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<span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Some phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Komi-Permyak language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakkiel%C3%A2" title="Komipermjakkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Komipermjakkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акоми-пермиак бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акоми-пермиак бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="بيرمياك (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرمياك (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_komi_permio" title="Idioma komi permio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma komi permio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permyak_dili" title="Komi-permyak dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komi-permyak dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کومی-پرمیاک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومی-پرمیاک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Комі-пярмяцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Комі-пярмяцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коми-пермякски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коми-пермякски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komieg-permyakeg" title="Komieg-permyakeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Komieg-permyakeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Коми-пермяк хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Коми-пермяк хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permi%C3%A0" title="Komi-permià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Komi-permià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BC_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Коми-перĕм чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Коми-перĕм чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permja%C4%8Dtina" title="Komi-permjačtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komi-permjačtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komipermjakisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakgiella" title="Komipermjakgiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Komipermjakgiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomi_keel" title="Permikomi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Permikomi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Коми-пермяконь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Коми-пермяконь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_komi_permio" title="Idioma komi permio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma komi permio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjaka_lingvo" title="Komipermjaka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komipermjaka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان کومی-پرمیاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کومی-پرمیاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_bhasa" title="Komi-Permyak bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Komi-Permyak bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permiak" title="Komi-permiak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Komi-permiak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_komi_permiano" title="Lingua komi permiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua komi permiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B8%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%A8%80%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="코미페르먀크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코미페르먀크어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_permiaca" title="Lingua permiaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua permiaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კომი-პერმული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომი-პერმული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikomi-Permyak" title="Kikomi-Permyak – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikomi-Permyak" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Перым коми кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Перым коми кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi%C5%B3_permi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Komių permių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komių permių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomin_kieli" title="Permikomin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Permikomin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permj%C3%A1k_nyelv" title="Komi-permják nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Komi-permják nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коми-пермјачки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коми-пермјачки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83" title="كومى بيرمياك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كومى بيرمياك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permjaaks" title="Komi-Permjaaks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komi-Permjaaks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="コミ・ペルミャク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コミ・ペルミャク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Коми-пермякийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коми-пермякийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komipermjakisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komipermjakisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Коми-пермяк йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Коми-пермяк йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permyak_tili" title="Komi-permyak tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Komi-permyak tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Коми-пермяцкӧй кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Коми-пермяцкӧй кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Komi-Permyak" title="Lenga Komi-Permyak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Komi-Permyak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_komi-permiacki" title="Język komi-permiacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język komi-permiacki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_c%C3%B3mi-permiana" title="Língua cómi-permiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cómi-permiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Комі-пермяцькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Комі-пермяцькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коми-пермяцкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коми-пермяцкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakin_kieli" title="Komipermjakin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komipermjakin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Коми-пермь теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коми-пермь теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permyak%C3%A7a" title="Permyakça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Permyakça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Коми-пермяк кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Коми-пермяк кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Комі-перм'яцька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комі-перм'яцька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permin_komin_kel%27" title="Permin komin kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Permin komin kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomi_kiil" title="Permikomi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Permikomi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm%C4%97s_kuomiu_kalba" title="Permės kuomiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Permės kuomiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="彼尔姆科米语 – 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color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Permyak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;"><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">коми-пермяцкӧй кыв</span></span> <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><i lang="koi">komi-permyacköj kyv</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov Oblast</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">63,000 (2010 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komi languages (page does not exist)">Komi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Permyak</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/koi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:koi">koi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/komi1269">komi1269</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3279">Komi-Permyak</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:5.1a-Komi-languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/5.1a-Komi-languages.png/320px-5.1a-Komi-languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/5.1a-Komi-languages.png/480px-5.1a-Komi-languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/5.1a-Komi-languages.png/640px-5.1a-Komi-languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Traditional distribution of the Komi languages</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Permyak is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg/250px-Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg/375px-Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg/500px-Popov_A._Kratkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="3695" /></a><figcaption>The Antony Popov's Dictionary (1785)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Komi-Permyak language</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">перем коми кыв</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈperem<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkomi<span class="wrap"> </span>kɨv]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">коми-пермяцкӧй кыв</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkomi<span class="wrap"> </span>perˈmʲɑtskəj<span class="wrap"> </span>kɨv]</a></span>), also known as <b>Permyak</b>, is one of two <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> varieties in the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a> that form a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> language, the other being <a href="/wiki/Komi-Zyryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Zyryan language">Komi-Zyryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> is another Permic language spoken outside of the region and not a member of the Komi pluricentric language). </p><p>The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and written using the Komi <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, was co-official with <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Okrug">Komi-Permyak Okrug</a> of the Perm Krai. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glottonym">Glottonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Glottonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is <i>коми кыв</i> "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyryan language. </p><p>In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in the Perm Region as <i>коми-пермяцкий язык</i>, the Komi-Permian language, combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as <i>коми-пермяцкöй кыв</i> 'Komi-Permyak language'. In this way, the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyryan language, that officially received the original name, the Komi language. The <a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komis</a> of the Perm Region had to officially use the new name, even though it has negative connotations for the speakers, continuing to use the original name, the Komi language, exclusively in their colloquial speech. </p><p>Only in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s has there begun a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name with a more correct one. The term <i>перем коми кыв</i> 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak version of Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the Komi-Permyak dialects are easily mutually intelligible and, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligible with the Komi-Zyryan dialects. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/300px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/450px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/600px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deepskyblue; color:black;"> </span> Upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupya River (page does not exist)">Lupya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:turquoise; color:black;"> </span> Mysy (former rural council)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:plum; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosa River">Kosa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kochyovsky_District" title="Kochyovsky District">Kochevo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;"> </span> Zyuzdino (<a href="/wiki/Afanasyevsky_District" title="Afanasyevsky District">Afanasyevo</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:tomato; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kudymkar" title="Kudymkar">Kudymkar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Inva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inva River">Inva</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> Lower Inva</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> On</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lawngreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerda_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerda River (page does not exist)">Nerdva</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Komi-Permyak dialects may be divided geographically into Northern and Southern groups, and phonemically into /l/ and /v/ groups:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Northern <ul><li>/l/ type: лым /lɨm/ "snow", вӧл /vɘl/ "a horse", вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/ "without a horse", вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ "with a horse, on a horse" <ul><li>Upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupya River (page does not exist)">Lupya</a></li> <li>Mysy (former rural council)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosa River">Kosa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochyovsky_District" title="Kochyovsky District">Kochevo</a></li> <li>Zyuzdino (<a href="/wiki/Afanasyevsky_District" title="Afanasyevsky District">Afanasyevo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li>/v/ type: вым /vɨm/, вӧв /vɘv/, вӧвтӧг /vɘvtɘg/, вӧвӧн /vɘvɘn/ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudymkar" title="Kudymkar">Kudymkar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Inva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inva River">Inva</a></li> <li>Lower Inva</li></ul></li> <li>Southern /l/ type: лым /lɨm/, вӧл /vɘl/, вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/, вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ <ul><li>On</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerdav_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerdav River (page does not exist)">Nerdva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <p>Formerly a southern dialect group existed in the <a href="/wiki/Obva" title="Obva">Obva</a> river basin, but it is now extinct except for the Nerdva dialect. Because of this the latter is nowadays usually considered together with the central group, which in this way has become "southern". </p><p>The central (new southern) and northern groups of Komi-Permyak are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Okrug">Komi Okrug</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>, where the language was standardized in the 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included as well, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect. </p><p>The central dialects, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Inva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inva River">Ińva</a> river basin, differ considerably from the other Komi-Permyak dialects due to the general shift of etymological /<b>l</b>/ to /<b>v</b>/, then to /<b>w</b>/, and finally to the disappearance of the consonant, which has triggered significant changes in morphology. </p><p>The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /<b>l</b>/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon <a href="/wiki/Kosa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosa River">Kösva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lup_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lup River (page does not exist)">Lup</a> rivers) was under a strong Zyryan influence on all levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyryan, whereas the Lup dialect was in tenuous connections with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Ezhva_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Ezhva dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Ezhva dialect</a> for a long time. </p><p>The Komi-Permyak standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Komi-Permyak dialects. They can be called as <b>proper Permian dialects</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The other two groups are marginal. </p><p>An only relic of the eastern Permian is the <b><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yodzyak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Yodzyak language">Yaźva dialect</a></b>, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in <a href="/wiki/Krasnovishersky_District" title="Krasnovishersky District">Krasnovishersky District</a> of Perm Krai. In the early 2000s (decade) it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (including /<b>ö</b>/, /<b>ü</b>/ and /<b>ʌ</b>/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system is like the Northern Permian one. </p><p>The Western Permian group is represented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 persons living in <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov Oblast</a> near the border of Komi Okrug). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Komi-Permyak standard language there are the same 26 main consonants and 7 vowels as in Komi-Zyryan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komi-Permyak's modern consonant system includes 26 native ones, and the additional consonants /<b>ts</b>/, /<b>f</b>/, /<b>x</b>/ in Russian loanwords. In traditional speech the "foreign sounds" were replaced with /t͡ɕ/, /p/, and /k/, respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Permian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central approximant">central</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">lateral</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Only in Russian loanwords.</li> <li>There is also a phoneme /<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span>/ which mostly occurs paralinguistically and only in 1 word <i>Бунгаг</i> [ʙuŋɡaɡ] outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Komi-Permyak vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height. </p><p>Komi-Permyak does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony. There are no diphthongs; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi alphabets</a></div> <p>Both regional standards of the Komi language have an identical alphabet, introduced in 1938. The alphabet (anbur, анбур) includes all the Russian letters plus two additional <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>: <b>і</b> and <b>ӧ</b>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-five letters of the Permian alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Permian Komi alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>І і</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ӧ ӧ</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Komi alphabet (Коми анбур) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Letter name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а</td> <td>A a</td> <td>[ɑ]</td> <td>а</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б</td> <td>B b</td> <td>[b]</td> <td>бе</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>[v]</td> <td>ве</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>[g]</td> <td>ге</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d<br />Ď ď</td> <td>[d]<br />[ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>дэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ДЖ дж</td> <td>DŽ dž</td> <td>[dʒ]</td> <td>дже </td></tr> <tr> <td>ДЗ дз</td> <td>DŹ dź</td> <td>[dʑ]</td> <td>дзе</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>JE je<br />E, e</td> <td>[e]<br />[je] word-initially and after vowels<br />[e] after palatalized <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal consonants">coronals</a></td> <td>е</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>JO jo</td> <td>[jo] word-initially and after vowels<br />[o] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]</td> <td>ё</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ž ž</td> <td>[ʒ]</td> <td>же</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z<br />Ź ź</td> <td>[z]<br />[ʑ] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>зэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td>[i] word-initially and after vowels<br />[i] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]</td> <td>небыд и ("soft i")</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>І і</td> <td>I i</td> <td>[i] after т, д, с, з, н, л</td> <td>чорыд и ("hard i")</td> <td>Non-palatalized form of и. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>J j</td> <td>[j]</td> <td>дженьыд и</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>[k]</td> <td>ка</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>L l<br />Ľ ľ</td> <td>[ɫ]<br />[ʎ] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>эл</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>[m]</td> <td>эм</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n<br />Ń ń</td> <td>[n]<br />[ɲ] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>эн</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>O o</td> <td>[o]</td> <td>о</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӧ ӧ</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>[ɘ~ə]</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>P p</td> <td>[p]</td> <td>пе</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>[r]</td> <td>эр</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>S s<br />Ś ś</td> <td>[s]<br />[ɕ] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>эс</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t<br />Ť ť</td> <td>[t]<br />[c] before е, ё, и, ю, я</td> <td>тэ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ТШ тш</td> <td>Č č</td> <td>[tʃ]</td> <td>тше</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>[u]</td> <td>у</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>F f</td> <td>[f]</td> <td>эф</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>H h</td> <td>[x]</td> <td>ха</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>C c</td> <td>[ts]</td> <td>це</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ć ć</td> <td>[tɕ]</td> <td>че</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Š š</td> <td>[ʃ]</td> <td>ша</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>ŠČ šč</td> <td>[ʃtʃ~ʃː]</td> <td>ща</td> <td>In loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>чорыд пас ("hard sign")</td> <td>Same usage in Russian. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>[ɨ~ɤ]</td> <td>ы</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>-</td> <td>[ʲ]</td> <td>небыд пас ("soft sign")</td> <td>Same usage in Russian. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td>[e]</td> <td>э</td> <td>Non-palatalized form of е. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>JU ju</td> <td>[ju]<br />[u] after т, д, с, з, н, л</td> <td>ю</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я</td> <td>JA ja</td> <td>[jɑ]<br />[ɑ] after т, д, с, з, н, л</td> <td>я</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komi-Permyak is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating language</a>. It uses <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> to express <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a>, to specify mode, time, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Permian Komi nouns are <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> for number, <a href="/wiki/Case_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (language)">case</a> and possession, adding special suffixes to word stems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Permian Komi there are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. </p><p>The plural marker of nouns is /<b>ez</b>/ (orthographically <i><b>эз</b></i> or <i><b>ез</b></i>) immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эз</span></span></span> /kerkuez/ </td> <td>building – buildings </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">морт</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">мортт<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эз</span></span></span> /morttez/ </td> <td>human – humans </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">нянь</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">нянн<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ез</span></span></span> /ɲaɲɲez/ </td> <td>bread – breads </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">вӧв</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">вӧвв<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ез</span></span></span> /vəvvez/ </td> <td>horse – horses </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">джыдж</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">джыджж<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ез</span></span></span> /d͡ʒɨd͡ʒd͡ʒez/ </td> <td>martlet – martlets </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кай</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кай<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ез</span></span></span> /kajjez/ </td> <td>bird – birds </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The plural suffix has also a reduced variant (a "weak form") /<b>е</b>/ (orth. <i><b>э</b></i> or <i><b>е</b></i>), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes, e.g. <b>ки<span style="color:green;">э</span>т</b> 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa <b>ки<span style="color:green;">эз</span></b> 'hands'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possession">Possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Permian Komi possessive suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a case suffix depending on case. The three suffixes of singular possession have in addition to their main forms the weak variants used combining with a weak form of plural suffix, weak forms of some cases or forming the suffixes of plural possession. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><i lang="koi">ö</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td>my house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">м</span></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керкуа<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">м</span></span></span> </td> <td>in my house </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ыт</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ыт</span></span></span> </td> <td>your (Sg.) house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">т</span></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керкуси<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">т</span></span></span> </td> <td>out of your (Sg.) house </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ыс</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ыс</span></span></span> </td> <td>his house, the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">с</span></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керкуэ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">с</span></span></span> </td> <td>his houses, the houses </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ным</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green"><i>ны</i>м</span></span></span> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>our house </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ныт</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green"><i>ны</i>т</span></span></span> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>your house </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ныс</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">керку<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green"><i>ны</i>с</span></span></span> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>their house </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><small>The weak variants of the suffix</small></li> <li><small>The element <b>ны</b> is a marker of plural possession</small></li></ol> <p>The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cases">Cases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is assumed, that the Permian Komi standard language has eighteen noun <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">cases</a>: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal number of all possible cases reaches 30. </p><p>The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending on case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Permian Komi cases </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#dfdfdf;"> <th>Case</th> <th>Suffix</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#efefef">Grammatical cases </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>öшын</td> <td>window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>öшын</td> <td>window (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td>öc</td> <td>морт<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öc</span></td> <td>a man (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cö</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">cö</span></td> <td>the window (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>лöн</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">лöн</span></td> <td>of a window / window's </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </td> <td>лiсь</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">лісь </span></td> <td>from a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </td> <td>лö</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">лö</span></td> <td>to a window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </td> <td>öн</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öн</span></td> <td>by means of a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>на</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">на</span>с</td> <td>by means of the window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> </td> <td>кöт</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кöт</span></td> <td>with a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">abessive</a> </td> <td>тöг</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">тöг</span></td> <td>without a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consecutive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consecutive case (page does not exist)">consecutive</a> </td> <td>лa</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ла</span></td> <td>to get a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preclusive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preclusive case (page does not exist)">preclusive</a> </td> <td>ся</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ся</span></td> <td>except a window; then a window </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#efefef">Locative cases </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a></td> <td>ын</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ын</span></td> <td>in a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>а</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">а</span>с</td> <td>in the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a></td> <td>ö</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></td> <td>into a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>а</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">а</span>с</td> <td>into the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a></td> <td>ись</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ісь</span></td> <td>out of a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>си</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">си</span>с</td> <td>out of the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">approximative</a></td> <td>лaнь</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">лaнь</span></td> <td>towards a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>ланя</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ланя</span>с</td> <td>towards the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">egressive</a></td> <td>сянь</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">сянь</span></td> <td>starting from a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>сяня</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">сяня</span>с</td> <td>starting from the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">prolative</a></td> <td>öт</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öт</span></td> <td>along a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>öття</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öття</span>с</td> <td>along the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> 1</td> <td>öдз</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öдз</span></td> <td>as far as a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>öдзза</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öдзза</span>с</td> <td>as far as the window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> 2</td> <td>ви</td> <td>öшын<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ви</span></td> <td>up to a window </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used attributively, Permian Komi adjectives precede the nouns they modify, and are not declined: <b>басöк нывка</b> 'beautiful girl' → <b>басöк нывкаэслö</b> 'to the beautiful girls'. </p><p>However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. <b>ыджыт</b> ("big") → <b>ыджыттэзісь</b> ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix <b>ö</b> instead of <b>öс</b> or a null morpheme by nouns: <b>адззи басöк нывкаöс</b> 'I have found a beautiful girl' → <b>адззи басöкö</b> 'I have found a beautiful [girl]'. </p><p>Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is <b>öсь</b>: <b>керкуыс ыджыт</b> 'the house is big ' → <b>керкуэc ыджытöсь</b> 'the houses are big'. </p><p>The adjective in Permian Komi have five degrees of comparison </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Degree </th> <th>Affix </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Basic </th> <td>Ø </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">том</span></span> </td> <td>young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">Comparative</a> </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">-жык</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">том<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">жык</span></span></span> </td> <td>younger </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a> </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">мед-</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">мед</span>том</span></span> </td> <td>the youngest </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sative (page does not exist)">Sative</a> </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">-кодь</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">том<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кодь</span></span></span> </td> <td>pretty young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Excessive_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excessive (grammar) (page does not exist)">Excessive</a> </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">-öв</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">том<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öв</span></span></span> </td> <td>too young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a> </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">-ыник / -ик</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">том<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ыник</span></span></span> </td> <td>quite a young </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The comparative and the superlative compare the intensity of an object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensity of the quality with its basic degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The numerals in Komi-Permyak<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Figures </th> <th>Cardinal numerals </th> <th>Ordinal numerals </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>ӧтік </td> <td>медодзза </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>кык </td> <td>мöдік </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>куим </td> <td>куимöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>нёль </td> <td>нёльöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>вит </td> <td>витöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>квать </td> <td>кватьöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>сизим </td> <td>сизимöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>кыкьямыс </td> <td>кыкьямысöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>ӧкмыс </td> <td>ӧкмысöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>дас </td> <td>дасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td>дасӧтік </td> <td>дасӧтікöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td>даскык </td> <td>даскыкöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td>даскуим </td> <td>даскуимöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td>даснёль </td> <td>даснёльöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td>дасвит </td> <td>дасвитöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td>дасквать </td> <td>даскватьöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td>дассизим </td> <td>дассизимöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td>даскыкьямыс </td> <td>даскыкьямысöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td>дасӧкмыс </td> <td>дасӧкмысöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td>кыкдас </td> <td>кыкдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td>кыкдас ӧтік </td> <td>кыкдас ӧтікöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td>куимдас </td> <td>куимдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <td>нёльдас </td> <td>нёльдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>50 </th> <td>витдас </td> <td>витдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>60 </th> <td>кватьдас </td> <td>кватьдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>70 </th> <td>сизимдас </td> <td>сизимдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>80 </th> <td>кыкьямысдас </td> <td>кыкьямысдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>90 </th> <td>ӧкмысдас </td> <td>ӧкмысдасöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>100 </th> <td>сё </td> <td>сёöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>1000 </th> <td>сюрс </td> <td>сюрсöт </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td>сюрс öкмыссё <br /> кыкьямысдас вит </td> <td>сюрс öкмыссё <br /> кыкьямысдас витöт </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komi personal pronouns inflect in all the cases. The language makes no distinction between <i>he</i>,<i> she</i> and <i>it</i>. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">мe</span></span> 'I' </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">мийö</span></span> 'we' </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">тэ</span></span> 'you' </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">тiйö</span></span> 'you' </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ciя</span></span> 'he/she/it' </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">нія</span></span> 'they' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Permian Komi verbs show tense (<a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>), mood (<a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidential">evidential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctive</a>), <a href="/wiki/Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice">voice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. </p><p>The verbal stem is a 2nd person singular of imperative mode: <b>мун</b> 'go', <b>кер</b> 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem. </p><p>Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so-called "voyelle de soutien" <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">ы</span></span> which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel: <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кывзы</span></span> = <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кывз+ы</span></span> 'hear', <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">видчы</span></span> 'swear' = <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">видч+ы</span></span>, e. g. <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кывзы</span>ны</span></span> 'to hear', <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кывзы</span>тöн</span></span> 'by hearing' but <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кывз</span>і</span></span> 'I heard', <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кывз</span>ö</span></span> 'he hears', <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">кывз</span>ан</span></span> 'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants. </p><p>Permian <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a> are marked with <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">-ны</span></span> added to a stem as in <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">мyн<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ны</span></span></span> 'to go', <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кывзы<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ны</span></span></span> 'hear' </p><p>All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">вöвны</span></span> 'to be'. </p><p>Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g. <span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эг</span> мун</span></span> 'I didn't go'. </p><p>The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is <b>а</b> (negat. <b>о</b>), the marker of the past tense is<b> и</b> (negat. <b>э</b>). </p><p>Here is conjugation of verb <b>керны</b> 'make, do': </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2">Person</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2">Future</th> <th colspan="2">Past </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation</th> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation</th> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">а</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ог</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">а</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ог</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">и</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эг</span> кер</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ан</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">он</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ан</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">он</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ин</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эн</span> кер</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">оз</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ас</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">оз</span> кер</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ис</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эз</span> кер</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ам(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ог(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ам(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ог(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">им(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эг(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ат(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">од(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ат(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">од(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ит(ö)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эд(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">öны</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">оз(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">асö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">оз(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">исö</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">эз(ö)</span> кер<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">ö</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><small>Notes.</small></dd></dl> <ol><li><small>Present and future forms differ just in affirm. 3rd person (<b>ö / öны</b> to <b>ас / асö</b>).</small></li> <li><small>Future and past forms differ only with tense marker (the future <b>-а / о-</b> to the past <b>-и / э-</b>).</small></li> <li><small>In present affirmative forms the marker of 3rd person is <b>-ö</b>, which at the same time indicates the tense.</small></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_phrases">Some phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Some phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Permian Komi </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Дыр ов! <br /> Дыр олö!</span></span> </td> <td>Hello! (Sg)<br /> Hello! (Pl) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Олат-вöлат!</span></span> </td> <td>How do you do! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Бур асыв!</span></span> </td> <td>Good morning! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Бур лун!</span></span> </td> <td>Good afternoon! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Бур рыт!</span></span> </td> <td>Good evening! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Аттьö!</span></span> </td> <td>Thank you! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Нем понда!</span></span> </td> <td>Not at all! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Эн жö вид!</span></span> </td> <td>Excuse me! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Кыдз тэнö шуöны?</span></span> </td> <td>What's your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Менö шуöны Öньö.</span></span> </td> <td>My name is Andrew. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Инглишöн кужан-он?</span></span> </td> <td>Do you speak English? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Ог!</span></span> </td> <td>No, I don't! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Кöр локтан?</span></span> </td> <td>When are you coming? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Ашын.</span></span> </td> <td>Tomorrow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Мый керан?</span></span> </td> <td>What are you doing? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Муна босьтасьны.</span></span> </td> <td>I'm going to the shops. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Тэ кытöн?</span></span> </td> <td>Where are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Ме öши.</span></span> </td> <td>I've lost my way. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Мый дона?</span></span> </td> <td>How much it is? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Вит руб.</span></span> </td> <td>Five rubles. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Адззисьлытöдз!</span></span> </td> <td>Good-bye! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Талун кресення?</span></span> </td> <td>Is it Sunday today? </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Ну!</span></span> </td> <td>Yeah! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Мыйнö!</span></span> </td> <td>Yes! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Ог тöд!</span></span> </td> <td>I don't know! </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Менам абу сьöм.</span></span> </td> <td>I have no money. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Сэтчин пос абу.</span></span> </td> <td>There is no bridge there. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Komi-Permyak-language text"><span lang="koi">Но!</span></span> </td> <td>O.K. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Аксёнова, О. П. (2009). <i>Коми-пермяцкие географические термины и их функционирование в топонимии Верхнего Прикамья</i>. Кудымкар: ПНЦ УрО РАН. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-904524-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-904524-35-7">978-5-904524-35-7</a></li> <li>Баталова, Р. М. (1982). <i>Ареальные исследования по восточным финно-угорским языкам (коми языки)</i>. Москва: Изд-во «Наука».</li> <li>Баталова, Р. М. (1975). <i>Коми-пермяцкая диалектология</i>. Москва: Изд-во «Наука».</li> <li>Баталова, Р. М., Кривощекова-Гантман А. С. (1985). <i>Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.</i> – М.: Русский язык.</li> <li>Кривощекова-Гантман, А. С. (2006). <i>Собрание сочинений в 2 томах.</i> Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85218-289-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-85218-289-3">5-85218-289-3</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85218-288-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-85218-288-5">5-85218-288-5</a>.</li> <li>Лобанова, А. С., Шляхова, С. С. (2010). <i>Коми-пермяцкий язык конца ХХ – начала ХХІ веков: стилистические аспекты.</i> Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-475-7">978-5-85218-475-7</a></li> <li>Лыткин В. И. и др. (1962). <i>Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология</i> / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во.</li> <li>Пономарева, Л. Г. (2002). <i>Фонетика и морфология мысовско-лупьинского диалекта коми-пермяцкого языка: дис. ... канд. филол. наук</i>. Ижевск.</li> <li>Попова, О. А. (2010). <i>Коми-пермяцкий фразеологический словарь</i>. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-489-4">978-5-85218-489-4</a></li> <li>Тудвасева З.К. и др. (2008). <i>Русско-коми-пермяцкий разговорник.</i> Кудымкар: Коми-Перм. кн. изд-во. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87901-124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87901-124-1">978-5-87901-124-1</a></li> <li>Цыпанов, Е. А. (1999). <i>Перым-коми гижӧд кыв</i>. Сыктывкар: «Пролог» небöг лэдзанін.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fedosejeva, Jelena. "Замечания по лексикологии коми-пермяцкого языка (с этимологиями)" [Some Lexicological Remarks on the Komi-Permyak Language]. In: <i>Linguistica Uralica</i> 53, nr. 3, 2017. pp. 179–185. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2017.3.02">https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2017.3.02</a></li> <li>Kochetov, Alexei, and Alevtina Lobanova. “Komi-Permyak Coronal Obstruents: Acoustic Contrasts and Positional Variation”. In: <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i> 37, no. 1 (2007): 51–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44526448">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44526448</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm">Владение языками населением Российской Федерации</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Permyak-language">Permyak language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fulib.ru/books.php?action=viewKomiPermyakKiv">Финно-угорская электронная библиотека</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060132/http://fulib.ru/books.php?action=viewKomiPermyakKiv">Archived</a> 2011-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Коми-пермяцкий язык / Под ред. проф. В. И. Лыткина. — Кудымкар: Коми-пермяцкое книжное издательство, 1962. — С. 27—34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raisa M. Batalova (1990). Унифицированное описание диалектов уральских языков. Оньковский диалект коми-пермяцкого языка. Hamburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_Wichmann" title="Yrjö Wichmann">Wichmann, Yrjö</a>; Uotila, T. E. (1942). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/lexica/lexicavii.html">Syrjänischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptzügen der Formenlehre</a></i>. Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Suomalais-Ugrilainen_Seura" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura">Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во, 1962.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="koi:"> Komi-Permyak edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060132/http://fulib.ru/books.php?action=viewKomiPermyakKiv">Books in Komi-Permyak from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library</a> (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in <a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> (interface in Russian and English, texts in <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, Komi, <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> languages))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics3/batalova-93.htm">Баталова Р. М. Коми-пермяцкий язык.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912034130/http://www.kudymkar.org/komi-perm-rus_slovar">Кривощёкова-Гантман А.С. Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.</a> (Krivoshchokova-Gantman A.S. Komi-Permyak-Russian Dictionary)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Special:EditPage/Komi-Permyak language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22">"Komi-Permyak language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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