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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medal of Honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_States_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_States_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Confederate States Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_States_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div 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id="toc-European_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"WAVES"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"WAVES""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The "WAVES"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"WAVES"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cold War era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cold War era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Cochino_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cochino_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The <i>Cochino</i> incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cochino_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cuban Missile Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_commander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_commander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>NATO commander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_commander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_part_of_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_part_of_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Latter part of the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latter_part_of_the_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latter part of the 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latter_part_of_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skirmish_with_Libyan_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skirmish_with_Libyan_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Skirmish with Libyan Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skirmish_with_Libyan_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Operation Iraqi Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanics_in_sensitive_domestic_leadership_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanics_in_sensitive_domestic_leadership_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hispanics in sensitive domestic leadership positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanics_in_sensitive_domestic_leadership_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_Hispanic_enlistment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_Hispanic_enlistment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Increase in Hispanic enlistment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Increase_in_Hispanic_enlistment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Increase in Hispanic enlistment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_Hispanic_enlistment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Naval_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Naval_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States Naval Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Naval_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_Heritage_Month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_Heritage_Month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Hispanic Heritage Month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_Heritage_Month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of US Navy history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordi_Farragut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/92px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/138px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/184px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/George_Farragut" title="George Farragut">George Farragut</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:71px;max-width:71px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg/69px-UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg/104px-UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg/138px-UriahPhillipsLevy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Phillips_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Uriah Phillips Levy">Uriah Phillips Levy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/89px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/134px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/178px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Frederic_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Arellano" title="Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano">Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Denton.jpg/80px-Denton.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Denton.jpg/120px-Denton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Denton.jpg/160px-Denton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Rodriguez_Denton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Rodriguez Denton (page does not exist)">Maria Rodriguez Denton</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg/83px-Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg/125px-Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg/166px-Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero, Jr.">Horacio Rivero, Jr.</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contres,KathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg/88px-Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg/132px-Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg/176px-Contres%2CKathyCAPTofficialphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kathlene_Contres" title="Kathlene Contres">Kathlene Contres</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Hispanics in the United States Navy</b> can trace their tradition of naval military service to men such as Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Farragut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Farragut">Jordi Farragut Mesquida</a>, who served in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Hispanics, such as Seaman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bazaar" title="Philip Bazaar">Philip Bazaar</a> and Seaman <a href="/wiki/John_Ortega" title="John Ortega">John Ortega</a>, have distinguished themselves in combat and have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, the highest military decoration of the United States. Hispanics have also reached the top ranks of the navy, serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign shores. Among those who have reached the highest ranks in the navy are Commodore <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Phillips_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Uriah Phillips Levy">Uriah Phillips Levy</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> descent, who participated in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> as an assistant <a href="/wiki/Sailing_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing master">Sailing master</a>; Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Glasgow_Farragut" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glasgow Farragut">David Glasgow Farragut</a>, for whom the rank of admiral in the U.S. Navy was created during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>; and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero">Horacio Rivero</a>, who led the navy during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics in the United States">Hispanic</a> is an ethnic term employed to categorize any citizen or resident of the United States, of any racial background, of any country, and of any religion, who has at least one ancestor from the people of Spain or is of non-Hispanic origin, but has an ancestor from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central or South America, or some other Hispanic origin. The three largest Hispanic groups in the United States are the <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American">Mexican-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Ricans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> the estimated Hispanic population of the United States is over 50 million, or 16% of the U.S. population, and Hispanics are the nation's largest ethnic or racial minority.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 U.S. Census estimate of over 50 million Hispanics in the U.S. does <i>not</i> include the 3.9 million residents of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. </p><p>More than 43,000 people of Hispanic origin are sailors and civilians serving with the U.S. Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-NCHH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Navy has implemented aggressive recruitment programs directed towards this group. One of those programs is <i>El Navy</i>, whose principal aim is to attract those who speak Spanish. It has resulted in increased recruitment of Hispanics for entrance to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2007, thirteen Hispanic Americans who were graduates of the USNA, and nine who were commissioned after attending the navy's officer candidate school, have reached the rank of rear admiral and above. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution_and_the_War_of_1812">American Revolution and the War of 1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: American Revolution and the War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Navy traces its origins to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>, which was established during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and was disbanded shortly thereafter. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> provided the legal basis for a seaborne military force by giving <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> the power "to provide and maintain a navy."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks against American shipping by <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">corsairs</a> spurred Congress to employ this power by passing the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a> ordering the construction and manning of <a href="/wiki/Six_original_United_States_frigates" class="mw-redirect" title="Six original United States frigates">six frigates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordi_Farragut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/140px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/210px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jordi_Farragut.jpg/280px-Jordi_Farragut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Jordi Farragut Mesquida</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Farragut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Farragut">Jordi Farragut Mesquida</a>, (1755–1817) was a Spanish–<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan</a> by descent and a <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorquin</a> by birth. He immigrated to the American colonies and participated in the American Revolution as a lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Navy" title="South Carolina Navy">South Carolina Navy</a>. During the Revolution, he fought the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> at <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, and in 1780 was captured during the battle of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. He was released in a prisoner exchange and volunteered in the militia which fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. Farragut Mesquida married Elizabeth Shine and had two sons, one of them was <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCHH_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy (1792–1862), a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jew</a> whose ancestors were from Portugal, born in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. He was the great-great-grandson of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nunez" title="Samuel Nunez">Samuel Nunez</a>, the leader of the first Jewish colonists who helped found Savannah, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levy was assigned <a href="/wiki/Sailing_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing master">sailing master</a> on <a href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)" title="USS Argus (1803)">USS <i>Argus</i></a>, which interdicted English ships in the English Channel during the War of 1812. The ship confiscated more than twenty vessels, but was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">captured</a> in 1813 and Levy and rest of the crew were taken prisoner until the end of the war. </p><p>Upon his return to the United States, Levy served as the sailing master on the 74-gun ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(1815)" title="USS Franklin (1815)">USS <i>Franklin</i></a> and in 1817 was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Master_commandant" title="Master commandant">master commandant</a> in 1837, and the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">captain</a> in 1844. In 1855, Levy was given the courtesy title of <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">commodore</a>, in recognition of his superior abilities, making him one of the navy's highest-ranking officers and the first Sephardic Jew of Hispanic descent to reach the rank, which at the time was the highest rank in the U.S. Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_Navy">Union Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Union Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the government of the United States recognized that the rapidly expanding <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> was in need of admirals. Therefore, on July 16, 1862 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> proceeded to authorize the appointment of nine officers to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AppendixA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppendixA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut the first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic-American">Hispanic-American</a> to be appointed said grade.<sup id="cite_ref-NavyCivilWarChronologly_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavyCivilWarChronologly-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg/140px-Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg/210px-Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg/280px-Admiral_David_G_Farragut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption>Admiral David Farragut</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Glasgow_Farragut" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glasgow Farragut">David Glasgow Farragut</a> (1801–1870) was born on at Campbell's Station, near <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, to Jordi and Elizabeth Farragut. After Farragut's mother died from yellow fever in his 1808, his father gave him up for adoption, and he was adopted by future-U.S. Navy Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 17, 1810, Farragut entered the navy as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(1799)" title="USS Essex (1799)">USS <i>Essex</i></a>. He was 12 years old when, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, he was given the assignment to bring a ship captured by USS <i>Essex</i>, safely to port.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1862, Farragut was the "<a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officer</a>" in command of the <a href="/wiki/West_Gulf_Blockading_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="West Gulf Blockading Squadron">West Gulf Blockading Squadron</a>. With his flagship, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hartford_(1858)" title="USS Hartford (1858)">USS <i>Hartford</i></a>, he ran past <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jackson (Louisiana)">Fort Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Philip" title="Fort St. Philip">Fort St. Philip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette, Louisiana</a>, batteries to take the city and port of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. This victory was an influential factor when in 1862, Congress created the rank of admiral and named Farragut and eight other naval officers (which also included his foster brother <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admirals</a>. Thus, Farragut became the first Hispanic-American admiral in the United States Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_(1824-1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/200px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/300px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/400px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Mobile Bay</i> by Louis Prang.</figcaption></figure><p> Farragut's greatest victory was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a> on August 5, 1864. <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>'s last major port open on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The bay was heavily mined with tethered <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>, also known as <i>torpedoes</i>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg/180px-CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg/270px-CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg/360px-CYMERA_20160308_152507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Andrade (retired in 1901 with the rank of rear admiral)</figcaption></figure> <p>When USS <i>Tecumseh</i>, one of the ships under his command, struck a mine and went down, Farragut shouted through a trumpet from his flagship to <a href="/wiki/USS_Brooklyn_(1858)" title="USS Brooklyn (1858)">USS <i>Brooklyn</i></a>, "What's the trouble?" "Torpedoes!" was the reply, to which Farragut then shouted his now famous words <i>"Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!"</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet succeeded in entering the bay. Farragut then triumphed over the opposition of heavy batteries in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Morgan_(Alabama)" title="Fort Morgan (Alabama)">Fort Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaines_(Alabama)" title="Fort Gaines (Alabama)">Fort Gaines</a> to defeat the squadron of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shippen1883_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippen1883-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farragut was promoted to vice admiral on December 21, 1864, and to <a href="/wiki/Full_admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Full admiral">full admiral</a> on July 25, 1866, after the war, thereby becoming the first person to be named full admiral in the navy's history.<sup id="cite_ref-FarragutNNDB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarragutNNDB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third Assistant Engineer <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Andrade" title="Cipriano Andrade">Cipriano Andrade</a> (1840–1911) was born in <a href="/wiki/Tampico,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampico, Mexico">Tampico, Mexico</a>. He joined the Union Navy in 1861, and served on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Lancaster_(1855)" title="USS Lancaster (1855)">USS <i>Lancaster</i></a>. During the Civil War, Andrade served on board USS <i>Lancaster</i> (1861–1863); and USS <i>Pontiac</i> (1863–1865) as a <a href="/wiki/Third_assistant_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Third assistant engineer">Third Assistant Engineer</a>. His position was the most junior <a href="/wiki/Engineering_officer_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering officer (ship)">marine engineer</a> of the ship. responsible for electrical, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> treatment (resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> "<a href="/wiki/Turd" class="mw-redirect" title="Turd">turd</a> engineer"), lube oil, <a href="/wiki/Bilge" title="Bilge">bilge</a>, and oily water separation systems. Depending on usage.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his position sometimes required that he assist the <a href="/wiki/Third_mate" title="Third mate">third mate</a> in maintaining proper operation of the <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboats</a>. On July 1, 1901, he was transferred to the retired list of the navy with the rank of rear admiral.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor">Medal of Honor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg/180px-USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg/270px-USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg/360px-USS_Santiago_de_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">USS <i>Santiago de Cuba</i></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ortega_meda_of_Honor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ortega_meda_of_Honor.jpg/150px-Ortega_meda_of_Honor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Ortega_meda_of_Honor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of the Medal of Honor awarded to Seaman John Ortega</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military">military decoration</a> awarded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "...conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaman <a href="/wiki/John_Ortega" title="John Ortega">John Ortega</a> (born in 1840 in Spain), was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> who joined the Union Navy in his adopted hometown in Pennsylvania. Ortega was assigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1842)" title="USS Saratoga (1842)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a> during the Civil War. USS <i>Saratoga</i> was ordered to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, for duty in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Ortega was a member of the landing parties from the ship who made several raids in August and September 1864, which resulted in the capture of many prisoners and the taking or destruction of substantial quantities of ordnance, ammunition, and supplies. A number of buildings, bridges, and salt works were destroyed during the expedition. For his actions Seaman John Ortega was awarded the Medal of Honor and promoted to acting <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">master's mate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaman <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bazaar" title="Philip Bazaar">Philip Bazaar</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, South America, was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, who joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a>. He was assigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="USS Santiago de Cuba">USS <i>Santiago de Cuba</i></a>, a wooden, brigantine-rigged, side-wheel <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David D. Porter</a>. In the latter part of 1864, Union General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> ordered an assault on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a>, a Confederate stronghold. The stronghold protected the vital trading routes of Wilmington's port, in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-SDC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 12, 1865, both ground and naval Union forces attempted a second land assault, after the failure of the first. During the land assault, Bazaar and five other crew members carried dispatches from Rear Admiral Porter to Major General Alfred Terry, while under heavy fire from the Confederates to Major General Alfred Terry. Bazaar was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_States_Navy">Confederate States Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate States Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hispanics also fought for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a>. One such case was Captain Michael Philip Usina (1840–1903). Usina was born in St. Augustine, Florida, to Spanish parents. As captain of several blockade runners, Usina managed to avoid capture on his many successful missions. Usina fought in Co. B in the 8th Georgia Infantry of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> before being transferred to the navy. He was wounded and captured in the Battle of Manassas, but managed to escape and reach the Southern lines.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG/130px-Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG/195px-Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG/260px-Frederic_Louis_Riefkohl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>RADM Frederick Lois Riefkohl</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 6, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> declared war on Germany and officially entered World War I. At the time, soldiers and sailors with Spanish surnames or Spanish accents were sometimes the objects of ridicule and relegated to menial jobs. However, Hispanics continued to join the military and serve their nation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Robert F. Lopez retired from the navy in 1911. During World War I, he was recalled to active duty and given the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(USN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore (USN)">commodore</a> (equivalent to a one-star admiral rank, typically used during wartime) to command the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard" title="Mare Island Naval Shipyard">Mare Island Naval Shipyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LopezUSNA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LopezUSNA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Florez" title="Luis de Florez">Luis de Florez</a> graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1911 before joining the navy. During World War I he became a naval aviator. Commander de Flores is credited with numerous inventions which made better flight simulators and equipment for flight safety.<sup id="cite_ref-LDF_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDF-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lois_Riefkohl" title="Frederick Lois Riefkohl">Frederick Lois Riefkohl</a> (1889–1969), a native of <a href="/wiki/Maunabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Maunabo, Puerto Rico">Maunabo, Puerto Rico</a>, became the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the USNA, and served as commander of the armed guard of USS <i>Philadelphia</i>. On August 2, 1917, after engaging an enemy submarine, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Cross (United States)">Navy Cross</a>, the second highest medal that can be awarded by the U.S. Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-WWINC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWINC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George E. Fernandez, a water tender (a first-class petty officer in charge in a fireroom) aboard the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-68)" title="USS Shaw (DD-68)">USS <i>Shaw</i></a>, was awarded the Navy Cross on October 9, 1918, after his actions aboard USS <i>Shaw</i> on October 9, 1918, when <i>Shaw</i> collided with <a href="/wiki/RMS_Aquitania" title="RMS Aquitania">RMS <i>Aquitania</i></a> and was cut in two and set on fire. Fernandez threw the ammunition that was piled on the deck of <i>Shaw</i> overboard, saving the lives of many of his fellow crewmen.<sup id="cite_ref-WWINC_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWINC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_de_Florez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Luis_de_Florez.jpg/140px-Luis_de_Florez.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Luis_de_Florez.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Commander Luis de Florez</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 7, 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, many sailors with Hispanic surnames were among those who perished.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the United States officially entered World War II, Hispanic Americans were among the many American citizens who joined the ranks of the navy as volunteers or through the <a href="/wiki/Military_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Military draft">draft</a>. Of the Hispanics who served actively in the European and Pacific Theatres of war, five would eventually earn the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a> and above.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, Commander Luis de Florez played an instrumental role in the establishment of the Special Devices Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (what would later become the <a href="/wiki/NAWCTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="NAWCTSD">NAWCTSD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later assigned as head of the new Special Devices Desk in the Engineering Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. De Florez, who has been credited with over sixty inventions, urged the navy to undertake development of "synthetic training devices" to increase readiness. During World War II, he was promoted to captain and in 1944, to rear admiral.<sup id="cite_ref-LDF_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDF-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Theatre">Pacific Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pacific Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero, Jr.">Horacio Rivero, Jr.</a> served aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Juan_(CL-54)" title="USS San Juan (CL-54)">USS <i>San Juan</i></a> and was involved in providing artillery cover for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> landing on <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>. For his service he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> with Combat "V" ("V" stands for valor in combat). Rivero was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pittsburgh_(CA-72)" title="USS Pittsburgh (CA-72)">USS <i>Pittsburgh</i> (CA-72)</a> and is credited with saving his ship without a single life lost when the ship's bow had been torn off during a <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> for his actions. Rivero also participated in the Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, the attack on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomons</a>, the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> and a series of carrier raids on <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>. On June 5, 1945, Rivero was present during the first carrier raids against Tokyo during operations in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Nansei_Shoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansei Shoto">Nansei Shoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NT_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NT-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivero, served as a technical assistant on the Staff of Commander Joint Task Force One for Operation Crossroads from February 1946 to June 1947, and was on the Staff of Commander, Joint Task Force Seven during the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weapon">atomic weapons</a> tests in <a href="/wiki/Eniwetok" class="mw-redirect" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl served as captain of <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CA-44)" title="USS Vincennes (CA-44)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a> was assigned to the Fire Support Group, LOVE (with Transport Group XRAY) under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner" title="Richmond K. Turner">Richmond K. Turner</a>'s Task Force TARE (Amphibious Force) during the landing in the Solomon Islands on August 7, 1942. On August 9, 1942, <i>Vincennes</i> was engaged in combat against a fleet of Japanese ships under the command of Japanese Admiral Mikawa just off Guadalcanal in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a> and received 85 direct hits. Riefkohl, who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> medal for the wounds which he received during the battle, ordered his men to abandon ship and to man the life rafts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 23, 1945, Antonio F. Moreno witnessed the first flag raising photographed by <a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Lowery" title="Louis R. Lowery">Louis R. Lowery</a> and the second flag raising photographed by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosenthal" title="Joe Rosenthal">Joe Rosenthal</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Suribachi" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a>. On March 8, 1945, Moreno, a navy medical corpsman assigned to the 2d Platoon, Company E, 27th Marine Regiment, tried to save the life of Lt. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lummus" title="Jack Lummus">Jack Lummus</a> after Lummus had stepped on a <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mine</a> a few feet away from Moreno. Lt. Lummus was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TJ_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TJ-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rear Admiral Henry G. Sanchez commanded (as a Lieutenant Commander) VF-72, an F4F squadron of 37 aircraft, on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a> from July to October 1942. His squadron was responsible for shooting down 38 Japanese airplanes during his command tour, which included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/140px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/210px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg/280px-De_Arellano_with_awards_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Captain Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano</figcaption></figure> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Marion_Frederic_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Arellano" title="Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano">Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano</a> (1913–1980), who was the first Hispanic submarine commanding officer,<sup id="cite_ref-SFDT_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFDT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participated in five war patrols. He led the effort to rescue five navy pilots and one enlisted gunner off <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, and contributed to the sinking of two Japanese freighters and damaging a third. For his actions, he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> Medal and a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-SFDT_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFDT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief stint at the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard" title="Mare Island Naval Shipyard">Mare Island Naval Shipyard</a>, he was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SS-305)" title="USS Skate (SS-305)">USS <i>Skate</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Balao-class_submarine" title="Balao-class submarine"><i>Balao</i>-class submarine</a>. He participated in <i>Skate</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s first three war patrols and was awarded a second Silver Star Medal for his contribution in sinking the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Agano" title="Japanese cruiser Agano">Japanese light cruiser <i>Agano</i></a> on his third patrol. <i>Agano</i> had survived a previous torpedo attack by the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Scamp_(SS-277)" title="USS Scamp (SS-277)">USS <i>Scamp</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SFDT_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFDT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1944, Ramirez de Arellano was named <a href="/wiki/Commanding_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding Officer">Commanding Officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/USS_Balao" title="USS Balao">USS <i>Balao</i></a>. He participated in his ship's war patrols 5, 6 and 7. On July 5, 1944, Ramirez de Arellano led the rescue of three downed navy pilots in the Palau area. On December 4, 1944, <i>Balao</i> departed from Pearl Harbor to patrol in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. <i>Balao</i> engaged and sunk the Japanese cargo ship <i>Daigo Maru</i> on January 8, 1945. Ramirez de Arellano was awarded a Bronze Star Medal with <a href="/wiki/Valor_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Valor device">Combat V</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal">Letter of Commendation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SFDT_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFDT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Charles Kenneth Ruiz was a crew member of the cruiser USS <i>Vincennes</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a>. After being rescued at sea and sent to Pearl Harbor, he was invited by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_Nimitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a> to join the Submarine Service. He served aboard the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Pollack_(SS-180)" title="USS Pollack (SS-180)">USS <i>Pollack</i></a> and participated in eight war patrols in the hostile waters of the Pacific during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Theatre">European Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ernest_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Edmund Ernest García">Edmund Ernest García</a> was the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escort</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Sloat_(DE-245)" title="USS Sloat (DE-245)">USS <i>Sloat</i></a> and saw action in the invasions of Africa, Sicily, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USS <i>Sloat</i> was an <a href="/wiki/Edsall-class_destroyer_escort" title="Edsall-class destroyer escort"><i>Edsall</i>-class</a> destroyer escort which was launched on January 21, 1943, and commissioned on August 16, 1943, under the command of then <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander">Lieutenant Commander</a> Garcia.<sup id="cite_ref-USSS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From June 15 to July 15, <i>Sloat</i> operated in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean in search of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSS_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/175px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/263px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/350px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Texas</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jose_M._Cabanillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose M. Cabanillas">Jose M. Cabanillas</a>, was assigned Executive Officer of <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">USS <i>Texas</i></a>. On November 8, <i>Texas</i> participated in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">invasion of North Africa</a> by destroying an ammunition dump near Port Lyautey. Cabanillas also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> on (<a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>). On June 6, 1944, the ship's secondary battery went to work on another target on the western end of <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">"Omaha" beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Cabanillas became the first Commanding officer of <a href="/wiki/USS_Grundy" title="USS Grundy">USS <i>Grundy</i></a>, which was commissioned on January 3, 1945. <i>Grundy </i>helped in the evacuation of Americans from China during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. In December 1945, he was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk" title="Naval Station Norfolk">Naval Station Norfolk</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, as Assistant Chief of Staff (Discipline), 5th Naval District.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Celestino_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Rafael Celestino Benítez">Rafael Celestino Benítez</a> was a Lieutenant Commander who saw action aboard submarines and on various occasions weathered <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a> attacks. For his actions, he was awarded the Silver and Bronze Star Medals.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hidalgo" title="Edward Hidalgo">Edward Hidalgo</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. After immigrating to the United States, he joined and served in the U.S. Naval Reserve. In this capacity he held several positions. From 1942 to 1943 he served in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, as a legal advisor to the ambassador to the Emergency Advisory for Political Defense. For the remainder of the war he was assigned to the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> as an air combat intelligence officer and was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> for his service. In October 1979, Hidalgo became the first Hispanic to serve as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Navy">U.S. Secretary of the Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 2,889 Navy Crosses which were awarded to the members of the navy during World War II, two were awarded to Hispanic sailors: Elguterio Joe Marquez, Pharmacist's Mate Third Class and Lieutenant Eugene Anthony Valencia, both from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCVC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCVC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"WAVES""><span id="The_.22WAVES.22"></span>The "WAVES"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The "WAVES""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Denton.jpg/140px-Denton.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Denton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>LTJG Maria Rodriguez Denton</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to World War II, traditional Hispanic cultural values expected women to be homemakers and they rarely left the home to earn an income and were discouraged from joining the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Memorial_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Memorial-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the outbreak of World War II, cultural prohibitions began to change. With the creation of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a> (WAC), and the U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Women_Accepted_for_Volunteer_Emergency_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service">Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service</a> (WAVES), women could attend to certain administrative duties left open by the men who were reassigned to combat zones.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most women who served in the military joined the WAACs, a smaller number of women served in the Naval Women's Reserve (the WAVES).<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Memorial_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Memorial-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Menefee was born in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Mexico">Guadalajara, Mexico</a>; she joined the WAVES in 1944 and was assigned to Bronson Field, Florida. <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant Junior Grade</a> (LTJG) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Rodriguez_Denton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Rodriguez Denton (page does not exist)">Maria Rodriguez Denton</a> was the first woman of Puerto Rican descent who became an officer in the United States Navy as a member of the <a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Memorial_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Memorial-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War_era">Cold War era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cold War era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>" was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; military; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>; and many <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cochino_incident">The <i>Cochino</i> incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Cochino incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg/140px-Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg/210px-Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Rear_Admiral_R.C._Benitez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Celestino_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Rafael Celestino Benítez">R.C. Benitez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the latter part of 1949, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Celestino_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Rafael Celestino Benítez">Rafael Celestino Benítez</a> was given the command of the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Cochino" title="USS Cochino">USS <i>Cochino</i></a>. On August 12, 1949,<i>Cochino</i>, along with <a href="/wiki/USS_Tusk" title="USS Tusk">USS <i>Tusk</i></a>, departed from the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth, England">Portsmouth, England</a>. Both diesel submarines were reported to be on a cold-water training mission. However, the submarines were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkels</a> that allowed them to spend long periods underwater, largely invisible to an enemy, and with electronic gear designed to detect far-off radio signals – were part of an American <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission of <i>Cochino</i> and <i>Tusk</i> was to <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdrop</a> on communications that revealed the testing of submarine-launched Soviet missiles that might soon carry <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warheads</a>. This was the first American undersea spy mission of the cold war.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 25, one of <i>Cochino</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 4,000-pound batteries caught fire, emitting hydrogen gas and smoke. Unable to receive any help from <i>Tusk</i>, Commander Benitez directed the firefighting. He ordered <i>Cochino</i> to surface and had the crew members lash themselves to the deck rails with ropes while others fought the blaze. Benitez tried to save his ship and at the same time save his men from the toxic gases. He realized that the winds were about to tear the ropes and ordered his men to form a pyramid on the ship's open <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridge</a>, which was designed to hold seven men.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Cochino_(SS-345)_in_port,_circa_in_1946_(NH_79771).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg/200px-USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg/300px-USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg/400px-USS_Cochino_%28SS-345%29_in_port%2C_circa_in_1946_%28NH_79771%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5700" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Tusk" title="USS Tusk">USS <i>Tusk</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ocean waters became calmer during the night and <i>Tusk</i> was able to approach <i>Cochino</i>. All of the crew, with the exception of Commander Benitez and two of the crew who perished during the ordeal, boarded <i>Tusk</i>. Finally, the crew members of <i>Tusk</i> convinced Benitez to board <i>Tusk</i>, which he did two minutes before <i>Cochino</i> sank off the coast of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Benitez was named chief of the United States naval mission to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, a position which he held until 1954. In 1955, Rear Admiral Benitez was given the command of the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Waldron" title="USS Waldron">USS <i>Waldron</i></a>. <i>Waldron</i> resumed normal operations along the east coast and in the West Indies under his command after having completed a <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> of the globe. Rear Admiral Rafael Celestino Benítez was the recipient of two Silver Star Medals.<sup id="cite_ref-Sontag_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sontag-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> was an escalation of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between two rival Korean regimes, each of which was supported by external powers, with each of the regimes trying to topple the other through political and guerrilla tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2005_ch8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2005_ch8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict was expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> (ceasefire agreement) was signed on July 27, 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-NHC_KoreanWar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHC_KoreanWar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg/140px-Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg/210px-Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Horacio_Rivero_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero, Jr.">Horacio Rivero, Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1950, <a href="/wiki/USS_Noble_(APA-218)" title="USS Noble (APA-218)">USS <i>Noble</i></a>, under the command of Admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr., steamed to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> to participate in the September <a href="/wiki/Inchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchon">Inchon</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> assault. Rivero's ship assisted in the transport of U.S. and foreign troops and equipment to and from the Korean combat zone. In July 1953, the ship participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Switch" title="Operation Big Switch">Operation Big Switch</a>, moving <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Koje_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Koje Do">Koje Do</a> to Inchon pursuant to the armistice agreement. Rivero studied at the <a href="/wiki/National_War_College" title="National War College">National War College</a> and in 1954 he became Assistant Chief of Staff for Naval Operations. In 1955, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a> and was a member of the Staff of the Commander in Chief, Western Atlantic Area.<sup id="cite_ref-PRH_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 46 Navy Crosses awarded by the navy during the Korean War, one went to a Hispanic sailor, Robert Serrano, a Hospital Corpsman from <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SNC_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNC-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 1951, Medical Corpsman Serrano was serving with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion_7th_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion 7th Marines">3rd Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Marine Regiment (United States)">Seventh Marines</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division (Reinforced)</a>, in Korea. The Battalion came under heavy enemy attack and fearlessly dashed through the heavy enemy fire to reach a wounded Marine, he accidentally tripped the wire of a hidden anti-personnel mine. Hearing the snap of the fuse primer, and realizing that his wounded comrade lay helpless beside the deadly explosive, he courageously and with complete disregard for his own personal safety threw himself on the man to shield him from the explosion. Although he was seriously wounded in the back and legs by fragments, and was blown several feet by the concussion, he crawled back to his comrade and administered first aid to him. Although suffering severe pain from his multiple wounds, he refused to seek medical aid for himself until he had completed treatment of his comrade, and then, refusing a stretcher, crawled part of the way to the aid station.<sup id="cite_ref-SNC_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNC-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cuban Missile Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> was a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deployment_of_nuclear_missiles_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba">Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba</a>. On October 22, 1962, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Rivero, Jr.">Horacio Rivero</a> was the commander of the American fleet sent by President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to set up a quarantine (blockade) of the Soviet ships. On October 28, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, and Kennedy ordered an end of the quarantine of Cuba on November 20, bringing an end to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-PRH_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, was a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRVN, or North Vietnam) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a> (RVN, or South Vietnam), which eventually involved their respective allies including the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVN_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVN-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 31, 1964, Horacio Rivero became the first Puerto Rican, and first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> to become a four-star Admiral in the modern era <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a>. During the Vietnam War, Rivero oversaw the day-to-day work of the navy as the <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Vice Chief of Naval Operations">Vice Chief of Naval Operations</a>. He was a stern supporter of a "<a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">brown-water navy</a>", or riverine force, on the rivers of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NT_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NT-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Montoya" title="Benjamin F. Montoya">Benjamin F. Montoya</a> was deployed to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> with the Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Three. He led an advance party in Vietnam to supervise the construction of the first base camp built by <a href="/wiki/SeaBees" class="mw-redirect" title="SeaBees">SeaBees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>. He returned in 1966 to <a href="/wiki/Chu_Lai" title="Chu Lai">Chu Lai</a>, and was responsible for the construction of a base camp, supply point, hospital and a Marine Corps helicopter base.<sup id="cite_ref-usna_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usna-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Everett_Alvarez_Jr." title="Everett Alvarez Jr.">Everett Alvarez Jr.</a> endured one of the longest periods as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW) in <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a>. The grandson of immigrants from Mexico, Alvarez joined the United States Navy in 1960 and was selected for <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a> training. On August 5, 1964, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow" title="Operation Pierce Arrow">Operation Pierce Arrow</a>, Ensign Alvarez's <a href="/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a> was shot down over <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and became the first American POW of the Vietnam War. Alvarez endured eight years and seven months of brutal captivity in which he was repeatedly beaten and tortured. He was released from the prisoner of war camp in 1973 and retired as Commander in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Charles Kenneth Ruiz commanded the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Bon_Homme_Richard_(CV-31)" title="USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31)">USS <i>Bon Homme Richard</i></a> in the Vietnam War. <i>Bon Homme Richard</i> was sent to Vietnam as the war escalated in early 1965. Ruiz, who commanded the aircraft carrier was deployed on five Southeast Asia combat tours over the next six years. Under Ruiz's command, <i>Bon Homme Richard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aircraft battled <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/MiGs" class="mw-redirect" title="MiGs">MiGs</a> (supersonic jet fighter aircraft made in Russia) on many occasions, downing several, as well as striking transportation and infrastructure targets. Ruiz was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V and other awards for service in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospitalman Third Class (then Hospitalman) Phil Isadore Valdez, from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his actions on January 29, 1967. On that date Valdez ran over seventy-five yards of open terrain, under constant enemy fire, to aid a fallen Marine. He then moved the wounded man to a safe area and, quickly and competently, rendered medical assistance. Again exposing himself to enemy fire, Valdez moved across approximately fifty yards of open ground to another Marine. While treating the second Marine, he positioned himself between the man and the hostile fire. It was at this time that Valdez was mortally wounded by enemy small-arms fire.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Diego_E._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Diego E. Hernández">Diego E. Hernández</a> flew two combat tours in Vietnam during the war. He also served as Aide and Flag Lieutenant to Commander, Carrier Division 14. At sea, he was the commander of a fighter squadron, a carrier air wing, and a fleet oiler (<a href="/wiki/USS_Truckee" title="USS Truckee">USS <i>Truckee</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Petty Officer, Henry Ruiz, Vietnam, Naval Special Warfare </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_commander">NATO commander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: NATO commander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr., was the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>'s commander in chief of the Allied Forces in Southern Europe from 1968 until his retirement from the navy in 1972. He was responsible for the land, sea and air forces of five nations deployed in the Mediterranean area: Italy, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Britain and the United States. During his years as commander, some 215,000 of the 310,000 American troops in Europe were stationed in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latter_part_of_the_20th_century">Latter part of the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Latter part of the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latino representation in the navy has been rising and there has been dramatic increases in the percentage of Latinos (of both sexes) among active duty enlisted personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Lieutenant Al Cisneros, became the first Hispanic pilot to serve with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, four women of Hispanic descent became the first women of their heritage from the U.S. Naval Academy. Among the four women was Commander Lilia L. Ramirez (Ret.) who is currently the Director of the International Programs Office, for the Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate.<sup id="cite_ref-ParaMI_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParaMI-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2006, Hispanics constituted 14 percent of navy enlisted personnel, about the same as in the Marine Corps that year. The various recruitment efforts do have critics, both within and outside the Hispanic community, particularly during this time of war and a growing number of reported Hispanic casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Segal2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skirmish_with_Libyan_Air_Force">Skirmish with Libyan Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Skirmish with Libyan Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg/200px-USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg/300px-USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg/400px-USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_departs_Naval_Station_Mayport_on_11_November_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i></figcaption></figure> <p>On June 27, 1980, Captain Diego E. Hernández took command of the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a> which is capable of <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> (ASW), making it an all-purpose carrier. On September 19, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan Air Force</a> planes engaged in an unprecedented number of sorties in the vicinity of USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i>'s Battle Group over international waters. <a href="/wiki/F-14_Tomcat" class="mw-redirect" title="F-14 Tomcat">F-14</a>'s under <a href="/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye" class="mw-redirect" title="E-2 Hawkeye">E-2</a> control intercepted two Libyan sections, and six and eighteen sections, respectively, on September 20 and 21.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm">Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Hispanic servicewomen served overseas during Operations <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Desert Shield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Desert Storm</a>. Among the many women who served was Captain Haydee Javier Kimmich from <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Rojo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico">Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico</a>. Capt. Kimmich was the highest ranking Hispanic female in the navy at the time. She was assigned as the Chief of Orthopedics at the Navy Medical Center in Bethesda and she reorganized their Reservist Department during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Memorial_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Memorial-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">Operation Just Cause</a> in December 1989, Navy Reserve Commodore Maria Morales from Puerto Rico was deployed to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and served at Rodman Naval Station. According to Morales, in Panama she had her first real experience with the anguish and impact of an armed conflict, not only on military service members, but on families as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Memorial_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Memorial-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rear Admiral Jose Luis Betancourt, Jr. served as commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrill_(DD-976)" title="USS Merrill (DD-976)">USS <i>Merrill</i> (DD-976)</a>, during its deployment to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> during <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Operation Desert Storm</a>, where during extensive mine clearance operations his ship served as flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-Betancourt_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betancourt-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Iraqi_Freedom">Operation Iraqi Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operation Iraqi Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bwandlandingcraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bwandlandingcraft.jpg/200px-Bwandlandingcraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bwandlandingcraft.jpg/300px-Bwandlandingcraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bwandlandingcraft.jpg/400px-Bwandlandingcraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>USS Belleau Wood commanded by Brigadier General Joseph V. Medina</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._Medina" title="Joseph V. Medina">Joseph V. Medina</a> of the Marine Corps was not a member of the navy, he made naval history when on June 10, 2004 he became the first Marine general ever assigned commander of naval ships. During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>, Medina oversaw the manning and equipping of ESG-3. From his flagship, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Belleau_Wood_(LHA-3)" title="USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3)">USS <i>Belleau Wood</i> (LHA-3)</a>, he then led the Belleau Wood Strike Group (BWDESG) through a 6-month deployment in support of where he was assigned as Commander Task Force 58.<sup id="cite_ref-Plotts_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plotts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospitalman Apprentice Luis E. Fonseca was awarded the Navy Cross. According to his citation, Fonseca was serving as Corpsman for the Amphibious Assault Vehicle Platoon, Company C, <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion_2nd_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion 2nd Marines">First Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Regiment (United States)">Second Marines</a>, Regimental Combat Team TWO, <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Tarawa" title="Task Force Tarawa">Task Force Tarawa</a>, First Marine Expeditionary Force, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom on March 23, 2003. After an amphibious assault vehicle was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade inflicting five casualties, Fonseca evacuated the wounded Marines from the burning vehicle and tended to their wounds. He established a casualty collection point inside the unit's medical evacuation amphibious assault vehicle, calmly and methodically stabilizing two casualties with lower limb amputations by applying tourniquets and administering morphine. His vehicle was rendered immobile by enemy direct and indirect fire, however he directed the movement of four casualties from the vehicle by organizing litter teams from available Marines. He personally carried one critically wounded Marine over open ground to another vehicle. Fonseca again exposed himself to enemy fire to treat Marines wounded along the perimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hispanics_in_sensitive_domestic_leadership_positions">Hispanics in sensitive domestic leadership positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hispanics in sensitive domestic leadership positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hispanics have been underrepresented in the all-volunteer armed forces, especially among officers. Despite the fact that Hispanics make up large percentage of the total navy population, they make up only 4.9% of the officers corps.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is beginning to change, as increasing numbers of Hispanics enter the military. The following Hispanics (in alphabetical order) either have or are currently serving their country in sensitive domestic leadership positions: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deloach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Deloach.jpg/140px-Deloach.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Deloach.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>RADM Jay A. DeLoach</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campa_Dec_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Campa_Dec_2007.jpg/140px-Campa_Dec_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Campa_Dec_2007.jpg/210px-Campa_Dec_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Campa_Dec_2007.jpg/280px-Campa_Dec_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>MCPON Joe R. Campa</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_R._Lopez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Omar_R._Lopez.png/140px-Omar_R._Lopez.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Omar_R._Lopez.png/210px-Omar_R._Lopez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Omar_R._Lopez.png/280px-Omar_R._Lopez.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Omar R. Lopez, NCIS director</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Rear Admiral Jose Luis Betancourt, Jr. (Surface Warfare) (Ret.), was Commander, Mine Warfare Command, headquartered at Naval Air Station (NAS) <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Betancourt_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betancourt-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Brady_(Navy)" title="Patrick H. Brady (Navy)">Patrick H. Brady</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> commander who in July 2007 became the first person of Hispanic descent to be named Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Naval Undersea Warfare Center</a> (N87B).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jay_A._DeLoach" title="Jay A. DeLoach">Jay A. DeLoach</a> (Ret.) was the Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Requirements and Assessments. DeLoach played an instrumental role in implementing a visionary "Memorandum of Understanding" between the Submarine Force Active component and the Reserve component. He helped pioneer many key initiatives that have since been adopted navy-wide.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLoachBio_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLoachBio-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alberto_D%C3%ADaz,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Díaz, Jr.">Alberto Díaz, Jr.</a> (Medical Corps) (Ret.), was the first Hispanic to become the Director of the San Diego Naval District and Balboa Naval Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-HispanicBusiness_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HispanicBusiness-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMCSDassign_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMCSDassign-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral Philip A. Dur (Ret.) was the Director, Political Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Dur_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dur-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral Albert Garcia, Civil Engineer Corps, is assumed the duties of Deputy Commander of the First Naval Construction Division.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezBio_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezBio-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_E._Mayer" title="George E. Mayer">George "Rico" Mayer</a> is the Commander of the Naval Safety Center.<sup id="cite_ref-MayerBio_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayerBio-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefenseLINK2005_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefenseLINK2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral Rodrigo C. Melendez (Dental Corps) (Ret.), served as Assistant Chief for Education, Training and Personnel, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral Marc Y.E. Pelaez, from 1990 to 1993, he served as the Executive Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy and from 1993 to 1996 as director of submarine technology at the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)</a>, and Chief of the Office of Naval Research.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral Will Rodriguez is the Chief Engineer for the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR 05).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In March 2005, Capt. <a href="/wiki/Kathlene_Contres" title="Kathlene Contres">Kathlene Contres</a>, the navy's highest-ranking female Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Line_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Line Officer">Line Officer</a> on active duty, became the first Hispanic woman and the thirteenth Commandant to lead the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI) since it was established in 1971. She oversaw the joint-service school supporting all Department of Defense and U.S. Coast Guard equal opportunity and equal employment opportunity (EO/EEO) program and research requirements. She is also the president of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Naval_Service_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Naval Service Officers">Association of Naval Service Officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOD_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOD-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy">Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Campa" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe R. Campa">Joe R. Campa</a> Jr., is the 11th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy|Master Chief Petty Officer of the United States Navy. His duty assignments include <a href="/wiki/USS_Ogden_(LPD-5)" title="USS Ogden (LPD-5)">USS <i>Ogden</i> (LPD-5)</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>; Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California; Seventh Marine Regiment, <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">First Marine Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a>; Naval Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>; <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_Service_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Force Service Support Group">Third Force Service Support Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>, Japan and Naval Hospital <a href="/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington" title="Bremerton, Washington">Bremerton, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On June 4, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Omar_R._Lopez" title="Omar R. Lopez">Omar R. Lopez</a> was sworn in as the sixth civilian director of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">Naval Criminal Investigative Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the first Hispanic to serve in the role.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increase_in_Hispanic_enlistment">Increase in Hispanic enlistment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Increase in Hispanic enlistment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HispanicMilitary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HispanicMilitary.jpg/250px-HispanicMilitary.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HispanicMilitary.jpg/375px-HispanicMilitary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/HispanicMilitary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Trend of Hispanic enlistment<br />(Source: Department of Defense, Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 2004; and data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense).</figcaption></figure> <p>Hispanic immigrants have played an important role in the military of the United States since the American Revolution when Lieutenant Jordi Farragut Mesquida, an immigrant from Spain, fought in the Battle of Charleston, South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-Lafarelle_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lafarelle-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diaz1996_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz1996-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 3, 2002, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued an order to speed up the process of citizenship for immigrants serving in the nation's military services. Immigrant service members can now qualify for citizenship after serving honorably for one year in the armed forces or for serving on active duty during an authorized period of conflict, among other qualifications listed under the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act</a>, Section 328.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemplin2006_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemplin2006-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the privileges that goes with American citizenship is the opportunity to become a commissioned officer in the navy. A person can be drafted as a resident alien or he/she can join the navy voluntarily as a foreigner, but can not become an officer unless they are a U.S. citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-Commissioning_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commissioning-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DODcitizen_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DODcitizen-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Hispanics in the navy over-represent their percentage of the population. Today the United States Department of Defense faces a nationwide problem in recruiting men for the all volunteer <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> because of the war in Iraq and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FoH_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoH-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Navy has implemented an aggressive recruitment programs directed towards this group. One of those programs is <i>El Navy</i> whose principal aim is to attract those who speak Spanish and as a consequence many Hispanics have joined the navy as enlisted personnel and many others have applied for entrance to the Naval Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Naval_Academy">United States Naval Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States Naval Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (USNA) is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers of the United States Navy and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>. Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy account for the largest minority group in the institution. According to the Academy, the Class of 2009 includes 271 (22.2%) minority midshipmen. Out of these 271 midshipmen, 115 are of Hispanic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the July 2004 issue of <i>Latina Style magazine</i>, of the total of 736 female midshipmen, 74 (10%) of the female midshipmen were of Hispanic descent.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Hispanic-American to graduate from the academy was <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(USN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore (USN)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Lopez" title="Robert F. Lopez">Robert F. Lopez</a>, Class of 1879. The first Hispanic to graduate from the academy and to reach the rank of admiral was a Puerto Rican, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lois_Riefkohl" title="Frederick Lois Riefkohl">Frederick Lois Riefkohl</a>. Class of 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commander Lilia L. Ramirez and Midshipman Carmel Gilliland were among the first four Hispanic female graduates of the academy in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-ParaMI_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParaMI-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 31 Americans of Hispanic descent who served in the navy were alumni of the naval academy.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_Heritage_Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hispanic Heritage Month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 17, 1968, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society.<sup id="cite_ref-NCHH_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy has realized that the fastest-growing group in both the United States and the navy are Hispanics, and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which Hispanics in the United States Navy have made to that military institution by celebrating <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">National Hispanic Heritage Month</a> from September 15 through October 15.<sup id="cite_ref-NCHH_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Admirals_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy">Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" title="Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy">Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard">Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Hispanics in the United States Air Force">Hispanics in the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Hispanics in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic/hispdef.html">Hispanic Population of the United States Current Population Survey Definition and Background</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990219133940/http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic/hispdef.html">Archived</a> 1999-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division, Ethnic & Hispanic Statistics Branch, Retrieved May 21, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/pubs/FaultLine/who.html">Who are Hispanic Americans?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052438/http://www.ed.gov/pubs/FaultLine/who.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Fault Line, September 1996, Retrieved May 21, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf">"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin – 2000 Census Brief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. www.census.gov. 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U.S. Department of Defense. May 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/131002p.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOD+Instruction+number+1310.02%3A+Subject%3A+Appointing+Commissioned+Officers&rft.atitle=Section+6.2%3A+%22Qualifications+of+Commissioned+Officers&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fwhs%2Fdirectives%2Fcorres%2Fpdf%2F131002p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+in+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoH-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FoH_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siempre.tamu.edu/index.php?pg=57&nav=7">Fields of Honor: Hispanic Aggies in Their Country’s Service, By Leonardo G. Hernández, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret), Chairman, Texas, A&M Hispanic Network</a>, Retrieved May 21, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808114048/http://www.hispanic-today.com/elnavystory.html">"El Navy"</a>. Navy.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hispanic-today.com/elnavystory.html">the original</a> on 2008-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Navy&rft.pub=Navy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hispanic-today.com%2Felnavystory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+in+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sea Change at Annapolis: The United States Naval Academy, 1949–2000"; by H. Michael Gelfand; p. 65; Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3047-X">0-8078-3047-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3047-5">978-0-8078-3047-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Julia2004" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Julia (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404190856/http://www.latinastyle.com/currentissue/v10-5/f-average.html">"Not Your Average Undergrad"</a>. <i>LATINA Style</i>. <b>10</b> (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinastyle.com/currentissue/v10-5/f-average.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LATINA+Style&rft.atitle=Not+Your+Average+Undergrad&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2004-07&rft.au=Young%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinastyle.com%2Fcurrentissue%2Fv10-5%2Ff-average.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+in+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sea Change at Annapolis"; By H. Michael Gelfand, John McCain; p 356; Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3047-X">0-8078-3047-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3047-5">978-0-8078-3047-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010804225219/http://elnavy.com/">El Navy website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304164324/http://www.deomi.org/deomi.htm">DEOMI website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/">"United States Navy website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Navy+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+in+the+United+States+Navy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usna.edu///homepage.php">"United States Naval Academy website"</a>.</cite><span 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States Navy">United States Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Under Secretary of the Navy">Under Secretary of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Vice Chief of Naval Operations">Vice Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy">Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_four-star_admirals" title="List of United States Navy four-star admirals">4-star admirals</a></li> <li>3-star admirals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_on_active_duty_before_1960" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960">1864–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_since_2020" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_rear_admirals#Department_of_the_Navy" title="List of active duty United States rear admirals">2-star admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Projection_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower">Senate Subcommittee on Seapower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Structure of the United States Navy">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Navy Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Expeditionary_Combat_Command" title="Navy Expeditionary Combat Command">Expeditionary Combat Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of units of the United States Navy">Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Active ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings" title="List of United States Navy aircraft wings">Aircraft wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons">Aircraft squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations" title="List of United States Navy installations">Installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_jet_base" title="Master jet base">Master jet base</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operating<br />forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">Fleet Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command" title="Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet" title="Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe-Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa">Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Central Command">Naval Forces Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Southern_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Southern Command">Naval Forces Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command" title="United States Naval Special Warfare Command">Naval Special Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Naval Reserve Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Network_Warfare_Command" title="Naval Network Warfare Command">Naval Network Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Shore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command" title="Naval Sea Systems Command">Naval Sea Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">Naval Air Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command" title="Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command">Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command" title="Naval Supply Systems Command">Naval Supply Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command" title="Naval Information Warfare Systems Command">Naval Information Warfare Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Cyber_Command" title="U.S. Fleet Cyber Command">Fleet Cyber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Naval Education and Training Command">Naval Education and Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command" title="Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Warfighting_Development_Center" title="Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center">Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Legal_Service_Command" title="Naval Legal Service Command">Naval Legal Service Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Safety_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Safety Center">Naval Safety Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Bureau of Naval Personnel">Bureau of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Chief of Naval Personnel">Chief of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bureau of Medicine and Surgery">Bureau of Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command" title="Commander, Navy Installations Command">Navy Installations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund" title="United States Navy Working Capital Fund">Navy Working Capital Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet" title="United States Second Fleet">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fourth_Fleet" title="United States Fourth Fleet">Fourth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tenth_Fleet" title="United States Tenth Fleet">Tenth Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">Ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B" title="List of United States Navy ships: A–B">A–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C" title="List of United States Navy ships: C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F" title="List of United States Navy ships: D–F">D–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H" title="List of United States Navy ships: G–H">G–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K" title="List of United States Navy ships: I–K">I–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L" title="List of United States Navy ships: L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M" title="List of United States Navy ships: M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O" title="List of United States Navy ships: N–O">N–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P" title="List of United States Navy ships: P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R" title="List of United States Navy ships: Q–R">Q–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S" title="List of United States Navy ships: S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V" title="List of United States Navy ships: T–V">T–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z" title="List of United States Navy ships: W–Z">W–Z</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of airships of the United States Navy">Airships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships">Amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of cruisers of the United States Navy">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyers of the United States Navy">Destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy">Destroyer escorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">Escort carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of frigates of the United States Navy">Frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy">Mine warfare vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">Monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy">Patrol vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_patrol_craft" title="Section patrol craft">Registered civilian vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy">Sailing frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam frigates of the United States Navy">Steam frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy">Steam gunboats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of ships of the line of the United States Navy">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sloops of war of the United States Navy">Sloops of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of torpedo boats of the United States Navy">Torpedo boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers" title="United States Navy torpedo retrievers">Torpedo retrievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy">Unclassified miscellaneous vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of yard and district craft of the United States Navy">Yard and district craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and<br />training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_people" title="List of United States Navy people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">Insignia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_officer_designators" title="List of United States Naval officer designators">Designators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">Rates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Ratings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Enlisted_Classification" title="Navy Enlisted Classification">Classification</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Chaplain Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">Deputy Chief</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_(United_States_Navy)" title="Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)">Explosive ordnance disposal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)" title="Medical Corps (United States Navy)">Medical Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps" title="United States Navy Dental Corps">Dental Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps" title="Navy Medical Service Corps">Medical Service Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps" title="Navy Supply Corps">Supply Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps">JAG Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Judge Advocate General of the Navy">JAG</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy">DJAG</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">NCIS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_(United_States_Navy)" title="Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)">Boatswain's mates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">Hospital corpsman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">Naval Aviator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">SEALs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-arms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operations_specialist_(United_States_Navy)" title="Operations specialist (United States Navy)">Operations specialist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen" title="Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen">SWCCs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy">Hispanic sailors</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">Recruit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Officer Candidate School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/STA-21" title="STA-21">STA-21</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">NROTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_University_System" title="Naval University System">Naval University System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Community_College" title="United States Naval Community College">Naval Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Basic_Enlisted_Submarine_School" title="Basic Enlisted Submarine School">BESS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_Force_Tactical_Training" title="Battle Force Tactical Training">BFTT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Center_For_Naval_Aviation_Technical_Training_Unit_Keesler" title="Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler">CNATT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Composite_Training_Unit_Exercise" title="Composite Training Unit Exercise">COMPTUEX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division" title="Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division">NAWCTSD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authoring_Instructional_Materials" title="Authoring Instructional Materials">AIM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps#Naval_Chaplaincy_School_and_Center" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Naval Chaplaincy School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Corps_School" title="Naval Hospital Corps School">Naval Hospital Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Justice_School" title="Naval Justice School">Naval Justice School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_School_of_Music" title="United States Armed Forces School of Music">United States Armed Forces School of Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Senior_Enlisted_Academy" title="United States Navy Senior Enlisted Academy">Navy Senior Enlisted Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps_School" title="Navy Supply Corps School">Navy Supply Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_School" title="Nuclear Power School">Nuclear Power School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">JMTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Strike_Fighter_Tactics_Instructor_program" title="United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program">TOPGUN</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Test_Pilot_School" title="United States Naval Test Pilot School">USNTPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Current fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets" title="United States Navy reserve fleets">Reserve fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_naval_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active United States naval aircraft">Current aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Naval reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and <br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Band_Activities" title="Fleet Band Activities">Fleet bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Week" title="Fleet Week">Fleet Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line-crossing_ceremony" title="Line-crossing ceremony">Line-crossing ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="National Museum of the United States Navy">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">Navy Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Ceremonial_Guard" title="United States Navy Ceremonial Guard">Ceremonial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">Navy Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save" title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save">Navy Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">Navy service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Weeks" title="Navy Weeks">Navy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">Sailor's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ship_naming_conventions" title="United States ship naming conventions">Ship naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingey_House" title="Tingey House">Tingey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetting-down" title="Wetting-down">Wetting-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate" title="United States battleship retirement debate">United States battleship retirement debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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