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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Not_specifically_Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_specifically_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Not specifically Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_specifically_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clearly_purposive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clearly_purposive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Clearly purposive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clearly_purposive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concealed_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concealed_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Concealed Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concealed_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christ_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Christ figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Baptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Resurrection</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redemptive_suffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redemptive_suffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Redemptive suffering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redemptive_suffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Moral conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The Eucharist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Christian_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Christian_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The Christian year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Christian_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Angels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Virgin_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Virgin_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The Virgin Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Virgin_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Providence,_predestination,_and_free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Providence,_predestination,_and_free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Providence, predestination, and free will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Providence,_predestination,_and_free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fall of man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_nature_of_evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nature_of_evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>The nature of evil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nature_of_evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hidden Christianity in the fictional works of J. R. R. Tolkien</div> <p> Christianity is a central <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">theme in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional works</a> about <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, but the specifics are always kept hidden. This allows for the books' meaning to be personally interpreted by the reader, instead of the author detailing a strict, set meaning. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was a devout <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> from boyhood, and he described <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> in particular as a "fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he insisted it was not an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, it contains numerous themes from <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>. These include the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, and the activity of grace. A central theme is <a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">death and immortality</a>, with light as a symbol of divine creation, but Tolkien's attitudes as to mercy and pity, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a>, self-sacrifice, <a href="/wiki/Free_will_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free will (theology)">free will</a>, justice, fellowship, authority and healing can also be detected. <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Divine providence</a> appears indirectly as the will of the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a>, godlike immortals, expressed subtly enough to avoid compromising people's free will. <i>The Silmarillion</i> embodies a detailed narrative of the splintering of the original created light, and of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a> in the shape of several incidents including the <a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a> (The Downfall of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>). </p><p>There is no single <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>-figure comparable to <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan">Aslan</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnia">Narnia</a> books, but the characters of <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> exemplify the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">threefold office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priestly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kingly</a> aspects of Christ respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context:_Tolkien's_Catholicism"><span id="Context:_Tolkien.27s_Catholicism"></span>Context: Tolkien's Catholicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context: Tolkien's Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was a devout <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, although his family had once been <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>. He described <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> as rich in Christian symbolism, as he explained in a letter to his close friend and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest, Robert Murray:<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision. That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Curry (author)">Patrick Curry</a> writes that Tolkien's statement however elides the <a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">paganism that pervades the work</a>; it may be <i>fundamentally</i> Christian, but on other levels it is another matter, with its pagan <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and many other features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Middle-earth is both Christian and pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> comments that "having made the times pre-Christian, [Tolkien] has freed himself from the need to deal with them in a Christian context, which would be awkward if applied to elves, ents, dwarves, and the rest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many theological themes underlie the narrative, including the battle of good versus evil, the triumph of humility over pride, and the activity of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, as seen with <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a>'s pity toward <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a>. The work <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings#Christianity" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">includes the themes</a> of death and immortality, mercy and pity, resurrection, salvation, repentance, self-sacrifice, free will, justice, fellowship, authority and healing. Tolkien mentions the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, especially the line "And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil" in connection with Frodo's struggles against the power of the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#181_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien said "Of course God is in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. The period was pre-Christian, but it was a monotheistic world", and when questioned who was the One God of Middle-earth, Tolkien replied "The one, of course! The book is about the world that God created – the actual world of this planet."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible and traditional Christian narrative also influenced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>. The conflict between <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Eru Ilúvatar</a> parallels that between Satan and God.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, <i>The Silmarillion</i> tells of the creation and fall of the Elves, as <i>Genesis</i> tells of the creation and fall of Man.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all of Tolkien's works, <i>The Silmarillion</i> allows room for later Christian history, and one version of Tolkien's drafts even has <a href="/wiki/Finrod_Felagund" class="mw-redirect" title="Finrod Felagund">Finrod</a>, a character in <i>The Silmarillion</i>, speculating on the necessity of Eru Ilúvatar's eventual <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> to save Mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specifically Christian influence is the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, which influenced the <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>, the Kinslaying at Alqualondë, and the fall of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_131_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_131-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators including some Christians have taken a wide range of positions on the role of Christianity in Tolkien's fiction, especially in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. They note that it contains representations of Christ and angels in characters such as the wizards, the resurrection, the motifs of light, hope, and redemptive suffering, the apparent invisibility of Christianity in the novel, and not least the nature of <a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">evil</a>, an ancient debate in Christian philosophy, that has led to lengthy scholarly argument about Tolkien's position in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerry201117–50_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerry201117–50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentators disagree in particular on whether <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> is a Christian work, despite Tolkien's statement that it is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2003165_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2003165-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_specifically_Christian">Not specifically Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Not specifically Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine Madsen writes that she found herself drawn to faith by the novel, "yet not particularly to the Christian faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes that Tolkien wrote that "Myth and fairy-story, as all art, reflect and contain in solution elements of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit[ly]".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that Tolkien clearly "did not intend his work to argue or illustrate or promulgate Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her view, Tolkien uses "Christian magic", not doctrine; she notes that Tolkien wrote that Middle-earth was "a monotheistic world of 'natural theology'".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">natural religion</a>" of the book is, she argues, based on matters such as the Elves and their longing for the sea, creating a "religious feeling ... curiously compatible with a secular cosmology".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A world of religion without revelation, she writes, is necessarily ambiguous, and any triumph over evil also diminishes the good, so the world inevitably fades. Hence, what <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> offers is not a supernatural hope, but what Tolkien called "recovery", the reawakening of the senses, an unmediated attention to the present, as when Sam looks up into the night sky in <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>, and is struck by the beauty of a star. To Madsen, this is "the most compelling thing about the book, and also the least Christian ... available to anyone of any persuasion, and not contingent upon belief."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen200435–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clearly_purposive">Clearly purposive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clearly purposive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> notes that Tolkien stated in the foreword to the second edition of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> that<sup id="cite_ref-Foreword_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreword-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it is neither <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> nor topical ... I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations ... I much prefer history, true or feigned, with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreword_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreword-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Despite this, writes Shippey, Tolkien certainly did sometimes write allegories, giving the example of <i><a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200549_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey200549-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is certainly meant to be some relationship between his fiction and fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005191–197_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005191–197-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes, too, that Tolkien deliberately "approach[ed] to the edge of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> reference"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by placing the destruction of the Ring and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> on 25 March, the traditional Anglo-Saxon date of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of Christ">crucifixion of Christ</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">annunciation</a>, and of the last day of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation">Genesis creation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators have noted further echoes of Christian themes, including the presence of Christ figures,<sup id="cite_ref-Kreeft_2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreeft_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the resurrection,<sup id="cite_ref-Dickerson_2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson_2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hope,<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur_2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur_2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and redemptive suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-Olar_2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olar_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul Kocher</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Middle-earth">Master of Middle-earth</a></i>, writes that "having made the times pre-Christian, [Tolkien] has freed himself from the need to deal with them in a Christian context, which would be awkward if applied to elves, ents, dwarves, and the rest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher197477–78_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher197477–78-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Kocher notes that <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a> ascribes purpose to events including the summoning of the Free Peoples to <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Elrond" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Elrond">his council</a>; Elrond uses the words "purpose", "called", "ordered", and "believe", implying "some living will".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher197441_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher197441-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, he comments, <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> firmly tells <a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a>, the despairing <a href="/wiki/Steward_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward of Gondor">Steward of Gondor</a>, that suicide is forbidden and indeed is "<a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher197450_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher197450-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concealed_Christianity">Concealed Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concealed Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/330px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/495px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/660px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption> Concealed Christianity in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar of theology and literature <a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a>, in his 2003 book <i>The Gospel According to Tolkien</i>, concludes "Christians are called to be hobbit-like servants of the King and his Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a> are first in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Iluvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iluvatar">Iluvatar</a> because they are willing to be last and least among those who 'move the wheels of the world'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2003165_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2003165-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood notes, too, that the elves' <i><a href="/wiki/Lembas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembas">lembas</a></i> waybread is "reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharistic</a> wafer: its airy lightness gives strength in direct disproportion to its weight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood20033–4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20033–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat Pinsent, in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i>, states that "his own devout adherence to Catholicism is in fact reflected throughout his writing, to the extent that ... his faith was the driving force behind his literary endeavors".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal priest">Episcopal priest</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a>, in her 2004 book <i>The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>The Lord of the Rings<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, writes that Tolkien had constructed his book both as an exciting surface narrative, and as a deep theological narrative. She cites his statement that "I am a Christian (which can be deduced from my stories)."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her view, Tolkien very rarely allows the hints and suggestions of divine intervention to break the surface, but that the cumulative effect of his "veiled substructure" can have a powerful effect on the reader. She writes that Tolkien was providing "a rare glimpse of what human freedom within God's Divine Plan really means."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes that while Tolkien had said <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> was fundamentally religious, Middle-earth appears "a curiously nonreligious world". Her view is that this was entirely deliberate, as Tolkien wanted to avoid any hint of <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, worship of the natural world; and while Arda is, as Tolkien wrote, "my own mother-earth", the action is set long before the Christian era; she points out that he wrote in a letter that<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are in a time when the One God, Eru, is known to exist by the Wise, but is not approachable save by or through the Valar, though he is still remembered in (unspoken) prayer by those of Númenórean descent."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a> writes that Tolkien's fantasy "has no explicit Christianity", unlike the medieval <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legends">Arthurian legends</a> "with their miracles, pious hermits, heavy-handed symbolism, and allegorical preachiness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's Middle-earth, "greatly to his credit", avoided <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">preachiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the subject of making Christianity explicit in fantasy, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For reasons which I will not elaborate, that seems to me fatal. Myth and fairy-story must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution elements of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary "real" world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Flieger comments that the word "fatal" is to be taken literally: an explicit Christian message "would have killed the work", draining the life from the <a href="/wiki/Sub-creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-creation">secondary world</a>, and that Tolkien had indeed written in a letter:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200536–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christ">Christ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG/180px-5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG/270px-5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG/360px-5_Simon_of_Cyrene_carries_the_cross._Church_of_St._John_Nepomucen_in_Brenna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="3195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frodo">Frodo</a> has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a>, who carried Frodo on the way to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, who carried Christ's cross to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_2007_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce_2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church of St. John Nepomucen, <a href="/wiki/Brenna,_Poland" title="Brenna, Poland">Brenna</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ_figures">Christ figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christ figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a>'s analysis of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>-figures in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kreeft_2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreeft_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>-like attribute</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial">Sacrificial</a> death </td> <td>Dies in <a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Moria</a> </td> <td>Symbolically dies under <a href="/wiki/Morgul-blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgul-blade">Morgul-knife</a> </td> <td>Takes <a href="/wiki/Paths_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Paths of the Dead">Paths of the Dead</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> </td> <td>Reborn as Gandalf the White<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Healed by <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Reappears in <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Saviour</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">All three help to save <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">Threefold</a> <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messianic</a> symbolism </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a>, like Tolkien a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, observes that there is no one complete, concrete, visible <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> figure in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> comparable to <a href="/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan">Aslan</a> in <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis's</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicles of Narnia">Chronicles of Narnia</a> series. However, Kreeft and Jean Chausse have identified reflections of the figure of Jesus Christ in three <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a> of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>: Gandalf, Frodo and Aragorn. While Chausse found "facets of the personality of Jesus" in them, Kreeft wrote that "they exemplify the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">threefold</a> Messianic symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> (Gandalf), <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> (Frodo), and <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> (Aragorn)".<sup id="cite_ref-Kreeft_2005_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreeft_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerry201132–34_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerry201132–34-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, the rite which welcomes Christians into the new life of the Church by immersing them in water, symbolically drowning their old life, has been identified in aspects of the story in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. One is the water of the fountain called the Mirror of Galadriel. Rutledge suggests that if this does symbolise baptism, then the fountain's water should protect against Sauron's evil will "to penetrate the defences even of the wise", such as Galadriel's guarding of her Elf-realm of <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a>. She notes that some of the water is held in the <a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a>, which protects Frodo and Sam on their way into Mordor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004131_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004131-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very different symbol is the dark underground Dwarf-realm of <a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Moria</a>. Here, the nine members of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Ring (characters)">Fellowship of the Ring</a> enter, are submerged, and re-emerge on the other side of the mountains, symbolically having gone through death and been reborn; one of them, Gandalf, actually dies there, though he too is reborn.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickerson_2007_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson_2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keenan_2000_3–5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keenan_2000_3–5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing">Healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aragorn is acclaimed as King of Gondor by his own people, following their old proverb that the hands of a King are the hands of a healer. He goes about after the battle, using the healing herb <i>Athelas</i> or "Kingsfoil" to revive those stricken by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Breath">Black Breath</a>, the evil of the Nazgûl. Rutledge comments on the echoes of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman at the well</a>, who tells her people to come and see the miraculous man who spoke to her: "Come, see a man who told me all that I ever did. Can this be the Christ?", and about Aragorn's laying his hand on Merry's head and calling him by name, recalling Christ's raising up of <a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Jairus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter of Jairus">Jairus's daughter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004306–312_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004306–312-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection">Resurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg/220px-Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg/330px-Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg/440px-Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon_and_Dry_Tree_Rouen_1444.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The lifeless <a href="/wiki/White_Tree_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="White Tree of Gondor">White Tree of Gondor</a> has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tree" title="Dry Tree">Dry Tree</a> of medieval legend, a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> and new life.<sup id="cite_ref-Garth_2020_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth_2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval manuscript illustration of the Dry Tree (centre) with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a>, flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees of Sun and Moon">Trees of the Sun and the Moon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> 1444-1445<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_2020_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library_2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Several commentators have seen Gandalf's passage through the Mines of Moria, dying to save his companions and returning as "Gandalf the White", as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickerson_2007_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson_2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olar_2002_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olar_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keenan_2000_3–5_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keenan_2000_3–5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> who carried his cross for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> of mankind, Frodo carried a burden of evil on behalf of the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frodo walks his "<a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a>, just like Jesus who made his way to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Frodo approaches the Cracks of Doom, the Ring becomes a crushing weight, just as the cross was for Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam Gamgee</a>, Frodo's servant, who carries Frodo up to Mount Doom, parallels <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, who helps Jesus by carrying his cross to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_2007_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce_2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frodo accomplishes his mission, like Christ, he says "it is done".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as Christ ascends to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, Frodo's life in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> comes to an end when he departs to the <a href="/wiki/Undying_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Undying Lands">Undying Lands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another symbol of resurrection is the <a href="/wiki/White_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="White Tree">White Tree</a>, the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>. It stood dry and lifeless in the Court of the Fountain at the top of the city of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a> throughout the centuries that Gondor was ruled by the Stewards; Aragorn brought a sapling of the White Tree into the city on his return as King.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccaro_2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccaro_2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Tree has been likened to the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tree" title="Dry Tree">Dry Tree</a> of the 14th century <i><a href="/wiki/Travels_of_Sir_John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Travels of Sir John Mandeville">Travels of Sir John Mandeville</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gusick2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gusick2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garth_2020_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth_2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale runs that the Dry Tree has been lifeless since the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of Christ">crucifixion of Christ</a>, but that it will flower afresh when "a prince of the west side of the world should sing a mass beneath it",<sup id="cite_ref-Garth_2020_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth_2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the apples of the trees allow people to live for 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_2020_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library_2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfiguration">Transfiguration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transfiguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dramatic<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> event in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> is the reappearance of Gandalf, or as the Elf Legolas names him in a joyous shout of recognition, "Mithrandir!" Tolkien scholars and theologians have called this a <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)" title="Transfiguration (religion)">transfiguration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENitzsche198042_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENitzsche198042-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutledge considers the Biblical echoes are unmistakable, likening the event to the Transfiguration of Christ on the mountaintop. Among the parallels are the fact that Gandalf stands above the companions, and his robes and hair are "gleaming white". She notes that the return of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, his face shining too bright to look at with the reflected light of God, could be a closer parallel, as Aragorn comments that his sight had been "veiled".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two other events in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> have been called transfigurations. One is the change in the seemingly-crippled King <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a> of Rohan, when Gandalf visits his hall, Edoras, and lifts him out of the control of the traitor <a href="/wiki/Wormtongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a>, who has been controlling Rohan on behalf of the Wizard <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>. Gandalf gets the King to straighten up, stand, and walk outside his hall, and to grasp his own sword. Gandalf "announces 'The Lord of the Mark comes forth!' and the king's entire aspect is transformed as he straightens his back to meet Gandalf's description".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004167–168_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004167–168-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other is Aragorn's splendour at his coronation, with the "stately procession of the Knights of the West" into the victorious city of Minas Tirith, the liveries:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>green with a white horse for Rohan, blue with a silver swan for Dol Amroth, and black or grey with silver for Gondor. At the head of them all is Aragorn, transfigured, leading the Grey Company of the Dúnedain; but Éomer King of Rohan is with him, and Prince Imrahil, and Gandalf in pure white<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_life">Christian life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hope">Hope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The motif of hope is illustrated in Aragorn's successful handling of Saruman's seeing-stone or <a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">palantír</a>. Aragorn is given the very name of "Hope" (<a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> "Estel"), by which he is still affectionately called by his queen, Arwen, who at the hour of his death cries out "Estel, Estel!". Only Aragorn, as the heir of Isildur, can rightfully use the palantír, while Saruman and Denethor, who have both also made extensive use of palantírs, have fallen into despair or presumption. These latter traits have been identified as the two distinct sins "against the virtue of Hope".<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur_2004_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur_2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redemptive_suffering">Redemptive suffering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Redemptive suffering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Christian theme of the <a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">redemptive and penitential nature of suffering</a> is apparent in the dreadful ordeal of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a> and Frodo in Mordor.<sup id="cite_ref-Olar_2002_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olar_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic author <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a> calls Frodo "a very 'Christian' type of hero. ... He allows himself to be humiliated and crucified."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldecott2012ch_3:_"A_Very_Great_Story"_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldecott2012ch_3:_"A_Very_Great_Story"-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a different way, <a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a> atones for his assault on Frodo by single-handedly but vainly defending Merry and Pippin from orcs,<sup id="cite_ref-Olar_2002_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olar_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which illustrates another significant Christian theme: <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a> and the importance of good intention, especially at the point of death. This is clear from Gandalf's statement:<sup id="cite_ref-Olar_2002_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olar_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "But he [Boromir] escaped in the end.... It was not in vain that the young hobbits came with us, if only for Boromir's sake."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Moral_conflict"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_conflict">Moral conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Moral conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gollum#Moral_conflict" title="Gollum">Gollum § Moral conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Tolkien's moral dilemma</a></div> <p>Rosebury writes that <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> is saved from simple moralising or <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> by the presence of realistically complicated moral conflict within the characters: the "good" characters are challenged by temptations, while the "evil" characters all have good sides, were once good, or hesitate over evil actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosebury_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Rosebury's analysis of moral conflict in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> characters<sup id="cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosebury_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Character</th> <th>Morality</th> <th>Nature</th> <th>Moral ambiguity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></td> <td>Evil</td> <td>Fallen angel (<a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maia</a>)<br />Pride, desire for power</td> <td>"Nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so." – Elrond </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></td> <td>Evil</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a> corrupted by <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">the Ring</a></td> <td>"An old starved pitiable thing"<br />wavers over betraying Frodo and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></td> <td>Evil</td> <td>Fallen <a href="/wiki/Wizards_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizards (Middle-earth)">Wizard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maia</a>)<br />Pride, desire for power</td> <td>"was great once, of a noble kind that we should not dare to raise our hands against" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frodo">Frodo</a></td> <td>Good</td> <td>"best hobbit in <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>"<br />Nearly pacifist in<br />"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>" (at end)</td> <td>Says <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a> should have killed Gollum (at start)<br />Corrupted by Ring, claims it in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></td> <td>Evil <b>→</b> Good</td> <td>Well-intentioned;<br />covets Ring as weapon;<br />tries to steal it from Frodo</td> <td>Repents and sacrifices his life trying to save the hobbits <a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></td> <td>Evil <b>→</b> Good</td> <td>Corrupted into inaction by <a href="/wiki/Wormtongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></td> <td>Revived by <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>, takes wise and bold action, dies hero's death <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">in battle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rutledge writes that moral conflict, as seen in the struggle within Gollum, is central both to the narrative and to the "underlying theological drama".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge200457–59_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge200457–59-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far from being a battle of good people against evil monsters, she writes, the evil is within each individual, citing Saint Paul's comment in Romans 3:9–10 that "none is righteous, no, not one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge200457–59_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge200457–59-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer">Prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/440px-Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/660px-Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/880px-Valinor_and_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>In a scene in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> when the <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a> are travelling through <a href="/wiki/Ithilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithilien">Ithilien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a> explains to the <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> that before eating, he and his men look West from <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> to the lost island kingdom of their ancestors, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> (Elvenhome) which still exists, but is removed from <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> (the planet), and "that which is beyond Elvenhome".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien rarely<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> breaks his rule to avoid explicit religion of any kind, but when Frodo and Sam have dinner with Faramir in his hidden fastness of <a href="/wiki/Henneth_Ann%C3%BBn" class="mw-redirect" title="Henneth Annûn">Henneth Annûn</a>, all the Men turn towards the west in a brief silence. Faramir explains that<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We look towards <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> that was, and beyond to <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Elvenhome</a> that is, and to that which is beyond Elvenhome and will ever be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rutledge notes the parallel of this action, that she calls a sort of <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Gloria Patri</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>She comments that while the mention of Númenor could be a romantic nostalgia, there is also an echo of the Christian identity exiled from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, and always seeking its true home. The mention of what is beyond Elvenhome, she writes, "invokes the transcendent dimension", and is an "austere acknowledgement" of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004216–217-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Eucharist">The Eucharist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Eucharist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolkien wrote of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> that it was "the one great thing to love on earth"<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_43_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_43-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, he advised his son Michael, "you will find romance, glory, honour, fidelity, and the true way of all your loves upon earth".<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_43_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_43-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described it as a divine paradox, meaning death but also eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_43_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_43-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien alluded to a religious significance of the <a href="/wiki/Lembas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembas">lembas</a> waybread in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in a letter to Forrest J. Ackerman in 1958:<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_210_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the book lembas has two functions. It is a 'machine' or device for making credible the long marches with little provision, in a world in which as I have said "miles are miles". But that is relatively unimportant. It also has a much larger significance, of what one might hesitatingly call a "religious" kind. This becomes later apparent, especially in the chapter "Mount Doom".<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_210_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Based on Tolkien's statements, Christian commentators have argued that a highly developed Eucharistic symbolism is carried by lembas and its history. This is elaborated further in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, noting that "waybread" can be seen as a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">viaticum</a></i>, the Eucharistic food for a journey.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birzer_2016_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birzer_2016-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fontenot_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontenot-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood20033–4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20033–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Silmarillion</i>, the lembas, for example, is given to the Elves to feed them during their Great Journey to the Undying Lands, recalling to Christian commentators God's gift of <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a> to the Israelites during their exodus to the Promised Land at Exodus 14.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maia_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (Middle-earth)">Maia</a> <a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a> makes a royal gift of lembas to Beleg, brother-in-arms of the mortal <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Man</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin</a>, to be his "help in the wild":<sup id="cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And she gave him store of <i>lembas</i>, the waybread of the Elves, wrapped in leaves of silver, and the threads that bound it were sealed at the knots with the seal of the Queen, a wafer of white wax shaped as a single flower of <a href="/wiki/Telperion" class="mw-redirect" title="Telperion">Telperion</a>; for according to the customs of the Eldalië the keeping and giving of <i>lembas</i> belonged to the Queen alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tolkien immediately emphasizes the special nature of this gift:<sup id="cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In nothing did Melian show greater favour to Túrin than in this gift; for the Eldar had never before allowed Men to use this waybread, and seldom did so again.<sup id="cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beleg uses the lembas, along with his Elvish power, to help heal Men of Túrin's company, and later also the Elf Gwindor, who had been enslaved by <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An event in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, the feast commemorated by the Eucharist. The Hobbit <a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a> has a sunlit morning meal with his friend <a href="/wiki/Beregond" class="mw-redirect" title="Beregond">Beregond</a>, a Guard of the Citadel, in Minas Tirith just before the coming of the long-expected storm as the forces of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Morgul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minas Morgul">Minas Morgul</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">assault the city</a>. Rutledge comments that this "creates a remarkable mood. One might even think of Jesus with his disciples at the Last Supper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004248–249_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004248–249-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, very soon all who cannot fight leave the city, it grows cold, and a Nazgûl flies ominously across the sun; Rutledge remarks on the biblical echoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004248–249_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004248–249-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Christian_year">The Christian year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Christian year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shippey notes that a pair of references to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian year">Christian year</a>, rarely picked up by readers, is that Tolkien chose dates of symbolic importance for the quest to destroy the Ring. It began in <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a> on 25 December, the date of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, and ended on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a> on 25 March, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> date for the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> (the modern date of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> being moveable, and thus not yielding any fixed calendar date).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_creation">The creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light">Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/170px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/255px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/340px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> bearing the white tree, Nimloth the fair, descendant of Telperion, one of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Trees">Two Trees</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> that once lit the world</figcaption></figure> <p>A theme that runs throughout <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> but is especially clear in <i>The Silmarillion</i> is of light. The scholar of mythology and medieval literature <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a> explains that Tolkien equates light with God and the <a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">ability to create</a>. She cites from Tolkien's poem <i><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia_(poem)" title="Mythopoeia (poem)">Mythopoeia</a></i> ("Creation of Myth"):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tree_and_Leaf_85-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>man, sub-creator, the refracted light<br /> through whom is splintered from a single White<br /> to many hues, and endlessly combined<br /> in living shapes that move from mind to mind.<br /> Though all the crannies of the world we filled<br /> with <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goblin_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblin (Middle-earth)">goblins</a>, though we dared to build<br /> gods and their houses out of dark and light,<br /> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">sow the seed of dragons</a>, 'twas our right<br /> (used or misused). The right has not decayed.<br /> We make still by the law in which we're made.<sup id="cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tree_and_Leaf_85-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Flieger writes that by this, Tolkien meant that an author's ability to create fantasy fiction, or in his terms "<a href="/wiki/Subcreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcreation">subcreation</a>", was derived from and could be seen as a small splinter of the Divine Light, the "single White" of the poem. Further, the whole of <i>The Silmarillion</i> can be seen as a working-out of this theme of Man splintering the original white light of creation "to many hues, and endlessly combined in living shapes" in the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">sundering of the Elves</a> into <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">light and dark elves</a>, men good and bad, and dragons and other monsters. This creative light, she states, was for Tolkien equated with the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Christian <i>Logos</i></a>, the Divine Word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Splintering of the Created Light, with repeated re-creations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age</th> <th>Blue/Silver light</th> <th>Golden light</th> <th>Jewels </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Lamps">Years of the Lamps</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuin">Illuin</a>, sky-blue lamp of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, atop tall pillar, Helcar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ormal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormal">Ormal</a>, high-gold lamp of Middle-earth, atop tall pillar, Ringil</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background: #dddddd;">ending when <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> destroys both Lamps </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Trees">Years of the Trees</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telperion" class="mw-redirect" title="Telperion">Telperion</a>, silver tree, lighting <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurelin">Laurelin</a>, golden tree, lighting Valinor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> crafts 3 <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a> with light of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background: #dddddd;">ending when Melkor strikes the Two Trees, and <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a> kills them </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a></td> <td>Last flower becomes the Moon, carried in male spirit Tilion's ship.</td> <td>Last fruit becomes the Sun, carried in female spirit Arien's ship.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanna">Yavanna</a> makes Galathilion, a tree like Telperion, except that it does not shine, for the <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">Elves</a>' city of Tirion in Valinor.</td> <td></td> <td>There is war over the Silmarils. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Galathilion has many seedlings, including Celeborn on <a href="/wiki/Tol_Eress%C3%ABa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tol Eressëa">Tol Eressëa</a></td> <td></td> <td>One Silmaril is buried in the Earth, one is lost in the Sea, one sails in the Sky as <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a>'s Star. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Second_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Age">Second Age</a></td> <td>Celeborn has seedling Nimloth, the White Tree of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>.</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Númenor is drowned. <a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a> brings one fruit of Nimloth to <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a></td> <td>A White Tree grows in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a> while a King rules <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>.</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a> collects light of <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a>'s Star reflected in her fountain mirror. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The tree stands dead while Stewards rule.</td> <td></td> <td>A little of that light is captured in the <a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The new King <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> brings a White Sapling into the city.</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam Gamgee</a> use the Phial to defeat the giant spider <a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The light begins in <i>The Silmarillion</i> as a unity, and in accordance with the splintering of creation is divided into more and more fragments as the myth progresses. Middle-earth is peopled by the angelic <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> and lit by two great lamps; when these are destroyed by the fallen Vala <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a>, the world is fragmented, and the Valar retreat to <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>, which is lit by <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="The Two Trees">The Two Trees</a>. When these too are destroyed, their last fragment of light is made into the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a>, and a sapling too is rescued, leading to the White Tree of <a href="/wiki/Numenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Numenor">Numenor</a>, the living symbol of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>. Wars are fought over the Silmarils, and they are lost to the Earth, the Sea, and the Sky, the last of these, carried by <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a> the Mariner, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Morning Star</a>. Some of the star's light is captured in <a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a>'s Mirror, the magic fountain that allows her to see past, present, and future; and some of that light is, finally, trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a>, her parting gift to Frodo, the counterbalance to Sauron's evil and powerful Ring that he also carries. At each stage, the fragmentation increases and the power decreases. Thus the theme of light as Divine power, fragmented and refracted through the works of created beings, is central to the whole mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angels">Angels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Angels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The place of <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Christianity's angels</a> is taken by the immortal <a href="/wiki/Ainur_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainur (Middle-earth)">Ainur</a>, who are divided into two orders of beings, the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a>. The powerful Valar behave much like the pagan gods of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. Flieger calls their role in Middle-earth "eccentric" from a Christian point of view: they are lower than the One God, certainly, but unlike angels they are sub-creators, each with their own realm. So, for instance, Manwë is King of Arda (the Earth), Ulmo is Lord of Waters, Mandos Judge of the Dead, and they were married. This positions them, as Tolkien stated, as <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurges</a>, godlike figures in the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> scheme of things with the ability to shape the material world. As with the splintering of light, Flieger writes, the choice of the name "demiurge" implies subdivision, its original meaning including "to do <i>by</i> dividing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198353–55_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198353–55-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Maiar, a lesser order than the Valar, were sent by the Valar into Middle-earth in mortal bodies to influence, but not to direct, events there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198353–55_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198353–55-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group of Maiar were called <a href="/wiki/Wizards_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizards (Middle-earth)">Wizards</a> or Istari, of whom Gandalf is the best known to readers. Tolkien stated that they fitted the original Greek description <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος</span></span> (<i>Angelos</i>) meaning messenger.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#156_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#156-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drout_2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drout_2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Virgin_Mary">The Virgin Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Virgin Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg/220px-Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg/330px-Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg/440px-Lothlorien_by_Tessa_Boronski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>The white Elf-lady <a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a> has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2003123–125_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2003123–125-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galadriel at her mirror, by Tessa Boronski, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Two figures in Middle-earth have reminded commentators of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>: the Vala Varda, called by the Elves <a href="/wiki/Elbereth" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbereth">Elbereth</a>, and the Elf-lady <a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a>. Wood writes that Sam's invocation of Galadriel's name, however unintentional, caused his Elven-rope to release itself from the knot that fastened it, after letting the Hobbits descend a cliff, quoting Sam's explanation "I think the rope came off itself—when I called".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2003123–125_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2003123–125-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutledge notes that Frodo, facing the deadly attack of the "pale King", the Nazgûl on <a href="/wiki/Weathertop" class="mw-redirect" title="Weathertop">Weathertop</a>, cries out <i>O Elbereth! Gilthoniel!</i>, apparently causing Aragorn to arrive just in time: Frodo is dangerously wounded but not killed. Rutledge comments that while there is no direct correspondence between any <i>Lord of the Rings</i> character and any biblical figure, Elbereth does resemble the Virgin Mary in one sense, in that she can grant favours and come to the help of people in need.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge200484_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge200484-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, she writes that Sam makes the invocation <i>Elbereth Gilthoniel!</i> as he faces off with <a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a> in the darkness of her lair, holding aloft the <a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a>, which blazes with (in Tolkien's words) an "intolerable light" as if "'his indomitable spirit' had activated it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004235–236_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004235–236-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Providence"></span><span class="anchor" id="Predestination"></span><span class="anchor" id="Free_will"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Providence,_predestination,_and_free_will"><span id="Providence.2C_predestination.2C_and_free_will"></span>Providence, predestination, and free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Providence, predestination, and free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)#Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Vala (Middle-earth) § Providence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Rutledge considers the question of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> a central theme of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. The question hinges on the apparent contradiction between divine action and intention on one side, and human freedom on the other: if the divine power acts in the world, how can individual action be free? Rutledge notes that theologians have grappled with the problem, and that Tolkien's book can be read as an explanation of how it can work out in practice. The divine will remains almost entirely beneath the surface in the story, as she believes it does in the real world; but Tolkien gives hints throughout the text, most often in the form of statements in the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> about the causes of events which might appear to be luck or chance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge200454–55,_66–68,_74–76,_91–95,_141–144,_145,_159–160,_189–190,_304_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge200454–55,_66–68,_74–76,_91–95,_141–144,_145,_159–160,_189–190,_304-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, for example, Gandalf says that Bilbo and Frodo were "meant" (in the passive voice) to have the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a>, though it remained their choice to co-operate with this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher197437_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher197437-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Providence is represented in Middle-earth by the will of the Valar. This can be detected but is subtle enough not to affect the free will of the story's characters, or the need for individual courage and trust in the face of an uncertain future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005173–174,_262_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005173–174,_262-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with that subtlety, the Valar are mentioned directly only once in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, when one of <a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rangers_of_Ithilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangers of Ithilien">Rangers of Ithilien</a> encounters the enormous <i>Mumak</i> or battle-elephant of the <a href="/wiki/Haradrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haradrim">Haradrim</a> and says "May the Valar turn him aside".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004214_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004214-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_man">Fall of man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fall of man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg/220px-2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg/330px-2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg/440px-2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_P52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>The downfall of Númenor has been compared to the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweicher_1996_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweicher_1996-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">serpent</a> tempts <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> to eat the forbidden fruit, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien stated that <i>The Downfall of Númenor</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a></i>) was effectively a second <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, with "its central theme .. (inevitably, I think, in a story of Men) a Ban, or Prohibition".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradley J. Birzer, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>, notes that Tolkien thought that every story was essentially about a fall, and accordingly his legendarium contains many "falls": that of <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>, of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> and his relatives, and that of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> among them.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Schweicher, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>, notes that the ban was "soon defied", as in the Biblical fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweicher_1996_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweicher_1996-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">temptation</a> for the Númenoreans was the desire for <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, and the ban that they broke was not to sail towards the <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Undying Lands of Aman</a>, parallelling the Biblical prohibition on eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien mentions also "the 'Fall' of the High-elves" in a letter, giving as the cause "a strange case of an Elf (<a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Finwë">Míriel</a> mother of Fëanor) that tried to <i>die</i>, which had disastrous results"; he discusses it in the context of the Fall of Man.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a> writes that while Fëanor is held responsible by the Valar, "neither Finwë nor Míriel is blameless".<sup id="cite_ref-Dickerson_2013_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson_2013-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_nature_of_evil">The nature of evil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The nature of evil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Evil"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Shippey writes that <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> embodies the ancient debate within Christianity on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>. Shippey notes <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boethian" class="mw-redirect" title="Boethian">Boethian</a> statement that "nothing is evil in the beginning. Even [the Dark Lord] <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> was not so",<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other words all things were created good; but this is set alongside the <a href="/wiki/Manichean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean">Manichean</a> view that Good and Evil are equally powerful, and battle it out in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005160–161_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005160–161-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's personal war experience was Manichean: evil seemed at least as powerful as good, and could easily have been victorious, a strand which Shippey notes can also be seen in Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005169–170_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005169–170-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Brian Rosebury</a>, a humanities scholar, interprets Elrond's statement as implying an <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian</a> universe, created good.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosebury_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> John L. Treloar writes that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> personifies evil in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a>: the first, on a white horse, represents a conquering king; the second, red with a sword, means bloody war; the third, black and carrying a scale balance, means famine; and the last, green, is named death. Treloar comments that the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> increases the emotional impact, and that the Ringwraiths (Nazgûl) are introduced "as terror-inspiring horsemen who bring these four evils into the world. They are bent on conquest, war, [and] death, and the land they rule is non-productive."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_media">In other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Christianity Today</i> reported that <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries" title="Bodleian Libraries">Bodleian Libraries</a> exhibition "<a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a>" was "nearly comprehensive" but had one "glaring omission": "any mention of the author's devout, lifelong Christian faith." It mentions <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ward_(scholar)" title="Michael Ward (scholar)">Michael Ward</a>'s comment that Tolkien's faith is not obvious in Middle-earth, unlike his friend <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnia">Narnia</a>, and concludes that "Only if we recognize Tolkien's deep Christian faith can we hope to understand the life and work of the 'Maker of Middle-earth'".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> have compared this transformed reappearance to the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENitzsche198042_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENitzsche198042-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also by other commentators, such as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathews2016" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSpceyhof4IC&pg=PA69"><i>Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination</i></a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78554-2"><bdi>978-1-136-78554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasy%3A+The+Liberation+of+Imagination&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78554-2&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSpceyhof4IC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a> is a traditional epithet of the Virgin Mary in art and prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#142-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #142 to Robert Murray, S.J., 2 December 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#181-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#181_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #181 to Michael Straight, drafts, early 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a> <i>Morgoth's Ring</i>, "Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth", pp. 322, 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_131-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_131_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #165 to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 30 June 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreword-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreword_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreword_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, "Foreword to the Second Edition"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #213 to Deborah Webster, 25 October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i>, #297 to Mr Rang, draft, August 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, <i>The Two Towers</i>, book 3, ch 5 "The White Rider"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_43-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_43_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_43_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_43_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #43 to Michael Tolkien, March 6–8, 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_210-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_210_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_210_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #210 to Forrest J. Ackerman, June 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silmarillion_Túrin-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Túrin_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 21, "Of Túrin Turambar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tree_and_Leaf_85-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien2001">Tolkien 2001</a>, pp. 85–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#156-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#156_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #156 to Robert Murray, S.J., 4 November 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i>, #131 to Milton Waldman, c. 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i>Letters</i> #212 to Rhona Beare, unsent draft continuation of #211 of 14 October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, book 2, ch. 2 "<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2004" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Natascha (2004-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grin.com/document/22410"><i>"A fundamentally religious and Catholic work" - Who is the saviour in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-25757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-25757-2"><bdi>978-3-638-25757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+fundamentally+religious+and+Catholic+work%22+-+Who+is+the+saviour+in+J.R.R.+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2004-02-28&rft.isbn=978-3-638-25757-2&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Natascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grin.com%2Fdocument%2F22410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 110–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 111, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKocher1974">Kocher 1974</a>, pp. 8–11, 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11261158/JRR-Tolkien-Film-my-books-Its-easier-to-film-The-Odyssey.html">"JRR Tolkien: 'Film my books? It's easier to film The Odyssey'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=JRR+Tolkien%3A+%27Film+my+books%3F+It%27s+easier+to+film+The+Odyssey%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Ffilm-news%2F11261158%2FJRR-Tolkien-Film-my-books-Its-easier-to-film-The-Odyssey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance2001">Chance 2001</a>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Perry (2003). <i>I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Middle+Earth%27s+Messianic+Mythology+Remixed%3A+Gandalf%27s+Death+and+Resurrection+in+Novel+and+Film&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjrpc.13.1.003&rft.aulast=Stucky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaspirit.info%2FJRPC_archive%2FJRPC_06_MS_Middle_Earth_Messiah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedell-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bedell_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedell_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bedell, Haley (2015). <a 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id="CITEREFMcAvan2012" class="citation book cs1">McAvan, Emily (2012). <i>The Postmodern Sacred: Popular Culture Spirituality in the Science Fiction, Fantasy and Urban Fantasy Genres</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786463886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786463886"><bdi>978-0786463886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Sacred%3A+Popular+Culture+Spirituality+in+the+Science+Fiction%2C+Fantasy+and+Urban+Fantasy+Genres&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0786463886&rft.aulast=McAvan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalfonzo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dalfonzo, Gina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslewis.org/journal/humble-heroism-frodo-baggins-as-christian-hero-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/">"Humble Heroism: Frodo Baggins as Christian Hero in The Lord of the Rings"</a>. <i>In Pursuit of Truth</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Pursuit+of+Truth&rft.atitle=Humble+Heroism%3A+Frodo+Baggins+as+Christian+Hero+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dalfonzo&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewis.org%2Fjournal%2Fhumble-heroism-frodo-baggins-as-christian-hero-in-the-lord-of-the-rings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaccaro_2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vaccaro_2004_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaccaro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vaccaro, Christopher T. (August 2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And one white tree': the cosmological cross and the arbor vitae in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Mallorn_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallorn (journal)">Mallorn</a></i> (42): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45320503">45320503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mallorn&rft.atitle=%27And+one+white+tree%27%3A+the+cosmological+cross+and+the+arbor+vitae+in+J.R.R.+Tolkien%27s+%22The+Lord+of+the+Rings%22+and+%22The+Silmarillion%22&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45320503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaccaro&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gusick2013-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gusick2013_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasse2013" class="citation book cs1">Gasse, Rosanne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNZGXEfXIOEC&pg=PA73">"The Dry Tree Legend in Medieval Literature"</a>. In Gusick, Barbara I. (ed.). <i>Fifteenth-Century Studies 38</i>. <a href="/wiki/Camden_House_Publishing" title="Camden House Publishing">Camden House</a>. pp. 65–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-558-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-558-2"><bdi>978-1-57113-558-2</bdi></a>. <q><i>Mandeville</i> also includes a prophecy that when the Prince of the West conquers the Holy Land for Christianity, this dead tree will become green again, rather akin to the White Tree of Arnor [sic] in the Peter Jackson film version of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, if not in Tolkien's original novel, which sprouts new green leaves when Aragorn first arrives in Gondor at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dry+Tree+Legend+in+Medieval+Literature&rft.btitle=Fifteenth-Century+Studies+38&rft.pages=65-96&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-558-2&rft.aulast=Gasse&rft.aufirst=Rosanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNZGXEfXIOEC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004157–159_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004167–168-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004167–168_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004349–350_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldecott2012ch_3:_"A_Very_Great_Story"-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldecott2012ch_3:_"A_Very_Great_Story"_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldecott2012">Caldecott 2012</a>, ch 3: "A Very Great Story".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosebury_2003-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosebury2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Rosebury, Brian</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon"><i>Tolkien : A Cultural Phenomenon</i></a>. 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(2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_A_%27Mythology_for_England%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-19020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-19020-4"><bdi>978-0-813-19020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Art%3A+A+%27Mythology+for+England%27&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-813-19020-4&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Curry (author)">Curry, Patrick</a> (1998) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz2d3gYJpLkC"><i>Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10371-9"><bdi>978-0-261-10371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Middle-Earth%3A+Tolkien%3A+Myth+and+Modernity&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10371-9&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz2d3gYJpLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light"><i>Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-81955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-81955-0"><bdi>978-0-802-81955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Light%3A+Logos+and+Language+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.pub=Wm+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-802-81955-0&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6zgmCf_kY4C&pg=PA131"><i>Interrupted Music: The Making Of Tolkien's Mythology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5"><bdi>978-0-87338-824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrupted+Music%3A+The+Making+Of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-824-5&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6zgmCf_kY4C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerry2011" class="citation book cs1">Kerry, Paul (2011). <i>The Ring and the Cross : Christianity and the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-620-0"><bdi>978-1-61147-620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+and+the+Cross+%3A+Christianity+and+the+writings+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press+%2F+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-620-0&rft.aulast=Kerry&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocher1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Kocher, Paul</a> (1974) [1972]. <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Middle-earth"><i>Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. 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In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth"><i>Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: a Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. 35–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-12301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-12301-1"><bdi>978-0-813-12301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Light+from+an+Invisible+Lamp%27+%3A+Natural+Religion+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%3A+a+Reader&rft.pages=35-47&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-813-12301-1&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzsche1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Nitzsche, Jane Chance</a> (1980) [1979]. <i>Tolkien's Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Papermac" class="mw-redirect" title="Papermac">Papermac</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-29034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-29034-7"><bdi>978-0-333-29034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Art&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-29034-7&rft.aulast=Nitzsche&rft.aufirst=Jane+Chance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ordway, Holly (2023). <i>Tolkien's Faith: A Spiritual Biography</i>. Word on Fire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6857-8991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6857-8991-6"><bdi>978-1-6857-8991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Faith%3A+A+Spiritual+Biography&rft.pub=Word+on+Fire&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-6857-8991-6&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutledge2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Rutledge, Fleming</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRiViwMylSUC"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. 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R.</a> (1954a). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. 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R.</a> (1954). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111">1042159111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Towers&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042159111&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. 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Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1"><bdi>0-395-68092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgoth%27s+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-395-68092-1&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-10504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-10504-5"><bdi>978-0-007-10504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+and+Leaf&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-007-10504-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Wood, Ralph C.</a> (2003). <i>The Gospel According to Tolkien : visions of the kingdom in Middle-Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22610-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22610-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51937282">51937282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Tolkien+%3A+visions+of+the+kingdom+in+Middle-Earth&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51937282&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22610-7&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry<br />and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a></i> (1936) <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a></i>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a></i> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Poems_of_J.R.R._Tolkien" title="The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien">The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> (1983–1996) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> (Middle English text, 1925) </span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a></i> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (translations, 1975) </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary<br />critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i> (biographical film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i> (album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template talk:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Volumes <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Stories <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reception <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonmoot" title="Oxonmoot">Oxonmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkienmoot" title="Tolkienmoot">Tolkienmoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/60px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/90px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/120px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_E%C3%A4rendil" title="Song of Eärendil">Song of Eärendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(song)" title="The Road Goes Ever On (song)">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">Addiction to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Sexuality in The Lord of the Rings">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Character pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">Impression of depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings">Narrative structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">Interlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Storytelling in The Lord of the Rings">Storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples#Free_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Free<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">Barrow-wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_in_the_Water" title="Watcher in the Water">Watcher in the Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helm%27s_Deep" title="Battle of Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Morannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliphaunt" title="Oliphaunt">Oliphaunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantírs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_derivative_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">derivative works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muddle_Earth" title="Muddle Earth">Muddle Earth</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Illustrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellowship!" title="Fellowship!">Fellowship!</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="Lord of the Rings (musical)">Lord of the Rings</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>" (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>" (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" (1971)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hordes_of_the_Things_(radio_series)" title="Hordes of the Things (radio series)">Hordes of the Things</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (BBC, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe">Der Herr der Ringe</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Bakshi</a>, 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass</a>, 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_War_of_the_Rohirrim" title="The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim">The War of the Rohirrim</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Peter Jackson<br />series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Hobbits" title="Concerning Hobbits">Concerning Hobbits</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)" title="Into the West (song)">Into the West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/May_It_Be" title="May It Be">May It Be</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Production of The Lord of the Rings film series">Production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khraniteli" title="Khraniteli">Khraniteli</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a></i> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fan-made</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Journey_to_Rivendell" title="The Lord of the Rings: Journey to Rivendell">Journey to Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Game_One" title="Lord of the Rings: Game One">Game One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Mordor" title="Shadows of Mordor">Game Two: Shadows of Mordor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_in_Middle_Earth" title="War in Middle Earth">War in Middle Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1990_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1994_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1994 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (SNES)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_Riders_of_Rohan" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._II:_The_Two_Towers" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers"><i>Vol. II: The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)"><i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)"><i>The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)"><i>The Return of the King</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring"><i>War of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age"><i>The Third Age</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age_(Game_Boy_Advance_video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance video game)">Game Boy Advance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Tactics" title="The Lord of the Rings: Tactics"><i>Tactics</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth II</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II:_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king"><i>The Rise of the Witch-king</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"><i>Conquest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Aragorn%27s_Quest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest"><i>Aragorn's Quest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_in_the_North" title="The Lord of the Rings: War in the North"><i>War in the North</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(video_game)" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)"><i>Lego The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Middle-earth" title="Guardians of Middle-earth">Guardians of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor"><i>Shadow of Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of War"><i>Shadow of War</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Gollum" title="The Lord of the Rings: Gollum"><i>Gollum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Return_to_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria"><i>Return to Moria</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria"><i>Mines of Moria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Siege_of_Mirkwood" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood"><i>Siege of Mirkwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard"><i>Rise of Isengard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan"><i>Riders of Rohan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep"><i>Helm's Deep</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor"><i>Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul"><i>Minas Morgul</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: War of Three Peaks"><i>War of Three Peaks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad"><i>Fate of Gundabad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Before the Shadow"><i>Before the Shadow</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop role-<br />playing games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing" title="Middle-earth Role Playing">Middle-earth Role Playing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game">The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game" title="The One Ring Roleplaying Game">The One Ring Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth" title="Adventures in Middle-earth">Adventures in Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)" title="Middle Earth (board game)">Middle Earth</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)" title="War of the Ring (SPI game)">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith" title="Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith">Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron_(game)" title="Sauron (game)">Sauron</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)" title="Lord of the Rings (board game)">Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)" title="War of the Ring (board game)">War of the Ring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Middle-earth Collectible Card Game">Middle-earth Collectible Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game">The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game">The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&oldid=1245488728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Middle-earth&oldid=1245488728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Christianity" title="Category:Fiction about Christianity">Fiction about Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Category:Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes of The Lord 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