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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Main events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversies and violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Twelfth_outside_Ulster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Twelfth_outside_Ulster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Twelfth outside Ulster</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_oran%C5%BEist%C5%AF" title="Den oranžistů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Den oranžistů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Deuddegfed_Gogoneddus" title="Y Deuddegfed Gogoneddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Deuddegfed Gogoneddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangemen%E2%80%99s_Day" title="Orangemen’s Day – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orangemen’s Day" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_los_Orangemen" title="Día de los Orangemen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de los Orangemen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="The Twelfth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Day" title="Orange Day – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orange Day" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dara_L%C3%A1_D%C3%A9ag_de_mh%C3%AD_I%C3%BAil" title="An Dara Lá Déag de mhí Iúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Dara Lá Déag de mhí Iúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="The Twelfth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="День оранжистов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День оранжистов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ulster Protestant celebration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the start of the shooting season for red grouse on 12 August, see <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Twelfth" title="Glorious Twelfth">Glorious Twelfth</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Twelfth (disambiguation)">Twelfth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">The Twelfth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor,_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/300px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/450px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/600px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="451" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Orangemen parading in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a>, 12 July 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Orangemen's Day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>, Irish Protestants, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots people">Ulster-Scots people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> (1688) and victory of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (1690)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orange_walk" title="Orange walk">Parading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">bonfires</a>, erecting flags and bunting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_July" class="mw-redirect" title="12 July">12 July</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">Eleventh Night</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Twelfth</b> (also called <b>Orangemens' Day</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a primarily <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Protestant">Ulster Protestant</a> celebration held on 12 July. It began in the late 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. It celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> (1688) and victory of Protestant King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (1690), which ensured a <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Anglican Ascendancy</a> in Ireland and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> to <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchise">disenfranchise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecute</a> the nation's Catholic majority, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Protestant Dissenters</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> in 1829. </p><p>On and around the Twelfth, large parades are held by the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalist">Ulster loyalist</a> marching bands, streets are decorated with <a href="/wiki/Union_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Union jack">union jack</a> flags and bunting, and <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">large towering bonfires, commemorating the beacons which guided Prince William into Carrickfergus, are lit</a> in loyalist neighbourhoods. Today the Twelfth is mainly celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where it is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">public holiday</a>, but smaller celebrations are held in other countries, including Scotland, Australia, and Canada, where Orange lodges have been set up. </p><p>Since its beginning, the Twelfth has been accompanied by violence between Ulster Protestants and Catholics, especially during times of political tension. Many Northern Irish Protestants see the Twelfth as an important part of their culture, while <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a> and many otherwise <a href="/wiki/Apolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolitical">apolitical</a> Catholics see it as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">supremacist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_tricolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish tricolour">Irish tricolour</a> flags burnt on <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">Eleventh Night</a> bonfires, the lyrics of Orange Order ballads, and Orange marches deliberately routed through Catholic communities and neighbourhoods, have all been especially controversial and considered to be deeply insulting. The <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a> is the most well-known recent parading issue involving Orange marches. Sectarian violence around the Twelfth worsened during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, but today most events pass off peacefully. Recently there have been attempts to draw tourists to the main Twelfth parades and present them as family-friendly pageants. </p><p>When 12 July falls on a Sunday, the parades are held instead on the next Monday, 13 July. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine,_but_what_year%3F_(7554672672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg/220px-Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg/330px-Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg/440px-Twelfth_July_at_Coleraine%2C_but_what_year%3F_%287554672672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Twelfth parade in Coleraine, early 1900s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Orangemen commemorated several events dating from the 17th century onwards, celebrating the continued dominance of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestantism in Ireland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> and triumph in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> (1689–91). Early celebrations were 23 October, the anniversary of the 1641 rebellion (an attempted coup d'état by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland); and 4 November, the birthday of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, Protestant victor of the Williamite war in the 1690s. Both of these anniversaries faded in popularity by the end of the 18th century. </p><p>The Twelfth itself originated as a celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a>, which took place on 12 July 1691 in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">'Old Style'</a> (O.S.) <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> then in use. Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite war, in which the predominantly Irish Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> army was destroyed and the remainder capitulated at <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, whereas the Boyne was less decisive. The Twelfth in the early 18th century was a popular commemoration of Aughrim, featuring bonfires and parades. The Battle of the Boyne (fought on 1 July 1690) was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, the two events were combined in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reason for this was the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">British switch</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> in 1752, which repositioned the nominal date of the Battle of the Boyne to 11 July <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a> (N.S.) (with the Battle of Aughrim nominally repositioned to 23 July N.S.).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second reason was the foundation of the Orange Order in 1795. The Order preferred the Boyne, due to William of Orange's presence there. It has also been suggested that in the 1790s (a time of Roman Catholic resurgence) the Boyne, where the Jacobites were routed, was more appealing to the Order than Aughrim, where they had fought hard and died in great numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Order's first marches took place on 12 July 1796 in <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waringstown" title="Waringstown">Waringstown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Twelfth parades of the early 19th century often led to public disorder, so much so that the Orange Order and the Twelfth were banned in the 1830s and '40s (see <a href="#Controversies_and_violence">below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg/220px-Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg/330px-Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg/440px-Orange_arch_in_Annalong_2018-07-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="3947" /></a><figcaption>An "Orange Arch" and bunting in <a href="/wiki/Annalong" title="Annalong">Annalong</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead-up_to_the_Twelfth">Lead-up to the Twelfth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lead-up to the Twelfth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the weeks leading up to the Twelfth, Orange Order and other <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist</a> marching bands hold numerous parades in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The most common of these are lodge parades, in which one Orange lodge marches with one band. Others, such as the "mini-Twelfth" at the start of July, involve several lodges. </p><p>From June to August, Protestant, unionist areas of Northern Ireland are bedecked with flags and <a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">bunting</a>, which are usually flown from <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">lampposts</a> and houses. The most common flags flown are the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Banner" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curb_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb (road)">Kerbstones</a> may be painted red, white and blue and <a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">murals</a> may be made. Steel or wooden arches, bedecked with flags and Orange symbolism, are raised over certain streets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 'Orange arches' are inspired by <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal arches">triumphal arches</a>. </p><p>As well as the Union Jack and Ulster Banner, the flags of illegal loyalist paramilitary groups—such as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF) and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA)—are flown in some areas. The raising of these flags near Catholic/<a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> neighbourhoods, or in "neutral" areas, often leads to tension and sometimes violence. It is seen as deliberately provocative and intimidating.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_Night">Eleventh Night</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eleventh Night"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg/220px-Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg/330px-Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg/440px-Loyalist_bonfire_in_Newtownabbey_-_geograph_-_1394144.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A bonfire prepared for the 11th night in <a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey" title="Newtownabbey">Newtownabbey</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">Eleventh Night</a></div> <p>On the night before the Twelfth—the "Eleventh Night"—huge towering <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> are lit in many working-class Protestant neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland. They are built mostly of wooden <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> by local young men and boys in the weeks before the Twelfth.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their lighting is often accompanied by a street party and loyalist marching band.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleventh Night events have been condemned for sectarianism and for damage and pollution caused by the fires.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each year, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Irish tricolours</a> are burnt on many bonfires, and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigies</a>, posters of Irish nationalist figures, and Catholic symbols are also burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist paramilitaries</a> used bonfire events to hold "shows of strength", in which masked gunmen fired volleys into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are still controlled by paramilitary members, and authorities may be wary of taking action against controversial bonfires.<sup id="cite_ref-paramilitaries_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paramilitaries-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all bonfires are controversial however, and there have been attempts to de-politicize bonfire events and make them more family-friendly and environmentally-friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_night#Safety_and_environmental_harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh night">Some bonfires</a> are also criticised as being unsafely constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_events">Main events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Main events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Twelfth" title="Special:EditPage/The Twelfth">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Twelfth%22">"The Twelfth"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Twelfth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Twelfth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Twelfth%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Twelfth%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Twelfth%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main way in which the Twelfth is celebrated is through large parades involving Orangemen and supporting bands. Most of the parades are in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, almost exclusively being held in Northern Ireland and <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, although Orange lodges elsewhere often hold parades as well. The parade usually begins at an Orange Hall, proceeds through the town or city and out to a large park or field where the marchers, their friends and family, and the general public gather to eat, drink and listen to speeches by clergymen, politicians and senior members of the Order. In the past the Twelfth has been a major venue for discussion of political issues. A church service will also be held and sometimes band prizes will be awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Northern Ireland, each District Lodge usually organises its own parade. In rural districts the parade will rotate around various towns, sometimes favouring those in which there is less likely to be trouble, but in other years choosing those in which it is felt the 'right to march' needs to be defended. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_July_in_Belfast,_2011_(012).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG/250px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG/375px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG/500px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28012%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Orangemen in full regalia on 12 July 2011 in Belfast</figcaption></figure> <p>In Northern Ireland, there is a long tradition of Protestant and loyalist marching bands, which can be found in most towns. The Orangemen hire these bands to march with them on the Twelfth. An instrument almost unique to these marches is the <a href="/wiki/Lambeg_drum" title="Lambeg drum">Lambeg drum</a>. Popular songs include "<a href="/wiki/The_Sash" title="The Sash">The Sash</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Derry%27s_Walls" title="Derry's Walls">Derry's Walls</a>". Explicitly violent songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Billy_Boys" title="Billy Boys">Billy Boys</a>" may also be played. </p><p>The vast majority of marchers are men, but there are some all-women bands and a few mixed bands. Some all-male bands have female flag or banner carriers. There are also some Women's Orange Lodges which take part in the parades. Orangewomen have paraded on the Twelfth in some rural areas since at least the mid-20th century, but were banned from the Belfast parades until the 1990s. </p><p>Orangemen on parade typically wear a dark suit, an Orange <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a>, white gloves and a <a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler hat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Orangemen carry a ceremonial sword. In hot weather, many lodges will parade in short-sleeved shirts. Orangewomen have not developed a standard dress code, but usually dress formally. The supporting bands each have their own uniforms and colours. Both the Orangemen and bands carry <a href="/wiki/Banners_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Banners in Northern Ireland">elaborate banners</a> depicting Orange heroes, historic or Biblical scenes, and/or political symbols and slogans. The most popular image is that of King William of Orange crossing the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a> during the famous battle there.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the field, some lodges and bands don humorous outfits or accessories and make the return journey in them, and the mood is generally more mellow, although in times of tension it can also be more aggressive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Northern Irish and County Donegal parades are given extensive local TV and press coverage, while the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a> programme <i>The Twelfth</i> is the longest-running outside broadcast programme in Northern Ireland. </p><p>One of the largest Orange demonstrations held anywhere each year is the annual parade held at <a href="/wiki/Rossnowlagh" title="Rossnowlagh">Rossnowlagh</a>, a tiny village near <a href="/wiki/Ballyshannon" title="Ballyshannon">Ballyshannon</a> in the south of County Donegal in the west of Ulster. County Donegal being one of the Ulster counties in the Republic of Ireland, the Rossnowlagh demonstration is the only major Orange event in the Republic. A number of much smaller Orange events take place each year in East Donegal as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_violence">Controversies and violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversies and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Northern Ireland, where around half the population is from an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> background, the Twelfth is a tense time. Orange marches through Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist neighbourhoods are usually met with opposition from residents, and this sometimes leads to violence. Many people see these marches as sectarian, triumphalist,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irishcentral_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishcentral-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supremacist,<sup id="cite_ref-irishcentral_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishcentral-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an assertion of British and Ulster Protestant dominance. The political aspects<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have caused further tension. Marchers insist that they have the right to celebrate their culture and walk on public streets, particularly along their 'traditional routes'.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2011 survey of Orangemen throughout Northern Ireland, 58% of Orangemen said they should be allowed to march through Catholic or Irish nationalist areas with no restrictions; 20% said they should negotiate with residents first.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have argued that members of both communities once participated in the event;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it has always been a Protestant affair and many Catholics opposed the marches.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg/250px-Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg/375px-Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg/500px-Orange_Riot_1871_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of 12 July 1871 riot in New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>Violence has accompanied Twelfth marches since their beginning. </p> <ul><li>On 12 July 1797, eight Catholic members of the County Kerry <a href="/wiki/Militia_(Great_Britain)" title="Militia (Great Britain)">Militia</a> died in a clash with Orangemen and local <a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">yeomanry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stewartstown,_County_Tyrone" title="Stewartstown, County Tyrone">Stewartstown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 July 1884, a postal worker was shot and killed in a riot at Cleator Moor in West Cumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clashes broke out between Orange marchers and Irish nationalists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Belfast on 12 July 1813. Several Orangemen opened fire on a crowd in Hercules Street, killing two Protestants and wounding four other people.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 July 1829, eight people were killed during Orange marches in <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a>, seven were killed in <a href="/wiki/Clones,_County_Monaghan" title="Clones, County Monaghan">Clones</a> and one was killed in Stewartstown. In <a href="/wiki/Maghera" title="Maghera">Maghera</a>, several Catholic homes were burnt down, prompting the intervention of the military. There was also trouble at marches in Armagh, Portadown, <a href="/wiki/Bellaghy" title="Bellaghy">Bellaghy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comber" title="Comber">Comber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyabbey" title="Greyabbey">Greyabbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenoe" title="Glenoe">Glenoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabane" title="Strabane">Strabane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Five Catholics were reportedly shot dead in <a href="/wiki/Rathfriland" title="Rathfriland">Rathfriland</a> and three or four were drowned in the river near <a href="/wiki/Katesbridge" title="Katesbridge">Katesbridge</a> after Twelfth marches in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-mulholland_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulholland-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following August, all Twelfth marches were banned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Processions_Act_1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Processions Act 1832 (page does not exist)">Party Processions Act 1832</a>. This Act was to be enforced for five years, until August 1837.</li> <li>The military used six pieces of artillery to help quell trouble at a Twelfth gathering at <a href="/wiki/Scarva" title="Scarva">Scarva</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A gun battle broke out on the Twelfth in 1849, when Orangemen marched through the rural Catholic community of Dolly's Brae near <a href="/wiki/Castlewellan" title="Castlewellan">Castlewellan</a>. Orangemen clashed with Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ribbonism" title="Ribbonism">Ribbonmen</a>, leaving a number of Ribbonmen and other Catholics dead. This became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dolly%27s_Brae_conflict" title="Dolly's Brae conflict">Battle of Dolly's Brae</a>". As a result of the clashes, the <a href="/wiki/Party_Processions_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Processions Act">Party Processions Act</a> was renewed the following year.</li> <li>Following the 1857 Twelfth marches in Belfast, sectarian rioting erupted in the city and lasted for ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Portadown News</i> reported that 16 Catholics were shot by Orangemen in <a href="/wiki/Derrymacash" title="Derrymacash">Derrymacash</a> on 12 July 1860. One died of his wounds. Stone-throwing had broken out when the Orangemen tried to march past the Catholic chapel. Outnumbered, some of the Orangemen opened fire on the Catholics and retreated. This led to the passing of the Party Emblems Act in August that year, which forbade the carrying of weapons and the wearing of party colours in procession.<sup id="cite_ref-mulholland_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulholland-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Orange_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange riots">Orange riots</a> occurred two years in a row during Twelfth marches in New York City. In 1870, eight people died in the clashes. In 1871, over 60 civilians (mostly Irish Catholics) and three Guardsmen lost their lives and over 150 were wounded.</li> <li>Throughout the summer of 1886, there were <a href="/wiki/1886_Belfast_riots" title="1886 Belfast riots">a string of riots</a> in Belfast. Violence was particularly fierce during and after the Twelfth. By September, an estimated 31 people had been killed.</li> <li>On 12 July 1920, Ulster Unionist Party leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> made a speech in which he said: "I am sick of words without actions" and he warned the British government that if it refused to adequately protect Unionists from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a>, they would take matters into their own hands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence soon followed. During the period of June 1920 to June 1922 more than 500 people were killed in Belfast alone, 23,000 people were made homeless in that city, while approximately 50,000 people fled the north of Ireland due to intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Northern_Ireland_(1920%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922)">The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922)</a>.</li> <li>In 1935, the Twelfth led to the worst violence in Belfast since the foundation of Northern Ireland in 1922. The violence allegedly began when Orangemen tried to enter the Catholic enclave of Lancaster Street. Nine people were killed and 514 Catholic families, comprising 2,241 people, were forced to flee their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> (late 1960s to late 1990s), the Twelfth was often accompanied by riots and paramilitary violence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1972, three people were shot dead on the Twelfth in Portadown and two people were killed in Belfast. Of the five in total, two were killed by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism">Republican</a> groups and three were killed by Loyalist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Twelfth in 1998, during the <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" title="Quinn brothers' killings">three young boys were killed</a> when loyalists firebombed their house in <a href="/wiki/Ballymoney" title="Ballymoney">Ballymoney</a>. The boys' mother was a Catholic, and their home was in a mainly Protestant housing estate. The killings provoked widespread anger from both Catholics and Protestants. </p><p>Since the Troubles began, some bands hired to appear at Twelfth marches have openly shown support for loyalist paramilitary groups, either by carrying paramilitary flags and banners or sporting paramilitary names and emblems.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of prominent loyalist militants were Orangemen and took part in their marches. In February 1992, the loyalist UDA <a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">shot dead five Catholic civilians</a> in a betting shop in Belfast. When Orangemen marched past the shop that 12 July, some marchers held up five fingers in mockery of the five dead. The Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mayhew" title="Patrick Mayhew">Patrick Mayhew</a>, said that they "would have disgraced a tribe of cannibals".<sup id="cite_ref-cainjul92_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cainjul92-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every Twelfth between 1970 and 2005, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> soldiers were deployed in Belfast to help police the parades.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to improved policing, dialogue between marchers and residents, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>, parades have been generally more peaceful since the 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Parades_Commission" title="Parades Commission">Parades Commission</a> was set up in 1998 to deal with contentious parades. </p><p>During the Troubles, some Irish Catholic and nationalist areas organised festivals to keep their children away from the parades, where they might come into conflict with Protestant children, and to make the Twelfth more enjoyable for their communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Twelfth_outside_Ulster">The Twelfth outside Ulster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Twelfth outside Ulster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall,_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/300px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/450px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/600px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Orangemen parading in <a href="/wiki/Larkhall" title="Larkhall">Larkhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (July 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although mostly an Ulster event, the Twelfth is also celebrated in other countries with strong links to Ulster or a history of settlement by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestants">Irish Protestants</a>. Outside of Northern Ireland, there are commemorations of the Twelfth in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> – particularly in and around <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, where most Irish immigrants settled. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, Orange marches are not common and Orange Order membership is found primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> region, although numbers are still small.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marches here tend to be held a week or so before the Twelfth, due to the number of bands and lodges who travel to Northern Ireland to march there. The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> lodges parade both in the city and in the seaside resort of <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a> on 12 July. </p><p>There are also Twelfth marches in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. As the longest consecutively held parade in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (first held in 1821), the Twelfth March was the largest parade in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a><sup id="cite_ref-torontosun.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torontosun.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when thousands of Orangemen would march in front of tens of thousands of spectators, until the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Orange Order held such sway that membership in the Order was an unspoken prerequisite for holding civic office.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the march's popularity has drastically diminished in recent years, as only about 500 people participate in modern Orange parades.<sup id="cite_ref-torontosun.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torontosun.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orangemen's Day is still a provincial public sector holiday in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not a shops closing holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increase in membership in recent years has seen a revival of the Order in Australia and an annual Twelfth of July parade is currently held in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parades were also formerly held in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> on the Twelfth.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there was a big parade in <a href="/wiki/Benidorm" title="Benidorm">Benidorm</a> (Spain) in 2023. </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a> in the early 1920s, the Twelfth was celebrated by Protestants in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. However, the reduction of Protestant political influence in what is now the Republic of Ireland has meant the only remaining major annual parade within the Republic is at Rossnowlagh, County Donegal, in the west of Ulster, which was held on the Twelfth until the 1970s, when it was moved to the weekend before.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rest of Ireland, outside of the nine-county <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Province</a> of Ulster, there are no major Orange events. </p><p>In July 2010, former <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)" title="Michael McDowell (politician)">Michael McDowell</a> said that the Twelfth should be made a national holiday in the Republic of Ireland as well as in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/48px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/64px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Banners in Northern Ireland">Banners in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_walk" title="Orange walk">Orange walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This repositioning was not typical, with most historic dates retained. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> on 5 November 1605 continues to be commemorated on 5 November, not 16 November.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/bank-holidays">"Bank holidays - nidirect"</a>. <i>Nidirect.gov.uk</i>. 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Bank+holidays+-+nidirect&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fbank-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenihan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2003). <i>1690 Battle of the Boyne</i>. Tempus. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752425979" title="Special:BookSources/9780752425979"><bdi>9780752425979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1690+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780752425979&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padraig Lenihan, 1690 Battle of the Boyne, page 258-260)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormack, W J. <i>The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2001. Page 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarman, Neil. <i>Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland</i>. Berg, 1997. p.209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/loyalists-erect-flags-outside-catholic-primary-school-and-church-in-carrick-16175841.html">"Loyalists erect flags outside Catholic primary school and church in Carrick"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>. 22 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithey_bonfires-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithey_bonfires_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smithey, Lee. <i>Unionists, Loyalists, and Conflict Transformation in Northern Ireland</i>. Oxford University Press, 2011. pp.93–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Simpson2009" class="citation news cs1">Mark Simpson (10 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8145554.stm">"Turning hotspot into friendly fire"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turning+hotspot+into+friendly+fire&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.au=Mark+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F8145554.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paramilitaries-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paramilitaries_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/02/26/news/paramilitary-control-of-loyalist-bonfires-exposed-in-leaked-report-1263722/">"Paramilitary control of loyalist bonfires exposed in leaked report"</a>. <i>The Irish News</i>, 26 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/features/the-boy-and-the-bonfire-14871526.html">"The boy and the bonfire"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>, 9 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, Dominic. <i>Orange Parades: The politics of ritual, tradition and control</i>. Pluto Press, 2000. p.147-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, p.99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10592915">"Orangemen take part in Twelfth of July parades"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 12 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>Some marches have been a source of tension between nationalists who see the parades as triumphalist and intimidating, and Orangemen who believe it is their right to walk on public roads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Orangemen+take+part+in+Twelfth+of+July+parades&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10592915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104125907/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE54T1LP20090530">"Protestant fraternity returns to spiritual home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 30 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE54T1LP20090530">the original</a> on 4 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Orange Order's parades, with their distinctive soundtrack of thunderous drums and pipes, are seen by many Catholics in Northern Ireland as a triumphalist display.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Protestant+fraternity+returns+to+spiritual+home&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUKTRE54T1LP20090530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anphoblacht.com/news/detail/33821">"Ormeau Road frustration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></i>. 27 April 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>The overwhelming majority of nationalists view Orange parades as triumphalist coat trailing exercises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Phoblacht&rft.atitle=Ormeau+Road+frustration&rft.date=2000-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anphoblacht.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F33821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irishcentral-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irishcentral_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irishcentral_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/Kinder-gentler-or-same-old-Orange-50952382.html?page=1">"Kinder, gentler or same old Orange?"</a>. <i>Irish Central</i>. 23 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>The annual Orange marches have passed relatively peacefully in Northern Ireland this year, and it seems a good faith effort is underway to try and reorient the day from one of triumphalism to one of community outreach and a potential tourist attraction ... The 12th may well have been a celebration of a long ago battle at the Boyne in 1690, but it came to symbolise for generations of Catholics the "croppie lie down" mentality on the Orange side. The thunderous beat of the huge drums was just a small way of instilling fear into the Nationalist communities, while the insistence on marching wherever they liked through Nationalist neighborhoods was also a statement of supremacy and contempt for the feelings of the other community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Central&rft.atitle=Kinder%2C+gentler+or+same+old+Orange%3F&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fopinion%2FKinder-gentler-or-same-old-Orange-50952382.html%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2008" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Sean J (2008). <i>Divided kingdom: Ireland, 1630–1800</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 432. <q>Modern Irish republicans may look back to the United Irishmen as the founders of their tradition. But the one present-day organisation that can trace an unbroken descent from the 1790s is the Protestant supremacist Orange Order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+kingdom%3A+Ireland%2C+1630%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Sean+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roe_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe2005" class="citation book cs1">Roe, Paul (2005). <i>Ethnic violence and the societal security dilemma</i>. Routledge. p. 62. <q>Ignatieff explains how the victory of William of Orange over Catholic King James 'became a founding myth of ethnic superiority...The Ulstermen's reward, as they saw it, was permanent ascendancy over the Catholic Irish'. Thus, Orange Order marches have come to symbolise the supremacy of Protestantism over Catholicism in Northern Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+violence+and+the+societal+security+dilemma&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1976" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ron (1976). "Is it a religious war?". <i>A flower grows in Ireland</i>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 127. <q>At the close of the eighteenth century, Protestants, again feeling the threat of the Catholic majority, began forming secret societies which coalesced into the Orange Order. Its main purpose has always been to maintain Protestant supremacy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+it+a+religious+war%3F&rft.btitle=A+flower+grows+in+Ireland&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonge, Johnathan. <i>Northern Ireland</i>. Polity, 2006. Pages 24, 171, 172, 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Boyce" class="mw-redirect" title="David George Boyce">David George Boyce</a>, Robert Eccleshall, Vincent Geoghegan. <i>Political Thought in Ireland Since The Seventeenth Century</i>. Routledge, 1993. Page 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchel, Patrick. <i>Evangelicalism and national identity in Ulster, 1921–1998</i>. Oxford University Press, 2003. Page 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/latest_news/133324.stm">Cracks in the Orange Order</a> BBC News, 15 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/13/northernireland.angeliquechrisafis">Loyalist parade sparks riots in Catholic area</a> The Guardian, 13 July 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.tv/News/Order-poll-on-Catholic-IRA-sympathy/2859b2cd-fe7a-489e-bb1a-e73bc7c7c87a">"Order poll on Catholic 'IRA sympathy'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123173927/http://www.u.tv/News/Order-poll-on-Catholic-IRA-sympathy/2859b2cd-fe7a-489e-bb1a-e73bc7c7c87a">Archived</a> 23 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UTV News. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillonLehane1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dillon" title="Martin Dillon">Dillon, Martin</a>; Lehane, Denis (1973). "The truce is over but the assassinations continue: 10 July-31 August". <i>Political Murder in Northern Ireland</i> (Paperback). Middlesex, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-052308-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-052308-1"><bdi>0-14-052308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+truce+is+over+but+the+assassinations+continue%3A+10+July-31+August&rft.btitle=Political+Murder+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Middlesex%2C+UK&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-14-052308-1&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Lehane%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agnes Irene Caldwell, ‘Rising from Our Knees: Nationalist Response to Loyal Order Parades in Portadown, 1945–1993’, (PhD dissertation), Wayne State University, Detroit, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Lawrence. <i>Warrior Race: A History of the British at War</i>. Hachette UK, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littleireland.co.uk/2021/03/the-inglorious-12th.html">"The Inglorious Twelfth"</a>. 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inglorious+Twelfth&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.littleireland.co.uk%2F2021%2F03%2Fthe-inglorious-12th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hepburn, A C. <i>A Past Apart: Studies in the history of Catholic Belfast, 1850–1950</i>. Ulster Historical Foundation, 1996. p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, Seán. <i>Rituals and Riots: Sectarian violence and political culture in Ulster, 1784–1886</i>. University Press of Kentucky, 2000. pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray, Tony. <i>The Orange Order</i>. Bodley Head, 1972. p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mulholland-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mulholland_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mulholland_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulholland, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/26105917/Two-Hundred-Years-in-the-Citadel"><i>Two-Hundred Years in the Citadel</i></a>. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, Desmond. <i>Derry, Donegal and modern Ulster 1790–1921</i>. Aileach Press, 1981. p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm">"Chronology of Key Events in Irish History, 1800 to 1967"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Magill, Christopher (2020). <i>Political Conflict in East Ulster, 1920-22</i>. Boydell Press, pp.42. ISBN 978-1-78327-511-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, Alan F. (2004). <i>Belfast's Unholy War</i>. Four Courts Press, pgs 12-13, ISBN 1-85182-792-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne2019" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Kathleen (2019). <i>Echoes of Their Footsteps Volume Three</i>. Oregon: Generation Organization. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-04283-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-04283-0"><bdi>978-0-692-04283-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+Their+Footsteps+Volume+Three&rft.place=Oregon&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Generation+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-692-04283-0&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=12&month=07&year=1972">Sutton's Index of Deaths: 12 July 1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, Dominic. <i>Orange Parades: The politics of ritual, tradition and control</i>. Pluto Press, 2000. p.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Marc Howard. <i>Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. p.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://republican-news.org/archive/2000/June29/29spri.html">"Loyalist paramilitaries and the Orange Order"</a>. <i>Republican News</i>, 29 June 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cainjul92-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cainjul92_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch92.htm#Jul">"Chronology of the Conflict: July 1992"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/5171070.stm">Soldiers in barracks for Twelfth</a> BBC News, 12 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, Jonathan Tonge. Pearson. p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torontosun.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-torontosun.com_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-torontosun.com_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/09/torontos-orange-parade-marches-through-history">"Toronto Sun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Toronto+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2011%2F07%2F09%2Ftorontos-orange-parade-marches-through-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115072932/http://rc-archives.cbc.ca/emissions/emission.asp?page=10&IDLan=1&IDEmission=47&IDClip=13519">"As It Happens | Program | Radio | CBC Archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rc-archives.cbc.ca/emissions/emission.asp?page=10&IDLan=1&IDEmission=47&IDClip=13519">the original</a> on 15 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+It+Happens+%26%23124%3B+Program+%26%23124%3B+Radio+%26%23124%3B+CBC+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frc-archives.cbc.ca%2Femissions%2Femission.asp%3Fpage%3D10%26IDLan%3D1%26IDEmission%3D47%26IDClip%3D13519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torontoist.com/2010/09/historicist_the_loyal_orangeman_versus_the_mayor_of_all_the_people/">"Historicist: The Loyal Orangeman Versus the Mayor of All the People"</a>. <i>Torontoist.com</i>. 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torontoist.com&rft.atitle=Historicist%3A+The+Loyal+Orangeman+Versus+the+Mayor+of+All+the+People&rft.date=2010-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorontoist.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fhistoricist_the_loyal_orangeman_versus_the_mayor_of_all_the_people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2022-paid-holidays/">"Government holidays for 2022 - Newfoundland & Labrador Treasury Board Secretariat"</a>. <i>gov.nl.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.nl.ca&rft.atitle=Government+holidays+for+2022+-+Newfoundland+%26+Labrador+Treasury+Board+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.nl.ca%2Fexec%2Ftbs%2F2022-paid-holidays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/files/Shops_Closing_Holidays_2022.pdf">"Newfoundland & Labrador Public Notice: Shops Closing Holidays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gov.nl.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.nl.ca&rft.atitle=Newfoundland+%26+Labrador+Public+Notice%3A+Shops+Closing+Holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.nl.ca%2Fecc%2Ffiles%2FShops_Closing_Holidays_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Loyal-Orange-Institution-of-South-Australia/423984171071340?fref=ts">"Official Loyal Orange Institution of South Australia Facebook Page"</a>. <i>Facebook.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook.com&rft.atitle=Official+Loyal+Orange+Institution+of+South+Australia+Facebook+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpages%2FLoyal-Orange-Institution-of-South-Australia%2F423984171071340%3Ffref%3Dts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelfth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Dudley Edwards, <i>The Faithful Tribe: An Intimate Portrait of the Loyal Institutions</i>, London, 2000, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061720/https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2008/0205/1201903494877.html">Ó Cuív grants €250,000 to promote Orange Order</a> Irish Times, 5 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-10724321">Twelfth 'should be a national holiday' in the South</a> BBC News, 22 July 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelfth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of 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href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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