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-YuschObr_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuschObr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Presurg_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presurg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Hukbong napapaligiran grupo matapos ang 39 base Khalun - Arsan, ay lumampas na ng isang array Daxing papunta Solun. Kapag nakikita ninyo ang Army sa pamamagitan ng likod singsing 39 Khalun - Arsan magpatuloy sa silangan, ang mga Japanese ay may lakas na ginagamit upang harangan ang bawat pasukan sa Red Army sa Solun. Ang Red Army sundalo sa tulong ng artilerya ay pakikipagkompetensiya sa mga Japanese pampublikong tungkol sa bawat punto ng bumbero. </p><p>Sa pagtindi ng brigada dibisyon artilerya ng tangke ng 124 at 206, tanghalian sa 12–8, ang Hukbong Pula abala kumpol base Khalun - Arsan, paglikha ng kanais-nais na kondisyon para sa Hukbong nakuha ang lungsod 39 Solun. Sa 13–8, matapos na nawasak ng higit sa 300 Japanese hukbo sa Solun - Vaniamao, ang Hukbong Pula sapilitang sa kawalerya Manchu divisions ng dalawang ng Japan's magpahuli. Hukbong nakuha ang lungsod 39 Vaniamao. </p><p>Kaya, pagkatapos ng 6 na araw (mula 9 hanggang 14–8), ang Front ay advanced malalim sa Zabaikal nakatakas mula sa 250 kilometro sa 400 metros. </p><p>Samantala, sa silangang Mansurya, ang Far Eastern Front ko, agrabyado ng kadiliman at storms, hindi inaasahang maaga sa kaaway muog ng pera kasama ang mga hangganan. Ang mabangis labanan naganap<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Artilerya yunit, tangke at makina baril ng militar ng aspeto ng Malayong Silangan ako sa isulong sa mahirap na mga kalagayan sa ang taiga, sila lang ay na matumbok ang kaaway, lamang ay upang gumawa ng paraan para sa kanyang maaga. Sa pamamagitan ng eruplano cover ang Air Force's, pagkatapos ng dalawang araw at gabi, ang Red Army ay 75 metros kilometro, nakuha ang batayang kumpol Khutoi, Dunin<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang nakuha Mudanjiang dumating kaya mabangis. Yunit ng 5 Army at Red Army Red Army ng numero ng isa pang-ilong hinati, ang mga review mula sa isulong Mudanjiang. Ang Japanese pwersa ay may intensified upang Mudanjiang block ang Red Army's isulong papunta sa sentro ng Manchu. gamitin nila ang pagpapakamatay parehong koponan, ang patuloy na puna. Sa 14–8, 26 No legions ng Hukbong Pula naabot ang lungsod ngunit ay nakaranas masidhi pagtutol sa pamamagitan ng Japanese hukbo sa wakas sapilitang upang umalis sa lungsod, bumuwelta sa hilagang-silangan<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sa ilalim ng mga pangyayari, ang kumander ng Eastern Front ako ay nagpasya na-ipun-ipon ng lakas ng limang Army at ang ilan sa kanilang mga pwersang hinahawakan upang lumikha ng isang singsing sa ilong sa timog, at coordinate sa mga grupo Force bilang 25 hit sa kaliwang pakpak gilid ng Jilin, upang gupitin daan sa North Korea, sa Gitna at Silangang Mansurya. </p><p>Sa 14–8, ang Red Army ay nakuha sa Limoiao at Jilin. Sa 08/12, Army ay may won 25 Khunsun, at papunta sa Vansin. </p><p>Kaya, mula 9 sa 14–8, ang Eastern Front ko won ang mahalagang tagumpay, paggawa ng kapaki-pakinabang kondisyon thaun nakakasakit sa Harbin, Jilin at Changchun. Kasama ang maaaring mabuhay sa lupa o sa tubig yunit ng armada Pacific, ang Red Army ay nakunan ang port Iuki, Rasin, lagutin makipag-ugnayan sa Hukbo ng Kwantung ng Japan at ang kanyang ulo bumalik sa Korea<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p><p>Dawn sa 9–8, sa Eastern Front ako din nagsimula ang pag-atake sa Mansurya mula sa dalawang mga direksiyon: </p> <ul><li>Upang ang may-ari ng kasama ang ilog Sungari</li> <li>Career suporta sa <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>.</li></ul> <p>Cape may-ari ng 15 undertakes Army sa tulong ng sa 2nd na brigada ng Amur bangka Red Jiang. Cape No 2 sundalo ng impanterya sa kumuha No 5. </p><p>Dahil sa matagal na pag-ulan Amur River tumaas antas ng tubig, ay dapat na plano sa krus ang mga ilog ng legions ay hindi nakamit bilang binalak. </p><p>Mga 9–8 umaga, ang impanterya divisions, sa tulong ng mga hangganan yunit bantay ay nakuha ang pinakamalaking isla sa Amur River, na sumusuporta sa mga yunit ng crossed ang ilog at suporta para sa Jiang Boat Co Amur red operasyon. 08/10 madaling araw sa 9 gabi, sa karamihan ng mga yunit ng Red Army ay na lalaki Shores ilog. Hukbong No 5 sa tulong ng hukbong-dagat ang brigada ng tatlong ilog din overcame at nakuha Usuri County Communications. </p><p>Paunang tagumpay ng 15 Army at No 5 ay nilikha legions kanais-nais na kondisyon para sa Red Army sa atake sa bilang 2. </p><p>08/10 umaga, pagkatapos ng accounting para sa Communication Khe, legions ng 8 mga review tuwid papunta sa Baosin ay 14–8 at sa lungsod ganap na pag-aari. 15 Army matapos accounting para ibuhos sa bariles Jiang, magpatuloy kasama Sangsing sa Harbin. Hukbong Pula No 2 pagkatapos ng dalawang araw ng labanan ay may ginawa ang lugar sa timog ng Ilog Amur, sa 14–8 simulan ang pagsulong sa Sisika. Sa araw na 14–8, Red Army ay bagsak No 2 pagtatanggol Khaykhe, sa pamamagitan ng sub-sequence Khingan. </p><p>Matapos lamang ang anim na araw pagkatapos ng simula ng kampanya, Sobiyet hukbo sa Mongolian armadong pwersa ay may crossed ang solid linya ng depensa ng kalaban, pagsira ng isang mahalagang bahagi ng Japanese at marami pa online access Harbin - Changchun - Shenyang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pagsisimula_ng_Digmaang_Malamig">Pagsisimula ng Digmaang Malamig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagsisimula ng Digmaang Malamig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Pagsisimula ng Digmaang Malamig"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Marshall_Plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png/220px-Marshall_Plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png/330px-Marshall_Plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Mapa ng mga bansang mapagtatangapan ng tulong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Plan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Marshall Plan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg/220px-Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg/330px-Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg/440px-Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ang "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allies of World War II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Big Three</a>" sa <a href="/wiki/Kumperensiya_sa_Yalta" title="Kumperensiya sa Yalta">Kumperensiya sa Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg/300px-Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg/450px-Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg/600px-Tu-144-schoenefeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Nabuo ang Digmaan pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos at mga kaalyado nito at sa kabilang panig ang mga pangkat ng mga Bansa sa pamumuno ng Unyong Sobyet. Walang tuwirang alitang militar ang dalawang makapangyarihang bansa. Sa halip, umiral ang labanang pandiplomatiko at pangkabuhayan at hidwaan tungkol sa ideolohiya at Kanlurang kapitalismo laban sa komunismo ng Silangang Europa. </p><p>Sa simula, nakasentro ang Digmaang ito sa paggamit ng lakas-militar ng Unyong Sobyet at ang pagtatatag ng komunistang pamahalaan sa Silangang Europa. Nagdulot ito ng takot at pangamba sa marami na baka gawing komunista ang Kanlurang Europa pagkatapos makontrol ang Silangang Europa. </p><p>Lumawak ang pagkakaiba sa politika ng dalawang panig dahil sa hidwaan sa ideolohiya. Naniniwala ang mga pinunong Marxist-Leninist na wawasakin ng kapitalismo ang sistemang Sobyet. Ang Estados Unidos naman ay may paniniwala at hinala na magpapalawak ng teritoryo at sasakupin ng Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ang mundo. </p><p>Pagkatapos ng mahabang panahong pagkakaibigan, nag-away ang Estados Unidos At Rusya tungkol sa mga suliranin sa Asya. Nagsimula ang kanilang alitan noong 1917 nang agawin ng mga komunista ang kapangyarihan at itinatag ang Unyong Sobyet at nagpahayag ng digmaang ideolohikal laban sa mga kapitalistang bansa sa kanluran. </p><p>Nakialam ang Estados Unidos sa Unyong Sobyet sa pagpapadala ng 10,000 tropa sa pagitan ng 1918 at 1920 at tumanging kilalanin ang bagong Estado hanggang noong 1933. Nagtulong ang dalawang bansa laban sa Germany noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Noong ika-4 hanggang 11 Pebrero 1945, nagpulong sina Pangulong Franklin D. Roosevelt ng Estados Unidos. Punong Ministro Winston Churchill ng Britanya at Josef Stalin ng USSR sa dating palasyo ni Czar Nicholas II sa Crimea sa timog dalampasigan ng Black Sea upang pag-usapan ang kapalaran ng daigdig. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/220px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/330px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/440px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alyansang Ekonomikong Europa</figcaption></figure> <p>Napagkasunduan na mananatili ang impluwensiya ng USSR sa mga pook na sinakop ng Red Army sa Silangang Europa. Bukod doon, mahahati ang Germany sa apat na sona na nasa pangangasiwa ng United Kingdom, United States at France sa kanluran at ang USSR sa silangan. Hinati rin ang Berlin na nasa loob ng sona ng Soviet sa ganitong paraan. </p><p>Ang kompirmasyon ng balidasyon ng Marxismo ay hindi lamang sa usapin ng pang-ekonomiyang buhay ng lipunan. Sa pusod ng mga mistipikasyon na inilako simula ng 90s ay ang ideya ng panibagong panahon ng pandaigdigang kapayapaan. Ang kataposan ng Cold War, ang paglaho ng bloke sa silangan, na sinabi ni Reagan na "Imperyo ng Dimonyo", ay di umanong tatapos sa iba't-ibang armadong labanan bunga ng bangayan ng dalawang imperyalistang bloke mula 1947. Sa harap ng mistipikasyong ito hinggil sa posibilidad ng kapayapaan sa ilalim ng kapitalismo, laging binigyang diin ng marxismo ang imposibilidad para sa mga burges na estado na pawiin ang kanilang pang-ekonomiya at militar na tunggalian, laluna sa panahon ng pagbulusok-pababa. Kaya nagawa naming sumulat noong Enero 1990 na "Ang paglaho ng imperyalistang berdugong Ruso, at ang napipintong paglaho ng bloke sa pagitan ng Amerika at kanyang dating mga ‘kasosyo', ay magbukas ng pintuan para sa mas maraming lokal na bangayan. Ang mga tunggalian at labanang ito ay hindi, sa kasalukuyang mga sirkunstansiya, tutungo sa isang pandaigdigang labanan...Sa kabilang banda, dahil sa pagkawala ng disiplinang ipinataw ng presensiya ng mga bloke, ang mga labanang ito ay magiging mas marahas at mas marami, sa partikular, syempre, sa mga lugar na pinakamahina ang <a href="/wiki/Proletaryado" title="Proletaryado">proletaryado</a>". Hindi nagtagal, kinumpirma ng pandaigdigang kalagayan ang analisis na ito, ng pumutok ang unang digmaan sa Golpo sa Enero 1991 at ang digmaan sa dating Yugoslavia sa taglagas ng naturang taon. Magmula noon, walang hinto na ang madugo at barbarikong mga labanan. Hindi na namin malagay lahat dito pero mapansin natin sa partikular: </p><p>Hindi na nagmumulto ang digmaan sa pandaigdigang saklaw, pero nakita natin ang pagkalag ng kadena ng imperyalistang mga antagonismo at lokal na mga digmaan na direktang may kaugnayan sa malalaking kapangyarihan, sa partikular ang pinakamakapangyarihan sa kanilang lahat, ang Amerika. Ang Amerika, na sa ilang dekada ay naging ‘pulis ng mundo', ay nagsisikap na patuloy itong ipatupad at palakasin ang kanyang papel sa harap ng ‘panibagong pandaigdigang kaguluhan' na lumitaw pagkatapos ng Cold War. Subalit habang seryoso nitong ginampanan ang kanyang papel, hindi ito ginawa para sa layuning makamit ang istabilidad sa mundo kundi para mapanatili ang kanyang liderato sa mundo, na lalong pinahina ng katotohanang wala na ang semento para pagkaisahin ang bawat imperyalistang bloke - ang banta mula sa karibal na bloke. Sa pagkawala ng ‘bantang Sobyet', ang tanging paraan para maipataw ng Amerika ang kanyang disiplina ay umasa sa kanyang pangunahing lakas, ang kanyang malaking superyoridad sa antas militar. Pero sa paggawa nito, ang imperyalistang polisiya ng Amerika ay siyang naging isa sa pangunahing mga salik ng pandaigdigang instabilidad.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began the massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/220px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/330px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/440px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Pagbabawas ng C-47s sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internasyonal_na_Paliparan_ng_Tempelhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internasyonal na Paliparan ng Tempelhof (hindi pa naisusulat)">paliparang Tempelhof</a> sa Berlin sa kasagsagan ng Berlin Blockade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang pagpasok ng Demokratang si Barak Obama sa pagiging pinuno ng pangunahing kapangyarihan sa mundo ay nagluwal ng lahat ng klaseng ilusyon hinggil sa posibilidad ng pagbabago sa estratehikong oryentasyon ng Amerika, isang pagbabago na magbukas ng "panahon ng kapayapaan". Isa sa mga batayan ng mga ilusyong ito ay ang katotohanan na isa si Obama sa iilang senador na bumoto laban sa interbensiyong militar sa Iraq sa 2003, at hindi katulad ng kanyang Republikanong karibal na si McCain, komitido siya na paalisin ang armadong pwersa ng Amerika mula sa Iraq. Subalit ang mga ilusyong ito ay madaling bumangga sa realidad. Sa partikular, kung inisip ni Obama na umatras ang Amerika mula sa Iraq, ito ay para mapalakas ang kanyang panghihimasok sa Afghanistan at Pakistan. Dagdag pa, ang pagpapatuloy ng polisiyang militar ng Amerika ay malinaw na makita ng gawin ng bagong administrasyon na Kalihim ng Depensa si Gates, na nominado ni Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-miller26_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller26-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mayo 1949, Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaddis_2005,_p._34_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaddis_2005,_p._34-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa realidad, ang bagong oryentasyon ng diplomasyang Amerika ay sumasang-ayon sa balangkas na nasa itaas. Ang kanyang layunin ay para makuha pa rin ang paghahari ng Amerika sa mundo sa pamamagitan ng kanyang superyoridad sa militar. Kaya ang kilos ni Obama para palakasin ang diplomasya ay para makaipon ng panahon at ispasyong kailangan para sa hindi maiwasang imperyalistang interbensiyon sa hinaharap ng kanyang militar, na sa kasalukuyan ay napakanipis at lubhang pagod na para isustini ang isa pang teatro ng digmaan kasabay ng Iraq at Afghanistan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg/220px-Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg/330px-Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Truman_signing_National_Security_Act_Amendment_of_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Si Pangulong Truman, habang lumalagda sa <i><b>National Security Act of 1947</b></i> na kasama ang bisita sa Opisinang Oval.</figcaption></figure> <p>Subalit, gaya ng laging binigyang diin ng IKT, merong dalawang magkaibang opsiyon sa loob ng burgesya para makamit ang layunin nito: Ang unang opsiyon ay pinatupad ni Clinton sa kataposan ng 90s sa dating Yugoslavia, kung saan nagawa ng Amerika na makuha ang suporta ng pangunahing mga kapangyarihan sa kanlurang Uropa, sa partikular Alemanya at Pransiya, para makipagtulungan sa pambobomba ng NATO sa Serbia para pilitin itong iwanan ang Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-oneil15_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneil15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang ikalawang opsiyon ay ginamit sa digmaan sa Iraq sa 2003, na nangyari sa kabila ng mariing pagtutol ng Alemanya at Pransiya, na sa panahong ito, ay suportado ng Rusya sa loob ng UN Security Council. </p><p>Subalit, alinman sa mga opsiyong ito ay hindi napigilan ang paghina ng liderato ng Amerika. Ang polisiya na ipilit ang mga bagay, na nakita sa dalawang termino ni Bush Junior, ay nagbunga hindi lang ng kaguluhan sa Iraq, na hindi na mapangibabawan, kundi sa lumalaking pagkakahiwalay ng diplomasyang Amerikano, na makita partikular sa ilang bansa na sumuporta sa Amerika sa 2003, tulad ng Espanya at Italya, ay lumayo na mula sa adbenturismo sa Iraq (hindi pa kasama ang patagong pagdistansiya ni Gordon Brown at gobyernong Britanya mula sa walang kondisyon na suporta na binigay ni Tony Blair sa adbenturismo sa Iraq). Sa panig nito, ang polisiyang "kooperasyon" na nais ng mga Demokrata ay walang katiyakan na makuha ang katapatan ng mga kapangyarihang nais kabigin ng Amerika sa kanyang gawaing militar, partikular dahil nagbigay ito sa ibang kapangyarihan ng mas malawak na puwang ng maniobra para itulak ang kanilang sariling interes. </p><p>Sa ngayon, halimbawa, ang administrasyong Obama ay nagpasya ng mas pampalubag-loob na polisiya sa Iran at mas mahigpit naman sa Israel, dalawang oryentasyon na patungo sa iisang direksiyon dahil halos lahat ng mga Unyong Uropeo, laluna ang Alemanya at Pransiya, dalawang bansang naglalayong muling makuha ang kanilang dating impluwensiya sa Iraq at Iran. Ang oryentasyong ito ay hindi makapigil sa paglitaw ng mayor na mga tunggalian ng interes sa pagitan ng mga bansang ito at ng Amerika, laluna sa bahagi ng silangang Uropa (kung saan sinisikap ng Alemanya na mapanatili "de-prebilihiyong" relasyon sa Rusya) o Aprika (kung saan ang dalawang paksiyon na siyang dahilan ng karahasan at kaguluhan sa Congo ay sinusuportahan ng Amerika at Pransiya). </p><p>Sa mas pangkalahatan, ang paglaho ng pagkahati ng mundo sa dalawang malaking bloke ay nagbukas ng pintuan para sa mga ambisyon ng nasa ikalawang antas ng mga imperyalista na lalupang nagpagulo sa internasyunal na sitwasyon. Ito ang kaso halimbawa sa Iran, na ang layunin ay makuha ang dominanteng posisyon sa Gitnang Silangan sa ilalim ng bandilang paglaban sa "Makapangyarihang Satanas" na Amerika at sa paglaban sa Israel. May malawak na kaparaanan, pinalawak ng Tsina ang kanyang impluwensiya sa ibang kontinente, partikular sa Aprika kung saan ang kanyang lumalaking pang-ekonomiyang presensiya ang batayan para sa diplomatiko at militar na presensiya, gaya ng nangyari sa digmaan sa Sudan. </p><p>Kaya ang perspektiba na haharapin ng mundo matapos mahalal si Obama bilang pinuno ng pinakamalaking kapangyarihan sa mundo ay hindi pundamental na kaiba sa sitwasyon na nangibabaw hanggang ngayon: patuloy na komprontasyon sa pagitan ng mga kapangyarihan ng una o ikalawang hanay, patuloy na barbarikong mga digmaan na may mas mapaminsalang resulta (gutom, epidemya, malawakang dislokasyon) para sa mga populasyon na namuhay sa pinag-aagawang mga erya. Dapat din nating ikonsidera kung ang instabilidad na tinulak ng paglala ng krisis sa kabuuang serye ng mga mahirap na bansa ay hindi magbunga ng intensipikasyon ng mga komprontasyon sa pagitan ng pangkating militar sa loob ng mga bansang ito, na tulad ng dati, may partisipasyon ng iba't-ibang imperyalistang kapangyarihan. Naharap sa ganitong sitwasyon, si Obama at ang kanyang administrasyon ay hindi kayang ipagpatuloy ang mapandigmang mga polisiya ng kanyang mga nasundan, tulad ng nakita natin sa Afghanistan halimbawa, isang polisiya na kahalintulad ng lumalaking barbarismong militar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digmaang_Sobyet-Afghan">Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Sobyet-Afghan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Sobyet-Afghan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/250px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/375px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/500px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Ang Pagsalakay ng Sobyet</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang Afghanistan ay sumang-ayon sa pamamagitan ng 1,747, si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Abdali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Shah Abdali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a>, na pinasiyahan hanggang sa kanyang kamatayan 1772 Ang rehiyon ay dati nanirahan ng ilang iba't-ibang grupo ng mga pambansang upang malutas. Sa panahon ng 1800s at unang bahagi ng 1900s tried parehong Russia at ang British Empire upang makontrol ang Afghanistan, at pagkatapos, ito ay sa pagitan ng mga dakilang kapangyarihan (Britain kinokontrol na sa panahon na iyon malaking bahagi ng Timog Asya). Ito ay nagdulot, maki alia, sa tatlong mga Anglo-Afghan digmaan, kung saan ang ikatlong natapos na ang nanalo Afghans pinananatili nito sa pagsasarili. Afghanistan ay matapos na ito na gumagana ng maayos, albeit mahirap, relihiyon para sa monarkiya tungkol sa 300 taon. Nasasalungat sa mga dati na imahe ng Taliban at veils, ito ay isang napaka-liberal na bansa na may isang ayon sa kaugalian nagsasarili kanayunan. Problema ay maaaring lumabas dahil, subalit, at kahit na <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> ay kanyang makatarungang bahagi ng demagogues at insurgents, at mag-alaga ng mga problemang ito bago namin nakuha ang isang pyudal na sistema kung saan ang vassals kinuha sa pangangalaga ng mga problema sa mga lokal na level (mga vassals Gusto mamaya play ng isang malaking papel na ginagampanan sa digmaan). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/375px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg/500px-BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mga Sobyet na paratroopers, sakay ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=BMD-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMD-1 (hindi pa naisusulat)">BMD-1</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1,973 ibagsak, gayunman, ang huling hari, Zahir Shah, sa isang walang dugo kapalaran sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga pinsan, Mohammed Daoud, na mamaya ibinigay ang kanyang sarili na itinalaga sa unang pangulo ng bansa.<sup id="cite_ref-GarthoffPages1017-1018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarthoffPages1017-1018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rehimeng ito pinasiyahan hanggang 1,978, kapag ang mga partido komunista PDPA isinasagawa ang tinatawag na Saur rebolusyon at sa mga lider Noor Mohammed taraki ang naging bagong pangulo. Magkano pinasiyahan ang mga Sobyet rebolusyon ay di maliwanag, pero ang mga ito sa anumang paraan ay kasangkot diyan ay walang pag-aalinlangan (para sa mga halimbawa, ay ang pulutong ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasim_Husseini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasim Husseini (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kasim Husseini</a>, ipinadala mula sa Russia para sa tunay na dahilan). Ang aming mga pagsusulit ay na bagaman ang mga Sobyet malinaw naman appreciated at suportado ng Saur rebolusyon, sinabi nila wala na impluwensiya ng mga kaganapan, maliban na ito marahil ay sa at nagsimula ang lahat ng ito, sila ay sa ibang salita ang isang papel sa Afghan rebolusyon, maihahambing sa <a href="/wiki/Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s papel sa <a href="/wiki/Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian">Russian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionaries nakatutok sa Kabul, na kung saan din pinamamahalaang upang makakuha ng kontrol kapag ito ay na-iisip na sa pamamagitan ng panalong ang pangunahing Estado ay manalo sa bansa, kung saan ang mga populasyon sa mga nayon at bukid na lugar, parang hindi halata ito. Palagay na ito ay bahagyang tama, karamihan ng populasyon ay relatibong sa una natural sa pamamagitan ng pagbabago ng kapangyarihan, ngunit ito ay overturned kapag ang PDPA partido ay nagsimulang ipatupad ang mga pagbabago sa mga magdala ng bansa para maging isang tunay na komunista ng estado na kung saan ang mga Sobyet modelo. Problema lumitaw kapag PDPA ng mga ideya tungkol sa nakaplanong ekonomiya, at sekularismo ay hindi appreciated sa Afghanistan's liberal, konserbatibo Muslim (ang mga partido ay sa isip na ang komunismo ay magkaroon ng isang makabuluhang epekto sa pampolitika na klima ilagay sa aming mga isip).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isang uri ng paggalaw ng paglaban ay nagsimula sa ilang sandali lamang matapos na ito ay may isang pulutong ng mga armadong pakikibaka. Tulad ng paglaban sa pangkalahatan ay binigyan ng pangkaraniwang pangalan Mujahedin, na kung saan ay ang maramihan ng Arabic salitang "mujahid", ibig sabihin ay "ang labanan", ngunit sa halip ay nauunawaan bilang "ang dala ng Jihad." Ang mga Muslim laban Fighters ay nagkaroon ng malakas na suporta mula sa Pakistan, kung saan ang kanilang labanan ay nakita bilang isang makatwiran pagtatanggol laban sa masama aaklas, at sa karamihan ng mga kanluranin sa mundo, kung saan ito ay makikita bilang isang mahusay na masama para sa komunismo. PDPA hinahangad militar aid mula sa Unyong Sobyet, na sa una ay napaka-urong-sulong na ang pagpapadala ng hukbo sa bansa. Sobyet Union, gayunman, ay handa sa pananalapi ang makipag-away, at may na ang pera ay maaaring bumili ng PDPA militar ng suporta mula sa mga nabanggit vassals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg/220px-Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg/330px-Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg/440px-Muja_on_radio_in_Munda_Dir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Isang mandirigmang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujahideen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujahideen (hindi pa naisusulat)">mujahideen</a> sa<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunar (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kunar</a> na gumagamit ng kommunikasyon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kahit sa loob ng PDPA ay, gayunman, ang labanan, sa pagitan ng matinding Khalqisterna at ang mas katamtaman Parchamisterna. Mga kasalungat na humantong sa presidente taraki, na belonged Parchamisterna, bigti ang tag-init ng 1,979 at ang Khalqisternas lider Hafizullah Amin ipinahayag ang kanyang sarili sa bagong pangulo. Amin ay very hard sa populasyon (tungkol sa 1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghans ay tinatayang may namatay sa panahon ng kanyang kaharian ng takot), habang siya ay gumanap ng isang nakakagulat na malambot na linya ng mga banyagang patakaran tungo sa Estados Unidos at Pakistan, na humantong sa Sobyet paglusob Pasko 1979 Ang pagsalakay ay hindi itinuro laban sa mga rebels pagsalungat, ngunit laban sa mga Komunista na pamahalaan, na kung saan sila sa una suportado.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perestroika_at_Glasnost">Perestroika at Glasnost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Perestroika at Glasnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Perestroika at Glasnost"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noong 1985, nahirang na pinuno ng Partidong Komunista si Gorbachev. Sa simula pa lamang ng kanyang pamumuno, ipinadama na niya ang pagpapatupad sa mag ng pagbabagong Radikal. Pinakasentro ng mga Radikal na repormang kanyang ipinatupad ang tinatawag na Perestroika o pagrereorganisa o pagrereestruktura. Pangunahing prinsipyo ng Perstroika ang nagsasaad na hindi kailanman maaaring gamitin ang Sandatang Nuklear upang matupad ang layuning Pampolitika, Ekonomik at ideolohikal ng isang Bansa. Batay dito, walang saysay at hindi makatwiran ang Armas-Nuklear. Sa anumang digmaan magagamit ang Armas-Nuklear , walang maituturing na panalo o natalo sapagkat mawawala ang kabihasnan ng buong Daigdig<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heograpiya">Heograpiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Heograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Heograpiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:SovietUnionPhysical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SovietUnionPhysical.jpg/350px-SovietUnionPhysical.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SovietUnionPhysical.jpg/525px-SovietUnionPhysical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SovietUnionPhysical.jpg/700px-SovietUnionPhysical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Mapang pisikal ng Unyong Sobyetiko.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sumakop ang Unyong Sobyetiko ng mahigit 22,402,200 kilometrong kuwadrado (8,649,500 milyang kuwadrado) ng lawak, gayunpaman ginawa itong pinakamalaking bansa nang nag-iral ito; pinanatili ang posisyong ito ng Rusya, ang kahalili nitong estado.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinaklaw nito ang karamihan ng <a href="/wiki/Eurasya" title="Eurasya">Eurasya</a>, at ang panlupaing lawak nito'y maihahambing sa buong kontinente ng <a href="/wiki/Hilagang_Amerika" title="Hilagang Amerika">Hilagang Amerika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang naging pinakamalaki at pinakamataong republika nito'y ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSPS_ng_Rusya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSPS ng Rusya (hindi pa naisusulat)">RSPS ng Rusya</a>, na sumaklaw sa halos tatlong-kapat ng lugar sa unyon. Ang kanlurang bahagi ng URSS sa Europa ay bumuo ng 25% ng bansa at naging sentrong pangkalinangan at pang-ekonomiya. Ang silangang bahagi naman sa Asya ay umaabot sa <a href="/wiki/Karagatang_Pasipiko" title="Karagatang Pasipiko">Karagatang Pasipiko</a> sa silangan at <a href="/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan">Apganistan</a>. Sumaklaw ito ng mahigit 10,000 kilometro (6,200 milya) mula silangan hanggang kanluran sa labing-isang sona ng oras, at mahigit 7,200 kilometro (4,500 milya) mula hilaga hanggang timog. Mayroon itong limang sonang pangklima: <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiga (hindi pa naisusulat)">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa">estepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disyerto" class="mw-redirect" title="Disyerto">disyerto</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Bundok" title="Bundok">kabundukan</a>. </p><p>Tulad ng Rusya, ang Unyong Sobyetiko ang nagkaroon ng pinakamahabang hangganan sa mundo, na sumukat na mahigit 60,000 kilometro (37,000 milya), o <span class="frac nowrap">1<sup> 1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> sirkumperensya ng Daigdig, kung saan dalawang-katlo nito'y linyang <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">baybayin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumukat ito ng halos 10,000 kilometro mula <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrado" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrado">Kaliningrado</a> sa Look ng Gdansk sa kanluran hanggang Islang Ratmanova (Diomedes Mayor) sa Kipot ng Bering. Mula sa ang dulo ng Tangway ng Taymyr sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa bayan ng Kushka (kilala bilang Serhetabat sa <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>) sa <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Asya" title="Gitnang Asya">Gitnang Asya</a> (malapit sa hangganan ng <a href="/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan">Apganistan</a>) ay umabot ito ng halos 5,000 kilometro. Ang silangan-kanlurang kalawakan ng magkadikit na Estados Unidos ay madaling magkasya sa pagitan ng hangganang hilaga at timog ng Unyong Sobyetiko sa kanilang mga kaduluhan. Sa kahabaan ng halos 20,000 kilometrong panlupaing gilid ay humanggan ang Unyong Sobyetiko ng labing-anim na bansa. Sa Asya (mula silangan hanggang kanluran) ay naging kapitbahay nito ang <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Hapon" title="Imperyo ng Hapon">Hapon</a> (1922-1945), <a href="/wiki/Hilagang_Korea" title="Hilagang Korea">Hilagang Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina">Tsina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Bayan_ng_Monggolya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Bayan ng Monggolya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Monggolya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Demokratiko_ng_Apganistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Demokratiko ng Apganistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Apganistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya">Turkiya</a> habang sa Europa (mula timog hanggang hilaga) ay naging katabi nito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sosyalista_ng_Rumanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sosyalista ng Rumanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rumanya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Bayan_ng_Unggriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Bayan ng Unggriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unggriya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sosyalistang_Tsekoslobako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sosyalistang Tsekoslobako (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tsekoslobakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republikang_Bayan_ng_Polonya" title="Republikang Bayan ng Polonya">Polonya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litwanya" title="Litwanya">Litwanya</a> (1922-1940, 1991), <a href="/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya">Letonya</a> (1922-1940, 1991), <a href="/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya">Estonya</a> (1922-1940, 1991), <a href="/wiki/Pinlandiya" title="Pinlandiya">Pinlandiya</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Noruwega" title="Noruwega">Noruwega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinanggan din nito ang <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim">Dagat Itim</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Kaspiyo" title="Dagat Kaspiyo">Dagat Kaspiyo</a>, at hiniwalay mula sa Estados Unidos ng Kipot ng Bering at sa Hapon ng Kipot ng La Pérouse. Mahigit sa dalawang-katlo ng mga hangganan nito'y baybay-dagat, ang pinakamahabang hangganang baybayin sa mundo kung saan higit sa dalawang-katlo ng baybayin ay nasa itaas ng Bilog Artiko. Lahat ng baybayin sa hilaga ng bilog ay nagyelo ng hanggang sampung buwan bawat taon, binubukod ang <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> na tumanggap ng mainit na agos ng Sapa ng Golpo. </p><p>Ang pinakamataas na bundok sa Unyong Sobyet ay Bundok Komunismo(ngayon Ismail Samani rurok ) sa <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> sa 7,495 metro (24,590 ft). Ang pinakamalaking lake Ang mundo, ang Dagat ng Kaspiy , ilatag unang-una sa Sobiyet Union. The world's deepest lake, Lake Baikal , was in the Soviet Union. 's deepest lake Ang mundo, Lake Lawang baykal , ay sa Sobiyet Union. </p><p>Sakop ng bansang ito ang malaking lupain sa <a href="/wiki/Mundo" title="Mundo">mundo</a>, sakop ang silangang kalahati ng <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> at hilagang sangtatlo ng <a href="/wiki/Asya" title="Asya">Asya</a>. Sa katunayan, sakop ng teritoryo ang hilaga 50 hilagang <a href="/wiki/Latitud" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitud">latitud</a> habang kalahati ng 55. Sa ibinigay na interyor na lokasyon, ang hilagang bahagi ay importante kasama ang <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klima</a>. Ang hilagang hangganan, ang <a href="/wiki/Karagatang_Artiko" title="Karagatang Artiko">Karagatang Artiko</a>, ay nagyeyelo sa buong taon, kaya limitado ang paglalayag ng mga barkong pangkalakalan <i>(commercial)</i>, operasyong may panganib. Ang silangang hangganan ay ang <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Bering" title="Dagat Bering">Dagat Bering</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagat_ng_Okhotsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagat ng Okhotsk (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dagat ng Okhotsk</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dagat_ng_Hapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagat ng Hapon">Dagat ng Hapon</a> ay hawak ng hilaga silangan ng <a href="/wiki/Pasipiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasipiko">Pasipiko</a>, ay nagyeyelo tuwing <a href="/wiki/Tag-lamig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag-lamig">tag-lamig</a> at malamig kung <a href="/wiki/Tag-araw" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag-araw">tag-araw</a>. Ang timog ng hangganan nito sa Asya ay may pormang matarik na bundok, disyerto at tuyong steppe. Sa timog silangan ay nay pinagsamang Ilog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilog_Argun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilog Argun (hindi pa naisusulat)">Argun</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilog_Amur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilog Amur (hindi pa naisusulat)">Amur</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilog_Ussuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilog Ussuri (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ussuri</a> na nasa <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. Ang kanluran ng Argun ay ang mahabang hangganang bundok sa m,ay <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia">Republikang Popular ng Mongolia</a> at ang probinsiya ng <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina">Tsina</a>. Sa <a href="/wiki/Timog-kanlurang_Asya" class="mw-redirect" title="Timog-kanlurang Asya">Timog-kanlurang Asya</a>, ang hangganang bundok ay patuloy, sa may <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> sa timog. Ang <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim">Dagat Itim</a> ay pormang parte ng hangganang Sobyet-Iranian, subalit ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilog_Araks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilog Araks (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ilog Araks</a>(Araxes), ang Lesser Caucasus at ang dagat Itim ay humahati sa mga <i>Republikang Transcaucasian</i> mula sa Iran at <a href="/wiki/Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Sa paligid ng kanlurang hangganan ng <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland">Finland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway">Norway</a>, walang lugar sa Unyong Sobyet ang sumasagi sa bukas na mainit na hangganan. Ang parteng Baltik at Dagat na Itim ay mga saradong dagat<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang nadagdag na teritoryo sa Unyong Sobyet, pagkatapos ng 1938 ay umakyat sa 8,173,550 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milya (hindi pa naisusulat)">milya</a> kwadrado(21,169,00 <a href="/wiki/Kilometro" title="Kilometro">kilometro</a> kwadrado) sa mahigit 8,650,000 milya kwadrado( 21,169,400 kilometro kwadrado) noong 1945. Lahat ng nadagdag na teritoryo, hindi kasama ang dating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Popular_ng_Tannu_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Popular ng Tannu Tuva (hindi pa naisusulat)">Republikang Popular ng Tannu Tuva</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Asya" title="Gitnang Asya">Gitnang Asya</a>, ay naidagdag bago ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya">Rusya</a>. Subalit, ang <a href="/wiki/Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland">Finland</a> at Silangang <a href="/wiki/Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland">Poland</a> (pagkatapos ng 1945), pinamunuan ng Rusya bago ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>, ay hindi kasama sa Unyong Sobyet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang teritoryong naidagdag sa kasaysayan ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> ay ang kanlurang <a href="/wiki/Byelorussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussia">Byelorussia</a> at ang kanlurang <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>(mula sa <a href="/wiki/Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland">Poland</a>), noong 1939. Parte ng <a href="/wiki/Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> (mula sa <a href="/wiki/Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland">Finland</a>) at ang <a href="/wiki/Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>(dating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessarabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessarabia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bessarabia</a>, mula sa <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) noong 1940, ang Pechenga o Petsamo Corridor (mula sa Finland) at ang Tuva Autonomous S.S.R. (dating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannu_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tannu Tuva (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tannu Tuva</a>) noong 1944, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpatho-Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpatho-Ukraine (hindi pa naisusulat)">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ruthenia</a> (ibinigay sa <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, mula sa <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>), ang kalahating hilaga ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silangang Prussia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Silangang Prussia</a> (mula sa <a href="/wiki/Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany">Germany</a>), ang timog <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> at ang isla ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuril (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kuril</a> (mula sa <a href="/wiki/Hapon" title="Hapon">Hapon</a>) noong 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demograpiya">Demograpiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Demograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Demograpiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demograpiya_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demograpiya ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Demograpiya ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a></div> <p>Minarkahan ang unang limang dekada ng ika-20 dantaon ng sunud-sunod na sakuna sa Tsaristang Rusya at Unyong Sobyetiko, na sinamahan ng pagkawala ng malakihang bilang ng populasyon. Tinataya ang mga labis na nasawi noong <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> at <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Sibil_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Sibil ng Rusya">Digmaang Sibil ng Rusya</a>, kabilang ang mga ginutom dahil sa polisiyang digmaang komunismo, ay umaabot sa pinagsamang kabuuan na 18 milyon. Halos 10 milyon ang namatay sa panahon ng mga taggutom at Stalinistang pagpupurga noong dekada 1930, at higit 26 milyon ang pumanaw sa pagitan ng simula ng <a href="/wiki/Operasyong_Barbarossa" title="Operasyong Barbarossa">Operasyong Barbarossa</a> noong 1941 at sa pagtatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> nang 1945. Ayon sa Britanikong istoryador na si Catherine Merridale, makatuwirang pagtatantiya ang pagpapalagay sa kabuuang labis na namatay noong panahong ito sa 60 milyon. </p><p>Mayroon itong 23 na <a href="/wiki/Lungsod" title="Lungsod">lungsod</a> na may isang milyong katao sa Unyong Sobyet noong 1989. Ang pinakamalaking lungsod sa bansa at kabisera ay ang <a href="/wiki/Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> na may siyam na milyong nakatira, subalit ang <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> (ngayon ay <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>) ay pangalawa sa pinakamalaking lungsod sa bansa na may limang milyong katao. Ang ibang lungsod ay <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Population_of_former_USSR.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/220px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/330px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_of_former_USSR.PNG/440px-Population_of_former_USSR.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Ang populasyon ng Unyong Sobyet at ng mga sumunod na bansa nito mula 1961–2009.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg/400px-Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg/600px-Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg/800px-Ethnic_map_USSR_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Lokasyong heograpo ng maraming pangkat etniko sa Unyong Sobyet noong 1941.</figcaption></figure> <table style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width="100%" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Republika" title="Republika">Republika</a> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1913 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1926 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1939 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1950 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1959 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1966 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1970 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1973 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1979 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1987 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1989 </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">1991 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a></b> </td> <td>89900 </td> <td>92737 </td> <td>108379 </td> <td> </td> <td>117534 </td> <td>126561 </td> <td>130079 </td> <td>132151 </td> <td>137410 </td> <td>145311 </td> <td>147386 </td> <td>148548 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></b> </td> <td>35210 </td> <td>29515 </td> <td>40469 </td> <td> </td> <td>41869 </td> <td>45516 </td> <td>47127 </td> <td>48243 </td> <td>49609 </td> <td>51201 </td> <td>51704 </td> <td>51944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></b> </td> <td>6899 </td> <td>4983 </td> <td>8910 </td> <td> </td> <td>8055 </td> <td>8633 </td> <td>9002 </td> <td>9202 </td> <td>9533 </td> <td>10078 </td> <td>10200 </td> <td>10260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a></b> </td> <td>4366 </td> <td>4660 </td> <td>6440 </td> <td> </td> <td>8261 </td> <td>10581 </td> <td>11960 </td> <td>12902 </td> <td>15389 </td> <td>19026 </td> <td>19906 </td> <td>20708 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></b> </td> <td>5565 </td> <td>6037 </td> <td>5990 </td> <td> </td> <td>9154 </td> <td>12129 </td> <td>12849 </td> <td>13705 </td> <td>14684 </td> <td>16244 </td> <td>16538 </td> <td>16793 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></b> </td> <td>2601 </td> <td>2677 </td> <td>3540 </td> <td> </td> <td>4044 </td> <td>4548 </td> <td>4686 </td> <td>4838 </td> <td>4993 </td> <td>5266 </td> <td>5449 </td> <td>5464 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></b> </td> <td>2339 </td> <td>2314 </td> <td>3205 </td> <td> </td> <td>3698 </td> <td>4660 </td> <td>5117 </td> <td>5420 </td> <td>6027 </td> <td>6811 </td> <td>7029 </td> <td>7137 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2880 </td> <td> </td> <td>2711 </td> <td>2986 </td> <td>3128 </td> <td>3234 </td> <td>3392 </td> <td>3641 </td> <td>3690 </td> <td>3728 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></b> </td> <td>2056 </td> <td>242 </td> <td>2452 </td> <td>2290 </td> <td>2885 </td> <td>3368 </td> <td>3569 </td> <td>3721 </td> <td>3950 </td> <td>4185 </td> <td>4341 </td> <td>4366 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1885 </td> <td> </td> <td>2093 </td> <td>2262 </td> <td>2364 </td> <td>2430 </td> <td>2503 </td> <td>2647 </td> <td>2681 </td> <td>2681 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a></b> </td> <td>864 </td> <td>1002 </td> <td>1458 </td> <td> </td> <td>2066 </td> <td>2652 </td> <td>2933 </td> <td>3145 </td> <td>3523 </td> <td>4143 </td> <td>4291 </td> <td>4422 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tajik SSR</a></b> </td> <td>1034 </td> <td>1032 </td> <td>1484 </td> <td> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>2579 </td> <td>2900 </td> <td>3194 </td> <td>3806 </td> <td>4807 </td> <td>5112 </td> <td>5358 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a></b> </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>881 </td> <td>1282 </td> <td> </td> <td>1763 </td> <td>2194 </td> <td>2492 </td> <td>2672 </td> <td>3037 </td> <td>3412 </td> <td>3283 </td> <td>3376 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></b> </td> <td>1042 </td> <td>998 </td> <td>1252 </td> <td> </td> <td>1516 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>2159 </td> <td>2364 </td> <td>2765 </td> <td>3361 </td> <td>3534 </td> <td>3576 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1052 </td> <td> </td> <td>1197 </td> <td>1285 </td> <td>1356 </td> <td>1405 </td> <td>1465 </td> <td>1556 </td> <td>1573 </td> <td>1582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Unyong Sobyet</b> </td> <td>159200 </td> <td>147028 </td> <td>190678 </td> <td>178500 </td> <td>208827 </td> <td>231868 </td> <td>241720 </td> <td>248626 </td> <td>262085 </td> <td>281689 </td> <td>286717 </td> <td>289943 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangkat_etniko">Pangkat etniko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pangkat etniko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pangkat etniko"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Pangkat_Etniko_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Pangkat Etniko ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga Pangkat Etniko ng Unyong Sobyet</a></div> <p>Binubuo ang Unyong Sobyet ng ibat-ibang etniko tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Ruso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruso">Ruso</a> (50.78%), sinundan ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ukrainians</a> (15.45%) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbeks (hindi pa naisusulat)">Uzbeks</a> (5.84%). Ang iba pang mga pangkat etniko ay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Armenians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijanis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estonians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Georgians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhs (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Latvians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lithuanians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovans (hindi pa naisusulat)">Moldovans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%81jik_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tājik people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tajiks</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Turkmen</a>, pati na rin ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Abkhaz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adyghe_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adyghe people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Adyghes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleut (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aleuts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrian people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasian_Avars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caucasian Avars (hindi pa naisusulat)">Avars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashkirs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkirs (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buryats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buryats (hindi pa naisusulat)">Buryats</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechens (hindi pa naisusulat)">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuvash_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuvash people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cossacks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evenks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evenks (hindi pa naisusulat)">Evenks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finns (hindi pa naisusulat)">Finns</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagauz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagauz (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans (hindi pa naisusulat)">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingush_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingush people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ingushes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inuit (hindi pa naisusulat)">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalmyks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalmyks (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakalpaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakalpaks (hindi pa naisusulat)">Karakalpaks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karelians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karelians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Karelians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kets (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koreans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koreans (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koreans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lezgins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lezgins (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lezgins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mari people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mordvins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mordvins (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mordvins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nenetses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nenetses (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nenetses</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossetians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossetians (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles">Poles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tats (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tats</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatars (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tatars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuvans (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tuvans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udmurts (hindi pa naisusulat)">Udmurts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakuts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakuts (hindi pa naisusulat)">Yakuts</a>, at iba pa.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pananampalataya">Pananampalataya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pananampalataya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Pananampalataya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relihiyon_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relihiyon ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Relihiyon ng Unyong Sobyet</a></div> <p>Ang Unyong Sobyet ay opisyal na walang kaugnayan sa relihiyon, suportado ang hindi paniniwala sa diyos sa mga paaralan, at bigti relihiyon. Ang estado ay separated mula sa iglesia ng mga atas ng Konseho ng People's Commissars sa 23 Enero 1918. Katlong-dalawa ng Sobyet ay kulang sa populasyo na relihiyosong paniniwala habang isa-ikatlong ng mga tao kunwari relihiyosong paniniwala. Kristiyanismo at Islam ay ang pinaka may mga mananampalataya. Tungkol sa kalahati ng mga tao, kabilang ang mga kasapi ng CPSU at mataas na antas na opisyal ng pamahalaan, kunwari hindi paniniwala sa diyos.Pamahalaan pag-uusig ng Kristiyanismo patuloy undiminished hanggang sa pagkahulog ng komunista ng pamahalaan. Tanging 500 mga simbahan, sa labas ng 54,000 bago ang himagsikan, na naiiwan ang bukas sa 1941. Ang papel na ginagampanan ng relihiyon sa araw-araw na buhay ng mga mamamayan ng Sobiyet iba-iba malaki at noon ay malayo mas mahalaga sa dwellers lungsod kung saan Party control ay pinakamabuting kalagayan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wika">Wika</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Wika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Wika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Wika_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Wika ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga Wika ng Unyong Sobyet</a></div> <p>Habang ang lahat ay maaaring gamitin ang kanilang sariling wika, <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a> ay ang opisyal na at nangingibabaw na wika sa Unyong Sobyet. Ito ay ginagamit sa <a href="/wiki/Industriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Industriya">industriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Militar">militar</a>, partido, at pamamahala ng estado. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haba_ng_buhay_at_mortalidad_ng_sanggol">Haba ng buhay at mortalidad ng sanggol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Haba ng buhay at mortalidad ng sanggol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Haba ng buhay at mortalidad ng sanggol"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Komunista" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunista">komunista</a> pagkuha sa kapangyarihan ng kapangyarihan ng buhay pag-asa para sa lahat ng mga grupo ng edad nagpunta up. Ang isang kasisilang anak sa 1926–27 ay isang buhay-asa ng 44.4 taon, hanggang mula sa 32.3 taon ng tatlumpung taon bago. Sa 1958–1959 ang buhay pag-asa para sa newborns nagpunta ng hanggang sa 68.6 taon. Pagpapabuti na ito ay ginamit sa pamamagitan ng Sobiyet awtoridad sa "patunayan" na ang mga sosyalistang sistema ay higit na mataas sa kapitalistang sistema. </p><p>Ang kalakaran ang patuloy na sa <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">60's</a>, kapag ang buhay-asa sa Sobiyet Union nagpunta sa kabila ng pag-asa sa buhay sa Estados Unidos .Mula sa 1964 ang takbo baligtad. Habang buhay na pag-asa para sa mga kababaihan na naiiwan ang walang kinikilingan matatag, ito went down na higit para sa mga lalaki. Karamihan sa mga pinagmumulan ng kanluran isisi ang lumalaking pang-aabuso ng alak at mahihirap na pangkalusugang pag-aalaga, at teorya na ito ay din kataon lamang tinanggap ng awtoridad na Sobyet. </p><p>Ang pagpapabuti sa sanggol pagkakamatay ay bumababa sa huli, at pagkatapos ng isang tiyak na pagkamatay habang bata pa ay nagsimulang tumaas. Matapos ang 1974 ang gobyerno ay tumigil sa paglalathala sa mga istatistika na ito. Kalakaran na ito ay maaaring maging bahagyang ipinaliwanag sa pamamagitan ng bilang ng mga <a href="/wiki/Asyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Asyano">Asyanong</a> nanganganak na may bahagi ng bansa kung saan ang dami ng sanggol na namamatay ay pinakamataas, habang ang bilang ng mga panganganak ay kitang-kita bumababa sa mas buong <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, bahagi ng Unyong Sobyet. Halimbawa, ang bilang ng mga births ng bawat mamamayan ng <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> ay tumaas mula sa 1.92 hanggang 1958–59 hanggang 2.91 hanggang 1979–1980, habang ang numero sa <a href="/wiki/Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> ay down na 0.91 sa 1979-80. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pamahalaan_at_Politika">Pamahalaan at Politika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pamahalaan at Politika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Pamahalaan at Politika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Mga pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamahalaan_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamahalaan ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pamahalaan ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politika_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politika ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Politika ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a></div> <p>Nagkaroon ng tatlong pangunahing istruktura sa USSR: ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kataas-taasang_Sobyetiko_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko</a> na kumatawan sa lehislatura; ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konseho_ng_mga_Ministro_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konseho ng mga Ministro ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Konseho ng mga Ministro</a> na nagsilbing pamahalaan; at ang <a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyetiko">Partido Komunista</a> na umiral bilang tanging legal na partidong pampolitika at nagpasya ng mga patakaran sa bansa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saligang_Batas">Saligang Batas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Saligang Batas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Saligang Batas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saligang_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a></div> <p>Para sa unang pagkakataon ay sa 1923 sa ang Sobiyet Union binuo ng isang buong saligang batas, ang Sobiyet Saligang-Batas ng 1924 . Ito ay sa 1936 sa pamamagitan ng Stalin Saligang Batas papalitan. </p><p>Pormal, ang Sobiyet Union ay isang pederal na unyon ng mga manghahalal estado ( republics ), sa katunayan ito ay isang centrally -pinamamahalaan, at ang Russian SFSR-dominado estado. Panggalan lamang, ito ay democratically sa pamamagitan ng mga konseho ng Russian Совет / o ang Sobiyet parliyamento pinasiyahan. Ang tunay na kapangyarihan ay ngunit palaging kasama ang pamumuno ng Partido Komunista ng Sobiyet Union , ang bansa lalo na sa ilalim ng Stalin totalitaryo , mamaya sa halip diktatoryal maghahari. Sa katapusan ng USSR undertook Mikhail Gorbachev sa ilalim ng susi salita glasnost at perestroika pagsisikap at epektibong demokratikong institusyon sa kitang ipakilala. </p><p>Ang Pamahalaan ng Sobiyet Union ay hindi lamang ang mananagot para sa mga batas, pangangasiwa at kapangyarihan ng bansa kundi pati na rin pinamamahalaang ang ekonomiya. Ang pangunahing mga pampolitikang mga desisyon kinuha sa pamamagitan ng mga pangunahing institusyong pampolitika ng bansa, ang Partido Komunista ng Sobiyet Union (CPSU). </p><p>Sa huli 1980s ay ang pormal na estruktura ng estado na katulad ng sa kanluran sistemang pampolitika na inayos. Ito magtakda ng isang saligang-batas, ang lahat ng institusyon ng estado at isang garantiya sa mga mamamayan ng isang serye ng mga pampolitikang karapatan at mga karapatan bilang mamamayan. Ang isang pambatasan kapangyarihan, ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies at isang permanenteng pambatasan Konseho, ang kataas-taasang Sobyet , bilang isang kinatawan ng katawan na kumakatawan sa kapangyarihan ng mga tao. Ang kataas-taasang Sobyet inihalal ang presidyum , ang Chairman rin ay nagsilbi bilang pinuno ng estado at supervised ng Konseho ng People's Commissars, mamaya ang Konseho ng mga ministro , na sa tamang bilang ng mga executive kapangyarihan. Ang Chairman ng Konseho ng People's Commissars, na ang halalan ay na-confirm sa pamamagitan ng kongreso ay ang pinuno ng pamahalaan. Isang verfassungsbasierte puwersa ng hukuman ay kinakatawan ng isang sistema ng korte, ang chief ng Korte Suprema ay. Ang Korte Suprema ay responsable para sa pagsubaybay ng legalidad ng mga institusyon ng pamahalaan. Ayon sa Saligang-Batas ng 1977, ang bansa ay isang pederal na estruktura, exhorting ang iba't-ibang mga republics ng mga tiyak na pinakamataas na puno mga karapatan (hal. ang desisyon sa politika minorya). </p><p>Sa pagsasanay, gayunman, marami sa mga tungkulin ng iba't-ibang mga institusyon ng pamahalaan mula sa mga lamang awtorisadong partido, CPSU ang gumanap. Ang tunay pundasyon, at patakaran ng mga desisyon na nakuha sa pamamagitan ng partido at tinanggap ng pamahalaan, sa halip ang mga desisyon ng partido ratified bilang batas mismo ay nagpasya. Ang bilang ng mga iba't-ibang mekanismo nakasisiguro na ang pamahalaan ay sumali sa mga desisyon ng partido. Habang naroon ay ang mga mamamayan ng Sobiyet Union upang magpasya sa lahat ng mga halalan, kung saan ang kandidato na kanilang pinili, ngunit bilang na kabilang sa lahat ng kandidato ng Partido Komunista at had sa ay inilabas up sa pamamagitan ng mga partido, ay ang Partido Komunista at ibahagi ang lahat ng mga mahahalagang posisyon sa pamahalaan sa mga tao ng partido pamumuno sa ay tapat. Ang mga tao sa mga posisyon ng pamahalaan ay mahigpit na supervised ng CPSU, upang maiwasan ito differed mula sa mga opisyal na linya. </p><p>Ang pangunahing gawain ng ehekutibo sangay , ang Konseho ng mga ministro, ay ang pamamahala ng ekonomiya. Ang Konseho ng ministro ay sa buong panahon ng kanyang buhay sa Partido Komunista abala tapat sa politiko, ang chairman ng Konseho ng mga ministro ay palaging isang miyembro ng Politburo, ang central tagahatol ng CPSU. Kadalasan ito ay din ang Pangkalahatang Kalihim ng Partido ang kanyang sarili, ang chairman ay isang nangingibabaw na posisyon sa ibabaw ng iba pang mga ministro. </p><p>Ayon sa Saligang-Batas ng 1978 ay ang pinakamataas na pambatasan katawan ng Sobiyet Union ng Kongreso ng People's Deputies .Ang pangunahing gawain ng batasang-bansa ay ang halalan ng isang mas maliit na, permanenteng legislative Assembly, ang kataas-taasang Sobyet sa chairman nito, ang pinuno ng estado ay sa parehong oras. Kahit ang Kongreso ng People's theory ay nag-iisa ang mga karapatan sa magpatibay batas, siya ay nakilala lamang bihira, sa draft batas ng Partido, ang Konseho ng mga ministro at ang kataas-taasang Soviets sa sumang-ayon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_Politiko">Mga Politiko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga Politiko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Mga Politiko"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinuno ng Estado</th> <th>Pinuno ng Pamahalaan </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>Pinuno ng Komite ng Sentrong Ehekutibo:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamenev,_Lev_Borisovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamenev, Lev Borisovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">L. B. Кamenev</a> (mula noong Oktubre 27 (Nobyembre 9) 1917),</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverdlov,_Yakob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverdlov, Yakob (hindi pa naisusulat)">Y. Sverdlov</a> (с 8 Nobyembre (21 Nobyembre) 1917),</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinin,_Mihail_Ivanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinin, Mihail Ivanovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">M. I. Каlinin</a> (с 30 Marso 1919).</li></ul> <dl><dd>(Presidyum ng Ehekutibong Komite Sentral) USSR:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinin,_Mihail_Ivanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinin, Mihail Ivanovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">M. I. Каlinin</a> 1938—1946</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvernik,_Nikolai_Mihailovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shvernik, Nikolai Mihailovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">Н. М. Shvernik</a> 1946—1953</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voroshilov,_Clement_%D0%95fremovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voroshilov, Clement Еfremovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">К. Е. Voroshilov</a> 1953—1960</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brezhnev,_Leonid_Ilich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich (hindi pa naisusulat)">L. I. Brezhnev</a> 1960—1964, Ang unang Kalihim-Heneral ng PKSU (1964—1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikoyan,_%D0%90nastas_Ivanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikoyan, Аnastas Ivanovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">A. I. Мikoyan</a> 1964—1965</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podgorny,_Nikolai_Viktorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">N. V. Podgorny</a> 1965—1977</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brezhnev,_Leonid_Ilich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich (hindi pa naisusulat)">L. I. Brezhnev</a> (1977—1982), Ang unang Kalihim-Heneral ng PKSU PKSU (1964—1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andropv,_Yuri_Vladimorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andropv, Yuri Vladimorovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">Y. V. Аndropov</a> (1983—1984), Kalihim-Heneral ng PKSU(1982—1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernenko,_%D0%9Aonstantin_Ustinovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernenko, Кonstantin Ustinovich (hindi pa naisusulat)">К. U. Chernenko</a> (1984—1985), Kalihim-Heneral ng PKSU (1984—1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromyko,_%D0%90ndreiy_%D0%90ndreyevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromyko, Аndreiy Аndreyevich (hindi pa naisusulat)">А. А. Gromyko</a> (1985—1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorbachev,_Mihail_Sergeyevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorbachev, Mihail Sergeyevich (hindi pa naisusulat)">М. S. Gorbachev</a> (1985—1991), Kalihim-Heneral ng KPSU 1985—1991.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Президент СССР:</dd></dl> <ul><li>М. С. Горбачёв <a href="/w/index.php?title=15_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15 марта (hindi pa naisusulat)">15 марта</a> 1990 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=25_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25 декабря (hindi pa naisusulat)">25 декабря</a> 1991.</li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Председатели Совета Народных Комиссаров (с <a href="/w/index.php?title=15_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15 апреля (hindi pa naisusulat)">15 апреля</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 год (hindi pa naisusulat)">1946 год</a>а — Совета Министров) СССР:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич (hindi pa naisusulat)">В. И. Ленин</a> (1922—1924)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рыков, Алексей Иванович (hindi pa naisusulat)">А. И. Рыков</a> (1924—1930)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молотов, Вячеслав Михайлович (hindi pa naisusulat)">В. М. Молотов</a> (1930—1941)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович (hindi pa naisusulat)">И. В. Сталин</a> (1941—1953), генеральный секретарь ЦК ВКП (б) (КПСС) в 1922—1934</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маленков, Георгий Максимилианович (hindi pa naisusulat)">Г. М. Маленков</a> (март 1953—1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Булганин, Николай Александрович (hindi pa naisusulat)">Н. А. Булганин</a> (1955—1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хрущёв, Никита Сергеевич (hindi pa naisusulat)">Н. С. Хрущёв</a> (1958—1964), первый секретарь ЦК КПСС в 1953—1964</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Косыгин, Алексей Николаевич (hindi pa naisusulat)">А. Н. Косыгин</a> (1964—1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тихонов, Николай Александрович (hindi pa naisusulat)">Н. А. Тихонов</a> (1980—1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рыжков, Николай Иванович (hindi pa naisusulat)">Н. И. Рыжков</a> (1985—1991)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Премьер-министр СССР:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Павлов, Валентин Сергеевич (hindi pa naisusulat)">В. С. Павлов</a> (1991)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Председатель <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР (hindi pa naisusulat)">КОУНХ СССР</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР (hindi pa naisusulat)">МЭК СССР</a>:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Силаев, Иван Степанович (hindi pa naisusulat)">И. С. Силаев</a> (1991)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Noong huling 1980's, ang gobyerno ay nagpakita ng maraming karakter sa kilalang demokratikong liberal ng sistemang pampolitika. Sa karamihan, ang konstitusyon at nagtayo ng ibat-ibang organisasyon ng gobyerno at grantiya ang mga mamamayan ng pampolitika at karapatang pantao. Ang lehislatura at binubuo ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of People's Deputies (hindi pa naisusulat)">Congress of People's Deputies</a>,at ang matibay na lehislatura, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supremong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supremong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Supremong Sobyet</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Ministers_of_the_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Ministers of the USSR (hindi pa naisusulat)">Council of Ministers</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ang pamahalaan ng Unyong Sobyet ay ibibigay sa ekonomiya ng bansa at lipunan. Ito ay ipinatupad sa desisyon na ginawa ng mga nangungunang mga institusyong pampolitika sa bansa, ang Partido Komunista ng Sobiyet Union (CPSU). </p><p>Sa huli 1980s, ang gobyerno ay lumitaw na magkaroon ng maraming mga katangian sa karaniwang sa liberal demokratikong sistemang pampolitika. Halimbawa, ang saligang batas ng isang itinatag lahat ng mga organisasyon ng pamahalaan at ibinibigay sa mga mamamayan ng isang serye ng mga pampolitika at sibiko karapatan. Ang isang pambatasan katawan, ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies , at ang kanyang nakatayo lehislatura, ang kataas-taasang Sobyet , kinakatawan ang prinsipyo ng soberanya popular. Ang kataas-taasang Sobyet, kung saan ay isang inihalal chairman na nagbigay pinuno ng estado, oversaw ang Konseho ng mga ministro , na sa tamang bilang ang executive sangay ng pamahalaan. </p><p>Ang chairman ng Konseho ng mga ministro, na ang pagpili ay inaprobahan ng kataas-taasang Sobyet, nagbigay pinuno ng pamahalaan. Ang isang constitutionally based panghukuman sangay ng pamahalaan kasama ang isang hukuman na sistema, buhok sa pamamagitan ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman, na noon ay responsable para sa overseeing ang pagtalima ng Sobyet batas sa pamamagitan ng pamahalaan katawan. Ayon sa 1977 Saligang Batas Sobyet , ang gobyerno ay nagkaroon ng mga pederal na estruktura, na nagpapahintulot sa republics ng ilang kapangyarihan sa pagpapatupad ng patakaran at nag-aalok ng national minorities ang anyo ng pagsali sa pamamahala ng kanilang sariling mga gawain. </p><p>Sa pagsasanay, gayunman, ang gobyerno ay kitang-kita differed mula sa Western sistema. In the late 1980s, the CPSU performed many functions that governments of other countries usually perform. Sa huli 1980s, ang CPSU ginanap sa maraming mga function na ang mga pamahalaan ng ibang bansa ay karaniwang gumanap. For example, the party decided on the policy alternatives that the government ultimately implemented. Halimbawa, ang mga partido ay nagpasya sa ang alternatibo patakaran na pamahalaan ang ipinatupad sa huli. The government merely ratified the party's decisions to lend them an aura of legitimacy. Ang pamahalaan lamang ratified desisyon ng partido sa bang ipahiram sa kanila ang isang aura ng pagkalehitimo. </p><p>Ang CPSU ay ang ginagamit ng iba't-ibang pamamaraan upang matiyak na ang pamahalaan ng adhered upang ang mga patakaran. Ang mga partido, ang paggamit nito nomenklatura kapangyarihan, inilagay nito loyalists sa mga posisyon ng pamumuno sa buong pamahalaan, kung saan sila ay napapailalim sa kaugalian ng demokratikong sentralismo.Ang katawan ng partido ay malapit na binabantayan ang kilos ng Ministries pamahalaan, mga ahensiya, at lehislatibong organo. </p><p>Ang nilalaman ng Saligang Batas ng Sobyet differed sa maraming mga paraan mula sa tipikal na konstitusyong kanluranin. Ito ay karaniwang inilalarawan sa mga umiiral na mga relasyon pampolitika, gaya ng tinukoy sa pamamagitan ng CPSU, sa halip na prescribing ng isang magandang hanay ng mga pampolitikang mga relasyon. Ang Saligang Batas ay mahaba at detalyadong, pagbibigay ng teknikal na detalye para sa mga indibidwal na organo ng pamahalaan. Ang Saligang Batas kasama pampolitikang pahayag, tulad ng mga banyagang patakaran ng mga layunin, at ibinigay ng isang panteorya kahulugan ng estado sa loob ng ideological framework ng Marxism-Leninism . Ang CPSU pamumuno ay maaaring radically baguhin ang saligang batas o muling paggawa ito ganap na, tulad ng ito ay ilang ulit sa buong kasaysayan nito. </p><p>Ang Sanggunian ng mga ministro sa tamang bilang ng executive body ng pamahalaan. Its most important duties lay in the administration of the economy. Ang pinaka-mahalagang mga tungkulin ilatag sa pangangasiwa ng ekonomiya. The council was thoroughly under the control of the CPSU, and its chairman—the Soviet prime minister —was always a member of the Politburo . Ang mga konseho ay lubusan sa ilalim ng kontrol ng CPSU, at chairman nito-ang Sobiyet kalakasan ministro -ay palaging isang miyembro ng Politburo . The council, which in 1989 included more than 100 members, was too large and unwieldy to act as a unified executive body. Ang konseho, na sa 1989 kasama ng higit sa 100 mga kasapi, ay masyadong malaki at mahirap gamitin upang kumilos bilang isang pinag-isa katawan executive. The council's Presidium , made up of the leading economic administrators and led by the chairman, exercised dominant power within the Council of Ministers. Ang konseho ng presidyum , na binubuo ng mga pangunahing pang-ekonomiyang mga administrator at inakay ng chairman, exercised nangingibabaw na kapangyarihan sa loob ng Konseho ng mga ministro. </p><p>Ayon sa Saligang Batas, bilang susugan sa 1988, ang pinakamataas na pambatasan katawan sa Sobiyet Union ay ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies, na convened sa unang pagkakataon Mayo 1989. Ang pangunahing gawain ng batasang-bansa ay ang halalan ng kongreso nakatayo, ang kataas-taasang Sobyet, at ang halalan ng mga pinuno ng Kataas-taasang Sobyet, na sa tamang bilang pinuno ng estado. Sa teorya, ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies at ang kataas-taasang Sobyet ay malaki sa lehislatibong kapangyarihan. </p><p>Sa pagsasanay, gayunman, ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies matugunan at madalang lamang upang maaprubahan ang mga desisyon na ginawa ng partido, ang Konseho ng mga ministro, at ang kanyang sariling mga kataas-taasang Sobyet. Ang kataas-taasang Sobyet, ang presidyum ng Kataas-taasang Sobyet, ang chairman ng kataas-taasang Sobyet, at ang Konseho ng ministro ay malaking kapangyarihan na gumawa ng batas na batas, decrees, resolution, at umiiral na mga order sa populasyon. Ang Kongreso ng People's Deputies ay ang kapangyarihan upang pagtibayin mga desisyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sistemang_Panghukuman">Sistemang Panghukuman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sistemang Panghukuman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sistemang Panghukuman"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Batas ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga Batas ng Unyong Sobyet</a></div> <p>Ang puwersa ng hukuman ay hindi malaya mula sa iba pang sangay ng pamahalaan. Ang Korte Suprema supervised ang mas mababang korte at inilapat ang batas bilang itinatag ng Saligang-Batas o bilang interpreted sa pamamagitan ng Kataas-taasang ang Sobyet. Ang Constitutional pagkapansin Committee susuriin ang constitutionality ng batas at gawa. Ang Sobiyet Union utilized ang pansiyasat sistema ng batas Romano , na kung saan ang hukom, prokurator, at pagtatanggol abogado trabaho collaboratively upang maitaguyod ang katotohanan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ang_Estadong_Sobyet">Ang Estadong Sobyet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ang Estadong Sobyet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ang Estadong Sobyet"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang Unyong Sobyet ay isang pederal na estado na binubuo ng 15 republics (16 sa pagitan ng 1946 at 1956) ay sumali sa sama-sama sa isang kusang-loob theoretically unyon; ito ay ang manilay-nilay sitwasyon na binuo ang batayan ng Byelorussian at Ukrainian SSRs pagiging kasapi sa <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> . Sa iba, isang serye ng mga teritoryal na yunit na binubuo ng republics. Ang republics din na nakapaloob HURISDIksiyon naglalayong maprotektahan ang interes ng pambansang minorities. Ang republics ay kanilang sariling mga constitutions, na, kasama ang lahat ng kasapi sa unyon Saligang Batas, ay nagbibigay ng panteorya dibisyon ng kapangyarihan sa Sobiyet Union. </p><p>Lahat ng mga republics maliban Russian SFSR ay ang kanilang sariling mga partido komunista. Sa 1989, gayunman, ang CPSU at ang sentral na pamahalaan pinanatili ang lahat ng makabuluhang kapangyarihan, setting ng mga patakaran na na-executed by republikano, probinsiya, oblast, at distrito na pamahalaan. Ang isa ay ang Sobiyet ng Union , na katawanin mga tao nang walang itinatangi, at ang mga Sobyet ng mga nasyonalidad , na kinakatawan ng iba't-ibang ethnicities sa Union ng Sobiyet Sosyalista Republics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pinuno_ng_Konseho_ng_Mamamayang_Komisar_ng_Unyong_Sobyet[46]"><span id="Pinuno_ng_Konseho_ng_Mamamayang_Komisar_ng_Unyong_Sobyet.5B46.5D"></span>Pinuno ng Konseho ng Mamamayang Komisar ng Unyong Sobyet<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pinuno ng Konseho ng Mamamayang Komisar ng Unyong Sobyet[46]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Pinuno ng Konseho ng Mamamayang Komisar ng Unyong Sobyet[46]"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Pangalan</th> <th>Panunungkulan</th> <th>Komento </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Gorbatsjov"><img alt="Mikhail Gorbatsjov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg/90px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg/135px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg/180px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></td> <td>1985–1991</td> <td>Si Gorbachev ang nagpatigil ng mga transaksiyon ng buong unyon. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></td> <td>1984–1985</td> <td>Si Chernenko ay namuno sa 13 hukbo ng unyon, siya ang ikaanim ng <a href="/wiki/Sekretarya_Heneral_ng_Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekretarya Heneral ng Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyet">Sekretarya Heneral ng Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyet</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Andropov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Andropov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Yuri Andropov</a></td> <td>1982–1984</td> <td>Namuno si Andropov sa Rebolusyong Hungarian at ikalimang Sekretarya Heneral. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Brezhnev_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonid Brezjnev"><img alt="Leonid Brezjnev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/90px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/135px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/180px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></td> <td>1964–1982</td> <td>Pinaganda ni Brezhnev ang ekonomiya ng kanyang bansa, at pinangalanang <i>Pinakamagaling, pinaigting ang relasyon ng Unyong Sobyet sa <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> noong 1970 at pinabalik ang hukbong sobyet mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_sa_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis sa Afghanistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Afghanistan 1979</a>. Sa panahon ni Brezhnev, ginawa ulit ang lyriko ng pambansang awit na hindi naglalaman ng pagpuri kay Stalin.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikita Khrusjtsjov"><img alt="Nikita Khrusjtsjov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg/90px-Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg/135px-Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg/180px-Nikita_Khrusjtsjov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></td> <td>1953–1964</td> <td>Ginawa ni Khrushchev ang kanyang makakaya para pigilan ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_sa_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis sa Cuba (hindi pa naisusulat)">Krisis sa Cuba</a>. Ginawa niya ang tinatawag na de-Stalinization sa pamamagitan ng pagbura ng buong lyriko ng pambansang awit ng mga Sobyet (dahil ito ay naglalaman ng pagpuri kay Stalin), pagpapalit ng pangalan ng mga lungsod na nakapangalan kay Stalin (tulad ng Stalingrad na naging Leningrad na ngayon ay Saint Petersburg), at pagtatanggal sa mga istatwa ni Stalin. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Malenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Malenkov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Georgy Malenkov</a></td> <td>1953</td> <td>Ama ni Malenkov si Stalin na kilala sa buong bansa, at inagaw sa kanya ang kapangyarihan. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></td> <td>1924–1953</td> <td>Si Stalin ang heneral na nagpapanalo ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig para sa Unyong Sobyet at gumawa ng mga reporma na makakatulong sa bansa, mas lalo sa ekonomiya na malaki ang kontribusyon. Kilala rin siya sa mga marahas na pagpatay sa mga "kalaban ng komunismo", at ang pagpatay na ito ay tinatawag na "Great Purge". </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td> <td>1922–1924</td> <td>Si Lenin ang nagtatag ng buong Unyong Sobyet at namuno sa mga <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/250px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/375px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/500px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosku_Kremlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosku Kremlin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mosku Kremlin</a>, ang opisyal na tirahan ng gobyernong Unyong Sobyet.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1917–1922 – <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li>1922–1953 – <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li>1953–1955 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Malenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Malenkov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Georgi Malenkov</a></li> <li>1955–1964 – <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li>1964–1982 – <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev">Leonid Brežnev</a></li> <li>1982–1984 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Andropov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Andropov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li>1984–1985 – <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li>1985–1991 – <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail Gorbačëv">Mihail Gorbačëv</a></li></ul> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_7qxk59k3vxm2fmr19428kja40miow0u"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorbat%C5%A1ov" coords="631,15,723,36" title="Mihail Gorbatšov" alt="Mihail Gorbatšov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorbat%C5%A1ov" coords="631,4,701,25" title="Mihail Gorbatšov" alt="Mihail Gorbatšov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Konstantin_T%C5%A1ernenko" coords="620,60,712,81" title="Konstantin Tšernenko" alt="Konstantin Tšernenko" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Konstantin_T%C5%A1ernenko" coords="620,49,712,70" title="Konstantin Tšernenko" alt="Konstantin Tšernenko" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Juri_Andropov" coords="602,35,682,56" title="Juri Andropov" alt="Juri Andropov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Juri_Andropov" coords="602,24,660,45" title="Juri Andropov" alt="Juri Andropov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" coords="479,4,599,25" title="Leonid Brežnev" alt="Leonid Brežnev" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1t%C5%A1ov" coords="347,4,477,25" title="Nikita Hruštšov" alt="Nikita Hruštšov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Georgi_Malenkov" coords="328,45,408,66" title="Georgi Malenkov" alt="Georgi Malenkov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Georgi_Malenkov" coords="328,34,397,55" title="Georgi Malenkov" alt="Georgi Malenkov" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Stalin" coords="148,4,251,25" title="Stalin" alt="Stalin" /> <p>  </p> </map><img usemap="#timeline_7qxk59k3vxm2fmr19428kja40miow0u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tl/timeline/7qxk59k3vxm2fmr19428kja40miow0u.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pinuno_ng_Sentral_na_Ehekutibong_Komisyon_ng_Lahat_ng_Kongresong_Ruso_ng_Sobyet">Pinuno ng Sentral na Ehekutibong Komisyon ng Lahat ng Kongresong Ruso ng Sobyet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pinuno ng Sentral na Ehekutibong Komisyon ng Lahat ng Kongresong Ruso ng Sobyet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Pinuno ng Sentral na Ehekutibong Komisyon ng Lahat ng Kongresong Ruso ng Sobyet"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1917 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Kamenev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Kamenev (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li>1917–1919 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakov_Sverdlov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakov Sverdlov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li>1919–1946 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Kalinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Kalinin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mihail Kalinin</a></li> <li>1946–1953 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_%C5%A0vernik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Švernik (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikolai Švernik</a></li> <li>1953–1960 – <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voro%C5%A1ilov" title="Kliment Vorošilov">Kliment Vorošilov</a></li> <li>1960–1964 – <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev">Leonid Brežnev</a></li> <li>1964–1965 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastas_Mikojan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastas Mikojan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anastas Mikojan</a></li> <li>1965–1977 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Podgornyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Podgornyi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikolai Podgornyi</a></li> <li>1977–1982 – <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev">Leonid Brežnev</a></li> <li>1982–1983 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li>1983–1984 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Andropov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Andropov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li>1984–1985 – <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_T%C5%A1ernenko" title="Konstantin Tšernenko">Konstantin Tšernenko</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li>1985–1988 – <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li>1988–1991 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Gorba%C5%A1ev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Gorbašev (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mihail Gorbašev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugnayang_Panlabas">Ugnayang Panlabas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ugnayang Panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Ugnayang Panlabas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Komintern (1919-1943): Opisyal na Komunistang Internasyonal, isa itong pandaigdigang organisasyong komunista na nilikha noong panahon ni Lenin upang itaguyod ang komunismo sa mundo. Nilayon ng Komintern na "makibaka sa pamamagitan ng lahat ng maaaring paraan, kabilang ang sandatahang lakas, para sa pagpapatalsik sa pandaigdigang burgesya at ang paglikha ng isang internasyonal na Sobyetikong republika bilang yugto ng transisyon tungo sa ganap na pagpawi ng estado". Binuwag ito noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig upang makipagsundo ang USSR sa Britanya at Estados Unidos.</li> <li>Kominporm (1947-1956): Kilala bilang Kawanihan ng Impormasyon ng mga Partido Komunista at Manggagawa, ito ang naging unang opisyal na ahensya ng pandaigdigang kilusang Marxista-Leninista kasunod ng Komintern. Ang ginampanan nitong papel ay ang pakikipag-ugnayan ng mga aksyon sa pagitan ng mga partido komunista sa ilalim ng direksyon ng Unyong Sobyetiko. Ginamit ito ni Stalin para utusan ang mga maka-Sobyetikong partido sa Kanlurang Europa na talikuran ang kanilang eksklusibong linyang parlamentaryo at sa halip ay tumutok sa politikal na paghadlang sa mga operasyon ng Planong Marshall, ang programa ng E.U. sa muling pagtatayo ng Europa pagkatapos ng digmaan at pagpapaunlad ng mga ekonomiya nito. Pinangasiwaan nito ang pag-ayuda sa mga rebeldeng komunista noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Sibil_ng_Gresya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Sibil ng Gresya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Sibil ng Gresya</a>, at pinalayas ang <a href="/wiki/SPR_ng_Yugoslabya" class="mw-redirect" title="SPR ng Yugoslabya">Yugoslabya</a> noong 1948 matapos igiit ni <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> ang pagsunod niya sa kanyang sariling programang pambansa. Nangahulugan ang konsentrasyon ng Kominporm sa Europa na binabaan ng USSR ang diin nito sa pandaigdigang himagsikan bilang bahagi ng patakarang panlabas nito. Sa pamamagitan ng pagbigkas ng iisang ideolohiya, pinahintulutan nito ang mga partidong kasapi na tumuon sa mga kalaban na personalidad sa halip na mga isyung panlipunan. Pinalitan din ito noong 1956 noong panahon ng <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinisasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Stalinisasyon">de-Stalinisasyon</a> ni Khruschev.</li> <li>KMEA (1949-1991): Ang Konseho para sa Mutwal na Ekonomikong Ayuda ay naging organisasyong pang-ekonomiya para sa mga estadong komunista at maka-Sobyetiko. Sa pag-alala ng Mosku sa pagpapalawak ng impluwensya ng Estados Unidos sa Planong Marshall, ginawa ang KMEA upang pigilan ang mga bansang saklaw ng esperang Sobyetiko na mapunta sa kampon ng mga Amerikano at Timog-Silangang Asya. Tugon din ang KMEA ng Silangang Bloke sa pagbuo ng Organisasyon para sa Europeong Ekonomikong Ko-operasyon (OEEK) ng Kanlurang Europa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakto_ng_Varsovia" title="Pakto ng Varsovia">Pakto ng Varsovia</a> (1955-1991): Pormal na Tratadong Organisasyon ng Varsovia sa Pagkakaibigan, Pakikipagtulungan at Pagdadamayan, isa itong kolektibong alyansang tanggulan sa pagitan ng USSR at mga estadong satelite nito sa Silangang Europa noong Digmaang Malamig. Ito ang naging militar na katapat ng KMEA na nilikha bilang reaksyon sa pagsasama ng Kanlurang Alemanya sa OTAN. Bagama't sa nominal ay depensibong alyansa, ang pangunahing tungkulin ng kasunduang ito ay ang pangalagaan ang hegemonya ng Unyong Sobyetiko sa mga estadong sosyalista sa Gitna at Silangang Europa. Ang tanging direktang aksyong militar nito ay ang pagsalakay ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosyalistang_Republikang_Tsekoslobako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosyalistang Republikang Tsekoslobako (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tsekoslobakya</a>, isang sarili nitong miyembro, nang umangat si <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> sa kapangyarihan at sinimulan niya ang <a href="/wiki/Tagsibol_ng_Praga" title="Tagsibol ng Praga">Tagsibol ng Praga</a>, isang kilusang politikal kung saan pinaluwag niya ang mga restriksyon ng sistemang komunista at nagsagawa ng mga reporma. Binigyang-katwiran ang pagsakop ng bansa bilang "pagtanggol" sa sosyalismo.</li></ul> <p>Marubdob na pinagtalunan ng pamunuan ng Unyong Sobyetiko ang mga isyu ukol sa patakarang panlabas nito, at ilang beses na nagbago ng direksyon. Sa simula ng tagumpay ng Himagsikang Oktubre ay ipinalagay na magsisiklab na ang mga pag-aalsang komunista sa bawat pangunahing industriyal na bansa, at responsibilidad ng Rusya na tulungan ang mga ito sa pamamagitan ng Komintern. Bagama't nagkaroon ng ligalig, mabilis itong napigilan ng mga awtoridad. Ang tanging halimbawa na nagkaroon ng tunay na impluwensya ay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobyetikong_Republika_ng_Hungriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobyetikong Republika ng Hungriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sobyetikong Republika ng Hungriya</a> na tumagal lamang mula 21 Marso hanggang 1 Agosto 1919. Hindi sila naipagtanggol ng mga Bolshebista sa kabila ng kanilang sariling digmaang sibil. </p><p>Pagsapit ng 1921 ay napagtanto nina Lenin, Trotsky, at Stalin na tumatag na ang kapitalismo sa Europa at malabo nang magkaroon ng anumang malawakang himagsikan. Dahil dito, naging tungkulin nila na protektahan ang anumang mayroon sila sa Rusya at iwasan ang direktang komprontasyong militar na maaaring magpatalsik sa kanila. Kasama ang Alemanya, naging estadong pariya ang USSR, o nakahiwalay sa internasyonal na pamayanan. Nagkasundo ang dalawang bansa noong 1922 sa Tratado ng Rapallo na nag-ayos ng matagal nang mga hinaing. Kasabay nito, lihim na nagtayo ang dalawang bansa ng mga programa sa pagsasanay para sa ilegal na operasyon ng hukbong Aleman at operasyong panghimpapawid sa mga nakatagong kampo sa USSR. </p><p>Sa kalaunan ay tumigil ang Mosku sa pagbabanta ng ibang estado at sa halip ay nagsumikap upang buksan ang mapayapang relasyon sa larangan ng kalakalan at diplomatikong pagkilala. Tinanggihan ng Reyno Unido ang mga babala ni Winston Churchill at ng ilang iba pa tungkol sa hamon ng Marxismo-Leninismo, at binuksan ang ugnayang pangkalakalan sa bansa. May pag-asa na mabayaran ang mga utang ng Tsarist bago ang digmaan, ngunit ito ay paulit-ulit na ipinagpaliban. Ang pormal na pagkilala ay dumating nang ang bagong Partido ng Manggagawa ay maupo sa kapangyarihan noong 1924.[94] Ang lahat ng iba pang mga bansa ay sumunod sa pagbubukas ng mga relasyon sa kalakalan. Binuksan ni Henry Ford ang malakihang relasyon sa negosyo sa mga Sobyet noong huling bahagi ng 1920s, umaasa na hahantong ito sa pangmatagalang kapayapaan. Sa wakas, noong 1933, opisyal na kinilala ng Estados Unidos ang USSR, isang desisyon na sinusuportahan ng opinyon ng publiko at lalo na ng mga interes sa negosyo ng US na inaasahan ang pagbubukas ng isang bagong kumikitang merkado. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paghahating_Pampangasiwaan">Paghahating Pampangasiwaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Paghahating Pampangasiwaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Paghahating Pampangasiwaan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg/200px-E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg/300px-E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg/400px-E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mga watawat ng bawat republikang unyon ng USSR na nakaladlad sa Pampamahalaang Museong Pangkasaysayan ng Kirgistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Batay sa saligang batas, ang URSS ay isang kalipunan ng mga bumubuong Republikang Unyon (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso">Ruso</a>: <span lang="ru" title="Ruso language text">Сою́зные Респу́блики</span>, <small>tr.</small> <i>Soyúznye Respúbliki</i>), na inilarawan sa Artikulo 76 ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saligang_Batas_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko_(1977)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saligang Batas ng Unyong Sobyetiko (1977) (hindi pa naisusulat)">saligang batas ng 1977</a> bilang mga makasarinlang estadong sosyalistang Sobyetiko na nakipag-isa sa ibang republikang Sobyetiko sa URSS; isinaad sa Artikulo 81 na "ang mga karapatang pangkasarinlan ng mga republikang unyon ay pangangalagaan ng URSS".<sup id="cite_ref-Stoliarov_2014_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoliarov_2014-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:56</sup> Ang mga republikang ito'y alinma'y mga <a href="/wiki/Estadong_unitaryo" title="Estadong unitaryo">estadong unitaryo</a> tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Ukranya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Ukranya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ukranya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Biyelorusya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Biyelorusya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Biyelorusya</a> (mga RSS) o <a href="/wiki/Pederasyon" title="Pederasyon">pederasyon</a> tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSPS_ng_Rusya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSPS ng Rusya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rusya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSPS_ng_Transkawkasya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSPS ng Transkawkasya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Transkawkasya</a> (mga RSPS). Lahat ng apat na binanggit ay ang mga republikang tagapagtatag ng unyon na pumirma ng Tratado sa Paglikha ng URSS noong Disyembre 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakwa_1999_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakwa_1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa panahon ng pambansang delimitasyon noong 1924 sa Gitnang Asya ay nabuo ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Usbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Usbekistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Usbekistan</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Turkmenistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Turkmenistan</a> mula sa mga bahagi ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Awtonomong_Sosyalistang_Sobyetiko_ng_Turkestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Awtonomong Sosyalistang Sobyetiko ng Turkestan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Republikang Awtonomong Sosyalistang Sobyetiko ng Turkestan</a> (dinadaglat bilang RASS ng Turkestan) at mga RSS (Sobyetikong Sosyalista) ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Korasmiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Korasmiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Korasmiya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Buhara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Buhara (hindi pa naisusulat)">Buhara</a>, dalawang Sobyetikong dependensiya. Noong 1929 ay hiniwalay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Tayikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Tayikistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tayikistan</a> mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Usbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Usbekistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">RSS ng Usbekistan</a>. Sa pagpakilala ng saligang batas ng 1936 ay natunaw ang RSPS ng Transkawkasya na nagresulta sa pagtaas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Armenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Armenya (hindi pa naisusulat)">RSS ng Armenya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Heorhiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Heorhiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heorhiya</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Aserbayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Aserbayan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aserbayan</a> bilang mga republikang unyon. Sa panahong ito ay hiniwalay din ang <a href="/wiki/RSS_ng_Kasakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS ng Kasakistan">Kasakistan</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Kirgistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Kirgistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kirgistan</a> mula sa RSPS ng Rusya na nagresulta sa parehong kalagayan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahiwalay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Sosyalistang_Sobyetikong_Karelo-Pines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Sosyalistang Sobyetikong Karelo-Pines (hindi pa naisusulat)">Karelya</a> mula sa Rusya bilang republikang unyon noong Marso 1940 at muling inilagay sa Rusya noong 1956. Nabuo ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Moldabya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Moldabya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Moldabya</a> noong Agosto 1940 mula sa mga bahagi ng Besarabya at RSS ng Ukranya. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Estonya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Estonya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estonya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Letonya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Letonya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Letonya</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSS_ng_Litwanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSS ng Litwanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Litwanya</a> ay pinasok din sa unyon ngunit hindi kinilala ang pagpasok ng karamihan sa pamayanang internasyonal, kung saan itinuring ito bilang gawaing ilegal. Sa pagitan ng Hulyo 1956 at Setyembre 1991, opisyal na binuo ang unyon ng 15 Republikang Sosyalistang Sobyetiko (RSS).<sup id="cite_ref-Feldbrugge_1993_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldbrugge_1993-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> Naglingkod ang mga ito bilang mga pampangasiwaang yunit batay sa mga etnisidad at dating bansa. Nagkaroon ng dalawang uri ng republika: ang mas malaking republikang unyon, na kumatawan sa mga pangunahing pangkat-etniko ng Unyon at may karapatang konstitusyonal na humiwalay dito, at ang mas maliit na republikang awtonomo, na natagpuan sa loob ng mga republikang unyon at kumatawan sa mga minoryang etniko. </p><p>Sa pagsasagawa, ang URSS ay isang lubos na bansang sentralisado mula sa pagkakalikha nito noong 1922 hanggang sa kalagitnaan ng dekada 1980 dahil sa mga repormang isinagawa ni Mikhail Gorbachov. Sa ilalim ng konstitusyong pinagtibay noong 1936 at binago hanggang Oktubre 1977, ang pundasyong pampulitika ng bansa ay nabuo ng mga Sobyetiko (Konseho) ng mga Diputadong Bayan. Umiral ang mga ito sa lahat ng antas ng herarkiyang pampangasiwaan, kasama ang buong Unyong Sobyetiko sa ilalim ng nominal na kontrol ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kataas-taasang_Sobyetiko_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kataas-taasang Sobyetiko ng URSS</a>. Kasama ang herarkiyang pang-estado ang isang istrakturang paralelo ng mga organisasyong pampartido na nagpapahintulot sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Sentral_ng_Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Sentral ng Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Politburo</a> na magkaroon ng malaking kontrol sa mga republika. Ang mga organong pampangasiwaan ay kumuha ng mga direksyon mula sa mga magkatulad na organong pampartido, at ang paghirang ng lahat ng opisyal ng partido at estado ay nangangailangan ng pag-apruba ng mga organong sentral ng partido. Lahat ng republika sa unyon, maliban sa Pederasyong Ruso (hanggang 1990), ay may mga sariling pampartidong kabanatang lokal ng <a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyetiko">Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a>. Ang bawat republika ay may kanya-kanyang natatanging sagisag: isang watawat, eskudo, at awitin (maliban sa Rusya hanggang 1990). Ginawaran ang bawat republika ng Orden ni Lenin. </p><p>Bagama't sa nominal ay isang unyon ng mga magkapantay-pantay, sa pagsasagawa pinangunahan ang Unyong Sobyetiko ng mga Ruso. Ang dominasyon ay lubos na ganap na sa karamihan ng panahon ng pagkakaroon nito, karaniwang (ngunit hindi tama) na tinutukoy ang buong bansa bilang "Rusya". Habang ang RSPS ng Rusya ay isang republika lamang sa loob ng mas malaking unyon, ito ang pinakamalaki (sa populasyon at lawak), pinakamakapangyarihan, pinakamaunlad, at naging sentrong pang-industriya ng Unyong Sobyetiko. Isinulat ng mananalaysay na si Matthew White na ito ay isang alam nang lihim na ang istrakturang pederal ng bansa ay ilusyon ("<i>window dressing</i>") para sa pangingibabaw ng Rusya. Sa kadahilanang iyon, ang mga tao ng URSS ay karaniwang tinatawag na "mga Ruso" at hindi "mga Sobyetiko", dahil "alam ng lahat kung sino talaga ang nagpatakbo ng palabas".<sup id="cite_ref-White_2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:368</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Republika </th> <th>Kabisera </th> <th>Administratibong Mapa ng Unyong Sobyetiko (1956-1991) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SPSR_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="SPSR ng Rusya">SPSR ng Rusya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a> </td> <td rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Republics_of_the_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/575px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="575" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/863px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/1150px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Ukranya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Ukranya">SSR ng Ukranya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Biyelorusya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Biyelorusya">SSR ng Biyelorusya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Usbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Usbekistan">SSR ng Usbekistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taskent" title="Taskent">Taskent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Kasakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Kasakistan">SSR ng Kasakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma-Ata">Alma-Ata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Heorhiya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Heorhiya">SSR ng Heorhiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Aserbayan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Aserbayan">SSR ng Aserbayan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Litwanya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Litwanya">SSR ng Litwanya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilna" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Moldabya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Moldabya">SSR ng Moldabya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Litwanya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Litwanya">SSR ng Litwanya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Kirgistan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Kirgistan">SSR ng Kirgistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frunze" class="mw-redirect" title="Frunze">Frunze</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Tayikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Tayikistan">SSR ng Tayikistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusambe" title="Dusambe">Dusambe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Armenya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Armenya">SSR ng Armenya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ereban" title="Ereban">Ereban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Turkmenistan">SSR ng Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Askhabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Askhabad">Askhabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SSR_ng_Estonya" class="mw-redirect" title="SSR ng Estonya">SSR ng Estonya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallin" title="Tallin">Tallin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ugnayang_Panlabas_2">Ugnayang Panlabas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ugnayang Panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ugnayang Panlabas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Karagdagang impormasyon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Ugnayang_Panlabas_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Ugnayang Panlabas ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga Ugnayang Panlabas ng Unyong Sobyet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:CEMA_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CEMA_members.png/220px-CEMA_members.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CEMA_members.png/330px-CEMA_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CEMA_members.png/440px-CEMA_members.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Mapa ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comecon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comecon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Comecon</a> (1986) na kung saan kasama ang Unyong Sobyet at ang mga kakampi nito.<br /> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #C00000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> kasapi</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF40FF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> mga kasaping hindi nakipagtulungan</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> kasali</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFD700; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> taga-tingin</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Kapag tinanggihan diplomatikong pagkilala ng libreng mundo, ang Sobiyet Union ay opisyal na may ugnayan talaga ang lahat ng mga bansa ng daigdig noong dekada 40. Ang Unyong Sobyet din ay umusbong mula sa pagiging isang tagalabas sa mga pandaigdigang kapisanan at mga negosasyon sa pagiging isa sa mga arbiters ng mundo kapalaran matapos ang Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Isang kasapi ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa">Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa</a> at ang kanyang pundasyon sa 1945, ang Unyong Sobyet ay naging isa sa limang permanenteng kasapi ng Konsehong Pangkaligtasan ng UN, kung saan nagbigay ito ng karapatan sa pagbeto ng anumang ng kanyang resolusyon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/220px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/330px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/440px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5680" data-file-height="4544" /></a><figcaption>Kaliwa pakanan: <a href="/wiki/Pinuno_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinuno ng Unyong Sobyet">Pinuno ng Unyong Sobyet</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos">Pangulo ng Estados Unidos</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Punong_Ministro_ng_Nagkakaisang_Kaharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Punong Ministro ng Nagkakaisang Kaharian">Punong Ministro ng Nagkakaisang Kaharian</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang Unyong Sobyet ay lumitaw mula sa World War II bilang isa sa dalawang pinakamakapangyarihang bansa sa daigdig, isang posisyong pinananatili para sa apat na dekada sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pananakop sa Silangang Europa (tingnan ang Eastern Bloc), panlakas militar, pang-ekonomiya ng lakas, tulong sa pagbubuo ng bansa, at pang-agham pananaliksik, lalo na puwang sa teknolohiya at sandata. Lumalaki ang impluwensiya ng Unyong Sobyet sa ibang bansa pagkatapos ng mga taon ng digmaan. Nakatulong humantong sa isang komunistang sistema ng estado sa Silangang Europa na nagkakaisa sa pamamagitan ng militar at pang-ekonomiyang mga kasunduan. </p><p>Hinigitan nito ang Imperyo ng Britanya bilang isang pandaigdigang pinakamalakas, parehong sa isang militar kamalayan at kakayahan nito upang mapalawak ang kanyang impluwensiya sa ibayo ng hangganan nito. Ang Sanggunian para sa Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), 1949–1991, ay isang pang-ekonomiyang kapisanan ng mga estadong komunista at ng isang uri ng Eastern Bloc katumbas ng-ngunit mas heograpiya napapabilang sa-ang European Economic Community. Ang militar kapilas sa Comecon ay ang <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_ng_Varsovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunduan ng Varsovia">Kasunduan ng Varsovia</a>, bagaman Comecon ng pagiging kasapi ay makabuluhang mas malawak na. </p><p>Ang naglalarawan Comecon kataga ay kadalasang ginagamit sa lahat ng mga gawain maraming panig na kinasasangkutan ng mga miyembro ng organisasyon, sa halip na hinihigpitan sa direktang pag-andar ng Comecon nito at organo. Sa paggamit na ito ay paminsan-minsan extended na rin sa bilateral relations sa mga miyembro, dahil sa ang sistema ng sosyalista internasyonal na pang-ekonomiyang mga relasyon, maraming panig accords-karaniwang ng isang pangkalahatang-kalikasan tended na ipinatupad sa pamamagitan ng isang hanay ng mga mas detalyadong, bilateral kasunduan. </p><p>Ang <a href="/wiki/Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> ay itinuturing sa Silangang Europa na maging isang buffer zone para sa mga inaabangan ng pagtatanggol nito kanluran mga hangganan at nakasisiguro sa kanyang kontrol ng rehiyon sa pamamagitan ng transforming ang East European bansa sa estado satelayt. Sobiyet hukbo intervened sa 1956 Revolution Hungarian at nabanggit ang Brezhnev doktrina , ang Sobiyet kapilas sa US Johnson doktrina at mamaya Nixon doktrina , at nakatulong paalisin ang Czechoslovak pamahalaan sa 1968, minsan na sinasangguni na ang Prague Spring . </p><p>Sa huli ng 1950s, ang isang paghaharap sa Tsina tungkol sa USSR's paglalapitan sa may ang West at kung ano ang Mao perceived bilang Khrushchev's rebisyonismo na humantong sa mga Sino-Sobyet split . Ito nagresulta sa isang break sa buong global Komunista kilusan at Komunista regimes sa Albania at Cambodia sa pagpili kapanig sa Tsina sa lugar ng USSR. Para sa isang oras, digmaan sa pagitan ng mga dating allies lumitaw na maging isang posibilidad; habang relasyon ay cool sa panahon ng 1970s, ay hindi sila bumalik sa kanormalan hanggang sa Gorbachev panahon. </p><p>Sa panahon ng parehong panahon, ang isang pangkasalukuyan paghaharap sa pagitan ng mga Sobiyet Union at ng Estados Unidos sa loob ng Sobyet paglawak ng nuclear missiles sa Cuba sparked ang Cuban misayl Crisis sa 1962. </p><p>Ang KGB (Committee para sa Estado Security) nagsilbi sa isang paraan na ang Sobiyet kapilas sa pareho ng Federal Bureau ng imbestigasyon at ang Central Intelligence Agency sa US Ito ran ang isang malaki at matibay na network ng mga informants sa buong Sobiyet Union, na kung saan ay ginagamit upang masubaybayan ang mga paglabag sa batas. Matapos ang pagbagsak ng Sobiyet Union, ito ay pinalitan sa Rusya sa pamamagitan ng mga SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service) at ang FSB (Federal Security Service ng Russian Federation). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/220px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/330px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/440px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, pumipirma ng SALT II treaty, noong 18 Hunyo 1979, sa <a href="/wiki/Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang KGB ay hindi na walang matibay pangangasiwa. Ang GRU (Main Intelligence pangangasiwaan), hindi publicized ng Sobiyet Union hanggang sa dulo ng Sobiyet panahon sa panahon ng perestroika , ay nilikha sa pamamagitan ng Lenin sa 1918 at nagsilbi parehong bilang isang sentralisadong Handler ng militar katalinuhan at bilang isang institutional check-at-balanse para sa sa kabilang banda medyo ipinagpapahintulot na kapangyarihan ng KGB. Mabisa, ito ay nagsilbi sa bakayan ang spies, at, hindi nakakagulat na ang KGB nagsilbi ng isang katulad na function sa GRU. Bilang sa KGB, ang GRU pinamamahalaan sa mga bansa sa buong mundo, lalo na sa Sobiyet pagkakaisa at satelayt estado. Ang GRU ay patuloy na tatakbo sa Russia ngayon, may resources tinatayang sa pamamagitan ng ilang sa mga lumampas ng SVR. </p><p>Sa 1970s, ang Sobiyet Union nakamit magaspang nuclear pagkakapare-pareho sa Estados Unidos, at sa huli overtook ito. Ito perceived kanyang sariling paglahok bilang mahalaga sa ang solusyon ng anumang mga pangunahing internasyonal na problema. Samantala, ang Cold War nagbigay daan sa paghina ng hindi mabuting samahan at ng isang mas kumplikadong pattern ng mga internasyonal na relasyon na kung saan ang mundo ay hindi na malinaw na nahati sa dalawang malinaw na sumasalungat blocs. Mas malakas na bansa ay mas kuwarto para igiit ang kanilang pagsasarili, at ang dalawang superpowers ay bahagyang kayang kilalanin ang kanilang mga karaniwang mga interes sa sinusubukan na alamin ang karagdagang pagkalat at paglaganap ng nuclear armas (tingnan ko asin , SALT II , Anti-Ballistic misayl Treaty ). </p><p>Sa pamamagitan ng oras na ito, ang Sobiyet Union ay concluded pagkakaibigan at kooperasyon treaties sa isang bilang ng mga estado sa di-Komunista mundo, lalo na sa mga Third World at Non-hile-hilera Movement estado tulad ng Indiya at Ehipto. Bukod dito, ang Sobiyet Union patuloy na magbigay ng militar aid para sa mga rebolusyonaryo kilusan sa Ikatlong Daigdig. Para sa lahat ng mga dahilan, Sobiyet patakarang panlabas ay ng malaking kahalagahan sa mga di-Komunista mundo at nakatulong malaman ang takbo ng mga pandaigdigang relasyon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva,_Switzerland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> sa harap-harapang paguusap kasama ang Presidente ng Amerika <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kahit na sampung libo bureaucracies ay kasangkot sa pagbubuo at pagpapatupad ng Sobyet patakarang panlabas, ang mga pangunahing patakaran ng mga alituntunin ay natukoy ng Politburo ng Partido Komunista. Ang pangunahin layunin ng Sobyet patakarang panlabas ay ang pagpapanatili at pagpapabuti ng pambansang seguridad at ang pagpapanatili ng pananakop sa paglipas ng Silangang Europa. Relasyon sa Estados Unidos at Western Europe ay din ng mga pangunahing pag-aalala sa mga banyagang Sobyet makers patakaran, at mga relasyon sa mga indibidwal na Third World estado ay hindi bababa sa bahagyang tinutukoy ng ang kalapitan ng bawat estado sa Sobyet sa hangganan at sa Sobiyet estima ng kanyang strategic kabuluhan. </p><p>Pagkatapos Mikhail Gorbachev nagtagumpay Konstantin Chernenko bilang Pangkalahatang Kalihim ng CPSU noong 1985, siya ay nagpasimula ng maraming mga pagbabago sa Sobiyet patakarang panlabas at sa ekonomiya ng USSR. Gorbachev pursued pampalubag-loob sa mga patakaran ng West sa halip ng pagpapanatili ng Cold War dating kalagayan. Ang Sobiyet Union natapos ang kanyang trabaho ng Afghanistan , ay naka-sign strategic armas treaties pagbabawas sa Estados Unidos, at pinapayagan nito allies sa Silangang Europa upang matukoy ang kanilang sariling mga gawain. Gayunman, ang Sobiyet republics ay ginagamot naiiba mula sa mga estado satelayt, at hukbo ay ginagamit upang sugpuin kilusan pagtigil sa loob ng Union (tingnan ang Black Enero ) ngunit huli na hindi mapakinabangan. </p><p>Kasunod ang paglusaw ng Sobiyet Union sa 25 Disyembre 1991, Russia ay internationally kinikilala [34] na ang mga legal na kahalili sa Sobiyet estado sa internasyonal na yugto. Upang na dulo, Russia kusang tinanggap ang lahat ng Sobyet dayuhang utang, at inaangkin sa ibang bansa-aari ng Sobyet bilang ng kanyang sariling. </p><p>Upang maiwasan ang mga alitan sa kasunod na sa paglipas ng Sobyet ari-arian, "zero baryante" kasunduan ay iminungkahi upang pagtibayin sa bagong independiyenteng estado ang dating kalagayan sa ang petsa ng bisa. (Ang Ukraine ay ang huling dating republikang Sobyet hindi na ipinasok sa tulad ng isang kasunduan) Ang katapusan ng Unyong Sobyet din itataas ang mga katanungan tungkol sa mga kasunduan nito na ilalagda, tulad ng Kasunduang Anti-Ballistic misayl; Ang Rusya ay gaganapin ang posisyon na ang mga treaties manatili sa lakas, at dapat basahin na parang Rusya ay ang signatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiya">Ekonomiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ekonomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomiya_ng_Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomiya ng Unyong Sobyetiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ekonomiya ng Unyong Sobyetiko</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalagayan_at_Pagpapatakbo">Kalagayan at Pagpapatakbo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kalagayan at Pagpapatakbo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Kalagayan at Pagpapatakbo"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Gdp_per_capita_1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gdp_per_capita_1965.png/250px-Gdp_per_capita_1965.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gdp_per_capita_1965.png/375px-Gdp_per_capita_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gdp_per_capita_1965.png/500px-Gdp_per_capita_1965.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Nominal na KDP bawat kapita ng lahat ng bansa noong 1965, ayon sa estadistika ng <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Alemanya" title="Kanlurang Alemanya">Kanlurang Alemanya</a>. <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #400082; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> > 5,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00BFFF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> 2,500–5,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #3CB371; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> 1,000–2,500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> </td> <td valign="top"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #9ACD32; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> 500–1,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFF00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> 250–500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFACD; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> < 250 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Mark (hindi pa naisusulat)">DM</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>Kinikilala ang Unyong Sobyetiko bilang unang bansa na pinagtibay ang ekonomiyang planado, kung saan ang produksyon at pamamahagi ng kalakalan ay sentralisado at pinangangasiwaan ng pamahalaan. Una itong naranasan ng mga Bolshebista sa polisiya ng digmaang komunismo, na kinasasangkutan ng nasyonalisasyon ng industriya, sapilitang pagkuha ng produksyong agrikultural, at pagtangka na alisin ang sirkulasyon ng salapi, pribadong negosyo at malayang kalakalan. Ginamit din ang mga tropang panharang upang ipatupad ang dominasyong Bolshebista sa panustos ng pagkain sa mga lugar na kontrolado ng <a href="/wiki/Hukbong_Pula" title="Hukbong Pula">Hukbong Pula</a>, na nagdulat sa poot ng populasyong sibilyan ng Rusya. Matapos ang matinding paglugmok ng ekonomiya, pinalitan ni Lenin ang digmaang komunismo ng <a href="/wiki/Bagong_Polisiyang_Pang-ekonomiya" title="Bagong Polisiyang Pang-ekonomiya">Bagong Polisiyang Pang-ekonomiya</a> noong 1921, na ginawang legal ang malayang kalakalan at pribadong pagmamay-ari ng maliliit na negosyo. Sa pamamagitan nito ay mabilis na nakabawi ang ekonomiya. </p><p>Sa kabila ng matagalang pagdedebate ng mga kasapi ng Politburo hinggil sa takbo ng ekonomikong pag-uunlad, tinalikuran ni Stalin ang BPP at itinulak ang ganap na pagpaplanong sentral. Sinimulan nito ang kolektibisasyon ng agrikultura at pagmomobilisa ng mga mapagkukunan para sa mabilisang industriyalisasyon, na makabuluhang pinalawak ang kapasidad ng USSR sa mabibigat na industriya at mga kalakal na kapital noong dekada 1930. Naging pangunahing motibasyon ng pamahalaan para sa industriyalisasyon ang paghahanda sa digmaan dahil sa kawalan ng tiwala nito sa mga panlabas na kapitalistang puwersa. Nagresulta ito sa pagbabago ng USSR mula sa isang malaking ekonomiyang agraryo tungo sa isang malakas na kapangyarihang industriyal, na humantong sa paglitaw nito bilang superpotensya pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Gayunpaman, nagdulot ang gera ng pagkawasak ng Sobyetikong ekonomiya at imprastraktura, na nangangailangan ng malawakang rekonstruksyon. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:SUR_10_1991_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SUR_10_1991_F.jpg/250px-SUR_10_1991_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SUR_10_1991_F.jpg/375px-SUR_10_1991_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SUR_10_1991_F.jpg/500px-SUR_10_1991_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Salaping-papel ng 10 Sobyetikong rublo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pagsapit ng maagang dekada 1940, naging makapag-iisa na ang Sobyetikong ekonomiya; hanggang sa paglikha ng COMECON, kaunti lamang na domestikong produkto ang internasyonal na nakalakal. Matapos mabuo ang <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Bloke" title="Silangang Bloke">Silangang Bloke</a>, mabilis na tumaas ang kalakalang panlabas. Gayunpaman, naging limitado pa rin ang impluwensya ng USSR sa pandaigdigang ekonomiya dahil sa mga nakapirming presyong panloob ng bansa at ng pampamahalaang monopolyo sa dayuhang kalakalan. Naging mahalagang angkat na bagay ang pagkonsumo ng butil at mga sopistikadong pagawaan sa dekada 1960. Sa panahon ng karerang sandatahan noong Digmaang Malamig, pinasan ng Sobyetikong ekonomiya ang malakihang paggasta sa militar, na labis na hinikayat ng makapangyarihang burukrasya ng pamahalaan na umasa sa industriya ng armas. Kasabay nito, ang USSR ang naging pinakamalaking nagluluwas ng mga sandata sa <a href="/wiki/Ikatlong_Mundo" title="Ikatlong Mundo">Ikatlong Mundo</a>. Naglaan din ng porsyon ng mga mapagkukunan bilang ayuda sa mga sosyalistang estado na maka-Sobyetiko. Napakalaki ng naging militar na laang-gugulin ng Unyong Sobyetiko; binuo ito ng 40–60% ng buong pederal na badyet at umabot sa halos 15% ng KDP ng bansa. </p><p>Bagama't mahirap tantiyahin nang tumpak ang paglago ng ekonomiya ng USSR, ayon sa karamihan ng sanggunian ay patuloy itong umunlad hanggang sa kalagitnaan ng dekada 1980. Hanggang sa mga '50, nakaranas ang Sobyetikong ekonomiya ng mataas na paglago at nakakahabol pa rin noon sa Kanluran. Gayunpaman, sa mga sumunod na taon, habang positibo pa rin ang paglago ay tuloy-tuloy itong bumababa nang mas mabilis kung ikumpara sa ibang bansa sa kabila ng mabilis na pagtaas ng laang kapital nito. Pero sa pangkalahatan, ang rato ng paglago ng kita bawat kapita sa Unyong Sobyetiko sa pagitan ng 1960 at 1989 ay bahagyang mas mataas sa pandaigdigang promedyo, batay sa 102 bansa. Inihayag ng isang pagsusuri na inilathala noong 1986 sa Amerikanong Peryodiko ng Pampublikong Kalusugan na batay sa datos ng Pandaigdigang Bangko, nagbigay ang modelong Sobyetiko ng mas mahusay na kalidad ng buhay at kaunlarang pantao kaysa sa mga ekonomiyang pamilihan kung ito'y nasa parehong antas ng ekonomikong pag-unlad. Ayon sa mga Amerikanong ekonomista na sina Stanley Fischer at William Easterly, maaaring mas naging mabilis ang paglago; sa kanilang pagkalkula, ang kita bawat kapita noong 1989 ay dapat na dalawang beses na mas mataas kaysa noon, kung isasaalang-alang ang halaga ng pamumuhunan, edukasyon at populasyon. Iniuugnay nila ang pagkukulang na ito sa mababang produktibidad ng kapital. Sinabi rin ng Amerikanong dalubguro na si Steven Rosefielde na bumaba ang antas ng pamumuhay dahil sa despotismo ni Stalin, at bagama't nagkaroon ng maikling pagpapabuti sa kanyang pagkamatay, bumalik ito sa stagnasyon, partikular na sa ilalim ni Brezhnev. Sa paglunsad ni Mikhail Gorbachev ng programang perestroika upang pasiglahin ang ekonomiya, lumuwag ang kontrol ng estado sa mga negosyo ngunit hindi ito pinalitan ng mga insentibo sa merkado, na nagresulta sa matalim na pagbaba sa produksyon. Sinimulan ng patakarang ito, kasabay ng nabawasang ganansya sa pagluwas ng petrolyo, ang pagbagsak ng pambansang ekonomiya. Itinakda pa rin ang mga presyo, at karamihan sa ari-arian ay hinawakan pa rin ng estado hanggang sa mabuwag ito. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Stalinist_architecture_(19780328909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg/250px-Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg/375px-Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg/500px-Stalinist_architecture_%2819780328909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5325" data-file-height="3550" /></a><figcaption>Dating punong-himpilan ng Pampamahalaang Komite sa Pagpaplano, dinadaglat sa Ruso na Gosplan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinanatili ang paraan ng pagpatakbo ng Sobyetikong ekonomiya mula sa konsolidasyon ni Stalin ng kapangyarihan hanggang sa disolusyon ng bansa. Pormal na dinirekta ang ekonomiya sa sentral na pagpaplano, na isinagawa ng aparatong estatal na Gosplan at inayos sa mga limang-taunang plano. Gayunpaman, sa pagsasagawa'y lubos na pansamantala at pinagsama-sama ang mga planong ito, at naipasailalim sa mga espesyal na interbensyon ng mga nakatataas. Lahat ng kritikal na ekonomikong desisyon ay ginawa ng pamunuang pampolitika. Lahat ng nilaang mapagkukunan at mga nilayong plano ay karaniwang denominado sa rublo sa halip na mga pisikal na yaman. Sa ibabaw ay kinasusuklaman ang kredito, ngunit lihim itong pinahintulutan. Nakamit lamang ang huling alokasyon ng produksyon sa pamamagitan ng relatibong desentralisado at di-planadong pagkontrata. Bagama't sa teorya ang mga presyo ay legal na itinakda mula sa itaas, ang aktwal na mga presyo'y madalas na inaareglo, at ang mga impormal na relasyong pahalang ay naging laganap. </p><p>Iilan sa pangunahing serbisyo ay pinondohan ng estado, tulad ng edukasyon at pangangalagang pangkalusugan. Sa sektor ng pagmamanupaktura, ang mabibigat na industriya at depensa ay inuna kaysa sa mga kalakal ng mamimili, na uyak, mababa ang kalidad, at limitado sa pagpipilian lalo na sa labas ng lungsod. Sa ilalim ng ekonomiyang komando, ang mga mamimili ay halos walang impluwensya sa produksyon, kaya ang nagbabagong pangangailangan ng populasyong mas lumalaki ang kita ay hindi na natutugunan ng mga panustos na mayroong mahihigpit na nakatakdang presyo. Dahil dito, umusbong ang isang di-planadong ekonomiya sa mababang antas kasabay ang ekonomiyang komando, na nagbigay ng ilan sa mga produkto at serbisyo na hindi maialok ng mga tagaplano. Sinubukan ang legalisasyon ng ilang elemento ng desentralisadong ekonomiya na ito sa repormang Kosygin noong 1965. Pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig hanggang sa pagbuwag nito, nagranggo ang KDP at KLP ng USSR bilang pangalawang pinakamalaki sa mundo, at pangatlo noong ikalawang kalahati ng dekada 1980, bagaman sa bawat kapita na batayan ay nasa likod ito ng mga bansa sa <a href="/wiki/Unang_Mundo" title="Unang Mundo">Unang Mundo</a>. Noong 1990, nagtaglay ang bansa ng <a href="/wiki/Talatuntunan_ng_Kaunlarang_Pantao" title="Talatuntunan ng Kaunlarang Pantao">Talatuntunan ng Kaunlarang Pantao</a> na 0.920, at nilagay sa mataas na kategorya. Ito ang ikatlong pinakamataas sa Silangang Bloke, kasunod ng Tsekoeslobakya at Silangang Alemanya, at ika-25 sa 130 bansa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enerhiya">Enerhiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Enerhiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Enerhiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:DneproGES_1947.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/250px-DneproGES_1947.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/375px-DneproGES_1947.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/500px-DneproGES_1947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Ang DneproGES, isa sa mga hidroelektrikong isastyon ng USSR.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humina ang pangangailangan sa gasolina ng Unyong Sobyetiko mula 1970 hanggang dekada 1980, parehong sa bawat rublo ng kabuuang produktong panlipunan at pang-industriya. Noong una'y mabilis itong bumababa ngunit dahan-dahang bumagal sa pagitan ng 1970 at 1975. Mula 1975 hanggang 1980, lumago ito sa 2.6% lamang. Pinaniwalaan ng Amerikanong istoryador na si David Wilson na ang industriya ng gas nito ay aabot sa 40% ng produksyon sa gasolina sa katapusan ng siglo, ngunit hindi ito napatunayan sa pagbagsak ng USSR. Pero sa teorya, patuloy na magkakaroon ang bansa ng rato ng ekonomikong pag-unlad sa 2 hanggang 2.5% para sa dekada 1990 dahil sa mga larangang enerhiya nito. Gayunpaman, humarap ang sektor ng enerhiya ng maraming problema, tulad ng mataas na paggastang militar at magkasalungat na relasyon sa Kanluran. </p><p>Tinaglay ng Unyong Sobyetiko ang pinakamalaking panustos ng hindi pa gamit na mapagkukunan ng enerhiya sa loob ng mga hangganan nito. Tumaas ang kabuuang produksyon ng enerhiya mula 10.25 milyong bariles ng langis kada araw noong 1960 sa 27.58 milyong bariles noong 1980. Gayunpaman, ang produksyon at eksportasyon ng USSR ay hindi patuloy na lumaki gaya ng inasahan ng mga tagaplanong. Sa huling bahagi ng dekada 1950, ang aktibidad ng pagmimina ay lumipat patungong Silangang Rusya para sa higit pang likas na mapagkukunan. Dala ng paglipat nito ang mas lumayo na pagitan ng mga minahan at mga daungan na nagpababa sa epektibidad ng pagluwas ng karbon. Higit pa rito, nahirapan ang USSR na ihatid ang mga yamang-silangan nito sa Kanlurang bahagi ng bansa. Direktang nakaapekto ang stangasyon sa produksyon ng enerhiya sa mga panustos ng Silangang Europa, partikular na sa mga estadong satelite sa Unyong Sobyetiko. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:1987_CPA_5858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/220px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/330px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/440px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Selyong Sobyetiko na gingunita ang ika-30 anibersaryo ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Ahensiya_sa_Atomikong_Enerhiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Ahensiya sa Atomikong Enerhiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pandaigdigang Ahensiya sa Atomikong Enerhiya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Noong panahon ni Brezhnev ay lubos na umasa ang USSR sa panggatong na posil upang kumita. Umabot ang sistemang tuberya ng Unyong Sobyet sa habang 82,000 kilometro para sa krudo at 206,500 kilometro para sa likas na gas, na naging pinakamalaki sa mundo. Ang promedyong distansya ng paggalaw para sa langis at likas na gas ay tumaas mula 80 km noong 1970 hanggang 1,910 km noong 1980, at 2,350 noong 1988. Pero tulad ng ibang sektor ng ekonomiya, dumulot ang kapabayaan nito sa pagkasira. Sa huling bahagi ng dekada '80, 1,500 km lang na tubo ang nasa ilalim ng pagpapanatili, kalahati ng kinailangan. Hindi na rin naging sapat ang mga pasilidad ng imbakan upang mahawakan ang lumalaking panustos ng langis. Ang mga pumutok ng tubo ng langis ay tumaas sa tugatog nito noong 1990 at umabot sa 15 bahagdang rato ng pagkabigo. Sa kabila nito, nakaluwas pa rin ang bansa ng ibang kalakal tulad ng petrolyo, metal, kahoy, makinarya, at mga produktong pang-agrikultura. Noong 1988, ito ang pinakamalaking pabrikante at ikalawang pinakamalaking nagluluwas ng krudo, nalampasan lamang ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabia_Saudita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabia Saudita (hindi pa naisusulat)">Arabia Saudita</a>. Kabilang sa mga kilalang tuberya ay ang linyang Hilagang Kailawan mula sa depositong petrolyo ng Komi hanggang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest (hindi pa naisusulat)">Brest</a> na sa may hangganang Polako, ang linyang Soyuz na tumatakbo mula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oremburgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oremburgo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Oremburgo</a> sa Uzhgorod na malapit sa hangganang Tsekoslobako at Hungaro, at ang linyang Luwas mula sa patlang ng gas na Urengoy hanggang <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> na tumungo sa mga bansa ng Unang Mundo tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Alemanya" title="Kanlurang Alemanya">Kanlurang Alemanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya">Pransiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika">Belhika</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Nederlandiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandiya">Nederlandiya</a>. Ang linyang Luwas ay partikular sa lawak nitong 1,420 milimetro at haba na 4,451 kilometro. Tinawid nito ang Bulubundking Ural at Karpatos at halos 600 ilog, kabilang ang Ob, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volga (hindi pa naisusulat)">Volga</a>, Don, at Dnieper. Nagkaroon din itong 41 istasyon ng kompresor at taunang kapasidad na 32 bilyong metro kubiko ng likas na gas. </p><p>Isa rin sa mga pinagkunan ng Unyong Sobyetiko ng enerhiya ang kapangyarihang nukleyar nito. Ang Plantang Nukleyar ng Obninsk ang kauna-unahang plantang nukleyar sa mundo na itinayo noong 26 Hunyo 1954 bilang eksperimento upang matukoy ang kakayahan ng kapangyarihang nukleyar sa pagtutustos ng komersyal na grid. Sa simula ng operasyon nito, gumawa ito ng 5 MWe at napatunayang matagumpay. Pagkaraan ng apat na taon, nagpatayo ng planta sa Siberya na may orihinal na kapasidad na 100 MWe, na tumaas sa 600 MWe. Kasunod nito, nagpagawa ng mga komersyal na istasyon sa Beloyarsk, Novo-Voronezh, Kola, Leningrado, at Armenya. Pagsapit ng taong 1960, nagtaglay ang Unyong Sobyetiko ng kapasidad na 605 MWe, at Noong 1975 ay lumaki ito sa 4.7 GW. Sa puntong ito, nakatuon ang USSR sa pagbuo ng agresibong programa ng kapangyarihang nukleyar. Sa dekada '70, humigit-kumulang 10% ng kuryente na nagpapagana sa bansa'y mula sa mga plantang nukleyar, at ang prediksyon na ginawa ng Diputadong Ministro ng Enerhiyang Lakas ay naglalayong tumaas ito ng humigit-kumulang 400-500% sa taong 2000. Sa rurok nito noong 1982 ay binuo nito ang halos 6.5% ng kabuuang pagkonsumo ng kuryente at ang kabuuang nukleyar na kapasidad nuklear na nilagay sa 18 GW. </p><p>Lahat ng nukleyar na reaktor sa USSR ay idinisenyo ng Ministeryo ng Konstruksyon ng Katamtamang Makina, ang pangunahing ahensiyang nangasiwa sa hugnayang Sobyetiko ng mga sandatang nukleyar mula 1953 hanggang 1989. Gayunpaman, ang mga reaktor ay inutusan at dinirektahan ng Ministeryo ng Enerhiya at Elektripikasyon, na namahala sa paggawa ng kuryente at pagpapatakbo ng mga planta. Ang mga pagkakaiba sa priyoridad, kadalubhasaan, at kulturang institusyonal sa pagitan ng dalawang industriya ay pinagtatalunan na nanguna sa pag-unawa sa mga pasyang ginawa ng USSR sa larangan ng kapangyarihang nukleyar, lalo na sa paggamit nito sa delikado at kontrobersyal na disenyong panreaktor na RBMK, na binuo raw para sa kadalian ng lokal na konstruksyon, pagtitipid, at posibleng dalawang-gamit nito sa produksyon ng <a href="/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo">plutonyo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agham_at_Teknolohiya">Agham at Teknolohiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Agham at Teknolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Agham at Teknolohiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/200px-NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/300px-NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/400px-NN_Semyonov_2021_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Semyonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Semyonov (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikolay Semyonov</a> sa isang postang Ruso. Siya ang kauna-unahang Sobyetiko na nakatanggap ng <a href="/wiki/Gantimpalang_Nobel" title="Gantimpalang Nobel">Gantimpalang Nobel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malaki ang nilagay na diin ng Unyong Sobyetiko sa agham at teknolohiya sa loob ng ekonomiya nito, ngunit ang mga pinakakahanga-hangang tagumpay ng bansa sa teknolohiya, tulad ng paggawa ng unang sateliteng pangkalawakan, ay kadalasang responsibilidad ng militar. Naniwala si Lenin na hinding-hindi maaabutan ng USSR ang mas maunlad na mundo kung mananatiling atrasado ito sa teknolohiya. Pinatunayan ng mga Sobyetikong awtoridad ng ang kanilang pangako sa dogma ni Lenin sa pamamagitan ng pagbuo ng mga malalaking network at mga organisasyon ng pananaliksik at pagpapaunlad. Pagsapit ng 1989, kabilang ang mga siyentipiko ng USSR sa mga pinakamahusay na dalubhasa sa mundo pagdating sa mga larangang tulad ng pisikang enerhekita, mga piling lugar ng medisina, matematika, paghihinang at mga teknolohiyang militar. Nanalo sila ng iba't ibang akademikong pagbubunyi, na minarkahan ng mauunlad na purong agham at inobasyon sa teoretikal na antas. Isa sila sa mga pinakaadbansado sa matematika at sa ilang sangay ng pisikal na agham, lalo na sa teoretikal na pisikang nukleyar, kimika, at astronomiya. Ang kimiko at pisiko na si Nikolay Semenov ang kauna-unahang mamamayang Sobyetiko na ginawran ng <a href="/wiki/Gantimpalang_Nobel" title="Gantimpalang Nobel">Gantimpalang Nobel</a> noong 1956 habang ang matematikong si Sergei Novikov ang unang nakatanggap ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medalyang_Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medalyang Fields (hindi pa naisusulat)">Medalyang Fields</a>. Kahit papaano ay nabawasan din ang disparidad ng mga dalub-agham sa bansa; noong maagang bahagi ng dekada '60, iginawad ng mga Sobyetiko ang 40% ng mga doktorado sa kimika sa kababaihan, kumpara sa 5% sa Estados Unidos. Napakarami ng ginawang siyentipiko at inhinyero ng Unyong Sobyetiko, relatibo sa populasyon ng mundo, kaysa sa iba pang malalaking bansa dahil sa malakas na antas ng suporta ng estado sa pag-uunlad ng siyensya. Hindi tulad ng ibang bansa sa Kanluran, karamihan sa mga gawaing pananaliksik sa USSR ay 'di isinagawa sa mga unibersidad, ngunit sa mga espesyal na initayong mga institusyong pananaliksik. Ang pinakaprestihiyoso sa kanila ay mga bahagi ng Akademya ng mga Agham ng Unyong Sobyetiko, na orihinal na itinatag noong 1925 at lumipat mula Leningrado sa Mosku noong 1934. Binuo ito ng 250 surian at 60,500 ganap na mananaliksik noong 1987. Ang ibang ahensiyang pang-agham nama'y ipinaloob sa sistema ng mga espesyalisadong akademya o mga sangay ng pananaliksik ng iba't ibang ministeryo ng pamahalaan. </p><p>Naging pinakamaunlad ang teknolohiyang Sobyetiko sa <a href="/wiki/Pisikang_nukleyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisikang nukleyar">pisikang nukleyar</a>, kung saan ang pakikipaglabanang-armas sa Kanluran ay nagkumbinsi sa mga opisyal na magtabi ng sapat na mapagkukunan para sa pananaliksik. Dahil sa mabilisang programa na idinirekta ni Igor Kurchatov, na tinulugan ng impormasyon galing sa mga espiya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima_ng_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lima ng Cambridge (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lima ng Cambridge</a>, ang Unyong Sobyetiko ang pangalawang bansa na nakapagbuo ng bombang atomika noong 1949, apat na taon pagkatapos ng Estados Unidos. Pinasabog ng USSR ang una nitong bombang idroheno noong 1953, sampung buwan lamang lampas sa EUA. Lubos din na tinuunang-pansin ng pamahalaan ang paggalugad sa kalawakan: noong Oktubre 1957 inilunsad ng Unyong Sobyetiko ang unang sateliteng artipisyal sa daangtala, ang Sputnik 1; noong Abril 1961 ang Sobyetikong kosmonauto na si <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> ang naging unang tao sa kalawakan. Pinanatili ng pamahalaan na malakas ang programang pangkalawakan nito hanggang nagkaroon ng malalang problemang pang-ekonomiya noong dekada 1980, na humantong sa pagbabawas ng gugulin para rito. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif/225px-Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif/338px-Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif/450px-Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trofim Lysenko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Trofim Lysenko</a> na nagsasalita sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kremlin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kremlin</a> noong 1935, kasama sina Stanislav Kosior, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastas_Mikoyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastas Mikoyan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anastas Mikoyan</a>, Andrei Andreyev at Iosif Stalin. Dumulot ang mga ideyang agrikultural ni Lysenko sa kawalan ng ani at taggutom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bagama't hindi gaanong mahigpit ang pagsesensura sa agham kaysa sa ibang larangan tulad ng sining, mayroong ilang mga halimbawa ng pagsugpo ng USSR sa mga ideyang siyentipiko. Mula pa sa dekada '20, binansagan ang ilang larangan ng siyentipikong pananaliksik na "burges" at "ideyalista" ng Partido Komunista. Lahat ng pananaliksik, kabilang ang mga likas na agham, ay kinailangang itatag sa pilosopiya ng dayalektong materyalismo. Pinagbawal na ang henetika, pedolohiya, at sikoteknika noong 1936 sa isang espesyal na atas ng Komite Sentral. Ngunit ang pinakatanyag dito ay ang agronomistang si Trofim Lysenko na tinanggi ang pagtanggap ng teoryang kromosoma ng pagmamana na karaniwang tinatanggap ng modernong henetika. Sa paghahayag na ang kanyang mga teorya ay tumutugma sa Marxismo, nagawa niyang kausapin si Stalin noong 1948 sa pagbabawal sa pagsasanay at pagtuturo ng henetikang populasyon at ibang kaugnay na larangan sa biolohikal na pananaliksik. Ang kanyang mga hakang tinawag na Lysenkoismo ay ipinatupad sa USSR at Tsina na nagresulta ito sa pagbawas ng ani ng pananim at pinaniniwalaang nag-ambag sa Matinding Tsinong Taggutom. Pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, maraming dalub-agham ang ipinagbawal na makipagtulungan sa mga dayuhang mananaliksik. Lalong naging sarado ang kaisipan ng siyentipikong pamayanan ng Unyong Sobyetiko. Noong Agosto 7, 1948, inihayag ng Akademya ng mga Agrikultural na Agham ng V.I. Lenin na mula noon ay ang pamanang Lamarckiano, ang pinabulaanang teorya na ang mga katangiang personalidad na nakukuha sa buhay ay ipinapasa sa mga supling, ay ituturo bilang "ang tanging tamang teorya". Pinilit ang mga siyentipikong Sobyetiko na bawiin ang kanilang mga akda na salungat kay Lysenko, at kahit napatunayan na ito na hindi totoo, tumagal ito ng maraming taon bago naging katanggap-tanggap ang pagpuna rito. Sa liberalisasyon ng agham sa pagkamatay ni Stalin, opisyal na tinalikuran ang Lysenkoismo noong 1964. </p><p>Sa ilalim ng administrasyong Reagan, tinukoy ng Proyektong Sokrates na tinugunan ng Unyong Sobyetiko ang pag-unlda ng agham at teknolohiya sa paraang lubhang naiba sa ginagamit ng Estados Unidos. Sa kaso ng EU, ang ekonomikong pagbibigay-priyoridad ay ginagamit para sa katutubong pananaliksik at pag-unlad bilang paraan upang makakuha ng agham at teknolohiya sa parehong pribado at pampublikong sektor. Sa kabaligtaran, ang USSR ay opensibo at depensibong nagmamaniobra sa pagkuha at paggamit ng pandaigdigang teknolohiya upang mapataas ang kompetetibong kalamangan habang pinipigilan ang EU na lamangan sila. Gayunpaman, ang pagpaplanong nakabatay sa teknolohiya ay isinagawa nila nang sentralisado at nakasentro sa pamahalaan na lubos na humadlang sa kakayahan nito. Pinagsamantalahan ito ng EU upang pahinain ang lakas ng USSR at sa gayo'y pagyamanin ang reporma nito. Matapos ang pagbagsak ng Unyong Sobyetiko ay nagkaroon ng mabilis na implasyon at pagbaba ng kita ng pamahalaan na naging dahilan upang mawalan ng malaking pondo at katatagan ang siyentipikong komunidad sa unang pagkakataon. Hindi binayaran ang mga dalub-agham ng suweldo ng ilang buwan, at ang pera sa pananaliksik ay tuluyang nawala. Nag-alok ang mga internasyonal na organisasyon ng mga programang tulong upang pigilan ang pangingibang-bansa. Sa pangkalahatan, mabagal na nakabangon ang siyensiya sa Rusya mula sa pampolitika at pang-ekonomiyang pagbabago sa pagwakas ng ika-20 siglo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programang_Pangkalawakan">Programang Pangkalawakan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Programang Pangkalawakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Programang Pangkalawakan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, binuo ng Nazi Germany ang teknolohiyang rocket na mas advanced kaysa sa mga Allies at nagsimula ang isang karera sa pagitan ng Unyong Sobyet at Estados Unidos upang makuha at pagsamantalahan ang teknolohiya. Ang espesyalista sa rocket ng Sobyet ay ipinadala sa Alemanya noong 1945 upang kumuha ng mga V-2 na rocket at nakipagtulungan sa mga espesyalistang Aleman sa Alemanya at kalaunan sa Unyong Sobyet upang maunawaan at gayahin ang teknolohiya ng rocket.[51][52][53] Ang pakikilahok ng mga siyentipiko at inhinyero ng Aleman ay isang mahalagang katalista sa mga pagsisikap ng unang bahagi ng Sobyet. Noong 1945 at 1946, ang paggamit ng kadalubhasaan ng Aleman ay napakahalaga sa pagbawas ng oras na kailangan upang makabisado ang mga intricacies ng V-2 rocket, pagtatatag ng produksyon ng R-1 rocket at paganahin ang isang base para sa karagdagang pag-unlad. Noong 22 Oktubre 1946, 302 German rocket scientist at engineer, kabilang ang 198 mula sa Zentralwerke (kabuuang 495 katao kabilang ang mga miyembro ng pamilya), ay ipinatapon sa Unyong Sobyet bilang bahagi ng Operation Osoaviakhim.[54][55][56] Gayunpaman, pagkatapos ng 1947 ang mga Sobyet ay gumawa ng napakakaunting paggamit ng mga espesyalista sa Aleman at ang kanilang impluwensya sa hinaharap na programa ng rocket ng Sobyet ay marginal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportasyon">Transportasyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Transportasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Transportasyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang transportasyon ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng ekonomiya ng bansa. Ang sentralisasyon ng ekonomiya noong huling bahagi ng 1920s at 1930s ay humantong sa pag-unlad ng imprastraktura sa isang napakalaking sukat, lalo na ang pagtatatag ng Aeroflot, isang kumpanya ng abyasyon.[262] Ang bansa ay may iba't ibang uri ng mga paraan ng transportasyon sa pamamagitan ng lupa, tubig at hangin.[245] Gayunpaman, dahil sa hindi sapat na pagpapanatili, karamihan sa kalsada, tubig at sasakyang panghimpapawid sibil ng Sobyet ay luma na at teknolohikal na atrasado kumpara sa Unang Mundo.[263] </p><p>Ang transportasyong riles ng Sobyet ay ang pinakamalaki at pinakamasinsinang ginagamit sa mundo;[263] mas mahusay din itong binuo kaysa karamihan sa mga katapat nitong Kanluranin.[264] Noong huling bahagi ng dekada 1970 at unang bahagi ng dekada 1980, ang mga ekonomista ng Sobyet ay nananawagan para sa pagtatayo ng higit pang mga kalsada upang maibsan ang ilan sa mga pasanin mula sa mga riles at upang mapabuti ang badyet ng pamahalaang Sobyet.[265] Ang network ng kalye at industriya ng sasakyan[266] ay nanatiling kulang sa pag-unlad,[267] at ang mga maruruming kalsada ay karaniwan sa labas ng mga pangunahing lungsod.[268] Ang mga proyekto sa pagpapanatili ng Sobyet ay napatunayang hindi kayang pangalagaan kahit ang ilang mga kalsada na mayroon ang bansa. Noong unang bahagi ng kalagitnaan ng dekada 1980, sinubukan ng mga awtoridad ng Sobyet na lutasin ang problema sa kalsada sa pamamagitan ng pag-uutos sa pagtatayo ng mga bago.[268] Samantala, ang industriya ng sasakyan ay lumalaki nang mas mabilis kaysa sa paggawa ng kalsada.[269] Ang atrasadong network ng kalsada ay humantong sa lumalaking pangangailangan para sa pampublikong sasakyan.[270] </p><p>Sa kabila ng mga pagpapabuti, ilang aspeto ng sektor ng transportasyon ay [kailan?] pa rin puno ng mga problema dahil sa lumang imprastraktura, kakulangan ng pamumuhunan, katiwalian at masamang pagdedesisyon. Hindi natugunan ng mga awtoridad ng Sobyet ang lumalaking pangangailangan para sa imprastraktura at serbisyo ng transportasyon.[271] </p><p>Ang hukbong-dagat ng mangangalakal ng Sobyet ay isa sa pinakamalaki sa mundo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legasiya">Legasiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Legasiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Legasiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nananatiling kontrobersyal na paksa ang legasiya ng USSR. Ang sosyo-ekonomikong katangian nito, lalo na sa ilalim ni Stalin, ay pinagtatalunan na anyo ng burukratikong kolektibismo, kapitalismong pang-estado, awtoritaryong sosyalismo, o ibang uri ng moda ng produksyon.[354] Ang USSR ay nagpatupad ng isang malawak na hanay ng mga patakaran sa loob ng mahabang panahon, na may malaking halaga ng magkasalungat na mga patakaran na ipinapatupad ng iba't ibang mga pinuno. Ang ilan ay may positibong pananaw dito habang ang iba ay kritikal sa bansa, na tinatawag itong isang mapanupil na oligarkiya.[355] Ang mga opinyon sa USSR ay kumplikado at nagbago sa paglipas ng panahon, na may iba't ibang henerasyon na may iba't ibang pananaw sa usapin gayundin sa mga patakaran ng Sobyet na naaayon sa magkakahiwalay na yugto ng panahon sa kasaysayan nito. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tingnan_rin">Tingnan rin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tingnan rin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Tingnan rin"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Malamig" title="Digmaang Malamig">Digmaang Malamig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya">Rusya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asya" title="Asya">Asya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_Republika_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Republika ng Unyong Sobyet">Mga Republika ng Unyong Sobyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_pinuno_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaan ng mga pinuno ng Unyong Sobyet">Talaan ng mga pinuno ng Unyong Sobyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisyal_na_pangalan_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisyal na pangalan ng Unyong Sobyet">Opisyal na pangalan ng Unyong Sobyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekretarya_Heneral_ng_Partido_Komunista_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekretarya Heneral ng Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyet">Sekretarya Heneral ng Partido Komunista ng Unyong Sobyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_Ministro_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Ministro ng Unyong Sobyet">Mga Ministro ng Unyong Sobyet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_kawing_panlabas">Mga kawing panlabas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kawing panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kawing panlabas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width:235px; line-height:2.25em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em;"> <th colspan="2" align="center">Tuklasin ang iba pa hinggil sa Soviet Union mula sa mga kapatid na proyekto ng Wikipedia: </th></tr> <tr> <th width="37px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </th> <td><span title="Wiktionary"><a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Kahulugang pangtalahuluganan</a> </span></td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://tl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga araling-aklat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://tl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga siping pambanggit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga tekstong sanggunian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Commons"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </span></th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga larawan at midya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="position: relative; top: 6px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="https://tl.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga salaysaying pambalita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikiversity-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://tl.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Soviet Union">Mga sangguniang pampagkatuto</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm">Impressions of Soviet Russia, by John Dewey.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121085401/http://deweytextsonline.area501.net/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> 2008-01-21 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.com/">Documents and other forms of media from the Soviet Union: 1917–1991.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sutoc.html">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf">Losses Suffered by USSR Armed Forces in Wars, Combat Operations, and Military Conflicts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviet.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/">Soviet Union Exhibit at Global Museum on Communism with essay by Richard Pipes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229052152/http://soviet.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2012-02-29 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121225061416/geta1.narod.ru/INTERS/NISTOR/ISTORIYA.HTM">Новейшая история моими глазами</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Семёнов, Юрий Иванович (hindi pa naisusulat)">Юрий Семёнов</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/library/id_128.html">«Россия: что с ней случилось в XX веке»</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noogen.2084.ru/zametki.htm">«Посторонние заметки» (автор неизвестен)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615232822/http://noogen.2084.ru/zametki.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> 2013-06-15 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Боффа, Джузеппе (hindi pa naisusulat)">Боффа, Джузеппе</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_809.html">«От СССР к России. История неоконченного кризиса. 1964—1994»</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BC,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грэхэм, Лорен (hindi pa naisusulat)">Лорен Грэхэм</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/library/id_666.html">«Естествознание, философия и науки о человеческом поведении в Советском Союзе»</a></li> <li>Подборка статей и книг на сайте журнала «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/tags/id_112.html">Скепсис</a>» <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/tags/id_112.html">История СССР (1917—1991)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/tags/id_154.html">История Советской России 20-х гг.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm">RussGUS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132601/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> 2008-04-08 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccp-here.blogspot.com">Блог про вещи и быт СССР, неповторимость стиля и практичность</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovunion.info">СССР 20-х 30-х годов</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovworld.ru/">Фотографии городов Советского Союза и зарубежных стран 1940-х — 1980-х годов</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040056/http://www.sovworld.ru/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2013-09-30 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviethistory.ru/sovhist/">История СССР</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114044555/http://www.soviethistory.ru/sovhist/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2013-11-14 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. — www.soviethistory.ru</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://happynation.su">Советский союз: счастливая нация</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330020353/http://happynation.su/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2018-03-30 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanggunian">Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyong_Sobyetiko&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Soviet"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Soviet">"Soviet" </a></span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia Americana (hindi pa naisusulat)">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLewin1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Lewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Lewin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lewin, Moshe</a> (1969). <i>Lenin's Last Struggle</i>. Sinalin ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Sheridan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Sheridan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sheridan Smith, A. M.</a> London: Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Last+Struggle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/russian">"Russian"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (hindi pa naisusulat)">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070656/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/russian">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 10 Oktubre 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">9 Mayo</span> 2017</span>. <q>historical (in general use) a national of the former Soviet Union.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Russia">"Russia"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 10 Mayo 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606105510/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Russia">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 6 Hunyo 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Mayo</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FRussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(sa Ruso)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://region.adm.nov.ru/pressa.nsf/0c7534916fcf6028c3256b3700243eac/4302e4941fb6a6bfc3256c99004faea5!OpenDocument">Voted Unanimously for the Union.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204132112/http://region.adm.nov.ru/pressa.nsf/0c7534916fcf6028c3256b3700243eac/4302e4941fb6a6bfc3256c99004faea5%21OpenDocument">Naka-arkibo</a> 2009-12-04 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(sa Ruso)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hronos.km.ru/sobyt/cccp.html">Creation of the USSR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529132218/http://www.hronos.km.ru/sobyt/cccp.html">Naka-arkibo</a> 2007-05-29 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. at Khronos.ru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3677572g016338u/">"70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=70+Years+of+Gidroproekt+and+Hydroelectric+Power+in+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh3677572g016338u%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Mukhang patay ang naunang link since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzbassenergo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuzbassenergo_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(sa Ruso)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuzbassenergo.ru/goelro/">On GOELRO Plan — at Kuzbassenergo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226190310/http://www.kuzbassenergo.ru/goelro/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2008-12-26 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ResCE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ResCE_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ResCE_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/Eres1481.htm">Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes</a> Текст резолюции № 1481/2006 на официальном сайте <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Совет Европы (hindi pa naisusulat)">СЕ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int//Mainf.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta96/ERES1096.htm">RESOLUTION 1096 (1996)1 on measures to dismantle the heritage of former communist totalitarian systems</a> Текст резолюции № 1096/1996 на официальном сайте <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Совет Европы (hindi pa naisusulat)">СЕ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Immanuel 1966: 90–92, viitattu 19.9.2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.schudak.de/timelines/tannutuva1911-1944.html">http://www.schudak.de/timelines/tannutuva1911-1944.html</a> The World at War - Tannu Tuva</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saeimcond-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-saeimcond_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saeima.lv/Lapas/deklarac_kr.htm"><i>Декларация об осуждении осуществлявшегося в Латвии тоталитарного коммунистического оккупационного режима Союза Советских Социалистических Республик</i></a><i> Текст «Декларации» 12 мая 2005 года на официальном сайте <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сейм Латвии (hindi pa naisusulat)">Сейма</a> Латвии (русский перевод)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latvres-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Latvres_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/452805.html">Сейм Латвии принял декларацию, осуждающую «оккупационный тоталитарный коммунизм»</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regnum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Regnum</a> 12 мая 2005 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birnhaum 1966: 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YuschObr-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-YuschObr_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-YuschObr_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-YuschObr_16-2">16.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070850/http://www.president.gov.ua/ru/news/12121.html">Обращение Президента к Украинскому народу по случаю 75-й годовщины Голодомора 1932—1933 годов</a> Пресс-служба Президента Украины Виктора Ющенко 22 ноября 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Presurg-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Presurg_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Presurg_17-1">17.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Presurg_17-2">17.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsru.com/world/22nov2008/uyjh.html">Президент Украины призвал Россию осудить преступления сталинизма</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NEWSru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEWSru (hindi pa naisusulat)">NEWSru</a> 22 ноября 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birnhaum 1966: 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birnhaum 1966: 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Vuorikoski: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wuorikoski.fi/russia3.htm#maailmansota">Venäjän historia – Neuvostoliitto ja toinen maailmansota</a> Viitattu 14.07.2007. <span class="languageicon">(sa Pinlandes)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Vuorikoski: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wuorikoski.fi/russia3.htm#voitto">Venäjän historia – Lopullinen voitto</a> Viitattu 14.07.2007. <span class="languageicon">(sa Pinlandes)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandelbaum, side 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis2005">Gaddis 2005</a>, p. 33<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFGaddis2005 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller 2000</a>, p. 65-70<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFMiller2000 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller26-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-miller26_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller 2000</a>, p. 26<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFMiller2000 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaddis_2005,_p._34-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaddis_2005,_p._34_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis2005">Gaddis 2005</a>, p. 34<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFGaddis2005 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller 2000</a>, p. 180-81<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFMiller2000 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneil15-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oneil15_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, Patrick (1997). <i>Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 15-25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0714647659" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0714647659"><bdi>0714647659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-communism+and+the+Media+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=15-25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0714647659&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarthoffPages1017-1018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GarthoffPages1017-1018_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1994" class="citation book cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). <i>Détente and Confrontation</i>. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute. pp. 1017–1018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tente+and+Confrontation&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=1017-1018&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1983" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Anthony (1983). <i>Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq</i>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%E2%80%99s+Two-Party+Communism%3A+Parcham+and+Khalq&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2005" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwarforcivil00fisk_0"><i>The Great War for Civilisation: the Conquest of the Middle East</i></a>. London: Alfred Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwarforcivil00fisk_0/page/40">40</a>–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/1-84115-007-X" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/1-84115-007-X"><bdi>1-84115-007-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+for+Civilisation%3A+the+Conquest+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84115-007-X&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwarforcivil00fisk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325144233/http://isd.georgetown.edu/Afghan_1_WR_group.pdf">"<i>The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979: Failure of Intelligence or of the Policy Process? - Page 7"</i></a><i> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isd.georgetown.edu/Afghan_1_WR_group.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong 2009-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2010-07-07</span></span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Invasion+of+Afghanistan+in+1979%3A+Failure+of+Intelligence+or+of+the+Policy+Process%3F+-+Page+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisd.georgetown.edu%2FAfghan_1_WR_group.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Feifer <i>The Great Gamble</i>, pp.169-170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFYousaf,_Mohammad_&_Adkin,_Mark1992" class="citation book cs1">Yousaf, Mohammad & Adkin, Mark (1992). <i>Afghanistan, the bear trap: the defeat of a superpower</i>. Casemate. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0_9711709_2_4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0 9711709 2 4"><bdi>0 9711709 2 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%2C+the+bear+trap%3A+the+defeat+of+a+superpower&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0971170924&rft.au=Yousaf%2C+Mohammad+%26+Adkin%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_mga_may-akda" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rspp.su/sobor/conf_2006/istoki_duh_nrav_crisis.html">Origins of Moral-Ethical Crisis and Ways to Overcome it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104220/http://www.rspp.su/sobor/conf_2006/istoki_duh_nrav_crisis.html">Naka-arkibo</a> 2007-09-28 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. by V.A.Drozhin Honoured Lawyer of Russia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Russia – Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426065826/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Naka-arkibo</a> 26 April 2008 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Britannica.com (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Thompson" class="citation web cs1">Virginia Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915090942/http://pages.towson.edu/thompson/Courses/Regional/Reference/SovietPhysical.pdf">"The Former Soviet Union: Physical Geography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Towson University: Department of Geography & Environmental Planning. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.towson.edu/thompson/courses/regional/reference/sovietphysical.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong 15 Setyembre 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">24 Marso</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Former+Soviet+Union%3A+Physical+Geography&rft.pub=Towson+University%3A+Department+of+Geography+%26+Environmental+Planning&rft.au=Virginia+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.towson.edu%2Fthompson%2Fcourses%2Fregional%2Freference%2Fsovietphysical.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0006)">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> United States government publications in the public domain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9105999">"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2008-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9105999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1055376">"«Давал санкции на аресты по телефону из дома отдыха»"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Коммерсантъ (hindi pa naisusulat)">Власть</a>. 24 ноября 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong 17 января 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkommersant.ru%2Fdoc.aspx%3FDocsID%3D1055376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> at <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andropov-cbs.ru/andropov.php">Андропов Юрий Владимирович — Андроповская МЦРБ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934–1980," <i>American Political Science Review</i> 78 (December): 1019–1039.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288956/inquisitorial-procedure">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288956/inquisitorial-procedure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://law.jrank.org/pages/7663/Inquisitorial-System.html">http://law.jrank.org/pages/7663/Inquisitorial-System.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288956/inquisitorial-procedure">"inquisitorial procedure (law) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2010-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=inquisitorial+procedure+%28law%29+-+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F288956%2Finquisitorial-procedure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoliarov_2014-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stoliarov_2014_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6Gt3FE5YHMC"><i>Federalism and the Dictatorship of Power in Russia By Mikhail Stoliarov</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-415-30153-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-415-30153-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30153-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">18 Pebrero</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+the+Dictatorship+of+Power+in+Russia+By+Mikhail+Stoliarov&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30153-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6Gt3FE5YHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakwa_1999-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakwa_1999_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa1999" class="citation book cs1">Sakwa, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991: 1917–1991</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw/page/140">140</a>–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-415-12290-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-415-12290-0"><bdi>978-0-415-12290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1917%E2%80%931991%3A+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=140-143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12290-0&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofsoviet0000sakw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Simon2005" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC"><i>Russian Republics</i></a>. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-58340-606-9" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-58340-606-9"><bdi>978-1-58340-606-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041101/http://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC&dq">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 12 Mayo 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">20 Hunyo</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Republics&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-606-9&rft.au=Adams%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyqIDCc-cSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldbrugge_1993-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldbrugge_1993_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFFeldbrugge,_Ferdinand_Joseph_Maria1993" class="citation book cs1">Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C"><i>Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (hindi pa naisusulat)">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-7923-2358-7" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-7923-2358-7"><bdi>978-0-7923-2358-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041218/http://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 12 Mayo 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">20 Hunyo</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Law%3A+The+Rnd+of+the+Soviet+system+and+the+Role+of+Law&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2358-7&rft.au=Feldbrugge%2C+Ferdinand+Joseph+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWt7MN3Dch8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-White_2012_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_White_(atrocitologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew White (atrocitologist) (hindi pa naisusulat)">White, Matthew</a> (2012). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Big Book of Horrible Things (hindi pa naisusulat)"><i>The Great Big Book of Horrible Things</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._W._Norton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. W. Norton (hindi pa naisusulat)">W. W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Big+Book+of+Horrible+Things&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AUnyong+Sobyetiko" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear: both; width: 94%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none; margin: auto" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background: #0066ff; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF" class="NavHead"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 1pt"><b><a href="/wiki/Mga_Republika_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Republika ng Unyong Sobyet"><font color="#FFFFFF">Mga Republika ng Unyong Sobyet</font></a></b></span> </div> <div class="NavContent"> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#0066ff"> <th style="width: 5%"><center><span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 1pt"><b><a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet"><font color="#FFFFFF">Unyong Sobyet</font></a></b></span></center> </th> <th style="width: 5%"><center><span style="font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 1pt"><b><a href="/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa"><font color="#FFFFFF">Silangang Europa</font></a></b></span></center> </th> <th style="width: 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1843287">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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Republika ng Unyong Sobyet"><span title="Tingnan ang padron">tingnan</span></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Mga_Republika_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Mga Republika ng Unyong Sobyet (hindi pa naisusulat)"><span title="Pag-usapan ang padron">usapan</span></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Mga_Republika_ng_Unyong_Sobyet&action=edit"><span title="Baguhin ang padron">baguhin</span></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1949%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Tajikistan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1973%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931988).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_SSR_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>1921-1931</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>1922-1936</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931956).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>1940-1956</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silangang_Harang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Eastern_Bloc" title="Padron:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Eastern_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Eastern Bloc (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Eastern_Bloc&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silangang_Harang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silangang_Harang" class="mw-redirect" title="Silangang Harang">Silangang Harang</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet">Unyong Sobyet</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">Komunismo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paglipat sa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Socialist_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Socialist Republics (hindi pa naisusulat)">SSRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territories_ceded_by_Finland_to_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eastern Finland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaip%C4%97da_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaipėda Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Memel</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Prussia (hindi pa naisusulat)">East Prussia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Belarus (hindi pa naisusulat)">West Belarus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Ukraine,_1939%E2%80%931940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Western Ukraine</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EasternBlocAfter.png/120px-EasternBlocAfter.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EasternBlocAfter.png/180px-EasternBlocAfter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EasternBlocAfter.png/240px-EasternBlocAfter.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="734" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estadong Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Hungary (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Hungary</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Poland (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Poland</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Romania (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanian People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Albania</a> (to 1961) <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_People%27s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (to 1948)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inililipat sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Socialist_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Socialist Republics (hindi pa naisusulat)">SSRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kasamang Organisasyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cominform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cominform (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cominform</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comecon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comecon (hindi pa naisusulat)">COMECON</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_ng_Varsovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunduan ng Varsovia">Kasunduan ng Varsovia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Federation of Trade Unions (hindi pa naisusulat)">WFTU</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth (hindi pa naisusulat)">WFDY</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pag-aalsa at Oposisyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany (hindi pa naisusulat)">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań 1956 protests (hindi pa naisusulat)">Poznań 1956 protests</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tagsibol_ng_Praga" title="Tagsibol ng Praga">Tagsibol ng Praga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidarity (hindi pa naisusulat)">Solidarity</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_Crisis_of_1980-1981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish Crisis of 1980-1981 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Soviet reaction</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martial law in Poland (hindi pa naisusulat)">Martial law</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pangyayari noong Digmaang Malamig</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Plan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Marshall Plan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pagbangkulong_ng_Berlin" title="Pagbangkulong ng Berlin">Pagbangkulong ng Berlin</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tito–Stalin split (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tito–Stalin split</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pader_ng_Berlin" title="Pader ng Berlin">Krisis ng Pader ng Berlin noong 1961</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kondisyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc_politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bloc politics (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eastern Bloc politics</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc_economies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bloc economies (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eastern Bloc economies</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc (hindi pa naisusulat)">Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Eastern_Bloc_defectors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Eastern Bloc defectors (hindi pa naisusulat)">List of Eastern Bloc defectors</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pagbaksak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fall of the Berlin Wall </a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singing Revolution (hindi pa naisusulat)">Singing Revolution</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Events&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January Events (hindi pa naisusulat)">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1991_events_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1991 events in Latvia (hindi pa naisusulat)">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1924931"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pagsakop_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Soviet_occupations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Soviet occupations (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Soviet_occupations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Soviet occupations (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Soviet_occupations&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pagsakop_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pagsakop ng <a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet">Unyong Sobyet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied-administered_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied-administered Austria (hindi pa naisusulat)">Austria</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholm (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bornholm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of the Baltic states (hindi pa naisusulat)">Baltic states</a></i> <small>(kasama ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Latvia</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_(1968)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Czechoslovakia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Democratic Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Finland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation zone (hindi pa naisusulat)">Germany</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hungary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_East_Poland_by_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of East Poland by Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)">Poland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_of_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation of Romania (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romania</a> </span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet hammer-and-sickle symbol"><img alt="Soviet hammer-and-sickle symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asya" title="Asya">Asya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Sobyet_sa_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Sobyet sa Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijan People's Government (hindi pa naisusulat)">Northern Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ang <i>Italics</i> ay naglalaman ng bansang sinakop ng <a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet">Unyong Sobyet</a> nang kasali pa ito sa Allies noong <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1924931"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Mga_Republikang_may_Awtonomiya_sa_Unyong_Sobyet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Mga_Republikang_may_Awtonomiya_sa_Unyong_Sobyet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>  Mga Republikang may Awtonomiya sa <a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet">Unyong Sobyet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unyong Sobyet">Unyong Sobyet</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> (1930–1992) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Adjar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Adjar ASSR</a> (1921–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Bashkir ASSR</a> (1919–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryat ASSR</a> (1923–1990; <i>Buryat–Mongol ASSR</i> up to 1958) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chechen-Ingush ASSR</a> (1936–1944; 1957–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chuvash ASSR</a> (1925–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean ASSR</a> (1921–1945; 1991–1992) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Dagestan ASSR</a> (1921–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Gorno-Altai ASSR</a> (1990–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kabardin_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardin ASSR</a> (1944–1957) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardino-Balkar ASSR</a> (1936–1944; 1957–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kalmyk ASSR</a> (1935–1943; 1958–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karachay-Cherkess ASSR</a> (1990–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karakalpak ASSR</a> (1932–1992) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelian ASSR</a> (1923–1940; 1956–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a> (1925–1936) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Komi_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Komi ASSR</a> (1936–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz ASSR</a> (1920–1925) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mari ASSR</a> (1936–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a> (1924–1940) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mordovian ASSR</a> (1934–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mountain ASSR</a> (1920–1924) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Nakhchivan ASSR</a> (1924–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">North Ossetian ASSR</a> (1936–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik ASSR</a> (1924–1929) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a> (1920–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan ASSR</a> (1918–1924) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tuva ASSR</a> (1961–1990) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Udmurt ASSR</a> (1934–1991) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Volga German ASSR</a> (1918–1941) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Yakut ASSR</a> (1922–1990)</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1924931"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Autonomous_oblasts_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Padron:Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Autonomous_oblasts_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>  Autonomous oblasts ng Unyong Sobyet</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Autonomous Oblast">Adyghe AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast">Gorno-Altai AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast">Gorno-Badakhshan AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Khakas_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas Autonomous Oblast">Khakas AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">South Ossetian AO</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvan Autonomous Oblast">Tuvan AO</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:black;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Socialism_by_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Socialism by state (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron" style=";;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Socialism_by_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Socialism by state (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron" style=";;border:none;">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Socialism_by_state&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron" style=";;border:none;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sosyalismo" title="Sosyalismo">Sosyalismo</a> sa bawat <a href="/wiki/Bansa" title="Bansa">Bansa</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Navbox" title="Padron:Navbox"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Navbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Navbox (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kasaysayan_at_Bariato" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kasaysayan at Bariato</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of socialism (hindi pa naisusulat)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the socialist movement in Brazil (hindi pa naisusulat)">Brazil</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_and_social_democracy_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism and social democracy in Canada (hindi pa naisusulat)">Canada</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Left_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Left in France (hindi pa naisusulat)">France</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in India (hindi pa naisusulat)">India</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of socialism in Great Britain (hindi pa naisusulat)">Great Britain</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in the Netherlands (hindi pa naisusulat)">Netherlands</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in New Zealand (hindi pa naisusulat)">New Zealand</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_movement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist movement in the United States (hindi pa naisusulat)">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African socialism (hindi pa naisusulat)">African</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab socialism (hindi pa naisusulat)">Arab</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Zionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Zionism (hindi pa naisusulat)">Labor Zionism</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanesian_socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melanesian socialism (hindi pa naisusulat)">Melanesian</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics (hindi pa naisusulat)">with Chinese characteristics</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_One_Country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism in One Country (hindi pa naisusulat)">in One Country</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Navbox" title="Padron:Navbox"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Navbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Navbox (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estadong_Komunismo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estadong_Komunismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadong Komunismo">Estadong Komunismo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Angola (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Angola</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Benin (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Benin</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of the Congo (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Mozambique (hindi pa naisusulat)">People's Republic of Mozambique</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Democratic Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Somali Democratic Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azerbaijan People's Government (hindi pa naisusulat)">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Kampuchea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Kampuchea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea (hindi pa 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Romania (hindi pa naisusulat)">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sosyalistang_Pederal_na_Republika_ng_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosyalistang Pederal na Republika ng Yugoslavia">Sosyalistang Pederal na Republika ng Yugoslavia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" 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