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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cider_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cider_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cider styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cider_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cider styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cider_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geography and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_ciders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_ciders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern ciders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ciders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_ciders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_ciders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Heritage ciders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_ciders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_style_ciders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_style_ciders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Specialty style ciders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_style_ciders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_cider_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_cider_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Specific cider styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_cider_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scratting_and_pressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scratting_and_pressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scratting and pressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scratting_and_pressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blending_and_bottling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blending_and_bottling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Blending and bottling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blending_and_bottling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flavour_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavour_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flavour compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavour_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apples_to_cider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apples_to_cider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Apples to cider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apples_to_cider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Yeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses and variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>National varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.10</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.11</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.12</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.13</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.14</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.15</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.16</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.5</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.7</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.1</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cider</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider" title="Sider – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sider" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سيدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidr_(alkoqollu_i%C3%A7ki)" title="Sidr (alkoqollu içki) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sidr (alkoqollu içki)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Сідр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сідр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сыдар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыдар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сайдер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сайдер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistr" title="Sistr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sistr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Сидр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сидр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidr" title="Seidr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seidr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelschaumwein" title="Apfelschaumwein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apfelschaumwein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siider" title="Siider – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siider" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μηλίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηλίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidro" title="Cidro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cidro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagardo" title="Sagardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="شراب سیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب سیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidre" title="Cidre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cidre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceirtlis" title="Ceirtlis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceirtlis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune_ooyl" title="Lhune ooyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune ooyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="사과주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사과주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80" title="Սիդր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիդր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabu%C4%8Dno_vino" title="Jabučno vino – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jabučno vino" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidro" title="Cidro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cidro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider" title="Sider – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sider" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADder" title="Síder – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síder" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidro" title="Sidro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sidro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8" title="סיידר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיידר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidher" title="Cidher – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cidher" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიდრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიდრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Сидр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сидр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomacium" title="Pomacium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pomacium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidrs" title="Sidrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidras" title="Sidras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almabor" title="Almabor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Almabor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Јаболковина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаболковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BC" title="സൈഡർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈഡർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიდრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سيدر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيدر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider" title="Sider – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sider" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanaoctli" title="Manzanaoctli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Manzanaoctli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB" title="シードル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シードル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider" title="Sider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider" title="Sider – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sider" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beire" title="Beire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Beire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomat" title="Pomat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pomat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydr" title="Cydr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cydr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidru" title="Cidru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cidru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Сидр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сидр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musht" title="Musht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Musht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabol%C4%8Dno_vino" title="Jabolčno vino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jabolčno vino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajder" title="Sajder – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sajder" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siideri" title="Siideri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siideri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไซเดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซเดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma_%C5%9Farab%C4%B1" title="Elma şarabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elma şarabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Сидр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сидр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider" title="Cider – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cider" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidra" title="Sidra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sidra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%92" title="苹果酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苹果酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E8%8F%93%E9%85%92" title="蘋菓酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘋菓酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%92" title="苹果酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苹果酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q167296" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fermented alcoholic beverage from apple juice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the alcoholic beverage. For the non-alcoholic beverage, see <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cider_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cider (disambiguation)">Cider (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cider" title="Special:EditPage/Cider">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cider%22">"Cider"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cider%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cider%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cider%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cider%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cider%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Cider</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0,25l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg/200px-2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg/300px-2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg/400px-2013-09-08_Apfelwein_im_Gerippten_0%2C25l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="2171" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cider, in the traditional Hessian "ribbed" glass</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fermented_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented foods">Fermented alcoholic beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2-8.5% (traditional English), 3.5-12% (continental)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td class="infobox-data">Pale yellow, brown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Apples">Apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_Cider_Jugs_(2518375463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg/175px-Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg/263px-Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg/350px-Somerset_Cider_Jugs_%282518375463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Cider <a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">jugs</a>. Somerset, England</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cider</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-dər</i></a>) is an alcoholic beverage made from the <a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">juice of apples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider is widely available in the United Kingdom (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>) and Ireland. The UK has the world's highest per capita consumption, as well as the largest cider-producing companies. Ciders from the South West of England are generally higher in alcoholic content.<sup id="cite_ref-cideruk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cideruk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider is also popular in many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>, such as India, South Africa, Canada, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the UK and its former colonies, cider is popular in Portugal (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Entre-Douro-e-Minho_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province">Minho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>), France (particularly <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, and northern Spain (specifically <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>). Germany also has its own types of cider with <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> producing a particularly tart version known as <a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a>. In the U.S. and Canada, varieties of alcoholic cider are often called <b>hard cider</b> to distinguish it from non-alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">apple cider</a> or "sweet cider", also made from apples. In Canada, cider cannot contain less than 2.5% or over 13% absolute alcohol by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-page33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The juice of most varieties of apple, including <a href="/wiki/Crab_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab apple">crab apples</a>, can be used to make cider, but <a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">cider apples</a> are best.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> content of the resulting beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Tax_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tax-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a> or more in traditional English ciders, and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice (fresh or from concentrate),<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_01_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_01-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/CAMRA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMRA">CAMRA</a> (the Campaign for Real Ale) says that "real cider" must be at least 90% fresh <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">apple juice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, there is a 50% minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-CT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, cider must be made solely from apples.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a> is a similar product to cider made by fermenting <a href="/wiki/Pear#Uses" title="Pear">pear juice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When distilled, cider turns into <a href="/wiki/Fruit_brandy" title="Fruit brandy">fruit brandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distiller_Magazine_2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distiller_Magazine_2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_types">Appearance and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Appearance and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cider" title="Special:EditPage/Cider">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The flavour of cider varies. Ciders can be classified from dry to sweet. Their appearance ranges from cloudy with sediment to completely clear, and their colour ranges from almost colourless to amber to brown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variations in clarity and colour are mostly due to filtering between pressing and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>. Some apple varieties will produce a clear cider without any need for filtration. Both sparkling and still ciders are made; the sparkling variety is the more common. </p><p>Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> in appearance. More traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the mass-produced varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the same apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing. They are typically 7–8% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a> in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber cider which has an alcohol content of 7–8% ABV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>cider</i> is first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> in biblical use as <i>sicer</i> / <i>ciser</i> "strong drink", "strong liquor" in the 13th century and as <i>sither(e)</i> / <i>cidre</i> "liquor made from the juice of fruits"<sup id="cite_ref-Hoad_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoad-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> → "beverage made from apples" in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably first borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hoad_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoad-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primitive form <i>sizre</i> "<a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Eadwine_Psalter" title="Eadwine Psalter">Eadwine Psalter</a></i>, LXVIII, 14) and then from another younger French form <i>cistre</i>, later <i>sidre</i>, <i>cidre</i> "beverage made from fruits".<sup id="cite_ref-oed_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific meaning "fermented beverage from apples" appears in Old French for the first time by the Norman chronicler <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> in 1130 / 1140 (Wace, <i>conception de Nostre Dame</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CNRTL_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_Rey_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain_Rey-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old French word <i>*<span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">cisre</i></span></i> (<i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">sizre</i></span></i>) is from Gallo-Romance <i>*<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cisera</i></span></i> found in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> by the English author <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckam" title="Alexander Neckam">Alexander Neckam</a> (Neckam, <i>De nominibus utensilium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CNRTL_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an altered form of Church Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sicera</i></span></i> "fermented drink",<sup id="cite_ref-CNRTL_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself borrowed from Greek <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sīkéra</i></span></i>, ultimately from Hebrew <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">šēkār</i></span></i>, "intoxicating liquor".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoad_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoad-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in the different Romance languages : Spanish, Portuguese <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sidra</i></span></i>, Italian <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">sidro</i></span></i>, etc.,<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Perrot_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Perrot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Germanic languages : German <i>Zider</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. are all from French<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Perrot_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Perrot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Breton <i><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">chistr</i></span></i>, Welsh <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">seidr</i></span></i> (through an English form) probably too. </p><p>By the 19th century, cider referred to the expressed juice of apples, either before fermentation as <i>sweet cider</i>, or after fermentation, a <i>hard cider</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cider_styles">Cider styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cider styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_and_origins">Geography and origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider is an ancient beverage. Evidence from pottery found shows that cider was made as early as 3000 B.C by the Celts. The first recorded reference to cider dates back to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s first attempt to invade <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> in 55 BCE where he found the native <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> fermenting crabapples. He would take the discovery back through continental Europe with his retreating troops.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cider market, ciders can be broken down into two main styles, standard and specialty. The first group consists of modern ciders and heritage ciders. Modern ciders are produced from culinary apples such as <a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a>. Heritage ciders are produced from heritage, cider specific, crab or wild apples, like <a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a>. Historically, cider was made from the only resources available to make it,<sup id="cite_ref-naborg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naborg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so style was not a large factor when considering the production process. Apples were historically confined to the cooler climates of Western Europe and Britain where civilisation was slow to develop record keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider was first made from <a href="/wiki/Crab_apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab apples">crab apples</a>, ancestors of the bittersweet and bittersharp apples used by today's English cider makers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English cider contained a drier, higher-alcohol-content version, using open fermentation vats and bittersweet crab apples. The French developed a sweet, low-alcohol "cidre" taking advantage of the sweeter apples and the keeving process.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10606541_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10606541-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider styles evolved based on the methods used, the apples available and local tastes. Production techniques developed, as with most technology, by trial and error. In fact, the variables were nearly too widespread to track, including: spontaneous fermentation, the type of vessels used, environmental conditions, and the apple varieties. Refinements came much later when cider became a commercial product and the process was better understood. However, since there is growing popularity in ciders, the production of specialty styles has begun to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-naborg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naborg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_ciders">Modern ciders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern ciders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern ciders are made from culinary apples and are lower in <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> and higher in acidity than other cider styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common culinary apples used in modern ciders include <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sweet or low alcohol cider may tend to have a strong aromatic and flavour character of apple, while drier and higher alcohol ciders will tend to produce a wider range of fruity aromas and flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern ciders vary in color from pale to yellow and can range from brilliant to a hazy clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarity can be altered through various cider making practices, depending on the cider maker's intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_ciders">Heritage ciders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heritage ciders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heritage ciders are made from both culinary and cider apples, including bittersweet, bittersharp, heirlooms, wild apples, and crabapples.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common apples used in heritage cider production include <a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Black Apple">Kingston Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wickson" title="Wickson">Wickson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heritage ciders are higher in tannins than modern ciders. They range in colour from yellow to amber ranging from brilliant to hazy. Clarity of heritage ciders also depends on the cider making practices used and will differ by cider maker as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, some cideries market "<a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">Loyalist</a>-style" ciders, which are notably dry and made with <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a> apples, a Canadian heritage varietal.<sup id="cite_ref-Puddicombe_Cider_Company_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puddicombe_Cider_Company-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_style_ciders">Specialty style ciders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specialty style ciders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialty style ciders are open to a lot more manipulation than modern or heritage style ciders. There is no restriction to apple varieties used and the list of specialty styles continues to expand. Listed on the USACM Cider Style Guide, specialty styles include: fruit, hopped, spiced, wood-aged, sour, and iced ciders. Fruit ciders have other fruit or juices added before or after fermentation, such as cherries, blueberries and cranberries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopped cider is fermented with added <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>, common <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">hop varieties</a> being <a href="/wiki/Cascade_hop" title="Cascade hop">Cascade</a>, Citra, Galaxy, and Mosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiced ciders have various spices added to the cider before, during, or after fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spices like cinnamon and ginger are popular to use in production.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood-aged ciders are ciders that are either fermented or aged in various types of wood barrels, to aid in extraction of woody, earthy flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sour ciders are high acid ciders that are produced with non-standard, non-<a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> and bacteria, which enhance <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid</a> production, to reach a sour profile.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice ciders can be made by using pre-pressed frozen juice or frozen whole apples. Whole apples either come frozen from the orchard, dependent on harvest date, or are stored in a freezer prior to pressing. When the pre-pressed juice or whole apples freeze, sugars are concentrated and mostly separated from the water. Whole apples are then pressed to extract the concentrated juice. For the pre-pressed juice the concentrated solution is drawn off while thawing occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, according to the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a> (TTB) cider producers can only label a product 'Ice Cider' if it is produced from apples naturally frozen outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two styles not mentioned in the USACM Cider Style Guide are Rosé and Sparkling Cider. Rosé cider can be produced from apple varieties that have reddish-pink pulp, like <a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a> and Amour Rouge.<sup id="cite_ref-fw_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosé ciders can also be created through the addition of food-grade red dyes, previously used red grape skins, like <a href="/wiki/Marquette_(grape)" title="Marquette (grape)">Marquette</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> concentration, red fruits, rose petals, or <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fw_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, sparkling ciders can be produced through methods of direct carbonation, addition of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) or by <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Méthode Champenoise</a> to re-create the traditional Champagne style.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_cider_styles">Specific cider styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specific cider styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Specific cider style </th> <th>Clarity </th> <th>Color </th> <th>Apple type </th> <th>Adjuncts </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by<br />volume</a><br />(ABV) </th></tr> <tr> <th>New World<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Pale to medium gold </td> <td>Culinary, wild, crabapples </td> <td>None </td> <td>5–8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>English<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Slightly cloudy to brilliant </td> <td>Medium yellow to amber </td> <td>Bittersweet, bittersharp </td> <td>None </td> <td>6–9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>French<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Medium yellow to amber </td> <td>Bittersweet, bittersharp </td> <td>None </td> <td>3–6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>New England<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Pale to medium yellow </td> <td>New England </td> <td>None </td> <td>7–13% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Applewine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Pale to medium gold </td> <td>Unspecified apple types </td> <td>None </td> <td>9–12% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cider with other fruit<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Color varies, color additives appropriate to appearance of added fruit </td> <td>Unspecified apple types </td> <td>Fruit or fruit juice </td> <td>9–12% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ice cider<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Brilliant </td> <td>Gold to amber </td> <td>Unspecified apple types, fruit is frozen prior to pressing or a frozen juice concentrate is used </td> <td>None </td> <td>7–13% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cider with herbs/spices<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Color varies, color additives appropriate to appearance of added botanicals </td> <td>Unspecified apple types </td> <td>Herbs and spices </td> <td>5–9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>White<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Clear to brilliant </td> <td>Very pale, nearly clear </td> <td>Apples with pale juice, juice decolorised with charcoal filter </td> <td>None </td> <td>6.5–8.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Black<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Unspecified </td> <td>Range of amber shades </td> <td>Unspecified apple types </td> <td>Hops, malted barley </td> <td>Unspecified </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratting_and_pressing">Scratting and pressing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scratting and pressing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cider_mill" title="Cider mill">Cider mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cider press">Cider press</a></div> <p>Apples grown for consumption are suitable for cider making, though some regional cider-makers prefer to use a mix of eating and cider apples (as in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England), or exclusively cider apples (as in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, England) and <a href="/wiki/West_of_England" title="West of England">West of England</a>. There are many hundreds of varieties of cultivars developed specifically for cider making. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tou_d%27preinseu,_Morel_Farm,_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/220px-Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/330px-Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/440px-Tou_d%27preinseu%2C_Morel_Farm%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Few traditional horse-drawn circular cider presses are still in use. Many may still be seen used as garden ornaments, flower planters, or architectural features.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the apples are gathered from trees in <a href="/wiki/Orchards" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchards">orchards</a> they are <i>scratted</i> (ground down) into a pulp. Historically this was done using pressing stones with circular troughs, or by a cider mill. Cider mills were traditionally driven by the hand, water-mill, or horse-power. In modern times, they are likely to be powered by electricity. The pulp is then transferred to a cider press where the juice is extracted. </p><p>Traditionally, the method for squeezing the juice from the apple pulp involves placing sweet straw or haircloths between stacked layers of apple pulp. Today, apples can be quickly pressed on a mechanized belt press. The juice, after being strained in a coarse hair-sieve, is then put into either open vats or closed casks. The remaining solids (<a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a>) are given to farm animals as winter feed, composted, discarded or used to make <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Somerset_Cider_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somerset_Cider-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">Fermentation (food)</a></div> <p>Fermentation of ciders occurs by a very similar mechanism to the fermentation of wine. The process of alcoholic fermentation is characterised by the conversion of simple sugars into ethanol by yeasts, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-whenWhy_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whenWhy-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because, as "Crabtree positive" yeasts, they produce ethanol even during aerobic fermentation; in contrast, Crabtree-negative yeasts produce only biomass and carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-whenWhy_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whenWhy-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adaptation allows them a competitive edge in the fermentation of ciders due to their high alcohol tolerance, and because of this tolerance, it is common for ciders to be fermented to dryness, although that is not always the case. Fermentations will carry on until the fermentation is stopped or the yeasts run out of nutrients and can no longer metabolise, resulting in a "stuck" fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steps taken before fermentation might include fruit or juice blending, titratable acidity and pH measurements and sometimes adjustments, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and yeast additions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Science_of_Cidermaking_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Science_of_Cidermaking-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 4–16 °C (39–61 °F). This temperature would be low for most kinds of fermentation, but is beneficial for cider, as it leads to slower fermentation with less loss of delicate aromas. Fermentation can occur due to natural yeasts that are present in the must; alternately, some cider makers add cultivated strains of cider yeast, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_bayanus" title="Saccharomyces bayanus">Saccharomyces bayanus</a></i>. </p><p>During the initial stages of fermentation, there are elevated levels of carbon dioxide as the yeasts multiply and begin to break down the sugar into ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Science_of_Cidermaking_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Science_of_Cidermaking-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fermentative metabolism of yeast, certain organoleptic compounds are formed that have an effect on the quality of cider, such as other alcohols, esters and other volatile compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fermentation, racking occurs into a clean vessel, trying to leave behind as much yeast as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Science_of_Cidermaking_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Science_of_Cidermaking-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the fermentation consumes all the sugar, the liquor is "racked" (<a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphoned</a>) into new vats. This leaves dead yeast cells and other undesirable material at the bottom of the old vat. At this point, it becomes important to exclude airborne acetic bacteria, so vats are filled completely to exclude air. The fermenting of the remaining available sugar generates a small amount of carbon dioxide that forms a protective layer, reducing air contact. This final fermentation creates a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>. Extra sugar may be added specifically for this purpose. Racking is sometimes repeated if the liquor remains too cloudy. </p><p>Apple-based juice may also be combined with fruit to make a fine cider; fruit purées or flavourings can be added, such as grape, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a>. </p><p>The cider is ready to drink after a three-month fermentation period, although it is more often matured in the vats for up to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blending_and_bottling">Blending and bottling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blending and bottling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cider_making_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cider_making_Jersey.jpg/170px-Cider_making_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cider_making_Jersey.jpg/255px-Cider_making_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cider_making_Jersey.jpg/340px-Cider_making_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Layers of pomace wrapped in canvas</figcaption></figure> <p>For larger-scale cider production, ciders from vats produced from different varieties of apple may be blended to accord with market taste. If the cider is to be bottled, usually some extra sugar is added for sparkle. Higher quality ciders can be made using the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">champagne method</a>, but this is expensive in time and money and requires special corks, bottles, and other equipment. Some home brewers use beer bottles, which work perfectly well, and are inexpensive. This allows the cider to become naturally carbonated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavour_compounds">Flavour compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flavour compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Tannins</a> are crucial flavour compounds in cider. Since perfecting the tannin content in the cider is needed for optimal success, the tannins or "polyphenols of apples are largely implicated in cider quality."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10606541_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10606541-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are important because they control the <a href="/wiki/Astringency_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringency (wine)">astringency</a> and bitterness of the cider. Tannins are necessary components to focus on when producing cider because the length of the aftertaste of the cider (astringency) and bitterness are both strong chemicals that affect people's opinion on the cider. Tannins are polyphenol compounds that are naturally occurring in apples. Depending on the type of cider apple the producer is using, the tannin levels will be different. The more well-known ciders typically have lower tannin levels while traditional ciders have more. One example of a common tannin present in cider is <a href="/wiki/Procyanidin_B2" title="Procyanidin B2">Procyanidin B2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> in cider play a vital role in both the cider making process and in the final flavour of a finished cider. They are present in both apples and cider, and add a sour taste and a pungent odor to these respective substances.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acids also serve as a preservative in the cider since microbes grow less in lower pH environments<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contribute to the fermentation process.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ciders have a pH of between 3.3 and 4.1.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary acid found in apples is <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a> which accounts for around 90% of the acid content in apples.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malic acid contributes to the tart and sour flavours found in cider, and typically between 4.5 and 7.5 grams of malic acid per litre of cider is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malic acid is also used to determine apple ripeness for harvesting, as its concentration decreases as the fruit ripens.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a> is also commonly found in cider,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is mainly formed from malo-lactic fermentation, a process that converts malic acid into lactic acid. This process rounds out the flavour of the cider while reducing a lot of the acidity and producing carbon dioxide as well.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other acids such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a> acid can be used to add taste after fermentation, but these acids are not typically found in high concentration in apples naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the natural sugar in apples are used up in the fermentation process and are converted into alcohol, and carbon dioxide. If the fermentation goes all the way, the cider will have no perceivable residual sugar and be dry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the cider will not taste sweet, and might show more bitterness, or acidity. Ciders are made in many parts of Europe and in the United States and each country has different representations of cider with different flavour compounds. Keeving is a traditional method of fermentation with low amounts of nitrogen in French and English ciders that is intended to slow down the rate of fermentation in hopes of retaining high esters as well as retaining some residual sugar in the bottled cider to increase effervescence in the aging process.<sup id="cite_ref-Valois_et_al_2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valois_et_al_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciders can be back sweetened, after fermentation is complete to add a sweet taste and balance out acids, tannins, and bitterness. Natural sugar can be used but this can restart fermentation in a bottle if not filtered correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-Valois_et_al_2006_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valois_et_al_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artificial sweeteners can be used which are non-fermentable but some of these create an aftertaste, such as saccharin or sucralose, yet some of these are known for adding off flavour compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, a study found that a 1-US-pint (470 ml) bottle of mass-market cider contained 20.5 g (five teaspoons) of sugar, nearly the amount the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> recommends as an adult's daily allowance of added sugar, and 5–10 times the amount of sugar in <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apples_to_cider">Apples to cider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Apples to cider"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important component in cider-making is the addition of sulfur dioxide to inhibit the growth of many spoilage bacteria or yeasts in the juice. This encourages the inoculated yeast to dominate the juice environment, converting sugars to alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once sulfur dioxide dissolves in the juice, it converts into a pH dependent mixture of bisulfite, sulfite ions, and molecular sulfur dioxide. The "unbound" sulfur dioxide provides the <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> environment in the juice, while the bisulfite and sulfite ions contribute to flavour. The quantity of sulfur dioxide needed to inhibit microbial activity is directly related to the pH of the juice; lower pH means less should be added, while higher pH juice requires more.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cider producers add sulfur dioxide immediately after pressing and juicing, but before fermentation. However, in some cases it can be added afterwards to act as an antioxidant or stabiliser. This prevents the finished cider from releasing hydrogen peroxide or aldehydes that produce "off" odors and flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitrogen is also a very important nutrient supporting yeast growth and fermentation in cider. Yeast require different forms of nitrogen to take up and use themselves so nitrogenous compounds are often added to apple juice.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixture of nitrogen-containing compounds that yeast can use are referred to as 'Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen', or YAN. Even though YAN can be added into juice before fermentation, there are other ways to affect the levels of nitrogen in the juice before pressing, like the maturity of the orchard or what type of fertiliser is used.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a fertiliser with a good amount of nitrogen will help the roots of apple trees; nitrogen fixing bacteria on the roots will be able to provide the tree with more nitrogen that will be able to make its way into the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A low crop load can also yield juices with more YAN than a high crop load because the nitrogen in more concentrated in the low number of apples instead of being distributed to many apples.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a sufficient amount of YAN is good for the yeast and ensures fermentation of the sugars in the juice to alcohol, some cider makers may choose to limit nitrogen because it is the limiting factor.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the yeast are starved for nitrogen, they stop fermenting and die off.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be desirable if cider makers prefer their cider to have some more sugar than alcohol in their cider.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, limiting YAN should be done in moderation because too little nitrogen can lead to an increase in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S) production which is responsible for a rotten egg-like smell.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary cider fermentation can be initiated by inoculating the cider must with selected yeast strains or by permitting indigenous yeast strains present on the fruit and in the cider production equipment to spontaneously commence fermentation without inoculation. Inoculation with different strains of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> and other yeast strains with strong fermentative metabolism traits, including <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_bayanus" title="Saccharomyces bayanus">Saccharomyces bayanus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Torulaspora_delbrueckii" title="Torulaspora delbrueckii">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a></i> strains, has been shown to produce few differences in cider phenolic compounds, save for concentrations of phloretin (see <a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">Phloretin</a>) in samples that underwent malolactic fermentation. Spontaneous fermentation commenced by indigenous yeasts and finished by <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> can produce ciders with similar concentrations of important <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-volatile acid">non-volatile acids</a>, including lactic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid, while concentrations of volatile compounds such as methanol and 1-butanol, were present in different concentrations, dependent on apple cultivar. Extending the time during which the cider remains in contact with yeast lees increased concentrations of most of the minor volatile compounds present, especially fatty acids, ethyl esters and alcohols. Major volatile compound concentrations did not exhibit a similar pattern, with <i>iso</i>-butanol, amyl alcohols, and acetone decreasing 1-propanol decreasing. </p><p>Sparkling ciders can be produced using different methods, including the Champenoise method used to produce champagne. Use of different strains of indigenous <i>Saccharomyces</i> to perform secondary fermentation produced ciders with consistent alcohol and acidic characteristics, variable glycerol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, methanol, propanol, <i>i</i>-butanol and 2-phenylethanol characteristics and acceptable sensory analysis results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yeast">Yeast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The selection of yeast used for cider production is critical to the quality of the final product. As with other fermented beverages, like wine and beer, the strain of yeast used to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a> also converts precursor molecules into the odorants found in the final product. In general, two broad categories of yeast are used for cider making: commercially developed strains and wild, or autochthonous, strains. In either case, the species tend to be either <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> or <i>Saccharomyces bayanus.</i> Commercial strains are available for purchase from numerous distributors, and their characteristics are typically outlined in manuals from the companies. Selection for fermentation may be based on a yeast's ability to ferment at particular sugar concentrations, temperatures, or pH. Some producers may also select for yeasts that produce <a href="/wiki/Killer_yeast" title="Killer yeast">killer factors</a>, allowing them to out-compete other yeast in the juice, or they may select yeast that contribute <a href="/wiki/Mouthfeel" title="Mouthfeel">mouthfeel</a> or specific aromas to the cider.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Wild fermentations" occur when autochthonous yeast are allowed to carry out fermentation; indigenous yeasts can spontaneously initiate fermentation without any addition of other yeast strains by the cider maker. Autochthonous yeasts are wild yeast strains that are endemic to the specific location in which a cider is produced; this is the traditional method used for cider making, and many producers feel that the strains unique to their cidery contribute a sense of <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a> to their product. Wild yeast populations can be incredibly diverse and commonly include species of <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces" title="Saccharomyces">Saccharomyces</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pichia" title="Pichia">Pichia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hanseniaspora" title="Hanseniaspora">Hanseniaspora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metschnikowia" title="Metschnikowia">Metschnikowia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the native yeast take up residence in the cidery, and can be important to the unique flavour of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was once believed that the native yeast carrying out these spontaneous fermentations also came from the orchard itself, research has shown that the microbes cultured from apples in the orchard do not align with the microbes found during the various stages of fermentation, suggesting that the sole source of native yeast is the cidery.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous yeast strain population dynamics are affected by climatic conditions, apple variety, geographic location, and cider making technologies used.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variables cause different regions to host unique endemic yeast populations. The particular composition of endemic yeast strains and the yeast's activity during fermentation are responsible for the unique characteristics of ciders produced in certain regions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique autochthonous yeast populations promote different compositions of volatile flavour compounds, which form distinct tastes, aromas, and mouthfeel in finished ciders.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using wild yeast populations for fermentation introduces variability to the cider making process that makes it more difficult to generate multiple batches of cider that retain consistent characteristics. </p><p>Aside from carrying out the primary fermentation of cider, yeast may also play other roles in cider production. The production of sparkling cider requires a second round of fermentation, and a second yeast selection. The yeast used for the secondary fermentation in sparkling cider production serve the same purpose as the yeast used in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne method">champagne method</a> of sparkling wine production: to generate <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a> and distinct aromas with a fermentation that occurs in the bottle. The yeast is selected based on critical properties, such as tolerance to high pressure, low temperature, and high ethanol concentration, as well as an ability to <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculate</a>, which allows for <a href="/wiki/Riddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddling">riddling</a> to remove the yeast when the fermentation has finished.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have also suggested that non-Saccharomyces yeasts could be used to release additional flavour or mouthfeel compounds, as they may contain enzymes, such as <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucosidase">β-glucosidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylan_1,4-b-xylosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylan 1,4-b-xylosidase">β-xylosidase</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polygalacturonase" title="Polygalacturonase">polygalacturonase</a>, which <i>Saccharomyces</i> yeast may not produce.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all yeast associated with cider production are necessary for fermentation; many are considered spoilage microbes and can be a significant source of off odors in the finished product. <i><a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces" title="Brettanomyces">Brettanomyces</a></i> species produce <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/4-Ethylphenol" title="4-Ethylphenol">4-ethyl phenol</a>, which impart a distinct aroma called "Bretty", typically described as "barnyard", "horsey", or "bandaid".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these aromas would be considered spoilage odors in wines, many cider producers and consumers do not consider them a fault. Yeast species like <i><a href="/wiki/Hanseniaspora" title="Hanseniaspora">Hanseniaspora uvarum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metschnikowia_pulcherrima" title="Metschnikowia pulcherrima">Metschnikowia pulcherrima</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_uvarum" title="Saccharomyces uvarum">Saccharomyces uvarum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zygosaccharomyces" title="Zygosaccharomyces">Zygosaccharomyces cidri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida pomicole</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pichia_membranifaciens" title="Pichia membranifaciens">Pichia membranifaciens</a></i> have also been found to produce enzymes linked to generation of spoilage odors.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western British tradition of <a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailing</a> the apple trees and making an offering of cider and bread in Autumn to protect the fertility of the <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> appears to be a relatively ancient tradition, superficially dating back to the pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The autumn tradition of '<a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">bobbing</a>' for apples is due to the abundance of fruit at this time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A modern cider festival is an organised event that promotes cider and (usually) <a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">perry</a>. A variety of ciders and perries will be available for tasting and buying. Such festivals may be organised by <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>, cider producers, or cider-promoting private organisations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_variations">Uses and variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uses and variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calvados_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvados (brandy)">Calvados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Applejack (beverage)">applejack</a> are strong liquors distilled from cider. They differ in their geographical origin and their method of distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calvados is made throughout <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France, not just in the <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (country subdivision)">département</a>. It is made from cider by double distillation. In the first pass, the result is a liquid containing 28–30% alcohol. After the second pass, the concentration of alcohol is about 40%. </p><p>Applejack is a strong alcoholic beverage made in North America by concentrating cider, either by the traditional method of <a href="/wiki/Fractional_freezing" title="Fractional freezing">freeze distillation</a> or by true evaporative <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>. In traditional freeze distillation, a barrel of cider is left outside during the winter. When the temperature is low enough, the water in the cider starts to freeze. If the ice is removed, the (now more concentrated) alcoholic solution is left behind in the barrel. If the process is repeated often enough, and the temperature is low enough, the alcohol concentration is raised to 20–30% alcohol by volume. Home production of applejack is popular in Europe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a> (French: <i>cidre de glace</i>), originating in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a>, has become a Canadian speciality, now also being produced in England. For this product, the apples are frozen either before or after being harvested. Its alcohol concentration is 9–13% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>. Cidre de glace is considered a local speciality in Quebec and can fetch high prices on the international market. In Canada, ice cider is produced by natural, outdoor freezing. In Europe and the United States, a similar product may be achieved through artificial, interior freezing, though often not under the name 'ice cider.' </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></i>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">apéritif</a> in Normandy, is a drink produced by blending unfermented apple juice and apple brandy in the barrel (the high alcoholic content of the spirit prevents fermentation of the juice and the blend takes on the character of the aged barrel). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktails</a> may include cider. Besides <a href="/wiki/Kir_(cocktail)" title="Kir (cocktail)">kir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snakebite_(beer_cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakebite (beer cocktail)">snakebite</a>, an example is <a href="/wiki/Black_Velvet_(beer_cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Velvet (beer cocktail)">Black Velvet</a> in a version of which cider may replace champagne. </p><p>Cider may also be used to make vinegar. <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a> is noted for its high acidity and flavour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_drinks">Related drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Related drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other fruits can be used to make cider-like drinks. The most popular is made from fermented pear juice, known as <a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is called <i>poiré</i> in France and produced mostly in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a> there. A branded sweet perry known as <a href="/wiki/Babycham" title="Babycham">Babycham</a>, marketed principally as a women's drink and sold in miniature champagne-style bottles, was once popular in the UK but has become unfashionable. Another related drink is a form of <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>, known as <i>cyser</i>. Cyser is a blend of honey and apple juice fermented together. </p><p>Although not widely made in modern times, various other <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pome</a> fruits can produce palatable drinks. <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>, in Book II of <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_coquinaria" class="mw-redirect" title="De re coquinaria">De re coquinaria</a></i>, includes a recipe calling for <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> cider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_varieties">National varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the development of rapid long-distance transportation, regions of cider consumption generally coincided with those of cider production. As such, cider was said to be more common than wine in 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certainly the idea of it was present in England by the Conquest of 1066, using crab apples: the word "Wassail" is derived from a Saxon phrase, "wæs hæil":<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is what would have been said by Saxons as a toast at <a href="/wiki/Yuletide" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuletide">Yuletide</a>. Southern Italy, by contrast, though indeed possessing apples, had no tradition for cider apples at all and like its other neighbours on the Mediterranean Sea preserved the Roman tradition of apples as an ingredient for desserts, as evidenced by the frescoes at Herculaneum and Pompeii, descriptions by Classical writers and playwrights, and <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>, whose famous cookbook does not contain a single recipe for fermenting apples but rather includes them as part of main courses, especially accompanying pork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Austria, cider is made in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mostviertel" title="Mostviertel">Mostviertel</a>" and in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>. Almost every farmer there has some apple or pear trees. Many farmers also have a kind of inn called a "Mostheuriger", similar to a <a href="/wiki/Heuriger" title="Heuriger">heuriger</a> for new wine, where they serve cider and traditional fare. Non-sparkling cider is typically called "Most". Austria's most popular sparkling cider <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldkehlchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldkehlchen (page does not exist)">Goldkehlchen</a> is produced in south <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and marketed internationally since 2013 by the company founders Adam and Eva.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cidrerie Ruwet SA, established in 1898, is the only independent craft cider producer in Belgium. In addition to their own brand Ruwet, the company produces 'high-end' ciders for private labels. </p><p>Heineken owns the other Belgian cider maker Stassen SA, who in addition to their own local brands such as Strassen X Cider also produce Strongbow Jacques, a 5.5% ABV cider with <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant</a> flavours. <a href="/wiki/Zonhoven" title="Zonhoven">Zonhoven</a>-based Konings NV specialises in private label ciders for European retailers and offers a wide variety of flavours and packaging options to the beverage industry. <i><a href="/wiki/Stella_Artois" title="Stella Artois">Stella Artois</a> Cidre</i> is produced in Zonhoven and has been marketed since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite a strong apple tradition, Denmark has little cider production. Six places that produce cider in Denmark are Pomona (since 2003), Fejø Cider (since 2003), Dancider (since 2004), Ørbæk Bryggeri (since 2006), Ciderprojektet (since 2008), and Svaneke Bryghus (since 2009). All are inspired mainly by English and French cider styles. The assortment of imported ciders has grown significantly since 2000, prior to that only ciders from Sweden, primarily non-alcoholic, were generally available. The leading cider on the Danish market is made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=CULT_A/S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CULT A/S (page does not exist)">CULT A/S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg</a> launched an alcoholic cider in Denmark called <a href="/wiki/Somersby_cider" class="mw-redirect" title="Somersby cider">Somersby cider</a> which has an alcohol content of 4.7% and a sweet taste.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowmoor_Cider.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crowmoor_Cider.jpg/170px-Crowmoor_Cider.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crowmoor_Cider.jpg/255px-Crowmoor_Cider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crowmoor_Cider.jpg/340px-Crowmoor_Cider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinebrychoff" title="Sinebrychoff">Sinebrychoff</a>'s Crowmoor cider (Finland)</figcaption></figure> <p>The best-known brands labelled as cider are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Cap_(cider)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Cap (cider) (page does not exist)">Golden Cap</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fizz_(cider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizz (cider)">Fizz</a></i>, and <i>Upcider</i>. They typically contain 4.5–4.7% volume of alcohol. Virtually all Finnish "cider" is produced from fermented apple (or pear) juice concentrate mixed with water and is not cider as per the traditional description of the drink. Flavoured ciders, available in a large selection, are very popular and widely available in stores, with a variety of flavours ranging from forest berry to rhubarb and vanilla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France was one of the countries that inherited a knowledge of apple cultivation from both the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, who ruled the country for approximately 500 years: both had knowledge of grafting and keeping apples. The earliest mentions of cider in this country go back to the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>: he speaks of the profusion of apple trees in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and describes a cider-like drink.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century, Charlemagne, in the Capitulars, ordered skilled brewers (the Sicetores) to always be present on his estates to make him ale, "pommé" (pomacium), perry and all the liquors liable to be used as drinks, and also ordered an expansion of planting apple trees in what is now Northern France.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French <i>cidre</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sidʁ]</a></span>) is an alcoholic drink produced predominantly in Normandy and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. It varies in strength from below 4% alcohol to considerably more. Cidre Doux is a sweet cider, usually up to 3% in strength. 'Demi-Sec' is 3–5% and Cidre Brut is a strong dry cider of 4.5% alcohol and above. Most French ciders are sparkling. Higher quality cider is sold in champagne-style bottles (<i>cidre bouché</i>). Many ciders are sold in corked bottles, but some screw-top bottles exist. In crêperies (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpe</a> restaurants) in Brittany, cider is generally served in traditional ceramic bowls (or wide cups) rather than glasses. A <i>kir Breton</i> (or <i>kir normand</i>) is a cocktail <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a> made with cider and <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">cassis</a>, rather than white wine and cassis for the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Kir_(cocktail)" title="Kir (cocktail)">kir</a></i>. The Domfrontais, in the <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a> (Basse-Normandie), is famous for its pear cider (poiré). The <i>calvados du Domfrontais</i> is made of cider and poiré. </p><p>Some cider is also made in southwestern France, in the French part of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>. It is a traditional drink there and is making a recovery. Ciders produced here are generally of the style seen in the Spanish part of the Basque Country. A recently popular variety is the Akived, a piquant drink served cold. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvados (spirit)">Calvados</a>, from Normandy, and Lambig from Brittany are a spirits made of cider through a process called double <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>. In the first pass, the result is a liquid containing 28%–30% alcohol. In a second pass, the amount of alcohol is augmented to about 40%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></div><p>German cider, usually called <i><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></i> (apple wine), and regionally known as <i>Ebbelwoi</i>, <i>Apfelmost</i> (apple must), <i>Viez</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>vice</i>, the second or substitute wine), or <i>Saurer Most</i> (sour must), has an alcohol content of 5.5–7% and a tart, sour taste. </p><p>German cider is mainly produced and consumed in <a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetterau" title="Wetterau">Wetterau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a> areas, in Moselfranken, <a href="/wiki/Merzig" title="Merzig">Merzig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> area, as well as the lower <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> area and the region bordering on Luxembourg and in the area along the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> River in <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>. In these regions, several large producers, as well as numerous small, private producers, often use traditional recipes. An official <i>Viez</i> route or cider route connects <a href="/wiki/Saarburg" title="Saarburg">Saarburg</a> with the border to Luxembourg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_Ireland" title="Cider in Ireland">Cider in Ireland</a></div> <p>Cider is a popular drink in Ireland. A single cider, <a href="/wiki/Bulmers_(Republic_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulmers (Republic of Ireland)">Bulmers</a>, dominates sales in Ireland: owned by <a href="/wiki/C%26C_Group_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="C&C Group plc">C&C</a> and produced in <a href="/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel">Clonmel</a>, County Tipperary, Bulmers has a connected history to the British Bulmers cider brand up until 1949. Outside the Republic of Ireland, C&C brand their cider as Magners. It is very popular in Ireland to drink cider over ice and encouraged in their advertising. <a href="/wiki/Cidona" title="Cidona">Cidona</a>, a non-alcoholic version of Bulmers, is a popular soft drink in Ireland and used to be a C&C-owned brand. However, in recent years, other ciders have begun to take a large share in the market, for example, Heineken's 'Orchard Thieves'. </p><p>There has been a renaissance in the smaller artisanal cider producers since 2010. These now number more than a dozen across the island of Ireland and offer the consumer a broad range of differing, typically non-mainstream flavour profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider was once widely produced in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>'s apple growing regions, with a marked decline during <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy_under_Fascism,_1922%E2%80%931943" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Italy under Fascism, 1922–1943">fascist rule</a>, due to the introduction of a law banning the industrial production of alcoholic beverages derived from fruits of less than 7% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a>, which was aimed at protecting <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">wine producers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present laws and regulations are favourable to cider makers, but production has only survived in a few <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">alpine</a> locations, mostly in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, where it is known as <i>vin ëd pom</i> (apple wine) or <i>pomada</i>, because it traditionally was left to ferment in a vat along with grape <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a>, giving it a distinctive reddish colour.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, cider is not as commonly available as in its surrounding countries. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Heineken" title="Heineken">Heineken</a> started testing a cider-based drink branded <a href="/wiki/Jillz" title="Jillz">Jillz</a> in a number of bars throughout the country. The beverage, an <a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">alcopop</a> made by blending sparkling water, fruit flavouring, malt, and cider, is marketed towards female drinkers as an alternative to beer. At the same time, Heineken also introduced Strongbow Gold as a secondary brand to provide the choice of a real cider, which was targeted to a male audience. Both beverages contain 5% alcohol by volume, which is similar to a typical draught beer in the Netherlands. Other brands are available in supermarkets, most noticeably Magners and Savanna Dry,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in liquor stores, generally, a broader range may be obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway, cider (sider) is a naturally fermented apple juice. Pear juice is sometimes mixed with the apple to get a better fermenting process started. </p><p>Hundreds of domestic and dozens of imported varieties are available through the state alcohol monopoly <a href="/wiki/Vinmonopolet" title="Vinmonopolet">Vinmonopolet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinmonopolet_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinmonopolet-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they can hardly be marketed, in line with the law of 1975 prohibiting all advertising of alcoholic beverages of ABV above 2.5%,<sup id="cite_ref-alkoloven_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alkoloven-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore the products receive little exposure despite a few favourable press reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-VG_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VG-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aperitif_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aperitif-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ciders of low alcohol levels are widely available, mostly brands imported from Sweden; carbonated soft drinks with no alcoholic content may also be marketed as "cider".<sup id="cite_ref-aperitif_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aperitif-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider was once very popular in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Portugal">northern Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where its production was larger than wine production until the 11th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nowadays, its popularity has decreased and it is mostly consumed in the coasts of Minho, Âncora e Lima, where it is used as a refreshment for thirst. In some festivities, it is still used rather than wine. There is also a traditional production of the drink in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02015_Apfelwein,_Krakau_0698.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG/220px-02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG/330px-02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG/440px-02015_Apfelwein%2C_Krakau_0698.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4812" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Polish cider sold in Krakow</figcaption></figure> <p>Poland is the largest producer of apples in Europe. Cider is known in Poland as Cydr or Jabłecznik. In 2013, Poles drank 2 million litres of cider, which adds up to 1% of the country's annual alcohol sales. Sales more than doubled from the previous year. In the summer of 2014, Minister of Economy <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Piechoci%C5%84ski" title="Janusz Piechociński">Janusz Piechociński</a> supported in vain the creation of a draft law to legalise television cider publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The category is just gaining popularity among consumers. Areas strong in cider production are focused around the centre of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a> voivodeships.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large quantities of Polish apple concentrate are exported to UK, Scandinavia, and Ireland for cider production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escanciar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Escanciar.jpg/170px-Escanciar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Escanciar.jpg/255px-Escanciar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Escanciar.jpg/340px-Escanciar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Asturian cider being poured ("escanciado") in the traditional manner</figcaption></figure> <p>The making and drinking of cider is traditional in several areas of northern Spain, mainly <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Principality of Asturias</a>, Cantabria, and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>. </p><p>The largest producer of cider in Spain is the Atlantic region of Asturias, where cider is considered not only a beverage but an intrinsic part of its culture and folklore. Asturias amounts more than 80% of the whole production of Spain. The consumption of cider in Asturias is of 54 litres per person/year, probably the highest in any European region. </p><p>The first testimony about cider in Asturias was made by Greek geographer Strabo in 60 BC. </p><p>The traditional Asturian <i>sidra</i> is a still cider of 4–8% strength, although there are other varieties. Traditionally, it is served in <i>sidrerías</i> and <i>chigres</i>, pubs specialising in cider where it is also possible to have other drinks as well as traditional food. One of the most outstanding characteristics is that it is poured in very small quantities from a height into a wide glass, with the arm holding the bottle extended upwards and the one holding the glass extended downward. This technique is called <i>escanciar un culín</i> (also <i>echar un culín</i>) and is done to get air bubbles into the drink (<i>espalmar</i>), thus giving it a sparkling taste like Champagne that lasts a very short time. </p><p>Cider is also poured from barrels in the traditional Espichas. </p><p>One of the most popular ciders in Spain is called "El Gaitero" (the bagpipe player) which can be found everywhere in Spain and which is produced in this region. However, it must not be confused with the traditional Asturian cider as it is a sparkling cider more in the way of French ciders. It is a factory produced cider, sweet and very foamy, much like lambrusco, different from the more artisan and traditional cider productions. Recently, new apple tree plantations have been started in grounds belonging to the old coal mines, once important in Asturias. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg/220px-Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg/330px-Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg/440px-Sagardotegian_txotxetik_edaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque people</a> drinking cider in a <i><a href="/wiki/Sagardotegi" title="Sagardotegi">sagardotegi</a></i> (cider house)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cider has also been popular in the Basque Country for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Txakoli" title="Txakoli">Txakoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> wines became more popular in Biscay, Álava, and Navarre during the 19th century, there is still a strong <a href="/wiki/Basque_cider" title="Basque cider">Basque cider</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>. From the 1980s, government and gastronomic associations have worked to revive this culture in all Basque regions. Known as <i>sagardoa</i> (IPA: /s̺a'gardoa/), it is drunk either bottled or in a <a href="/wiki/Cider_house" title="Cider house">cider house</a> (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Sagardotegi" title="Sagardotegi">sagardotegi</a></i>), where it is poured from barrels. Most of "sagardotegis" are in the north of <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> (Astigarraga, Hernani, Urnieta, and Usurbil), but they can be found everywhere in Gipuzkoa, the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Basque_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Basque country (page does not exist)">northern Basque country</a>. </p><p>Cider tasting events are popular in the Basque province of Gipuzkoa, where stalls are set up on the street selling the drink from several producers at cheap prices and served until stock runs out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekorderlig_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rekorderlig_berries.jpg/170px-Rekorderlig_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rekorderlig_berries.jpg/255px-Rekorderlig_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rekorderlig_berries.jpg/340px-Rekorderlig_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption>A glass of <a href="/wiki/Rekorderlig" title="Rekorderlig">Rekorderlig</a> wild-berries cider (Sweden)</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to Swedish law, stores in Sweden cannot sell cider with less than 15 percentage juice by volume under the name Cider.<sup id="cite_ref-Livsmedelsverkets_föreskrifter_om_cider_|_LIVSFS_2005:11(H_161)_(Swedish)_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livsmedelsverkets_föreskrifter_om_cider_|_LIVSFS_2005:11(H_161)_(Swedish)-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cider" with none or less than 15% juice is instead usually sold as <i>"Apple/Pear beverage of cider character"</i> (Swedish: <i>"Äpple-/Pärondryck med Ciderkaraktär"</i>). Brands of cider in Sweden include <a href="/wiki/Rekorderlig" title="Rekorderlig">Rekorderlig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kivik" title="Kivik">Kivik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrljunga_Cider" title="Herrljunga Cider">Herrljunga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kopparbergs_Brewery" title="Kopparbergs Brewery">Kopparberg</a>. As of 2024, there are around 30 producers of cider in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-spritmuseum_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spritmuseum-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cider beverages have a long history in Sweden since medieval times. Due to the strong impact from the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, nearly all beverages sold as cider during the 20th century were sweetened and flavoured non-alcoholic beverages similar to <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>. It was not until the 1990s that <a href="/wiki/Systembolaget" title="Systembolaget">Systembolaget</a> began to sell alcoholic cider.<sup id="cite_ref-spritmuseum_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spritmuseum-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notably sweet "Swedish cider" with flavours of apple and pear, or <a href="/wiki/Elderberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry">elderberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">wild berries</a>, is consumed in many countries, including the United Kingdom as an alternative to traditional British cider.<sup id="cite_ref-spritmuseum_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spritmuseum-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland cider is called <i>Suure Most</i> or <i>Saft</i> in the German-speaking part, <i>Cidre</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>, and <i>sidro</i> in the Italian-speaking regions. The drink was made popular in the 19th century when apple production increased due to progress in <a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">pomology</a>. At the turn of the century, cider consumption was at 28.1 litres per person. In the 1920s, advantages in the <a href="/wiki/Pasteurisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurisation">pasteurisation</a> of apple juice and the emerging <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> led to a strong decrease of cider production.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulinarisches_Erbe_der_Schweiz_(German)_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulinarisches_Erbe_der_Schweiz_(German)-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, typical Swiss cider consists of fermented apple juice mixed with 30% fresh juice which is added for sweetness. This drink is then <a href="/wiki/Pasteurised" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurised">pasteurised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonation#Natural_and_artificial_carbonation" title="Carbonation">force-carbonated</a>. Imported cider is not common as according to Swiss laws cider must contain more than 70% of juice.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweizerische_Gesellschaft_für_Ernährung_SGE:_Das_Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweizerische_Gesellschaft_für_Ernährung_SGE:_Das_Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cider in the United Kingdom">Cider in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>There are two broad main traditions in cider production in the UK: the West Country tradition and the eastern Kent and <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> tradition. The former are made using a much higher percentage of true <a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">cider apples</a> and so are richer in tannins and sharper in flavour. Kent and East Anglia ciders tend to use a higher percentage of or are exclusively made from, culinary and dessert fruit; they tend to be clearer, more vinous and lighter in body and flavour. </p><p>At one end of the scale are the traditional, small farm-produced varieties. These are non-carbonated and usually cloudy orange in appearance. Britain's West Country contains many of these farms which have an abundance of ancient varieties of specialist cider-apples. Production is often on such a small scale, the product being sold only at the site of manufacture or in local <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pubs</a> and shops.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other end of the scale are the factories mass-producing brands such as <a href="/wiki/Strongbow_Cider" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongbow Cider">Strongbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn_Cider" title="Blackthorn Cider">Blackthorn</a>. </p><p>Mass-produced cider, such as that produced by <a href="/wiki/H._P._Bulmer" title="H. P. Bulmer">Bulmers</a>, is likely to be <a href="/wiki/Pasteurised" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurised">pasteurised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonation#Natural_and_artificial_carbonation" title="Carbonation">force-carbonated</a>. The colour is likely to be golden yellow with a clear appearance from the <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_Kingdom#White_cider" title="Cider in the United Kingdom">White ciders</a></i> are almost colourless in appearance and only need contain 25% apple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, "<a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">cider</a>" often refers to sweetened, unfiltered apple juice, traditionally made with a distinct sweet-tart taste, and in these regions, the fermented (alcoholic) beverage is known as "hard cider".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Canada, "cider" usually refers to the alcoholic drink, while the non-alcoholic juice may sometimes be called "apple cider".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina, cider, or <i>sidra</i> is by far the most popular alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Carbonated" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated">carbonated</a> drink during the Christmas and New Year holidays. It has traditionally been considered the choice of the middle and lower classes (along with <i>ananá fizz </i>and pineapple juice), whereas the higher classes would rather go for champagne or local sparkling wines for their Christmas or New Year toast. Popular commercial brands of cider are <i>Real</i>, <i>La Victoria</i>, "Rama Caida", Tunuyan. It was traditionally marketed in 0.72-litre glass bottles, similar to Champagne bottles, and PET bottles for the lower-end brands. </p><p>However, cider had a strong growth and is becoming a year-round beverage. Most brands now offer half-litre cans, and new flavors such as berries, peer, and some flavored with plants such as <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like the Argentinian marked, cider, or <i>sidra</i> is a very popular alcoholic beverage during the festive seasons of Christmas and New Year's in Brazil. Just like in that country, it has also been the traditional choice of the middle and lower classes for traditional sparkling for said season. <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereser" class="extiw" title="pt:Cereser">Cereser</a>, one of the most traditional cider brands in Brazil, claims on its website that "in tune with the Brazilian market" it has diversified its product range along the years from the traditional apple flavour, to other more uncommon ones elsewhere in the world, with fruity flavours ranging from peach to grapes, and including even alcohol-free ciders on its product range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Cider is produced commercially in every Canadian province except Newfoundland and Labrador, usually with a 5–7% alcohol content although the term is also used for some non-fermented apple juices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, alcoholic cider is an alcoholic fermentation of apple juice that does not contain more than 13% absolute alcohol by volume (ABV) or less than 2.5% ABV. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verger_lafrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Verger_lafrance.jpg/220px-Verger_lafrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Verger_lafrance.jpg/330px-Verger_lafrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Verger_lafrance.jpg/440px-Verger_lafrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Frozen apples in Quebec for the making of ice cider</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Quebec_cider" title="Quebec cider">Quebec cider</a> is considered a traditional alcoholic beverage. It is generally sold in 750 ml bottles, has an alcohol content generally between 7% and 13% (with aperitifs ciders having alcohol content up to 20%), and can be served as a substitute for wine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As in the rest of the world, sparkling cider is getting more and more popular in Quebec and thanks to the law cider sold in the province can only be made from 100% pure apple juice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cider making was, however, forbidden from the early years of British rule as it was in direct conflict with established British brewers' interests (most notably <a href="/wiki/John_Molson" title="John Molson">John Molson</a>). In recent years, a new type called <a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">ice cider</a> has been sold. This type of cider is made from apples with a particularly high level of sugar caused by natural frost. </p><p>The regulations regarding cider in Canada are fairly strict in terms of sourcing and alcohol content. For it to be legally sold as cider, it must be the product of the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a> of apple juice and it must contain no less than 2.5 and no more than 13.0 percent <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>. However, the list of ingredients that may be added during manufacture is quite flexible and allows for 17 different categories of foods, chemicals and gases.<sup id="cite_ref-page33_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider has been made in Chile since <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Sur, Chile">Southern Chile</a> accounts for nearly all cider production in the country. Chileans make a distinction between "<i>sidra</i>" ("cider"), in fact, sparkling cider, and "<i>chicha de manzana</i>" ("apple <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a>"), a homemade cider that is considered of less quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of cider (<i>sidra</i>) are sold in Mexico. One type is a popular apple-flavoured, carbonated soft drink, sold under a number of soft drink brands, such as <a href="/wiki/Sidral_Mundet" title="Sidral Mundet">Sidral Mundet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manzana_Lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzana Lift">Manzana Lift</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> <a href="/wiki/FEMSA" title="FEMSA">FEMSA</a> brands), <a href="/wiki/Manzanita_Sol" title="Manzanita Sol">Manzanita Sol</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidral_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidral Aga (page does not exist)">Sidral Aga</a> from Group AGA. The other type, alcoholic <i>sidra</i>, is a sparkling cider typically sold in Champagne-style bottles with an alcohol content comparable to beer. <i>Sidra</i> was, due to the expense of imported champagne, sometimes used as a substitute for New Year's Eve toasts in Mexico, as it is also a sweet, fruity drink. However, now the practice is to drink cider on Christmas Eve, celebrated with the family, and champagne on New Year's celebrated with friends. Cider beverages form a very small share of the Mexican alcoholic beverage market, with the figures for 2009 volume sales amounting to only 3.8 million litres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00858969003002-h4GayyVjjMnJQ-0_s500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/00858969003002-h4GayyVjjMnJQ-0_s500.jpg/90px-00858969003002-h4GayyVjjMnJQ-0_s500.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/00858969003002-h4GayyVjjMnJQ-0_s500.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>American craft hard cider in a bottle</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">Cider in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the definition of "cider" is usually broader than in Europe and specifically Ireland and the UK. There are two types, one as traditional alcoholic <i>hard cider</i> and the other <i>sweet</i> or <i>soft cider</i>, often simply called <i>apple cider</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 2010s, hard cider experienced a resurgence in consumption in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider <a href="/wiki/Fizz_(cocktail)" title="Fizz (cocktail)">fizz</a> or fizz is a cider variety made by mixing and fermenting various fruit juices other than apple with cider, as <i>ananá fizz</i> (pineapple juice), <i>frutilla fizz</i> (strawberry juice) or <i>durazno fizz</i> (peach juice).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, "cider" in East Asia refers to a soft drink similar to <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(soft_drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprite (soft drink)">Sprite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lemonade" title="Lemonade">lemonade</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A popular drink in China is called "<a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">苹果醋</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Píngguǒ Cù</span></i>). <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> is noted for the "vinegar" produced there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, the terms "cidre"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">シードル</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shīdoru</i></span>)</span> or "apple <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a>" usually refer to the alcoholic beverage to distinguish it from the sparkling unalcoholic soda drink, cider, although both terms are now interchangeably used. While Japan is not historically a cider-making country, there is currently a renaissance of new, younger cider makers in the prefectures of Aomori and Nagano, such as Aomori's <a href="/wiki/A-Factory" title="A-Factory">A-Factory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the number of international ciders imported to Japan increased, signifying a start to its popularity among Japanese consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent economic growth has led to development of new categories of alcohol in India. Cider is one such category. New product launches are seen in almost all metropolitan cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also a filtered non-alcoholic carbonated apple juice called "<a href="/wiki/Appy_Fizz" title="Appy Fizz">Appy Fizz</a>" was introduced by Parle in India in 2005 and it became an instant hit. Recently, they have decided to push the brand beyond the ₹10 billion mark ($97.5 million).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-alcoholic, apple-flavoured carbonated drinks are popular in the country, with local brands such as Mehran Bottler's Apple Sidra and <a href="/wiki/Murree_Brewery" title="Murree Brewery">Murree Brewery</a>'s Big Apple in the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/East_African_Breweries" title="East African Breweries">East African Breweries</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Tusker_(beer)" title="Tusker (beer)">Tusker</a> Premium Cider in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two major brands of cider produced in South Africa, Hunters and Savanna Dry. They are produced and distributed through <a href="/wiki/Distell_Group_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Distell Group Limited">Distell Group Limited</a>. Hunters Gold was first introduced in South Africa in 1988 as an alternative to beer. The Hunters range includes Hunters Dry, Hunters Gold, Hunters Export and Hunters Edge launched in April 2017. <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Dry" title="Savanna Dry">Savanna Dry</a> was introduced in 1996 and also comes in a Light Premium variety as well as in a Savanna Dark variant. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_South_Africa" title="Elgin, South Africa">Elgin Valley</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> grows around 60% of all the apples in South Africa. As a result, the region also has a vibrant craft cider scene, with brands like Sxollie, Everson's, Cluver & Jack, Windermere and Terra Madre all produced in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sxollie Cider is increasingly being exported around the world, especially to the UK. Almost 90% of all the Sxollie produced is exported. Sxollie is pronounced like "skollie".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sxollie's Pink Lady Cider won Supreme Champion at the International Cider Challenge in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windermere Cider began brewing in 1994 and is regarded as the oldest craft cider brewery in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loxtonia Cider, produced in the <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_South_Africa" title="Ceres, South Africa">Ceres</a> area, was crowned the overall champion at the 11th International Cider Challenge in London in 2021. Loxtonia's Alexandra Blush Méthode Traditionelle was named Supreme Champion for 2021 and won the Rosé Trophy as the best cider made in the rosé style.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cider" title="Special:EditPage/Cider">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Australia New Zealand the Food Standards Code defines cider as "fruit wine prepared from the juice or must of apples and no more than 25% of the juice or must of pears". Cider has been made in Australia since its early settlement. Primarily this production has been for limited local usage, with national commercial distribution and sales dominated by three brands: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Cider" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Cider">Mercury Cider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongbow_(cider)" title="Strongbow (cider)">Strongbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Smith%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Smith's">Willie Smith's</a>. </p><p>With the growth in interest in cider, the number of local producers has increased. Some cider producers are attempting to use more traditional methods and traditional cider apple varieties such as Henry's of Harcourt and Crucible in S.W. Victoria. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, the number of cider producers has also grown in the southwest region, particularly in areas where wine is also produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, cider is categorised as a fruit wine and the rules which define what can be called a cider are very lax—the standards do not even specify a minimum for the amount of apple juice required to call a drink "cider".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ready_to_Drink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ready to Drink (page does not exist)">Ready to Drink</a> beverages are not permitted for sale in supermarkets and grocery outlets. These two factors have resulted in the production of a wide range of low juice content, sweet, often flavoured drinks under the "cider" banner being used to circumvent this restriction. Most of these ciders are produced and marketed by the three large brewers (Lion Nathan, DB and Independent). </p><p>Most New Zealand ciders are made from concentrate or from reject apples from the country's significant export apple industry. These ciders are made year round with little consideration given to maturation. </p><p>A few producers have demonstrated that NZ apple production can translate into the manufacture of ciders. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peckham%27s_Cider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peckham's Cider (page does not exist)">Peckham's Cider</a> is the principal producer in this class. They make whole juice ciders from apples grown specifically for cidermaking, principally from their own orchard of 30 heritage cider varieties. They have won Champion Cider in the NZ Cider Awards in 2015, 2016 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All mass-produced ciders in New Zealand are loosely regulated with their minimum content of fruit juice and alcohol content (mostly 4 to 5%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Minimum of fruit juice or minimum of alcohol? (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fassbrause" title="Fassbrause">Fassbrause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cider_brands" title="List of cider brands">List of cider brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cideries_in_the_United_States" title="List of cideries in the United States">List of cideries in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beverages">List of beverages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow_2006_169_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalkowRosenbergSchleiferStackebrandt2006" class="citation book cs1">Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz; Stackebrandt, Erko (10 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUC&pg=PA169"><i>The Prokaryotes: Vol. 5: Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25495-1"><bdi>978-0-387-25495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prokaryotes%3A+Vol.+5%3A+Proteobacteria%3A+Alpha+and+Beta+Subclasses&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-387-25495-1&rft.aulast=Falkow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Schleifer%2C+Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Stackebrandt%2C+Erko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTsC65kCJbUC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cideruk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cideruk_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010124182600/http://www.cideruk.com/">"National Association of Cider Makers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cideruk.com/">the original</a> on 2001-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Association+of+Cider+Makers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cideruk.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2006" class="citation news cs1">Bowers, Simon (2006-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/may/10/food.foodanddrink">"Bulmers to take on Magners in a cider decider"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bulmers+to+take+on+Magners+in+a+cider+decider&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2006%2Fmay%2F10%2Ffood.foodanddrink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214142333/http://cideruk.com/media_centre/interesting_facts">"Interesting Facts"</a>. National Association of Cider Makers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cideruk.com/media_centre/interesting_facts">the original</a> on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interesting+Facts&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Cider+Makers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcideruk.com%2Fmedia_centre%2Finteresting_facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cideraustralia.org.au/">"Cider Australia"</a>. <i>Cider Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cider+Australia&rft.atitle=Cider+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cideraustralia.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/australias-most-popular-cider-brands/">"Australia's most popular cider brands – hospitality | Magazine"</a>. <i>hospitality | Magazine</i>. 2016-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hospitality+%7C+Magazine&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+most+popular+cider+brands+%E2%80%93+hospitality+%7C+Magazine&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hospitalitymagazine.com.au%2Faustralias-most-popular-cider-brands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/viva-magazine/news/article.cfm?c_id=533&objectid=11342219">"The rise and rise of cider"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 15 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+cider&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fviva-magazine%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D533%26objectid%3D11342219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/10/18/ciders-resurgence-rich-history-to-be-celebrated-at-boston-event/">"Ciders resurgence in Boston – hospitality | Magazine"</a>. <i>hospitality | Magazine</i>. 2017-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hospitality+%7C+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ciders+resurgence+in+Boston+%E2%80%93+hospitality+%7C+Magazine&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonherald.com%2F2017%2F10%2F18%2Fciders-resurgence-rich-history-to-be-celebrated-at-boston-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page33_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page33_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2022" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services (2022-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-21.html?txthl=alcoholic+absolute+alcohol+volume+cider#s-B.02.120">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations"</a>. <i>laws.justice.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230303005753/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-21.html?txthl=alcoholic+absolute+alcohol+volume+cider%23s-B.02.120">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Food+and+Drug+Regulations&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FC.R.C.%2C_c._870%2Fpage-21.html%3Ftxthl%3Dalcoholic%2Babsolute%2Balcohol%2Bvolume%2Bcider%23s-B.02.120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea" class="citation web cs1">Lea, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cider.org.uk/part1.htm">"The Science of Cidermaking Part 1 – Introduction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Cidermaking+Part+1+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcider.org.uk%2Fpart1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tax-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tax_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsley1960" class="citation journal cs1">Lindsley, E. F. (Nov 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA137">"The Rig You Need to Make Hard Cider"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>177</b> (5): 137<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stortinget.no/inno/2004/200405-019-005.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. p. 139<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Volcler, Societe"</a>. <i>applejournal.com</i>. <q>...Before the Christian era, the various peoples of Europe had succeeded in producing beverages more or less similar to cider from a variety of fruit. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cider+-+Modern+drink+with+a+long+history+%28translated+from+Swedish%29&rft.pub=Spirit+Museum%2C+Stockholm&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Lenneman&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspritmuseum.se%2Fkunskap-historia%2Fdryckernas-historia%2Fcider-modern-dryck-med-lang-historia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulinarisches_Erbe_der_Schweiz_(German)-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulinarisches_Erbe_der_Schweiz_(German)_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405192315/http://www.kulinarischeserbe.ch/product.aspx?id=448">Die Texte zu den Produkten sind in der Regel in der jeweiligen Landessprache abgefasst</a> (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweizerische_Gesellschaft_für_Ernährung_SGE:_Das_Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schweizerische_Gesellschaft_für_Ernährung_SGE:_Das_Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sge-ssn.ch/media/spezial_2-11_d.pdf">Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährung SGE: Das Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip</a> (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1989" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (1989-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/02/travel/fare-of-the-country-england-s-realm-of-cider-with-a-kick.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=1">"Fare of the country; England's Realm Of Cider With a Kick"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Argentina&rft.atitle=Bodegas+Cuvillier+invierte+%24+600+millones+y+busca+potenciar+el+desarrollo+de+sidra&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbesargentina.com%2Fnegocios%2Fbodegas-cuvillier-invierte-600-millones-busca-potenciar-desarrollo-sidra-n25607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellitoral.com/economia/sidra-bebida-crecio-argentina-2021_0_D1u4Vr2tp7.html">"La sidra fue la bebida que más creció en Argentina durante 2021"</a> [Cider was the fastest-growing beverage in 2021 in Argentina]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Litoral" title="El Litoral">El Litoral</a></i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Litoral&rft.atitle=La+sidra+fue+la+bebida+que+m%C3%A1s+creci%C3%B3+en+Argentina+durante+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellitoral.com%2Feconomia%2Fsidra-bebida-crecio-argentina-2021_0_D1u4Vr2tp7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A456567342/STND?u=ccsf_main&sid=STND&xid=c0688ee3">"Cider/Perry in Chile – New Market Report"</a>. <i>ClickPress</i>. Infotrac Newsstand. 27 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ClickPress&rft.atitle=Cider%2FPerry+in+Chile+%E2%80%93+New+Market+Report&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA456567342%2FSTND%3Fu%3Dccsf_main%26sid%3DSTND%26xid%3Dc0688ee3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umai-aomori.com/products/fruits/apples/artisanal-apple-goods/">"Artisanal Apple Goods"</a>. Aomori Prefectural Government. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artisanal+Apple+Goods&rft.pub=Aomori+Prefectural+Government&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umai-aomori.com%2Fproducts%2Ffruits%2Fapples%2Fartisanal-apple-goods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reeve, Lee (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inciderjapan.com">"Kanpai!"</a>. <i>InCiderJapan</i>. <b>5</b>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InCiderJapan&rft.atitle=Kanpai%21&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inciderjapan.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2020" class="citation journal cs1">Reeve, Lee (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inciderjapan.com">"Kanpai!"</a>. <i>InCiderJapan</i>. <b>8</b>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InCiderJapan&rft.atitle=Kanpai%21&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inciderjapan.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewari2018" class="citation news cs1">Tewari, Saumya (2018-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/X3uFw16lYwB4gWv5n0O82O/Parle-Agro-plans-Rs100-crore-marketing-push-for-Appy-Fizz.html">"Parle Agro plans Rs100 crore marketing push for Appy Fizz"</a>. <i>livemint.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=livemint.com%2F&rft.atitle=Parle+Agro+plans+Rs100+crore+marketing+push+for+Appy+Fizz&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Tewari&rft.aufirst=Saumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FConsumer%2FX3uFw16lYwB4gWv5n0O82O%2FParle-Agro-plans-Rs100-crore-marketing-push-for-Appy-Fizz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-04-07-raise-a-glass-to-sas-craft-cider-route/">"Raise a glass to SA's craft cider route"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raise+a+glass+to+SA%27s+craft+cider+route&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fsunday-times%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2F2017-04-07-raise-a-glass-to-sas-craft-cider-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.702.co.za/articles/299321/proudly-south-african-sxollie-cider-is-winning-awards-conquering-the-world">"Proudly South African Sxollie cider is winning awards, conquering the world"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Proudly+South+African+Sxollie+cider+is+winning+awards%2C+conquering+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.702.co.za%2Farticles%2F299321%2Fproudly-south-african-sxollie-cider-is-winning-awards-conquering-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalciderchallenge.com/internationalciderchallenge2023/en/page/2019-results">"ICC 2019 Winners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ICC+2019+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalciderchallenge.com%2Finternationalciderchallenge2023%2Fen%2Fpage%2F2019-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabellacountryestate.co.za/come-taste-sas-first-real-craft-cider-at-windermere-cider/">"Come taste SA's first real craft cider at Windermere Cider"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Come+taste+SA%27s+first+real+craft+cider+at+Windermere+Cider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabellacountryestate.co.za%2Fcome-taste-sas-first-real-craft-cider-at-windermere-cider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalciderchallenge.com/internationalciderchallenge2021/en/page/2021-results">"ICC 2021 Winners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ICC+2021+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalciderchallenge.com%2Finternationalciderchallenge2021%2Fen%2Fpage%2F2021-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth2011" class="citation web cs1">Health (11 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2011C00589">"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 2.7.3 – Fruit Wine and Vegetable Wine"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australia+New+Zealand+Food+Standards+Code+%E2%80%93+Standard+2.7.3+%E2%80%93+Fruit+Wine+and+Vegetable+Wine&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.au=Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FF2011C00589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidernz.com/awards.html">"Awards"</a>. <i>CIDER NEW ZEALAND</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIDER+NEW+ZEALAND&rft.atitle=Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidernz.com%2Fawards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Farmhouse Cider & Scrumpy</i>, Bob Bunker 1999</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Household_Cyclopedia" title="Household Cyclopedia">Household Cyclopedia</a></i>, 1881</li> <li><i>The History and Virtues of Cyder</i>, R. K. French (Robert Hale 1982 – reprinted 2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cider" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cider">Cider</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Cider"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Cider">"Cider" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cider&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:name;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apples" title="Template:Apples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apples" title="Template talk:Apples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">List of apple cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple"><i>Malus domestica</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana" title="Malus niedzwetzkyana">Malus niedzwetzkyana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">Table apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Pearmain" title="Adams Pearmain">Adams Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aia_Ilu" title="Aia Ilu">Aia Ilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh" title="Airlie Red Flesh">Airlie Red Flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akane_(apple)" title="Akane (apple)">Akane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6" title="Åkerö">Åkerö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)" title="Alkmene (apple)">Alkmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allington_Pippin" title="Allington Pippin">Allington Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(apple)" title="Anna (apple)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(apple)" title="Ariane (apple)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Black" title="Arkansas Black">Arkansas Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel" title="Ashmead's Kernel">Ashmead's Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala" title="Aurora Golden Gala">Aurora Golden Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Bough" title="Autumn Bough">Autumn Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Glory" title="Autumn Glory">Autumn Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(apple)" title="Beacon (apple)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath" title="Beauty of Bath">Beauty of Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop" title="Belle de Boskoop">Belle de Boskoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellflower_apple" title="Bellflower apple">Bellflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)" title="Ben Davis (apple)">Ben Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier" title="Birgit Bonnier">Birgit Bonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brina" title="Brina">Brina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(apple)" title="Cameo (apple)">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_(apple)" title="Champion (apple)">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civni_apple" title="Civni apple">Civni (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain" title="Claygate Pearmain">Claygate Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivia_(apple)" title="Clivia (apple)">Clivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic" title="Cornish Aromatic">Cornish Aromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower" title="Cornish Gilliflower">Cornish Gilliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat" title="Court Pendu Plat">Court Pendu Plat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)" title="Crimson Gold (apple)">Crimson Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Cripps Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e" title="Delbard Jubilée">Delbard Jubilée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbarestivale" title="Delbarestivale">Delbarestivale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delrouval" title="Delrouval">Delrouval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden" title="Devonshire Quarrenden">Devonshire Quarrenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(apple)" title="Discovery (apple)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsett_Golden" title="Dorsett Golden">Dorsett Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)" title="Dougherty (apple)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling" title="Dumelow's Seedling">Dumelow's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange" title="Ellison's Orange">Ellison's Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstar" title="Elstar">Elstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(apple)" title="Empire (apple)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy_(apple)" title="Envy (apple)">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg" title="Esopus Spitzenburg">Esopus Spitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(apple)" title="Eva (apple)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EverCrisp" title="EverCrisp">EverCrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)" title="Fiesta (apple)">Fiesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippa_(apple)" title="Filippa (apple)">Filippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(apple)" title="Florina (apple)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet" title="Gascoyne's Scarlet">Gascoyne's Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg" title="Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg">Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Gold" title="Ginger Gold">Ginger Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Orange_(apple)" title="Golden Orange (apple)">Golden Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Golden" title="Grimes Golden">Grimes Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haralson_(apple)" title="Haralson (apple)">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuto_(apple)" title="Hokuto (apple)">Hokuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeygold" title="Honeygold">Honeygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Marie" title="Ingrid Marie">Ingrid Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(apple)" title="James Grieve (apple)">James Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Black" title="Jersey Black">Jersey Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadel" title="Jonadel">Jonadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(apple)" title="Jonathan (apple)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_apple" title="Jubilee apple">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieta_(apple)" title="Julieta (apple)">Julieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(apple)" title="Jupiter (apple)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi_(apple)" title="Kanzi (apple)">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville" title="Karmijn de Sonnaville">Karmijn de Sonnaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins" title="King of the Pippins">King of the Pippins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobby_Russet" title="Knobby Russet">Knobby Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)" title="Lady Alice (apple)">Lady Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb" title="Laxton's Superb">Laxton's Superb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(apple)" title="Liberty (apple)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple" title="Liveland Raspberry apple">Liveland Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_(apple)" title="Lodi (apple)">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)" title="Lord Lambourne (apple)">Lord Lambourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling" title="Lucombe's Seedling">Lucombe's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoun_apple" title="Macoun apple">Macoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_(apple)" title="Melba (apple)">Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_(apple)" title="Mutsu (apple)">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pippin" title="Newtown Pippin">Newtown Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(apple)" title="Nicola (apple)">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(apple)" title="Opal (apple)">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciros" title="Sciros">Sciros (Pacific Rose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight" title="Pam's Delight">Pam's Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirovka" title="Papirovka">Papirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinova" title="Pinova">Pinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_apple" title="Prima apple">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristine_apple" title="Pristine apple">Pristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajka_(apple)" title="Rajka (apple)">Rajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_Janet" title="Ralls Janet">Ralls Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_apple" title="Rambo apple">Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN55_(apple)" title="MN55 (apple)">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Astrachan" title="Red Astrachan">Red Astrachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlove_apples" title="Redlove apples">Redlove apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribston_Pippin" title="Ribston Pippin">Ribston Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandow_(apple)" title="Sandow (apple)">Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_apple" title="Sansa apple">Sansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Ichi" title="Sekai Ichi">Sekai Ichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_(apple)" title="Spartan (apple)">Spartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendour_(apple)" title="Splendour (apple)">Splendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Devon" title="Star of Devon">Star of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stayman_(apple)" title="Stayman (apple)">Stayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin" title="Sturmer Pippin">Sturmer Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfree" title="Summerfree">Summerfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Sundowner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(apple)" title="Sunset (apple)">Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntan_(apple)" title="Suntan (apple)">Suntan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliaferro_(apple)" title="Taliaferro (apple)">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Rose" title="Tartu Rose">Tartu Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentation" title="Tentation">Tentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_King" title="Tompkins King">Tompkins King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(apple)" title="Topaz (apple)">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winesap" title="Winesap">Winesap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(apple)" title="Winston (apple)">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyken_Pippin" title="Wyken Pippin">Wyken Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Imperial" title="York Imperial">York Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonovka" title="Antonovka">Antonovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Orange" title="Blenheim Orange">Blenheim Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver" title="Calville Blanc d'hiver">Calville Blanc d'hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanino" title="Campanino">Campanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellini_(apple)" title="Cellini (apple)">Cellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder" title="Chelmsford Wonder">Chelmsford Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costard_(apple)" title="Costard (apple)">Costard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creston_(apple)" title="Creston (apple)">Creston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Bramley" title="Crimson Bramley">Crimson Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Kent" title="Flower of Kent">Flower of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Noble" title="Golden Noble">Golden Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(apple)" title="Grenadier (apple)">Grenadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Byerd" title="King Byerd">King Byerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manks_Codlin" title="Manks Codlin">Manks Codlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Wonder" title="Newton Wonder">Newton Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin" title="Norfolk Biffin">Norfolk Biffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada" title="Reinette du Canada">Reinette du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple" title="Upton Pyne apple">Upton Pyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Transparent" title="White Transparent">White Transparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccagee" title="Coccagee">Coccagee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufflin_(apple)" title="Dufflin (apple)">Dufflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Bitter" title="Ellis Bitter">Ellis Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spire" title="Golden Spire">Golden Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple" title="Harrison Cider Apple">Harrison Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black" title="Kingston Black">Kingston Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_(apple)" title="Michelin (apple)">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveshon" title="Poveshon">Poveshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstreak" title="Redstreak">Redstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styre" title="Styre">Styre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt" title="Tom Putt">Tom Putt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_(apple)" title="Woodcock (apple)">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental apple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh" title="Wijcik McIntosh">Wijcik McIntosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">Apple products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">Apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cheese" title="Apple cheese">Apple cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">Apple crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_flour" title="Apple flour">Apple flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">Apple sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Baked apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde" title="Himmel und Erde">Himmel und Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple picking">Apple picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Arctic Apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearmain" title="Pearmain">Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples" title="Fruit tree pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program" title="PRI disease resistant apple breeding program">PRI disease resistant apple breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette" title="Reinette">Reinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">Russeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Apple_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="US Apple Association">US Apple Association</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Countries by apple production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">Apple diseases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apples" title="Category:Apples">Apples</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Cultivars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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