CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hypoxia (medicine) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aab942d0-4417-41d5-8f0b-0c41cac1b5fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hypoxia_(medicine)","wgTitle":"Hypoxia (medicine)","wgCurRevisionId":1257428001,"wgRevisionId":1257428001,"wgArticleId":13292,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022","Articles to be expanded from December 2022","All articles to be expanded", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2019","Articles to be expanded from November 2022","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Aviation medicine","Underwater diving medicine","Mountaineering and health","Oxygen","Pulmonology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hypoxia_(medicine)","wgRelevantArticleId":13292,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Hypoxia_(medical)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q105688","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/1200px-Cynosis.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/800px-Cynosis.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/640px-Cynosis.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hypoxia (medicine) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hypoxia_medicine rootpage-Hypoxia_medicine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hypoxia+%28medicine%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hypoxia+%28medicine%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hypoxia+%28medicine%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hypoxia+%28medicine%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generalized_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalized_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Generalized hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalized_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localized_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Localized hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_affected_tissues_and_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_affected_tissues_and_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>By affected tissues and organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_affected_tissues_and_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cerebral_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerebral_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Cerebral hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerebral_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corneal_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corneal_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.2</span> <span>Corneal hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corneal_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrauterine_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrauterine_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.3</span> <span>Intrauterine hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrauterine_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tumor_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tumor_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.4</span> <span>Tumor hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tumor_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vestibular_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vestibular_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.5</span> <span>Vestibular system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vestibular_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypoxemic_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypoxemic_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hypoxemic hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypoxemic_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_monoxide_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Carbon monoxide poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypoxic_breathing_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypoxic_breathing_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Hypoxic breathing gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypoxic_breathing_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histotoxic_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histotoxic_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Histotoxic hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histotoxic_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physiological responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Acute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathological_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathological_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pathological responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathological_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cerebral_ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerebral_ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Cerebral ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerebral_ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myocardial_ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myocardial_ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Myocardial ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myocardial_ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tumor_angiogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tumor_angiogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Tumor angiogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tumor_angiogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_examination_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_examination_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Physical examination and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_examination_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prevention_of_altitude_induced_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_of_altitude_induced_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prevention of altitude induced hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_of_altitude_induced_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Treatment and management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment and management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_acute_and_chronic_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_acute_and_chronic_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Treatment of acute and chronic cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_acute_and_chronic_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silent_hypoxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_hypoxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Silent hypoxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_hypoxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypoxia (medicine)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="نقص التأكسج (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقص التأكسج (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoxia" title="Hipoxia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipoxia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksiya" title="Hipoksiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipoksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="هیپوکسیا(ساغلیق بیلیمی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیپوکسیا(ساغلیق بیلیمی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="অক্সিজেন স্বল্পতা (চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্সিজেন স্বল্পতা (চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гіпаксія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпаксія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हाइपोक्सिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइपोक्सिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хипоксия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипоксия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija" title="Hipoksija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipoksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2xia" title="Hipòxia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxie" title="Hypoxie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypoxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxi" title="Hypoxi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypoxi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxie_(Medizin)" title="Hypoxie (Medizin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypoxie (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCpoksia" title="Hüpoksia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüpoksia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υποξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoxia" title="Hipoxia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipoxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksio" title="Hipoksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipoksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoxia" title="Hipoxia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipoxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هیپوکسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپوکسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxie" title="Hypoxie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypoxie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoxia_(medicina)" title="Hipoxia (medicina) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipoxia (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C%EC%A6%9D" title="저산소증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저산소증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81" title="Թթվածնաքաղց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թթվածնաքաղց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हाइपोक्सिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइपोक्सिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija" title="Hipoksija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipoksija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksia" title="Hipoksia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipoksia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipossia" title="Ipossia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipossia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="היפוקסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפוקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპოქსია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპოქსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипоксия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипоксия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипоксия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипоксия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicina)" title="Hypoxia (medicina) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypoxia (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija" title="Hipoksija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipoksija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija_(fiziologija)" title="Hipoksija (fiziologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipoksija (fiziologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia" title="Hypoxia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hypoxia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹിപോക്സിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിപോക്സിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksia_(perubatan)" title="Hipoksia (perubatan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hipoksia (perubatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxie_(medisch)" title="Hypoxie (medisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypoxie (medisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%85%B8%E7%B4%A0%E7%97%87" title="低酸素症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="低酸素症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoksi" title="Hypoksi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypoksi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_(%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2)" title="ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପଅମ୍ଲଜାନ (ମେଡିକାଲ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପଅମ୍ଲଜାନ (ମେଡିକାଲ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipoksiya" title="Gipoksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipoksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਹਾਈਪੌਕਸੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਪੌਕਸੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxie_(Medizin)" title="Hypoxie (Medizin) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hypoxie (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksja" title="Hipoksja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipoksja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3xia" title="Hipóxia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipóxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoxie" title="Hipoxie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipoxie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипоксия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипоксия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" title="Hypoxia (medical) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypoxia (medical)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija" title="Hipoksija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipoksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хипоксија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипоксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksija" title="Hipoksija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipoksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoksia" title="Hypoksia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypoksia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxi" title="Hypoxi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypoxi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாழாக்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாழாக்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ภาวะพร่องออกซิเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะพร่องออกซิเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoksi_(t%C4%B1p)" title="Hipoksi (tıp) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipoksi (tıp)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гіпоксія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпоксія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_(%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C)" title="آکسیجن کی کمی کی حالت (طبی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آکسیجن کی کمی کی حالت (طبی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3m_oxy_huy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Giảm oxy huyết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giảm oxy huyết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7" title="缺氧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="缺氧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7" title="缺氧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="缺氧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7" title="缺氧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="缺氧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hypoxia_(medicine)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hypoxia_(medicine)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hypoxia_(medicine)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&oldid=1257428001" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hypoxia_%28medicine%29&id=1257428001&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHypoxia_%28medicine%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHypoxia_%28medicine%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hypoxia_%28medicine%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hypoxia_(medical)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105688" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medical)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia (medical)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hypoxia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Hypoxiation, lack of oxygen, low blood oxygen (technically <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a>), oxygen starvation</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynosis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/220px-Cynosis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/330px-Cynosis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cynosis.JPG/440px-Cynosis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a> of the hand in an elderly person with low oxygen saturation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pins_and_needles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pins and needles">pins and needles</a> feeling of the extremities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep-vein_thrombosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-vein thrombosis">deep-vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hypopnea" title="Hypopnea">Hypopnea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">Hypoxemia</a>.</div> <p><b>Hypoxia</b> is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> supply at the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_and_Franklin_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_and_Franklin_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxia may be classified as either <i><a href="/wiki/Generalized_hypoxia" title="Generalized hypoxia">generalized</a></i>, affecting the whole body, or <i>local</i>, affecting a region of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_et_al_2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_et_al_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hypoxia is often a <a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> condition, variations in <a href="/wiki/Arterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial">arterial</a> oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, for example, during strenuous <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a>. </p><p>Hypoxia differs from <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a> and anoxemia, in that hypoxia refers to a state in which oxygen present in a tissue or the whole body is insufficient, whereas hypoxemia and anoxemia refer specifically to states that have low or no <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">oxygen in the blood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_1977_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxia in which there is complete absence of oxygen supply is referred to as <b>anoxia</b>. </p><p>Hypoxia can be due to external causes, when the breathing gas is hypoxic, or internal causes, such as reduced effectiveness of gas transfer in the lungs, reduced capacity of the blood to carry oxygen, compromised general or local <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>, or inability of the affected tissues to extract oxygen from, or metabolically process, an adequate supply of oxygen from an adequately oxygenated blood supply. </p><p>Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people when they ascend to <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high altitude</a>, where it causes <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a> leading to potentially fatal complications: <a href="/wiki/High_altitude_pulmonary_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude pulmonary edema">high altitude pulmonary edema</a> (<a href="/wiki/HAPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HAPE">HAPE</a>) and <a href="/wiki/High_altitude_cerebral_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude cerebral edema">high altitude cerebral edema</a> (<a href="/wiki/HACE" class="mw-redirect" title="HACE">HACE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cymerman_and_Rock_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cymerman_and_Rock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxia also occurs in healthy individuals when breathing inappropriate mixtures of gases with a low oxygen content, e.g., while <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving underwater</a>, especially when using malfunctioning closed-circuit <a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">rebreather</a> systems that control the amount of oxygen in the supplied air. Mild, non-damaging <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_hypoxia" title="Intermittent hypoxia">intermittent hypoxia</a> is used intentionally during <a href="/wiki/Altitude_training" title="Altitude training">altitude training</a> to develop an athletic performance adaptation at both the systemic and cellular level.<sup id="cite_ref-Gore_et_al_2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gore_et_al_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypoxia is a common <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a> in newborn infants. Because the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> develop late in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, premature infants frequently possess underdeveloped lungs. To improve blood oxygenation, infants at risk of hypoxia may be placed inside <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(neonatal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubator (neonatal)">incubators</a> that provide warmth, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, and supplemental oxygen. More serious cases are treated with <a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">continuous positive airway pressure</a> (CPAP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="arterial_oxygen_content"></span> Hypoxia exists when there is a reduced amount of oxygen in the tissues of the body. Hypoxemia refers to a reduction in arterial oxygenation below the normal range, regardless of whether gas exchange is impaired in the lung, arterial oxygen content (C<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> – which represents the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues) is adequate, or tissue hypoxia exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson_2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification categories are not always mutually exclusive, and hypoxia can be a consequence of a wide variety of causes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_cause">By cause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_hypoxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic hypoxia">Hypoxic hypoxia</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Generalised_hypoxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised hypoxia">generalised hypoxia</a>, may be caused by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Hypoventilation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is insufficient ventilation of the lungs due to any cause (fatigue, excessive <a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">work of breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">barbiturate poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">pneumothorax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, etc.).</li> <li>Low-inspired oxygen partial pressure, which may be caused by breathing normal air at low ambient pressures due to altitude,<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by breathing <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas#Classification_by_oxygen_fraction" title="Breathing gas">hypoxic breathing gas</a> at an unsuitable depth, by breathing inadequately re-oxygenated recycled breathing gas from a <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support system</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic machine">anesthetic machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_of_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia of ascent">Hypoxia of ascent</a> (latent hypoxia) in <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">rebreather diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindholm_2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindholm_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_obstruction" title="Airway obstruction">Airway obstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD)<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neuromuscular diseases or <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malformed vascular system such as an <a href="/wiki/Anomalous_left_coronary_artery_from_the_pulmonary_artery" title="Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery">anomalous coronary artery</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>Hypoxemic hypoxia is a lack of oxygen caused by low oxygen tension in the arterial blood, due to the inability of the lungs to sufficiently oxygenate the blood. Causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>, and pulmonary shunting.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition overlaps considerably with that of hypoxic hypoxia.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Pulmonary_hypoxia"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Pulmonary hypoxia</span></span> is hypoxia from hypoxemia due to abnormal <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary">pulmonary</a> function, and occurs when the lungs receive adequately oxygenated gas which does not oxygenate the blood sufficiently. It may be caused by:<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_perfusion_mismatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation perfusion mismatch">Ventilation perfusion mismatch</a> (V/Q mismatch), which can be either low or high.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reduced V/Q ratio can be caused by impaired ventilation, which may be a consequence of conditions such as bronchitis, obstructive airway disease, mucus plugs, or pulmonary edema, which limit or obstruct the ventilation. In this situation there is not enough oxygen in the alveolar gas to fully oxygenate the blood volume passing through, and P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> will be low. Conversely, an increased V/Q ratio tends to be a consequence of impaired perfusion, in which circumstances the blood supply is insufficient to carry the available oxygen, P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> will be normal, but tissues will be insufficiently perfused to meet the oxygen demand. A V/Q mismatch can also occur when the surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs is decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_shunt" title="Pulmonary shunt">Pulmonary shunt</a>, in which blood passes from the right to the left side of the heart without being oxygenated. This may be due to anatomical shunts, in which the blood bypasses the alveoli, via <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intracardial" class="extiw" title="wikt:intracardial">intracardiac</a> <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(medical)" title="Shunt (medical)">shunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arteriovenous_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation">pulmonary arteriovenous malformations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistulas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatopulmonary_syndrome" title="Hepatopulmonary syndrome">hepatopulmonary syndrome</a>, or physiological shunting, in which blood passes through non-ventilated alveoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Impaired diffusion, a reduced capacity for gas molecules to move between the air in the alveoli and the blood, which occurs when alveolar–capillary membranes thicken. This can happen in <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Circulatory_hypoxia"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Circulatory hypoxia</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as ischemic hypoxia or stagnant hypoxia, is caused by abnormally low blood flow to the lungs, which can occur during <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_compartment_syndrome" title="Abdominal compartment syndrome">abdominal compartment syndrome</a>, where the main dysfunction is in the cardiovascular system, causing a major reduction in perfusion. Arterial gas is adequately oygenated in the lungs, and the tissues are able to accept the oxygen available, but the flow rate to the tissues is insufficient. Venous oxygenation is particularly low.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Anemic_hypoxia"></span><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemic</a> hypoxia or hypemic hypoxia is the lack of capacity of the blood to carry the normal level of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be caused by anemia or:<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, in which carbon monoxide combines with the hemoglobin, to form <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a> (HbCO) preventing it from transporting oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bleecker_2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleecker_2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a>, a change in the hemoglobin molecule from a ferrous ion (Fe<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>) to a ferric ion (Fe<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>), which has a lesser capacity to bind free oxygen molecules, and a greater affinity for bound oxygen. This causes a left shift in the O<sub>2</sub>–Hb curve. It can be congenital or caused by medications, food additives or toxins, including chloroquine, benzene, nitrites, benzocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histotoxic_hypoxia" title="Histotoxic hypoxia">Histotoxic hypoxia</a> (Dysoxia)<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Cellular_hypoxia"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Cellular hypoxia</span></span> occurs when the cells of the affected tissues are unable to use oxygen provided by normally oxygenated hemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a> which inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme required for cellular respiration in mitochondria. <a href="/wiki/Methanol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanol poisoning">Methanol poisoning</a> has a similar effect, as the metabolism of methanol produces formic acid which inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase.<sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_hypoxic_training" title="Intermittent hypoxic training">Intermittent hypoxic training</a> induces mild generalized hypoxia for short periods as a training method to improve sporting performance. This is not considered a medical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute cerebral hypoxia leading to blackout can occur during <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a>. This is a consequence of prolonged voluntary apnea underwater, and generally occurs in trained athletes in good health and good physical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearn_et_al_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearn_et_al_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_extent">By extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypoxia may affect the whole body, or just some parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generalized_hypoxia">Generalized hypoxia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Generalized hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Generalized_hypoxia" title="Generalized hypoxia">generalized hypoxia</a></i> may refer to hypoxia affecting the whole body,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may be used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_hypoxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic hypoxia">hypoxic hypoxia</a>, which occurs when there is insufficient oxygen in the breathing gas to oxygenate the blood to a level that will adequately support normal metabolic processes,<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which will inherently affect all perfused tissues. </p><p>The symptoms of generalized hypoxia depend on its severity and acceleration of onset. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>, where hypoxia develops gradually, the symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">numbness</a> / tingling of <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">extremities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">cerebral hypoxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These symptoms are often difficult to identify, but early detection of symptoms can be critical.<sup id="cite_ref-pia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In severe hypoxia, or hypoxia of very rapid onset, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, confusion, disorientation, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, behavioral change, severe <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, reduced level of consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Papilloedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilloedema">papilloedema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachypnea" title="Tachypnea">breathlessness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Illingworth_et_al_2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illingworth_et_al_2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a> eventually leading to the late signs <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">slow heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cor_pulmonale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cor pulmonale">cor pulmonale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> eventually leading to <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman_and_Bishop_2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman_and_Bishop_2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longmore_et_al_2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longmore_et_al_2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> is a darker red when it is not bound to oxygen (<a href="/wiki/Deoxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyhemoglobin">deoxyhemoglobin</a>), as opposed to the rich red color that it has when bound to oxygen (<a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a>), when seen through the skin it has an increased tendency to reflect blue light back to the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahrens_and_Rutherford_Basham_1993_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahrens_and_Rutherford_Basham_1993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where the oxygen is displaced by another molecule, such as carbon monoxide, the skin may appear 'cherry red' instead of cyanotic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramratha_and_Moore_2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramratha_and_Moore_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxia can cause <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, and injure the liver, among other deleterious effects.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Localized_hypoxia">Localized hypoxia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Localized hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Local_hypoxia"></span> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischemia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/220px-Ischemia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/330px-Ischemia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/440px-Ischemia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Vascular ischemia of the toes with characteristic cyanosis</figcaption></figure> <p>Hypoxia that is localized to a region of the body, such as an organ or a limb. is usually the consequence of <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>, the reduced perfusion to that organ or limb, and may not necessarily be associated with general hypoxemia. A locally reduced perfusion is generally caused by an increased resistance to flow through the blood vessels of the affected area. </p><p>Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ, causing a shortage of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ischemia is generally caused by problems with <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue i.e. hypoxia and <a href="/wiki/Microvascular_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvascular dysfunction">microvascular dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhai_et_al_2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhai_et_al_2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perico_et_al_2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perico_et_al_2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also means local hypoxia in a given part of a body sometimes resulting from <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">vascular occlusion</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>. Ischemia comprises not only insufficiency of oxygen, but also reduced availability of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and inadequate removal of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a>. Ischemia can be a partial (poor <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>) or total blockage. </p><p>Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased pressure within one of the body's <a href="/wiki/Compartment_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compartment (anatomy)">anatomical compartments</a> results in insufficient blood supply to <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> within that space.<sup id="cite_ref-PMH_2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMH_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peitzman_et_al_2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peitzman_et_al_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main types: <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMH_2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMH_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compartments of the leg or arm are most commonly involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferri_2018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferri_2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: local trauma, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a>, etc.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If tissue is not being perfused properly, it may feel cold and appear pale; if severe, hypoxia can result in <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, a blue discoloration of the skin. If hypoxia is very severe, a tissue may eventually become gangrenous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_affected_tissues_and_organs">By affected tissues and organs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By affected tissues and organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any living tissue can be affected by hypoxia, but some are particularly sensitive, or have more noticeable or notable consequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cerebral_hypoxia">Cerebral hypoxia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cerebral hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">Cerebral hypoxia</a></div> <p>Cerebral hypoxia is hypoxia specifically involving the brain. The four categories of cerebral hypoxia in order of increasing severity are: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (DCH), focal cerebral ischemia, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a>, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> cell death via <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Malhotra_et_al_2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malhotra_et_al_2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mattiesen_2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiesen_2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen saturation in medicine">Oxygen deprivation</a> can be hypoxic (reduced general oxygen availability) or ischemic (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow) in origin. Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation is generally termed hypoxic injury. <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_ischemic_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy">Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy</a> (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to <a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">birth asphyxia</a>, it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_et_al_2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_et_al_2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geraghty_and_Torbey_2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geraghty_and_Torbey_2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Busl_and_Greer_2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busl_and_Greer_2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Corneal_hypoxia">Corneal hypoxia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corneal hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although corneal hypoxia can arise from any of several causes, it is primarily attributable to the prolonged use of <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">contact lenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corneas are not perfused and get their oxygen from the atmosphere by diffusion. Impermeable contact lenses form a barrier to this <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>, and therefore can cause damage to the corneas. Symptoms may include irritation, excessive tearing and <a href="/wiki/Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>. The sequelae of corneal hypoxia include punctate <a href="/wiki/Keratitis" title="Keratitis">keratitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corneal_neovascularization" title="Corneal neovascularization">corneal neovascularization</a> and epithelial microcysts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intrauterine_hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Intrauterine hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></div> <p>Intrauterine hypoxia, also known as fetal hypoxia, occurs when the fetus is <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">deprived</a> of an adequate supply of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. It may be due to a variety of reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Prolapse" title="Prolapse">prolapse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">occlusion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placental_infarction" title="Placental infarction">placental infarction</a>, maternal diabetes (prepregnancy or <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Tarvonen_et_al_2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarvonen_et_al_2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">maternal smoking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a> may cause or be the result of hypoxia. Intrauterine hypoxia can cause cellular damage that occurs within the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (the brain and spinal cord). This results in an increased mortality rate, including an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a> (SIDS). Oxygen deprivation in the fetus and neonate have been implicated as either a primary or as a contributing risk factor in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maslova_et_al_2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maslova_et_al_2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habek_et_al_2002_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habek_et_al_2002-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peleg_et_al_1998_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peleg_et_al_1998-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg_2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_and_Miller_2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_and_Miller_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bulterys_et_al_1990_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulterys_et_al_1990-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tumor_hypoxia">Tumor hypoxia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tumor hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tumor_hypoxia" title="Tumor hypoxia">Tumor hypoxia</a></div> <p>Tumor hypoxia is the situation where <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> cells have been deprived of oxygen. As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues. Hypoxic microenvironements in solid tumors are a result of available oxygen being consumed within 70 to 150 μm of tumour vasculature by rapidly proliferating tumor cells thus limiting the amount of oxygen available to diffuse further into the tumor tissue. The severity of hypoxia is related to tumor types and varies between different types. Research has shown that the level of oxygenation in hypoxic tumor tissues is poorer than normal tissues and it is reported somewhere between 1%–2% O2.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to support continuous growth and proliferation in challenging hypoxic environments, cancer cells are found to alter their metabolism. Furthermore, hypoxia is known to change cell behavior and is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and increased migratory and metastatic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilkes_et_al_2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilkes_et_al_2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spill_et_al_2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spill_et_al_2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumour hypoxia is usually associated with highly malignant tumours, which frequently do not respond well to treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb_2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vestibular_system">Vestibular system</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vestibular system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In acute exposure to hypoxic hypoxia on the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a> and the visuo-vestibular interactions, the gain of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo%E2%80%93ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo–ocular reflex">vestibulo–ocular reflex</a> (VOR) decreases under mild hypoxia at altitude. Postural control is also disturbed by hypoxia at altitude, postural sway is increased, and there is a correlation between hypoxic stress and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptive_tracking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptive tracking (page does not exist)">adaptive tracking</a> performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbani_et_al_1994_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbani_et_al_1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arterial oxygen tension can be measured by blood gas analysis of an arterial blood sample, and less reliably by <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>, which is not a complete measure of circulatory oxygen sufficiency. If there is insufficient blood flow or insufficient hemoglobin in the blood (anemia), tissues can be hypoxic even when there is high arterial oxygen saturation. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased reaction time,<sup id="cite_ref-Rochester_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rochester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disorientation, and uncoordinated movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Impaired judgment, confusion, memory loss and cognitive problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAA_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a> or dissociation<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAA_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A moderate level of hypoxia can cause a generalized partial loss of color vision affecting both red-green and blue-yellow discrimination at an altitude of 12,000 feet (3,700 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Vingrys_and_Garner_1987_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vingrys_and_Garner_1987-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lightheaded or dizzy sensation, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>, or tiredness<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">Shortness of breath</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">Palpitations</a> may occur in the initial phases. Later, the heart rate may reduce significantly degree. In severe cases, abnormal heart rhythms may develop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a> and vomiting<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Initially raised <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> followed by lowered blood pressure as the condition progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Severe hypoxia can cause loss of consciousness, seizures or convulsions, coma and eventually death. Breathing rate may slow down and become shallow and the pupils may not respond to light.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tingling in fingers and toes<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Numbness<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Local tissue death and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> is a relatively common complication of ischaemic hypoxia. (diabetes, etc.)</li> <li>Brain damage – <a href="/wiki/Cortical_blindness" title="Cortical blindness">cortical blindness</a> is a known but uncommon complication of acute hypoxic damage to the cerebral cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Kam_et_al_1978_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kam_et_al_1978-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxygen passively diffuses in the lung <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> according to a concentration gradient, also referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> gradient. Inhaled air rapidly reaches saturation with water vapour, which slightly reduces the partial pressures of the other components. Oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air to <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</a> blood, where its partial pressure is around 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa).<sup id="cite_ref-oxygen_calculator_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxygen_calculator-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. The binding capacity of hemoglobin is influenced by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/partial_pressure" class="extiw" title="wikt:partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of oxygen in the environment, as described by the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin_dissociation_curve" title="Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve</a>. A smaller amount of oxygen is transported in solution in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In systemic tissues, oxygen again diffuses down a concentration gradient into cells and their <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, where it is <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">used to produce energy</a> in conjunction with the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jae-Hwan_et_al_2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jae-Hwan_et_al_2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxia can result from a failure at any stage in the delivery of oxygen to cells. This can include low partial pressures of oxygen in the breathing gas, problems with diffusion of oxygen in the lungs through the interface between air and blood, insufficient available hemoglobin, problems with blood flow to the end user tissue, problems with the breathing cycle regarding rate and volume, and physiological and mechanical <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a>. Experimentally, oxygen diffusion becomes <a href="/wiki/Rate-determining_step" title="Rate-determining step">rate limiting</a> when arterial oxygen partial pressure falls to 60 mmHg (5.3 kPa) or below.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_et_al_2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_et_al_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, so interfering with this carrier molecule limits oxygen delivery to the perfused tissues. Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by about 40-fold,<sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN1999-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen in the local environment, a relationship described in the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve. When the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen is degraded, a hypoxic state can result.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ischemia">Ischemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></div> <p>Ischemia, meaning insufficient blood flow to a tissue, can also result in hypoxia in the affected tissues. This is called 'ischemic hypoxia'. Ischemia can be caused by an <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">embolism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> that decreases overall blood flow, trauma to a tissue that results in damage reducing perfusion, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Ischemia#Causes" title="Ischemia">other causes</a>. A consequence of insufficient blood flow causing local hypoxia is <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> that occurs in <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_O'Neal_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin_O'Neal-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vascular disease">peripheral vascular disease</a> can also result in local hypoxia. Symptoms are worse when a limb is used, increasing the oxygen demand in the active muscles. Pain may also be felt as a result of increased hydrogen ions leading to a decrease in blood pH (<a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>) created as a result of <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic metabolism">anaerobic metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basbaum_et_al_2000_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basbaum_et_al_2000-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G-LOC" title="G-LOC">G-LOC</a>, or g-force induced loss of consciousness, is a special case of ischemic hypoxia which occurs when the body is subjected to high enough acceleration sustained for long enough to lower cerebral blood pressure and circulation to the point where <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">loss of consciousness</a> occurs due to cerebral hypoxia. The human body is most sensitive to longitudinal acceleration towards the head, as this causes the largest hydrostatic pressure deficit in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-g-LOC_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-LOC-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypoxemic_hypoxia">Hypoxemic hypoxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hypoxemic hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">Hypoxemia</a></div> <p>This refers specifically to hypoxic states where the arterial content of oxygen is insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-West_2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be caused by alterations in <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory drive">respiratory drive</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis">respiratory alkalosis</a>, physiological or pathological shunting of blood, diseases interfering in lung function resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Ventilation-perfusion_mismatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation-perfusion mismatch">ventilation-perfusion mismatch</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a>, or alterations in the partial pressure of oxygen in the environment or lung alveoli, such as may occur at altitude or when diving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common disorders that can cause respiratory dysfunction include trauma to the head and spinal cord, nontraumatic acute myelopathies, demyelinating disorders, stroke, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">myasthenia gravis</a>. These dysfunctions may necessitate mechanical ventilation. Some chronic neuromuscular disorders such as motor neuron disease and muscular dystrophy may require ventilatory support in advanced stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_monoxide_poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carbon monoxide poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin molecules. As carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin hundreds of times tighter than oxygen, it can prevent the carriage of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_et_al_1912_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_et_al_1912-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur acutely, as with smoke intoxication, or over a period of time, as with cigarette smoking. Due to physiological processes, carbon monoxide is maintained at a resting level of 4–6 ppm. This is increased in urban areas (7–13 ppm) and in smokers (20–40 ppm).<sup id="cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO_ppm-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A carbon monoxide level of 40 ppm is equivalent to a reduction in hemoglobin levels of 10 g/L.<sup id="cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO_ppm-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbon monoxide has a second toxic effect, namely removing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allosteric_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allosteric shift (page does not exist)">allosteric shift</a> of the oxygen dissociation curve and shifting the foot of the curve to the left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In so doing, the hemoglobin is less likely to release its oxygen at the peripheral tissues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN1999-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobinopathies">abnormal hemoglobin variants</a> also have higher than normal affinity for oxygen, and so are also poor at delivering oxygen to the periphery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Altitude">Altitude</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vertical_pressure_variation" title="Vertical pressure variation">Atmospheric pressure reduces with altitude</a> and proportionally, so does the oxygen content of the air.<sup id="cite_ref-netzer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netzer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction in the partial pressure of inspired oxygen at higher altitudes lowers the oxygen saturation of the blood, ultimately leading to hypoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-netzer_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netzer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clinical features of altitude sickness include: sleep problems, dizziness, headache and oedema.<sup id="cite_ref-netzer_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netzer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypoxic_breathing_gases">Hypoxic breathing gases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hypoxic breathing gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Inert gas asphyxiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiant gases">Asphyxiant gases</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> may contain an insufficient partial pressure of oxygen. Such situations may lead to unconsciousness without symptoms since carbon dioxide levels remain normal and the human body senses pure hypoxia poorly. Hypoxic breathing gases can be defined as mixtures with a lower oxygen fraction than air, though gases containing sufficient oxygen to reliably maintain consciousness at normal sea level atmospheric pressure may be described as normoxic even when the oxygen fraction is slightly below normoxic. Hypoxic breathing gas mixtures in this context are those which will not reliably maintain consciousness at sea level pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Hausserman_2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hausserman_2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most widespread circumstances of exposure to hypoxic breathing gas is ascent to altitudes where the ambient pressure drops sufficiently to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen to hypoxic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-netzer_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netzer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gases with as little as 2% oxygen by volume in a helium diluent are used for deep <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a> operations. The ambient pressure at 190 <a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">msw</a> is sufficient to provide a partial pressure of about 0.4 bar, which is suitable for <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a>. As the divers are <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompressed</a>, the breathing gas must be oxygenated to maintain a breathable atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_ch15_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn_ch15-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also possible for the breathing gas for diving to have a dynamically controlled oxygen partial pressure, known as a <a href="/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">set point</a>, which is maintained in the breathing gas circuit of a <a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">diving rebreather</a> by addition of oxygen and diluent gas to maintain the desired oxygen partial pressure at a safe level between hypoxic and hyperoxic at the ambient pressure due to the current depth. A malfunction of the control system may lead to the gas mixture becoming hypoxic at the current depth.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_vision_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap_vision-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special case of hypoxic breathing gas is encountered in deep freediving where the partial pressure of the oxygen in the lung gas is depleted during the dive, but remains sufficient at depth, and when it drops during ascent, it becomes too hypoxic to maintain consciousness, and the diver <a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">loses consciousness</a> before reaching the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearn_et_al_2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearn_et_al_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lindholm_2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindholm_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypoxic gases may also occur in industrial, mining, and firefighting environments. Some of these may also be toxic or narcotic, others are just asphyxiant. Some are recognisable by smell, others are odourless. </p><p>Inert gas asphyxiation may be deliberate with use of a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bag" title="Suicide bag">suicide bag</a>. Accidental death has occurred in cases where concentrations of nitrogen in controlled atmospheres, or methane in mines, has not been detected or appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-Milroy_2018_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milroy_2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hemoglobin's function can also be lost by chemically oxidizing its iron atom to its ferric form. This form of inactive hemoglobin is called <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> and can be made by ingesting sodium nitrite<sup id="cite_ref-Roueché_1953_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roueché_1953-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (June 2019)">unreliable medical source?</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as certain drugs and other chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_DPIC_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC_DPIC-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anemia">Anemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></div> <p>Hemoglobin plays a substantial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body,<sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN1999-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when it is deficient, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> can result, causing 'anaemic hypoxia' if tissue oxygenation is decreased. <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron deficiency</a> is the most common cause of anemia. As iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin, less hemoglobin will be synthesised when there is less iron, due to insufficient intake, or poor absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 997–99">: 997–99 </span></sup> </p><p>Anemia is typically a chronic process that is compensated over time by increased levels of red blood cells via upregulated <a href="/wiki/Erythropoetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythropoetin">erythropoetin</a>. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly compensated anaemia.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 997–99">: 997–99 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histotoxic_hypoxia">Histotoxic hypoxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Histotoxic hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Histotoxic_hypoxia" title="Histotoxic hypoxia">Histotoxic hypoxia</a></div> <p>Histotoxic hypoxia (also called histoxic hypoxia) is the inability of cells to take up or use oxygen from the bloodstream, despite physiologically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-KCUMB_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCUMB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Histotoxic hypoxia results from tissue poisoning, such as that caused by <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> (which acts by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome oxidase">cytochrome oxidase</a>) and certain other <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (byproduct of sewage and used in leather tanning).<sup id="cite_ref-Pittman_2011_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pittman_2011-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tissue hypoxia from low oxygen delivery may be due to low haemoglobin concentration (anaemic hypoxia), low cardiac output (stagnant hypoxia) or low haemoglobin saturation (hypoxic hypoxia).<sup id="cite_ref-Lacroix_et_al_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacroix_et_al-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequence of oxygen deprivation in tissues is a switch to anaerobic metabolism at the cellular level. As such, reduced systemic blood flow may result in increased serum lactate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serum lactate levels have been correlated with illness severity and mortality in critically ill adults and in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_responses">Physiological responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Physiological responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All vertebrates must maintain oxygen homeostasis to survive, and have evolved physiological systems to ensure adequate oxygenation of all tissues. In air breathing vertebrates this is based on lungs to acquire the oxygen, hemoglobin in red corpuscles to transport it, a vasculature to distribute, and a heart to deliver. Short term variations in the levels of oxygenation are sensed by chemoreceptor cells which respond by activating existing proteins, and over longer terms by regulation of gene transcription. Hypoxia is also involved in the pathogenesis of some common and severe pathologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common causes of death in an aging population include myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer. These diseases share a common feature that limitation of oxygen availability contributes to the development of the pathology. Cells and organisms are also able to respond adaptively to hypoxic conditions, in ways that help them to cope with these adverse conditions. Several systems can sense oxygen concentration and may respond with adaptations to acute and long-term hypoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The systems activated by hypoxia usually help cells to survive and overcome the hypoxic conditions. <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a>, which is produced in larger quantities by the kidneys under hypoxic conditions, is an essential hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells, which are the primary transporter of blood oxygen, and glycolytic enzymes are involved in anaerobic ATP formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb_2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a> that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_et_al_2008_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_et_al_2008-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins_et_al_2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_et_al_2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HIF signaling cascade mediates the effects of hypoxia on the cell. Hypoxia often keeps cells from <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiating</a>. However, hypoxia promotes the <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">formation of blood vessels</a>, and is important for the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular system">vascular system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> and tumors. The hypoxia in <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a> also promotes the migration of <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> and the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benizri_et_al_2008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benizri_et_al_2008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore not surprising that HIF-1 modulation was identified as a promising treatment paradigm in wound healing.<sup id="cite_ref-Duscher_et_al_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duscher_et_al-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposure of a tissue to repeated short periods of hypoxia, between periods of normal oxygen levels, influences the tissue's later response to prolonged ischaemic exposure. Thus is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischaemic_preconditioning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ischaemic preconditioning (page does not exist)">ischaemic preconditioning</a>, and it is known to occur in many tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb_2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute">Acute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Acute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_ventilatory_response#Acute_hypoxic_ventilatory_response" title="Hypoxic ventilatory response">Hypoxic ventilatory response § Acute hypoxic ventilatory response</a></div> <p>If oxygen delivery to cells is insufficient for the demand (hypoxia), electrons will be shifted to <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvic acid</a> in the process of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a>. This temporary measure (anaerobic metabolism) allows small amounts of energy to be released. Lactic acid build up (in tissues and blood) is a sign of inadequate mitochondrial oxygenation, which may be due to hypoxemia, poor blood flow (e.g., shock) or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobler_and_Carey_1973_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobler_and_Carey_1973-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If severe or prolonged it could lead to cell death.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulda_et_al_2010_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulda_et_al_2010-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, hypoxia is detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors in the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">carotid body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">aortic body</a>, with the carotid body chemoreceptors being the major mediators of reflex responses to hypoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Arieff_2013_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arieff_2013-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This response does not control ventilation rate at normal P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>, but below normal the activity of neurons innervating these receptors increases dramatically, so much as to override the signals from central chemoreceptors in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, increasing P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> despite a falling P<sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In most tissues of the body, the response to hypoxia is <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>. By widening the blood vessels, the tissue allows greater perfusion. </p><p>By contrast, in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, the response to hypoxia is vasoconstriction. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" title="Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</a>, or "HPV", and has the effect of redirecting blood away from poorly ventilated regions, which helps match perfusion to ventilation, giving a more even oxygenation of blood from different parts of the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conditions of hypoxic breathing gas, such as at high altitude, HPV is generalized over the entire lung, but with sustained exposure to generalized hypoxia, HPV is suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_et_al_2021_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao_et_al_2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a> induced by hypoxia that allows the body to take in and transport lower concentrations of oxygen at higher rates. It is initially elevated in lowlanders who travel to high altitude, but reduces significantly over time as people <a href="/wiki/Acclimatize" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclimatize">acclimatize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cymerman_and_Rock_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cymerman_and_Rock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teppema_and_Dahan_2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teppema_and_Dahan_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic">Chronic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_ventilatory_response#Chronic_hypoxic_ventilatory_response" title="Hypoxic ventilatory response">Hypoxic ventilatory response § Chronic hypoxic ventilatory response</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans" title="High-altitude adaptation in humans">High-altitude adaptation in humans</a></div> <p>When the pulmonary capillary pressure remains elevated chronically (for at least 2 weeks), the lungs become even more resistant to pulmonary edema because the lymph vessels expand greatly, increasing their capability of carrying fluid away from the interstitial spaces perhaps as much as 10-fold. Therefore, in patients with chronic <a href="/wiki/Mitral_stenosis" title="Mitral stenosis">mitral stenosis</a>, pulmonary capillary pressures of 40 to 45 mm Hg have been measured without the development of lethal pulmonary edema.<sup id="cite_ref-Guytun_and_Hall_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guytun_and_Hall-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several potential physiologic mechanisms for hypoxemia, but in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio">ventilation/perfusion</a> (V/Q) mismatching is most common, with or without alveolar hypoventilation, as indicated by arterial carbon dioxide concentration. Hypoxemia caused by V/Q mismatching in COPD is relatively easy to correct, and relatively small flow rates of supplemental oxygen (less than 3 L/min for the majority of patients) are required for long term <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a> (LTOT). Hypoxemia normally stimulates ventilation and produces dyspnea, but these and the other signs and symptoms of hypoxia are sufficiently variable in COPD to limit their value in patient assessment. Chronic alveolar hypoxia is the main factor leading to development of cor pulmonale — right ventricular hypertrophy with or without overt right ventricular failure — in patients with COPD. Pulmonary hypertension adversely affects survival in COPD, proportional to resting mean pulmonary artery pressure elevation. Although the severity of airflow obstruction as measured by forced expiratory volume tests <a href="/wiki/FEV1" class="mw-redirect" title="FEV1">FEV1</a> correlates best with overall prognosis in COPD, chronic hypoxemia increases mortality and morbidity for any severity of disease. Large-scale studies of long term oxygen therapy in patients with COPD show a <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose–response relationship</a> between daily hours of supplemental oxygen use and survival. Continuous, 24-hours-per-day oxygen use in appropriately selected patients may produce a significant survival benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson_2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson_2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathological_responses">Pathological responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pathological responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cerebral_ischemia">Cerebral ischemia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cerebral ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brain has relatively high energy requirements, using about 20% of the oxygen under resting conditions, but low reserves, which make it specially vulnerable to hypoxia. In normal conditions, an increased demand for oxygen is easily compensated by an increased cerebral blood flow. but under conditions when there is insufficient oxygen available, increased blood flow may not be sufficient to compensate, and hypoxia can result in brain injury. A longer duration of cerebral hypoxia will generally result in larger areas of the brain being affected. The <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> seem to be the most vulnerable regions. Injury becomes irreversible if oxygenation is not soon restored. Most cell death is by <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> but delayed <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> also occurs. In addition, presynaptic neurons release large amounts of glutamate which further increases Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx and causes catastrophic collapse in postsynaptic cells. Although it is the only way to save the tissue, reperfusion also produces reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cell infiltration, which induces further cell death. If the hypoxia is not too severe, cells can suppress some of their functions, such as protein synthesis and spontaneous electrical activity, in a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Penumbra_(medicine)" title="Penumbra (medicine)">penumbra</a></i>, which is reversible if the oxygen supply is resumed soon enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myocardial_ischemia">Myocardial ischemia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Myocardial ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of the heart are exposed to ischemic hypoxia in the event of occlusion of a coronary artery. Short periods of ischaemia are reversible if reperfused within about 20 minutes, without development of necrosis, but the phenomenon known as <i>stunning</i> is generally evident. If hypoxia continues beyond this period, necrosis propagates through the myocardial tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy metabolism in the affected area shifts from mitochondrial respiration to anaerobic glycolysis almost immediately, with concurrent reduction of effectiveness of contractions, which soon cease. Anaerobic products accumulate in the muscle cells, which develop acidosis and osmotic load leading to cellular edema. Intracellular Ca2+ increases and eventually leads to cell necrosis. Arterial flow must be restored to return to aerobic metabolism and prevent necrosis of the affected muscle cells, but this also causes further damage by <a href="/wiki/Reperfusion_injury" title="Reperfusion injury">reperfusion injury</a>. Myocadial stunning has been described as "prolonged postischaemic dysfunction of viable tissue salvaged by reperfusion", which manifests as temporary contractile failure in oxygenated muscle tissue. This may be caused by a release of reactive oxygen species during the early stages of reperfusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tumor_angiogenesis">Tumor angiogenesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tumor angiogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As tumors grow, regions of relative hypoxia develop as the oxygen supply is unevenly utilized by the tumor cells. The formation of new blood vessels is necessary for continued tumor growth, and is also an important factor in metastasis, as the route by which cancerous cells are transported to other sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_examination_and_history">Physical examination and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Physical examination and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypoxia can present as acute or chronic. </p><p>Acute presentation may include <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> (shortness of breath) and <a href="/wiki/Tachypnea" title="Tachypnea">tachypnea</a> (rapid, often shallow, breathing). Severity of symptom presentation is commonly an indication of severity of hypoxia. Tachycardia (rapid pulse) may develop to compensate for low arterial oxygen tension. <a href="/wiki/Stridor" title="Stridor">Stridor</a> may be heard in upper airway obstruction, and <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a> may indicate severe hypoxia. Neurological symptoms and organ function deterioration occur when the oxygen delivery is severely compromised. In moderate hypoxia, restlessness, headache and confusion may occur, with coma and eventual death possible in severe cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chronic presentation, dyspnea following exertion is most commonly mentioned. Symptoms of the underlying condition that caused the hypoxia may be apparent, and can help with differential diagnosis. A productive cough and fever may be present with lung infection, and leg edema may suggest heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lung <a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">auscultation</a> can provide useful information.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests">Tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test" title="Arterial blood gas test">arterial blood gas test</a> (ABG) may be done, which usually includes measurements of oxygen content, hemoglobin, oxygen saturation (how much of the hemoglobin is carrying oxygen), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P<sub>a<sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>), blood pH level, and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_ABG_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_ABG-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An arterial oxygen tension (P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>) less than 80 mmHg is considered abnormal, but must be considered in context of the clinical situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In addition to diagnosis of hypoxemia, the ABG may provide additional information, such as P<sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub>, which can help identify the etiology. The arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide is an indirect measure of exchange of carbon dioxide with the air in the lungs, and is related to minute ventilation. P<sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> is raised in hypoventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The normal range of P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>:F<sub>i<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> ratio is 300 to 500 mmHg, if this ratio is lower than 300 it may indicate a deficit in gas exchange, which is particularly relevant for identifying <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a> (ARDS). A ratio of less than 200 indicates severe hypoxemia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">alveolar–arterial gradient</a> (A-a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-loganabbrev_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loganabbrev-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or A–a gradient), is the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveolar</a> (A) <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</a> (a) concentration of oxygen. It is a useful parameter for narrowing the differential diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK545153_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK545153-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A–a gradient helps to assess the integrity of the alveolar capillary unit. For example, at high altitude, the arterial oxygen P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> is low, but only because the alveolar oxygen P<sub>A<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> is also low. However, in states of <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_perfusion_mismatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation perfusion mismatch">ventilation perfusion mismatch</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_shunt" title="Right-to-left shunt">right-to-left shunt</a>, oxygen is not effectively transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> to the blood which results in an elevated A-a gradient. P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> can be obtained from the arterial blood gas analysis and P<sub>A<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> is calculated using the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An abnormally low <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> (volume percentage of red blood cells) may indicate anemia.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> or <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a> of the chest and airways can reveal abnormalities that may affect ventilation or perfusion.<sup id="cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNT_diagnosis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">ventilation/perfusion scan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_diagnosis_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_diagnosis-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called a V/Q lung scan, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> using <a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">medical isotopes</a> to evaluate the circulation of air and blood within a patient's <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UMMC_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMMC-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seminars_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seminars-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to determine the ventilation/perfusion ratio. The ventilation part of the test looks at the ability of air to reach all parts of the lungs, while the perfusion part evaluates how well blood circulates within the lungs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_testing" title="Pulmonary function testing">Pulmonary function testing</a><sup id="cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNT_diagnosis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may include: </p> <ul><li>Tests that measure oxygen levels during the night<sup id="cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNT_diagnosis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_testing#Oxygen_desaturation_during_exercise" title="Pulmonary function testing">six-minute walk test</a>, which measures how far a person can walk on a flat surface in six minutes to test exercise capacity by measuring oxygen levels in response to exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNT_diagnosis-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diagnostic measurements that may be relevant include:<sup id="cite_ref-Temple_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temple-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a>, including lung capacity, <a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">airway resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">respiratory muscle</a> strength, <a href="/wiki/Diffusing_capacity" title="Diffusing capacity">diffusing capacity</a></li> <li>Other pulmonary function tests which may be relevant include:<sup id="cite_ref-Temple_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temple-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">body plethysmography</a>, forced oscillation technique for calculating the volume, pressure, and air flow in the lungs, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_testing#Bronchodilator_responsiveness" title="Pulmonary function testing">bronchodilator responsiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_testing#Diffusing_capacity" title="Pulmonary function testing">carbon monoxide diffusion test</a> (DLCO), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy#Chronic_conditions" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen titration studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_stress_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiopulmonary stress test">cardiopulmonary stress test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">bronchoscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">thoracentesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment will depend on severity and may also depend on the cause, as some cases are due to external causes and removing them and treating acute symptoms may be sufficient, but where the symptoms are due to underlying pathology, treatment of the obvious symptoms may only provide temporary or partial relief, so differential diagnosis can be important in selecting definitive treatment. </p><p>Hypoxemic hypoxia: Low oxygen tension in the arterial blood (P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>) is generally an indication of inability of the lungs to properly oxygenate the blood. Internal causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting. External causes include hypoxic environment, which could be caused by low ambient pressure or unsuitable breathing gas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both acute and chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia caused by respiratory dysfunction can produce neurological symptoms such as encephalopathy, seizures, headache, <a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">papilledema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asterixis" title="Asterixis">asterixis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may cause morning headaches<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circulatory Hypoxia: Caused by insufficient perfusion of the affected tissues by blood which is adequately oxygenated. This may be generalised, due to cardiac failure or hypovolemia, or localised, due to infarction or localised injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anemic Hypoxia is caused by a deficit in oxygen-carrying capacity, usually due to low hemoglobin levels, leading to generalised inadequate oxygen delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Histotoxic Hypoxia (Dysoxia) is a consequence of cells being unable to utilize oxygen effectively. A classic example is cyanide poisoning which inhibits the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria, blocking the use of oxygen to make ATP.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical illness <a href="/wiki/Polyneuropathy" title="Polyneuropathy">polyneuropathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">myopathy</a> should be considered in the intensive care unit when patients have difficulty coming off the ventilator.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prevention can be as simple as <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational exposure">occupational exposure</a> to hypoxic environments, and commonly involves the use of environmental monitoring and personal protective equipment. Prevention of hypoxia as a predictable consequence of medical conditions requires prevention of those conditions. Screening of demographics known to be at risk for specific disorders may be useful. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more detail. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention_of_altitude_induced_hypoxia">Prevention of altitude induced hypoxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Prevention of altitude induced hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To counter the effects of high-altitude diseases, the body must return arterial P<sub>a<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub> toward normal. <a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">Acclimatization</a>, the means by which the body adapts to higher altitudes, only partially restores P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> to standard levels. <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">Hyperventilation</a>, the body's most common response to high-altitude conditions, increases alveolar P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> by raising the depth and rate of breathing. However, while P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> does improve with hyperventilation, it does not return to normal. Studies of miners and astronomers working at 3000 meters and above show improved alveolar P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> with full acclimatization, yet the P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> level remains equal to or even below the threshold for continuous oxygen therapy for patients with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD).<sup id="cite_ref-West_2004_789–800_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2004_789–800-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are complications involved with acclimatization. <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">Polycythemia</a>, in which the body increases the number of red blood cells in circulation, thickens the blood, raising the risk of blood clots.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In high-altitude situations, only oxygen enrichment or compartment pressurisation can counteract the effects of hypoxia. Pressurisation is practicable in vehicles, and for emergencies in ground installations. By increasing the concentration of oxygen in the at ambient pressure, the effects of lower barometric pressure are countered and the level of arterial P<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> is restored toward normal capacity. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 4000 m, raising the oxygen concentration level by 5% via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an altitude equivalent of 3000 m, which is much more tolerable for the increasing number of low-landers who work in high altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-West_1995_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_1995-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of astronomers working in Chile at 5050 m, oxygen concentrators increased the level of oxygen concentration by almost 30 percent (that is, from 21 percent to 27 percent). This resulted in increased worker productivity, less fatigue, and improved sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-West_2004_789–800_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2004_789–800-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrators</a> are suited for high altitude oxygen enrichment of climate-controlled environments. They require little maintenance and electricity, utilise a locally available source of oxygen, and eliminate the expensive task of transporting oxygen cylinders to remote areas. Offices and housing often already have climate-controlled rooms, in which temperature and humidity are kept at a constant level.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_and_management">Treatment and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Treatment and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment and management depend on circumstances. For most high altitude situations the risk is known, and prevention is appropriate. At low altitudes hypoxia is more likely to be associated with a medical problem or an unexpected contingency, and treatment is more likely to be provided to suit the specific case. It is necessary to identify persons who need oxygen therapy, as supplemental oxygen is required to treat most causes of hypoxia, but different oxygen concentrations may be appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagstaff_2014_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagstaff_2014-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_acute_and_chronic_cases">Treatment of acute and chronic cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Treatment of acute and chronic cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment will depend on the cause of hypoxia. If it is determined that there is an external cause, and it can be removed, then treatment may be limited to support and returning the system to normal oxygenation. In other cases a longer course of treatment may be necessary, and this may require supplemental oxygen over a fairly long term or indefinitely. </p><p>There are three main aspects of oxygenation treatment: maintaining patent airways, providing sufficient oxygen content of the inspired air, and improving the diffusion in the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases treatment may extend to improving oxygen capacity of the blood, which may include volumetric and circulatory intervention and support, <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen therapy">hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a> and treatment of intoxication. </p><p>Invasive ventilation may be necessary or an elective option in surgery. This generally involves a positive pressure ventilator connected to an endotracheal tube, and allows precise delivery of ventilation, accurate monitoring of F<sub>i<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub></sub>, and positive end-expiratory pressure, and can be combined with anaesthetic gas delivery. In some cases a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a> may be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreasing metabolic rate by reducing body temperature lowers oxygen demand and consumption, and can minimise the effects of tissue hypoxia, especially in the brain, and therapeutic hypothermia based on this principle may be useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the problem is due to respiratory failure. it is desirable to treat the underlying cause. In cases of pulmonary edema, diuretics can be used to reduce the oedems. <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">Steroids</a> may be effective in some cases of interstitial lung disease, and in extreme cases, <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a> (ECMO) can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen">Hyperbaric oxygen</a> has been found useful for treating some forms of localized hypoxia, including poorly perfused trauma injuries such as Crush injury, <a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">compartment syndrome</a>, and other acute traumatic ischemias.<sup id="cite_ref-UHMS_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHMS-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bouachour_et_al_1996_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouachour_et_al_1996-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the definitive treatment for severe <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, which is largely a condition involving localized hypoxia initially caused by inert gas embolism and inflammatory reactions to extravascular bubble growth.<sup id="cite_ref-UHMS_DCS_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHMS_DCS-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_et_al_2003_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk_et_al_2003-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Acott_1999_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acott_1999-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also effective in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-Piantadosi_2004_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piantadosi_2004-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot" title="Diabetic foot">diabetic foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UHMS_problem_wounds_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHMS_problem_wounds-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zamboni_et_al_1997_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamboni_et_al_1997-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prescription renewal for home oxygen following hospitalization requires an assessment of the patient for ongoing hypoxemia.<sup id="cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prognosis is strongly affected by cause, severity, treatment, and underlying pathology. </p><p>Hypoxia leading to reduced capacity to respond appropriately, or to loss of consciousness, has been implicated in incidents where the direct cause of death was not hypoxia. This is recorded in underwater diving incidents, where drowning has often been given as cause of death, high altitude mountaineering, where exposure, hypothermia and falls have been consequences, flying in unpressurized aircraft, and aerobatic maneuvers, where loss of control leading to a crash is possible. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypoxia is a common disorder but there are many possible causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevalence is variable. Some of the causes are very common, like pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; some are quite rare like hypoxia due to cyanide poisoning. Others, like reduced oxygen tension at high altitude, may be regionally distributed or associated with a specific demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generalized hypoxia is an occupational hazard in several high-risk occupations, including firefighting, professional diving, mining and underground rescue, and flying at high altitudes in unpressurised aircraft. </p><p>Potentially life-threatening hypoxemia is common in critically ill patients.<sup id="cite_ref-SRLE_2018_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRLE_2018-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Localized hypoxia may be a complication of diabetes, decompression sickness, and of trauma that affects blood supply to the extremities. </p><p>Hypoxia due to underdeveloped lung function is a common complication of premature birth. In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia were listed together as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_hypoxia">Silent hypoxia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Silent hypoxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silent_hypoxia" title="Silent hypoxia">Silent hypoxia</a></div> <p>Silent hypoxia (also known as happy hypoxia)<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_et_al_2020_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin_et_al_2020-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaMotte_2020_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaMotte_2020-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is generalised hypoxia that does not coincide with <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappas_2020_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappas_2020-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emily_2020_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emily_2020-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presentation is known to be a complication of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_et_al_2020_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_et_al_2020-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2020_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2020-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also known in <a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">atypical pneumonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_2020_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden_2020-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> altitude sickness,<sup id="cite_ref-Ottested_2020_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottested_2020-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blanchet_and_Graeme_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanchet_and_Graeme-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> malfunction accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-apdiving_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apdiving-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_2016_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers_2016-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> was awarded to <a href="/wiki/William_G._Kaelin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Kaelin Jr.">William G. Kaelin Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> in recognition of their discovery of cellular mechanisms to sense and adapt to different oxygen concentrations, establishing a basis for how oxygen levels affect physiological function.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_prize_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_prize-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genetex_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetex-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term <i>hypoxia</i> appears to be relatively recent, with the first recorded use in scientific publication from 1945. Previous to this the term <i>anoxia</i> was extensively used for all levels of oxygen deprivation. Investigation into the effects of lack of oxygen date from the mid 19th century. <sup id="cite_ref-Richalet_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richalet-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypoxia is formed from the Greek roots υπo (hypo), meaning under, below, and less than, and oξυ (oxy), meaning acute or acid, which is the root for oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Richalet_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richalet-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a> – Severely deficient supply of oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">Cerebral hypoxia</a> – Oxygen shortage of the brain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a> – Intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fink_effect" title="Fink effect">Fink effect</a>, also known as diffusion hypoxia – Changes of oxygen partial pressure in the pulmonary alveoli caused by a soluble anesthetic gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-LOC" title="G-LOC">G-LOC</a> – Loss of consciousness due to sustained high acceleration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histotoxic_hypoxia" title="Histotoxic hypoxia">Histotoxic hypoxia</a> – Medical condition in which cells cannot use oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a> – Exposure of tissues to abnormally high concentrations of oxygen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation_training" title="Hypoventilation training">Hypoventilation training</a> – Physical training method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">Hypoxemia</a> – Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in fish</a> – Response of fish to environmental hypoxia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factor" title="Hypoxia-inducible factor">Hypoxia-inducible factor</a> – Protein that responds to low oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_hypoxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic hypoxia">Hypoxic hypoxia</a> – Medical condition of oxygen deprivation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span>, a result of insufficient oxygen available to the lungs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_ventilatory_response" title="Hypoxic ventilatory response">Hypoxic ventilatory response</a> – Biological reaction to increased altitude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxicator" title="Hypoxicator">Hypoxicator</a> – Device for providing breathing air with reduced oxygen content a device intended for hypoxia acclimatisation in a controlled manner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_hypoxic_training" title="Intermittent hypoxic training">Intermittent hypoxic training</a> – Technique aimed at improving human performance by adaptation to reduced oxygen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a> – Medical condition when the fetus is deprived of sufficient oxygen, when a fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_hypoxia" title="Latent hypoxia">Latent hypoxia</a> – Lung gas and blood oxygen concentration sufficient to support consciousness only at depth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohypoxia" title="Pseudohypoxia">Pseudohypoxia</a>, increased cytosolic ratio of free NADH to NAD<sup>+</sup> in cells</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a> – Method used in evaluation of respiratory function of the nasal cavity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a> – Disorder involving pauses in breathing during sleep</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_stress" title="Solid stress">Solid stress</a> – one of the physical hallmarks of cancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_of_useful_consciousness" title="Time of useful consciousness">Time of useful consciousness</a> – Duration of effective performance in a hypoxic environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_hypoxia" title="Tumor hypoxia">Tumor hypoxia</a> – Situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculogenic_mimicry" title="Vasculogenic mimicry">Vasculogenic Mimicry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The formula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Hb_{CO}(\%)={\frac {CO-2.34}{5.09}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.34</mn> </mrow> <mn>5.09</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Hb_{CO}(\%)={\frac {CO-2.34}{5.09}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/861ff8bb168e635e10430ff95c88f564a36dbab1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.99ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Hb_{CO}(\%)={\frac {CO-2.34}{5.09}}}"></span> can be used to calculate the amount of carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin. For example, at carbon monoxide level of 5 ppm, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\frac {5-2.34}{5.09}}=.5\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>5</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.34</mn> </mrow> <mn>5.09</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>.5</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\frac {5-2.34}{5.09}}=.5\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6538a0d2e4482c19fd527426626d2f4e9e77e182" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.27ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\frac {5-2.34}{5.09}}=.5\%}"></span>, or a loss of half a percent of their blood's hemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO_ppm-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Samuel_and_Franklin_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_and_Franklin_2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSamuelFranklin2008" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Jacob; Franklin, Cory (2008). "Hypoxemia and Hypoxia". <i>Common Surgical Diseases</i>. New York: Springer. pp. 391–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-75246-4_97">10.1007/978-0-387-75246-4_97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75245-7"><bdi>978-0-387-75245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypoxemia+and+Hypoxia&rft.btitle=Common+Surgical+Diseases&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=391-94&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-75246-4_97&rft.isbn=978-0-387-75245-7&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das_et_al_2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das_et_al_2019_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasHonnutagiMullurReddy2019" class="citation book cs1">Das, K.K.; Honnutagi, R.; Mullur, L.; Reddy, R.C.; Das, S.; Majid, D.S.A.; Biradar, M.S. (2019). "Heavy metals and low-oxygen microenvironment – its impact on liver metabolism and dietary supplementation". <i>Dietary Interventions in Liver Disease</i>. Academic Press. pp. 315–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heavy+metals+and+low-oxygen+microenvironment+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bits+impact+on+liver+metabolism+and+dietary+supplementation&rft.btitle=Dietary+Interventions+in+Liver+Disease&rft.pages=315-32&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=K.K.&rft.au=Honnutagi%2C+R.&rft.au=Mullur%2C+L.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Das%2C+S.&rft.au=Majid%2C+D.S.A.&rft.au=Biradar%2C+M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_1977-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West_1977_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1977" class="citation book cs1">West, John B. (1977). <i>Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials</i>. Williams & Wilkins. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-08936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-08936-3"><bdi>978-0-683-08936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Pathophysiology%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-683-08936-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cymerman_and_Rock-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cymerman_and_Rock_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cymerman_and_Rock_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCymermanRock" class="citation report cs1">Cymerman, A.; Rock, P.B. Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers. <i>Technical Report USARIEM-TN94-2</i> (Report). US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Medical+Problems+in+High+Mountain+Environments.+A+Handbook+for+Medical+Officers&rft.pub=US+Army+Research+Inst.+of+Environmental+Medicine+Thermal+and+Mountain+Medicine+Division&rft.aulast=Cymerman&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Rock%2C+P.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gore_et_al_2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gore_et_al_2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoreClarkSaunders2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gore, C.J.; Clark, S.A.; Saunders, P.U. (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fmss.0b013e3180de49d3">"Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure"</a>. <i>Med Sci Sports Exerc</i>. <b>39</b> (9): 1600–09. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fmss.0b013e3180de49d3">10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17805094">17805094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Sci+Sports+Exerc&rft.atitle=Nonhematological+mechanisms+of+improved+sea-level+performance+after+hypoxic+exposure&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1600-09&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2Fmss.0b013e3180de49d3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17805094&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Clark%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+P.U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1249%252Fmss.0b013e3180de49d3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierson_2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierson_2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierson_2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pierson, D.J. (2000). "Pathophysiology and clinical effects of chronic hypoxia". <i>Respir Care</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 39–51, discussion 51–53. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10771781">10771781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respir+Care&rft.atitle=Pathophysiology+and+clinical+effects+of+chronic+hypoxia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-51%2C+discussion+51-53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10771781&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manninen_and_Unger_2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manninen_and_Unger_2016_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManninenUnger2016" class="citation book cs1">Manninen, Pirjo H.; Unger, Zoe M. (2016). "Hypoxia". In Prabhakar, Hemanshu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hypoxic-hypoxia"><i>Complications in Neuroanesthesia</i></a>. Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2015-0-00811-5">10.1016/C2015-0-00811-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804075-1"><bdi>978-0-12-804075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hypoxia&rft.btitle=Complications+in+Neuroanesthesia&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2015-0-00811-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-804075-1&rft.aulast=Manninen&rft.aufirst=Pirjo+H.&rft.au=Unger%2C+Zoe+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Fhypoxic-hypoxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhutta_et_al_2022-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhutta_et_al_2022_8-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhuttaAlghoulaBerim2022" class="citation web cs1">Bhutta, B.S.; Alghoula, F.; Berim, I. (9 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482316/">"Hypoxia"</a>. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls [Internet]. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493941">29493941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypoxia.&rft.place=Treasure+Island%2C+FL&rft.pub=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29493941&rft.aulast=Bhutta&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rft.au=Alghoula%2C+F.&rft.au=Berim%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK482316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1997" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, David (1997). "Some limitations of semi-closed rebreathers". <i>South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988">0813-1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801">16986801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+limitations+of+semi-closed+rebreathers&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986801&rft.issn=0813-1988&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindholm_2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindholm_2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindholm_2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindholm2006" class="citation conference cs1">Lindholm, Peter (2006). Lindholm, P.; Pollock, N.W.; Lundgren, C.E.G. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/files/UHMS_DAN_2006_Breath-hold_Workshop_Proceedings.pdf"><i>Physiological mechanisms involved in the risk of loss of consciousness during breath-hold diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Breath-hold diving. Proceedings of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society/Divers Alert Network 2006 June 20–21 Workshop</i>. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930536-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930536-36-4"><bdi>978-1-930536-36-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Breath-hold+diving.+Proceedings+of+the+Undersea+and+Hyperbaric+Medical+Society%2FDivers+Alert+Network+2006+June+20%E2%80%9321+Workshop.&rft.atitle=Physiological+mechanisms+involved+in+the+risk+of+loss+of+consciousness+during+breath-hold+diving&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-930536-36-4&rft.aulast=Lindholm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversalertnetwork.org%2Ffiles%2FUHMS_DAN_2006_Breath-hold_Workshop_Proceedings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23063-hypoxia">"Hypoxia: Management and Treatment"</a>. <i>my.clevelandclinic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my.clevelandclinic.org&rft.atitle=Hypoxia%3A+Management+and+Treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F23063-hypoxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleecker_2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bleecker_2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleecker2015" class="citation book cs1">Bleecker, M.L. (2015). "Carbon monoxide intoxication". <i>Occupational Neurology</i>. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 131. pp. 191–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X">10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-62627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-62627-1"><bdi>978-0-444-62627-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26563790">26563790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+intoxication&rft.btitle=Occupational+Neurology&rft.series=Handbook+of+Clinical+Neurology&rft.pages=191-203&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26563790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X&rft.isbn=978-0-444-62627-1&rft.aulast=Bleecker&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation web cs1">Mandal, Ananya (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hypoxia-Types.aspx">"Hypoxia Types"</a>. <i>www.news-medical.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news-medical.net&rft.atitle=Hypoxia+Types&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FHypoxia-Types.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levine_2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, B.D. (2002). "Intermittent hypoxic training: fact and fancy". <i>High Altitude Medicine & Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 177–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F15270290260131911">10.1089/15270290260131911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12162862">12162862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=High+Altitude+Medicine+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=Intermittent+hypoxic+training%3A+fact+and+fancy.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-93&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F15270290260131911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12162862&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=B.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearn_et_al_2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearn_et_al_2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearn_et_al_2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearnFranklinPeden2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pearn, John H.; Franklin, Richard C.; Peden, Amy E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302442886">"Hypoxic Blackout: Diagnosis, Risks, and Prevention"</a>. <i>International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 342–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25035%2Fijare.09.03.09">10.25035/ijare.09.03.09</a></span> – via ScholarWorks@BGSU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Aquatic+Research+and+Education&rft.atitle=Hypoxic+Blackout%3A+Diagnosis%2C+Risks%2C+and+Prevention&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342-347&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25035%2Fijare.09.03.09&rft.aulast=Pearn&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Peden%2C+Amy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F302442886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDella_RoccaFonticoliRajanTrubiani2022" class="citation journal cs1">Della Rocca, Ylenia; Fonticoli, Luigia; Rajan, Thangavelu Soundara; Trubiani, Oriana; Caputi, Sergio; Diomede, Francesca; Pizzicannella, Jacopo; Marconi, Guya Diletta (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684243">"Hypoxia: molecular pathophysiological mechanisms in human diseases"</a>. <i>Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 739–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13105-022-00912-6">10.1007/s13105-022-00912-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1138-7548">1138-7548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684243">9684243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35870078">35870078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Hypoxia%3A+molecular+pathophysiological+mechanisms+in+human+diseases&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=739-752&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9684243%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1138-7548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35870078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13105-022-00912-6&rft.aulast=Della+Rocca&rft.aufirst=Ylenia&rft.au=Fonticoli%2C+Luigia&rft.au=Rajan%2C+Thangavelu+Soundara&rft.au=Trubiani%2C+Oriana&rft.au=Caputi%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Diomede%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Pizzicannella%2C+Jacopo&rft.au=Marconi%2C+Guya+Diletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9684243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonStradingWest2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Grace; Strading, John; West, Sophie (2009). <i>Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954516-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954516-2"><bdi>978-0-19-954516-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954516-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft.au=Strading%2C+John&rft.au=West%2C+Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou_2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou_2011_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Qiquan (June 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109313">"Standardization of Methods for Early Diagnosis and On-Site Treatment of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema"</a>. <i>Pulm Med</i>. <b>2011</b> (7): 190648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F190648">10.1155/2011/190648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109313">3109313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660284">21660284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulm+Med&rft.atitle=Standardization+of+Methods+for+Early+Diagnosis+and+On-Site+Treatment+of+High-Altitude+Pulmonary+Edema&rft.volume=2011&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=190648&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3109313%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21660284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2011%2F190648&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Qiquan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3109313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pia-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pia_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergqvist2015" class="citation web cs1">Bergqvist, Pia (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921184020/http://www.flyingmag.com/technique/proficiency/preventing-hypoxia-what-do-now">"Preventing Hypoxia: What To Do Now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_(magazine)" title="Flying (magazine)">Flying</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmag.com/technique/proficiency/preventing-hypoxia-what-do-now">the original</a> on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flying&rft.atitle=Preventing+Hypoxia%3A+What+To+Do+Now&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.aulast=Bergqvist&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmag.com%2Ftechnique%2Fproficiency%2Fpreventing-hypoxia-what-do-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illingworth_et_al_2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Illingworth_et_al_2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllingworthGrahamHogg2012" class="citation book cs1">Illingworth, Robin; Graham, Colin; Hogg, Kerstin (2012). <i>Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958956-2"><bdi>978-0-19-958956-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958956-2&rft.aulast=Illingworth&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Graham%2C+Colin&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Kerstin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillman_and_Bishop_2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillman_and_Bishop_2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmanBishop2004" class="citation book cs1">Hillman, Ken; Bishop, Gillian (2004). <i>Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 685. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44936-6"><bdi>978-1-139-44936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Intensive+Care+and+Acute+Medicine&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44936-6&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longmore_et_al_2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Longmore_et_al_2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmoreLongmoreWilkinsonRajagopalan2006" class="citation book cs1">Longmore, J.; Longmore, Murray; Wilkinson, Ian; Rajagopalan, Supraj (2006). <i>Mini Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 874. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857071-4"><bdi>978-0-19-857071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mini+Oxford+Handbook+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.pages=874&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857071-4&rft.aulast=Longmore&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Longmore%2C+Murray&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Rajagopalan%2C+Supraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahrens_and_Rutherford_Basham_1993-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahrens_and_Rutherford_Basham_1993_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrensRutherford_Basham1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahrens, Thomas; Rutherford Basham, Kimberley (1993). <i>Essentials of Oxygenation: Implication for Clinical Practice</i>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86720-332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86720-332-5"><bdi>978-0-86720-332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Oxygenation%3A+Implication+for+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86720-332-5&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Rutherford+Basham%2C+Kimberley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramratha_and_Moore_2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramratha_and_Moore_2004_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamrakhaMoore2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramrakha, Punit; Moore, Kevin (2004). <i>Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-852072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Acute+Medicine&rft.pages=990&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852072-6&rft.aulast=Ramrakha&rft.aufirst=Punit&rft.au=Moore%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZengLiuSun2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Bin; Zeng, Hongtao; Liu, Jingliu; Sun, Miao (2021-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8573102">"Effects of Prenatal Hypoxia on Nervous System Development and Related Diseases"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>15</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2021.755554">10.3389/fnins.2021.755554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-453X">1662-453X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8573102">8573102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34759794">34759794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Prenatal+Hypoxia+on+Nervous+System+Development+and+Related+Diseases&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8573102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-453X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34759794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2021.755554&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Hongtao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jingliu&rft.au=Sun%2C+Miao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8573102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudharySharmaDabiLamba2015" class="citation journal cs1">Choudhary, Mukesh; Sharma, Deepak; Dabi, Dhanraj; Lamba, Mamta; Pandita, Aakash; Shastri, Sweta (2015-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4294631">"Hepatic Dysfunction in Asphyxiated Neonates: Prospective Case-Controlled Study"</a>. <i>Clinical Medicine Insights. Pediatrics</i>. <b>9</b>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4137%2FCMPed.S21426">10.4137/CMPed.S21426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-5565">1179-5565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4294631">4294631</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674030">25674030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Medicine+Insights.+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Hepatic+Dysfunction+in+Asphyxiated+Neonates%3A+Prospective+Case-Controlled+Study&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4294631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1179-5565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25674030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4137%2FCMPed.S21426&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Mukesh&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Deepak&rft.au=Dabi%2C+Dhanraj&rft.au=Lamba%2C+Mamta&rft.au=Pandita%2C+Aakash&rft.au=Shastri%2C+Sweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4294631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/peripheral_arterial_disease/occlusive_peripheral_arterial_disease.html#v722187">"Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease"</a>. <i>The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook ewebsit</i>. Merck & Co. March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Merck+Manual+Home+Health+Handbook+ewebsit&rft.atitle=Occlusive+Peripheral+Arterial+Disease&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Fheart_and_blood_vessel_disorders%2Fperipheral_arterial_disease%2Focclusive_peripheral_arterial_disease.html%23v722187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029044416/https://vascularcures.org/chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti/">"Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) – Vascular Cures"</a>. <i>vascularcures.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vascularcures.org/chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti/">the original</a> on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vascularcures.org&rft.atitle=Chronic+Limb-Threatening+Ischemia+%28CLTI%29+%E2%80%93+Vascular+Cures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvascularcures.org%2Fchronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhai_et_al_2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhai_et_al_2013_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaiPetrowskyHongBusuttil2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhai, Y; Petrowsky, H.; Hong, J.C.; Busuttil, R.W.; Kupiec-Weglinski, J.W. (10 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577927">"Ischaemia–reperfusion injury in liver transplantation — From bench to bedside"</a>. <i>Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2012.225">10.1038/nrgastro.2012.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577927">3577927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229329">23229329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Gastroenterol+Hepatol&rft.atitle=Ischaemia%E2%80%93reperfusion+injury+in+liver+transplantation+%E2%80%94+From+bench+to+bedside&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=2013-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3577927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23229329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2012.225&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Petrowsky%2C+H.&rft.au=Hong%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Busuttil%2C+R.W.&rft.au=Kupiec-Weglinski%2C+J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3577927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perico_et_al_2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perico_et_al_2004_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPericoCattaneoSayeghRemuzzi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Perico, N; Cattaneo, D.; Sayegh, M.H.; Remuzzi, G. (November 2004). "Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>364</b> (9447): 1814–1827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917406-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17406-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15541456">15541456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43667604">43667604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Delayed+graft+function+in+kidney+transplantation&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=9447&rft.pages=1814-1827&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43667604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15541456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917406-0&rft.aulast=Perico&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Cattaneo%2C+D.&rft.au=Sayegh%2C+M.H.&rft.au=Remuzzi%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMH_2017-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMH_2017_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMH_2017_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910174101/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024266/">"Compartment Syndrome – National Library of Medicine"</a>. <i>PubMed Health</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024266/">the original</a> on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubMed+Health&rft.atitle=Compartment+Syndrome+%E2%80%93+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMHT0024266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peitzman_et_al_2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peitzman_et_al_2008_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeitzmanRhodesnSchwab2008" class="citation book cs1">Peitzman, Andrew B.; Rhodesn, Michael; Schwab, C. William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnTMQOMcYZwC&pg=PA349"><i>The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6275-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6275-5"><bdi>978-0-7817-6275-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093206/https://books.google.ca/books?id=JnTMQOMcYZwC&pg=PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trauma+Manual%3A+Trauma+and+Acute+Care+Surgery&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6275-5&rft.aulast=Peitzman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft.au=Rhodesn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schwab%2C+C.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnTMQOMcYZwC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferri_2018-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferri_2018_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2017" class="citation book cs1">Ferri, Fred F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317"><i>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52957-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52957-0"><bdi>978-0-323-52957-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729094220/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+Clinical+Advisor+2018+E-Book%3A+5+Books+in+1&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-323-52957-0&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=Fred+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGclDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malhotra_et_al_2001-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malhotra_et_al_2001_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotra2001" class="citation journal cs1">Malhotra, R. (November 2001). <a href="/wiki/Jurkat_cells" title="Jurkat cells">"Hypoxia induces apoptosis via two independent pathways in Jurkat cells: differential regulation by glucose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physiology._Cell_Physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology">American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology</a></i>. <b>281</b> (5): C1596–C1603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596">10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11600423">11600423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10558756">10558756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Cell+Physiology&rft.atitle=Hypoxia+induces+apoptosis+via+two+independent+pathways+in+Jurkat+cells%3A+differential+regulation+by+glucose&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=C1596-C1603&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10558756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11600423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattiesen_2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mattiesen_2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattiesen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mattiesen, W.R.; et al. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-009-0509-0">"Increased neurogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in humans is age related"</a>. <i>Acta Neuropathol</i>. <b>117</b> (5): 525–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-009-0509-0">10.1007/s00401-009-0509-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19277687">19277687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neuropathol&rft.atitle=Increased+neurogenesis+after+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy+in+humans+is+age+related&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=525-534&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00401-009-0509-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19277687&rft.aulast=Mattiesen&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00401-009-0509-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_et_al_2003-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_et_al_2003_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonMicklesenTirschwel_lLew2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, L.R.; Micklesen, P.J.; Tirschwel l, D.L.; Lew, H.L. (March 2003). "Predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials for awakening from coma". <i>Critical Care Medicine</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 960–967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b">10.1097/01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12627012">12627012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18080596">18080596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Predictive+value+of+somatosensory+evoked+potentials+for+awakening+from+coma&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=960-967&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18080596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12627012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=L.R.&rft.au=Micklesen%2C+P.J.&rft.au=Tirschwel+l%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Lew%2C+H.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geraghty_and_Torbey_2006-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geraghty_and_Torbey_2006_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghtyTorbey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Geraghty, M.C.; Torbey, M.T. (2006). "Neuroimaging and serologic markers of neurologic injury after cardiac arrest". <i>Neurol Clin</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 107–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ncl.2005.10.006">10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6443133">6443133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurol+Clin&rft.atitle=Neuroimaging+and+serologic+markers+of+neurologic+injury+after+cardiac+arrest&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-121&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ncl.2005.10.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6443133&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Torbey%2C+M.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busl_and_Greer_2010-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Busl_and_Greer_2010_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuslGreer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Busl, K.M.; Greer, D.M. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FNRE-2010-0531">"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms"</a>. <i>NeuroRehabilitation</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 5–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FNRE-2010-0531">10.3233/NRE-2010-0531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20130351">20130351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroRehabilitation&rft.atitle=Hypoxic-ischemic+brain+injury%3A+pathophysiology%2C+neuropathology+and+mechanisms&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FNRE-2010-0531&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20130351&rft.aulast=Busl&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.au=Greer%2C+D.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3233%252FNRE-2010-0531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConditionsFlattau1991" class="citation cs2">Conditions, National Research Council (US) Working Group on Contact Lens Use Under Adverse; Flattau, Pamela Ebert (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234101/">"Hypoxia"</a>, <i>Considerations in Contact Lens Use Under Adverse Conditions: Proceedings of a Symposium</i>, National Academies Press (US)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Considerations+in+Contact+Lens+Use+Under+Adverse+Conditions%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Symposium&rft.atitle=Hypoxia&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Conditions&rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Working+Group+on+Contact+Lens+Use+Under+Adverse&rft.au=Flattau%2C+Pamela+Ebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK234101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarvonen_et_al_2021-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarvonen_et_al_2021_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarvonenHoviSainioVuorela2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tarvonen, M.; Hovi, P.; Sainio, S.; Vuorela, P.; Andersson, S.; Teramo, K. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505288">"Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus"</a>. <i>Acta Diabetologica</i>. <b>58</b> (11): 1563–1573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00592-021-01756-0">10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505288">8505288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34151398">34151398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Diabetologica&rft.atitle=Intrapartal+cardiotocographic+patterns+and+hypoxia-related+perinatal+outcomes+in+pregnancies+complicated+by+gestational+diabetes+mellitus&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1563-1573&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8505288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34151398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00592-021-01756-0&rft.aulast=Tarvonen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hovi%2C+P.&rft.au=Sainio%2C+S.&rft.au=Vuorela%2C+P.&rft.au=Andersson%2C+S.&rft.au=Teramo%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8505288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maslova_et_al_2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maslova_et_al_2003_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslovaMaklakovaSokolovaAshmarin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maslova, M.V.; Maklakova, A.S.; Sokolova, N.A.; Ashmarin, I.P.; Goncharenko, E.N.; Krushinskaya, Y.V. (July 2003). "The effects of ante- and postnatal hypoxia on the central nervous system and their correction with peptide hormones". <i>Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology</i>. <b>33</b> (6): 607–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023938905744">10.1023/A:1023938905744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14552554">14552554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1170955">1170955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+and+Behavioral+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+ante-+and+postnatal+hypoxia+on+the+central+nervous+system+and+their+correction+with+peptide+hormones&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=607-11&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1170955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14552554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1023938905744&rft.aulast=Maslova&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rft.au=Maklakova%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Sokolova%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Ashmarin%2C+I.P.&rft.au=Goncharenko%2C+E.N.&rft.au=Krushinskaya%2C+Y.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habek_et_al_2002-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habek_et_al_2002_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabekHabekJugovićSalihagić2002" class="citation journal cs1">Habek, D.; Habek, J.C.; Jugović, D.; Salihagić, A. (2002). "[Intrauterine hypoxia and sudden infant death syndrome]". <i>Acta Medica Croatica</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 109–18. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12630342">12630342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Medica+Croatica&rft.atitle=%5BIntrauterine+hypoxia+and+sudden+infant+death+syndrome%5D&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109-18&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12630342&rft.aulast=Habek&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Habek%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Jugovi%C4%87%2C+D.&rft.au=Salihagi%C4%87%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peleg_et_al_1998-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_et_al_1998_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelegKennedyHunter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Peleg, D.; Kennedy, C.M.; Hunter, S.K. (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth restriction: identification and management". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 453–60, 466–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9713399">9713399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Intrauterine+growth+restriction%3A+identification+and+management&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453-60%2C+466-7&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9713399&rft.aulast=Peleg&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+C.M.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg_2008-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_2008_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, A. (June 2008). "The IUGR newborn". <i>Seminars in Perinatology</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 219–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semperi.2007.11.003">10.1053/j.semperi.2007.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18482625">18482625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Perinatology&rft.atitle=The+IUGR+newborn&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-24&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.semperi.2007.11.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18482625&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez_and_Miller_2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_and_Miller_2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalezMiller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez, F.F.; Miller, S.P. (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672766">"Does perinatal asphyxia impair cognitive function without cerebral palsy?"</a>. <i>Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition</i>. <b>91</b> (6): F454-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.2005.092445">10.1136/adc.2005.092445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672766">2672766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17056843">17056843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood.+Fetal+and+Neonatal+Edition&rft.atitle=Does+perinatal+asphyxia+impair+cognitive+function+without+cerebral+palsy%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=F454-9&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17056843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.2005.092445&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=F.F.&rft.au=Miller%2C+S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulterys_et_al_1990-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulterys_et_al_1990_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulterysGreenlandKraus1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bulterys, M.G.; Greenland, S.; Kraus, J.F. (October 1990). "Chronic fetal hypoxia and sudden infant death syndrome: interaction between maternal smoking and low hematocrit during pregnancy". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 535–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.86.4.535">10.1542/peds.86.4.535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2216618">2216618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245156371">245156371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Chronic+fetal+hypoxia+and+sudden+infant+death+syndrome%3A+interaction+between+maternal+smoking+and+low+hematocrit+during+pregnancy&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-40&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245156371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2216618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.86.4.535&rft.aulast=Bulterys&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft.au=Greenland%2C+S.&rft.au=Kraus%2C+J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nejad, A.E. et al. (2021) The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of Cancer Stem Cell: A novel approach to developing treatment - cancer cell international, BioMed Central. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cancerci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12935-020-01719-5#:~:text=Hypoxia%20is%20a%20common%20feature,blood%20vessels%20supplying%20the%20tumor">https://cancerci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12935-020-01719-5#:~:text=Hypoxia%20is%20a%20common%20feature,blood%20vessels%20supplying%20the%20tumor</a> (Accessed: 01 December 2023). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilkes_et_al_2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilkes_et_al_2014_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilkesSemenzaWirtz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gilkes, D.M.; Semenza, G.L.; Wirtz, D. (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283800">"Hypoxia and the extracellular matrix: drivers of tumour metastasis"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Cancer</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 430–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3726">10.1038/nrc3726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283800">4283800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24827502">24827502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Cancer&rft.atitle=Hypoxia+and+the+extracellular+matrix%3A+drivers+of+tumour+metastasis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=430-9&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4283800%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24827502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrc3726&rft.aulast=Gilkes&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Semenza%2C+G.L.&rft.au=Wirtz%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4283800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spill_et_al_2016-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spill_et_al_2016_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillReynoldsKammZaman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Spill, F.; Reynolds, D.S.; Kamm, R.D.; Zaman, M.H. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975620">"Impact of the physical microenvironment on tumor progression and metastasis"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Biotechnology</i>. <b>40</b>: 41–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2016.02.007">10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975620">4975620</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26938687">26938687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Impact+of+the+physical+microenvironment+on+tumor+progression+and+metastasis&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4975620%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26938687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2016.02.007&rft.aulast=Spill&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+D.S.&rft.au=Kamm%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Zaman%2C+M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4975620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumb_2017-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb_2017_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumb2017" class="citation book cs1">Lumb, Andrew B. (2017). <i>Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology</i> (8th ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6294-0"><bdi>978-0-7020-6294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nunn%27s+Applied+Respiratory+Physiology&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-6294-0&rft.aulast=Lumb&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbani_et_al_1994-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urbani_et_al_1994_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbaniPorcùDe_AngelisFarrace1994" class="citation book cs1">Urbani, Luca; Porcù, Silvio; De Angelis, Claudio; Farrace, Stefano; Antonini, Riccardo (1994). "Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements During and After Acute Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia". In d'Ydewalle, Géry; Van Rensbergen, Johan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81808-9.50018-4"><i>Visual and Oculomotor Functions: Advances in Eye Movement Research</i></a>. Studies in Visual Information Processing. Vol. 5. Elsevier. pp. 133–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81808-9.50018-4">10.1016/B978-0-444-81808-9.50018-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81808-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81808-9"><bdi>978-0-444-81808-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smooth+Pursuit+Eye+Movements+During+and+After+Acute+Exposure+to+Hypobaric+Hypoxia&rft.btitle=Visual+and+Oculomotor+Functions%3A+Advances+in+Eye+Movement+Research&rft.series=Studies+in+Visual+Information+Processing&rft.pages=133-143&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81808-9.50018-4&rft.isbn=978-0-444-81808-9&rft.aulast=Urbani&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Porc%C3%B9%2C+Silvio&rft.au=De+Angelis%2C+Claudio&rft.au=Farrace%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Antonini%2C+Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81808-9.50018-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandal_b-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_b_52-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation web cs1">Mandal, Ananya (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hypoxia-Symptoms.aspx">"Hypoxia Symptoms"</a>. <i>www.news-medical.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news-medical.net&rft.atitle=Hypoxia+Symptoms&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FHypoxia-Symptoms.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"17: Aeromedical Factors". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA Manual H-8083-25</i></a>. Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-540-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-540-5"><bdi>1-56027-540-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17%3A+Aeromedical+Factors&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge%3A+FAA+Manual+H-8083-25&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Flight+Standards+Service.+Federal+Aviation+Administration%2C+U.S.+Dept.+of+Transportation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56027-540-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faviation%2Fphak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prasad_et_al_2021-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_et_al_2021_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadPalChen2021" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Shweta; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Chen, Robert (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128193068000010">"1 - Breathing and the Nervous System"</a>. In Aminoff, Michael J.; Josephson, S. Andrew (eds.). <i>Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine</i> (Sixth ed.). Academic Press. pp. 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-819306-8.00001-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-819306-8.00001-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-819306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-819306-8"><bdi>978-0-12-819306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+-+Breathing+and+the+Nervous+System&rft.btitle=Aminoff%27s+Neurology+and+General+Medicine&rft.pages=3-19&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-819306-8.00001-0&rft.isbn=978-0-12-819306-8&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Shweta&rft.au=Pal%2C+Pramod+Kumar&rft.au=Chen%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128193068000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochester-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rochester_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=562">"A Quick Look at Reflexes - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Quick+Look+at+Reflexes+-+Health+Encyclopedia+-+University+of+Rochester+Medical+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontent.aspx%3FContentTypeID%3D1%26ContentID%3D562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vingrys_and_Garner_1987-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vingrys_and_Garner_1987_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVingrysGarner1987" class="citation journal cs1">Vingrys, A.J.; Garner, L.F. (June 1987). "The effect of a moderate level of hypoxia on human color vision". <i>Doc Ophthalmol</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 171–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00140454">10.1007/BF00140454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3691296">3691296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23264093">23264093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doc+Ophthalmol.&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+a+moderate+level+of+hypoxia+on+human+color+vision&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-85&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23264093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3691296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00140454&rft.aulast=Vingrys&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.au=Garner%2C+L.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kam_et_al_1978-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kam_et_al_1978_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamYoongGanendran1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kam, C.A.; Yoong, Florence F.Y.; Ganendran, A. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0310057X7800600209">"Cortical blindness following hypoxia during cardiac arrest"</a>. <i>Anaesth. Intens. Care</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 143–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0310057X7800600209">10.1177/0310057X7800600209</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/665992">665992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13104559">13104559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaesth.+Intens.+Care&rft.atitle=Cortical+blindness+following+hypoxia+during+cardiac+arrest&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-145&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13104559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F665992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0310057X7800600209&rft.aulast=Kam&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Yoong%2C+Florence+F.Y.&rft.au=Ganendran%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0310057X7800600209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxygen_calculator-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxygen_calculator_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_BaillieAlistair_Simpson" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth Baillie; Alistair Simpson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611073650/http://www.altitude.org/oxygen_levels.php">"Altitude oxygen calculator"</a>. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altitude.org/oxygen_levels.php">the original</a> on 2017-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Altitude+oxygen+calculator&rft.pub=Apex+%28Altitude+Physiology+Expeditions%29&rft.au=Kenneth+Baillie&rft.au=Alistair+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altitude.org%2Foxygen_levels.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span> – Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelJoseMohiuddin2024" class="citation cs2">Patel, Sagar; Jose, Alvin; Mohiuddin, Shamim S. (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539815/">"Physiology, Oxygen Transport And Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969637">30969637</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Physiology%2C+Oxygen+Transport+And+Carbon+Dioxide+Dissociation+Curve&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30969637&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sagar&rft.au=Jose%2C+Alvin&rft.au=Mohiuddin%2C+Shamim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK539815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jae-Hwan_et_al_2015-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jae-Hwan_et_al_2015_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJae-HwanEun-KyeongDongohEui-Bae2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jae-Hwan, Lee; Eun-Kyeong, Shin; Dongoh, Lee; Eui-Bae, Jeung (April 2015). "SAT-532: Expression of Beta-Oxidation Related Genes Under Hypoxic Condition Induced Preeclamptic Model in Vitro and in Vivo". <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>36</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=SAT-532%3A+Expression+of+Beta-Oxidation+Related+Genes+Under+Hypoxic+Condition+Induced+Preeclamptic+Model+in+Vitro+and+in+Vivo&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Jae-Hwan&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Eun-Kyeong%2C+Shin&rft.au=Dongoh%2C+Lee&rft.au=Eui-Bae%2C+Jeung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_et_al_2015-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_et_al_2015_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsRudenskiGibsonHoward2015" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Julie-Ann; Rudenski, Aram; Gibson, John; Howard, Luke; O’Driscoll, Ronan (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666443">"Relating oxygen partial pressure, saturation and content: the haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve"</a>. <i>Breathe</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 194–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F20734735.001415">10.1183/20734735.001415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1810-6838">1810-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666443">4666443</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26632351">26632351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Breathe&rft.atitle=Relating+oxygen+partial+pressure%2C+saturation+and+content%3A+the+haemoglobin%E2%80%93oxygen+dissociation+curve&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=194-201&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666443%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1810-6838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26632351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F20734735.001415&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Julie-Ann&rft.au=Rudenski%2C+Aram&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John&rft.au=Howard%2C+Luke&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Driscoll%2C+Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MARTIN1999-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MARTIN1999_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1999" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Lawrence (1999). <i>All you really need to know to interpret arterial blood gases</i> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30604-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30604-0"><bdi>978-0-683-30604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+you+really+need+to+know+to+interpret+arterial+blood+gases&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-683-30604-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColledgeWalkerRalston2010" class="citation book cs1">Colledge, Nicki R.; Walker, Brian R.; Ralston, Stuart H., eds. (2010). <i>Davidson's principles and practice of medicine</i>. illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7"><bdi>978-0-7020-3085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Davidson%27s+principles+and+practice+of+medicine.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin_O'Neal-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levin_O'Neal_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinO'NealBowker1993" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Marvin E.; O'Neal, Lawrence W.; Bowker, John H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RVsAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Diabetic foot</i></a>. Mosby Year Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-6878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8016-6878-4"><bdi>978-0-8016-6878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diabetic+foot&rft.pub=Mosby+Year+Book&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8016-6878-4&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft.au=O%27Neal%2C+Lawrence+W.&rft.au=Bowker%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RVsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basbaum_et_al_2000-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basbaum_et_al_2000_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasbaumBautistaScherrerJulius2009" class="citation journal cs1">Basbaum, Allan I.; Bautista, Diana M.; Scherrer, Grégory; Julius, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852643">"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>139</b> (2): 267–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.09.028">10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4172">1097-4172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852643">2852643</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837031">19837031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Cellular+and+molecular+mechanisms+of+pain&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-284&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2852643%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1097-4172&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19837031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.09.028&rft.aulast=Basbaum&rft.aufirst=Allan+I.&rft.au=Bautista%2C+Diana+M.&rft.au=Scherrer%2C+Gr%C3%A9gory&rft.au=Julius%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2852643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-LOC-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g-LOC_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goflightmedicine.com/pulling-gs/">"Pulling G's - The Effects of G-Forces on the Human Body"</a>. <i>GO FLIGHT MEDICINE</i>. April 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GO+FLIGHT+MEDICINE&rft.atitle=Pulling+G%27s+-+The+Effects+of+G-Forces+on+the+Human+Body&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoflightmedicine.com%2Fpulling-gs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West_2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2008" class="citation book cs1">West, John B. (2008). <i>Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials</i> (8th ed.). La Jolla: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7206-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7206-8"><bdi>978-0-7817-7206-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Respiratory+Physiology%3A+The+Essentials&rft.place=La+Jolla&rft.pages=88-89&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7206-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_et_al_1912-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_et_al_1912_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasHaldaneHaldane1912" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, C.G.; Haldane, J.S.; Haldane, J.B. (12 June 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512793">"The laws of combination of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 275–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1912.sp001517">10.1113/jphysiol.1912.sp001517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1512793">1512793</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16993128">16993128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+laws+of+combination+of+hemoglobin+with+carbon+monoxide+and+oxygen&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275-304&rft.date=1912-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1512793%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16993128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1912.sp001517&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rft.au=Haldane%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Haldane%2C+J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1512793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CO_ppm-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO_ppm_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldIdle,_MBoreham,_JBailey,_A1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wald, NJ; Idle, M; Boreham, J; Bailey, A (May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471511">"Carbon monoxide in breath in relation to smoking and carboxyhaemoglobin levels"</a>. <i>Thorax</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 366–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.36.5.366">10.1136/thx.36.5.366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471511">471511</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7314006">7314006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+in+breath+in+relation+to+smoking+and+carboxyhaemoglobin+levels.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=366-69&rft.date=1981-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC471511%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7314006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.36.5.366&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Idle%2C+M&rft.au=Boreham%2C+J&rft.au=Bailey%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC471511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-netzer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netzer_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netzer_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netzer_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netzer_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetzerStrohlFaulhaberGatterer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Netzer, Nikolaus; Strohl, Kingman; Faulhaber, Martin; Gatterer, Hannes; Burtscher, Martin (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjtm.12017">"Hypoxia-Related Altitude Illnesses"</a>. <i>Journal of Travel Medicine</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 247–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjtm.12017">10.1111/jtm.12017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23809076">23809076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Travel+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hypoxia-Related+Altitude+Illnesses&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=247-55&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjtm.12017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23809076&rft.aulast=Netzer&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Strohl%2C+Kingman&rft.au=Faulhaber%2C+Martin&rft.au=Gatterer%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Burtscher%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjtm.12017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hausserman_2017-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hausserman_2017_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausserman2017" class="citation web cs1">Hausserman, Georgina (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/breathing-gases/">"Breathing Gases"</a>. Divers Alert Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breathing+Gases&rft.pub=Divers+Alert+Network&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.aulast=Hausserman&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan.org%2Falert-diver%2Farticle%2Fbreathing-gases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usn_ch15-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usn_ch15_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a>. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9">the original</a> on 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual%2C+6th+revision&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supsalv.org%2F00c3_publications.asp%3FdestPage%3D00c3%26pageID%3D3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap_vision-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap_vision_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2012" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Martin (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apdiving.com/en/wp-content/uploadsRebreather_Vision_-Instruction-Manual-Nov12.pdf">"Rebreather user manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>apdiving.com</i>. Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apdiving.com&rft.atitle=Rebreather+user+manual&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apdiving.com%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2FuploadsRebreather_Vision_-Instruction-Manual-Nov12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milroy_2018-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milroy_2018_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilroy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Milroy, Christopher (Autumn 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6474450">"Deaths from Environmental Hypoxia and Raised Carbon Dioxide"</a>. <i>Academic Forensic Pathology</i>. <b>8n</b> (1): 2–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23907%2F2018.001">10.23907/2018.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6474450">6474450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31240022">31240022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Forensic+Pathology&rft.atitle=Deaths+from+Environmental+Hypoxia+and+Raised+Carbon+Dioxide&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=8n&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6474450%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31240022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23907%2F2018.001&rft.aulast=Milroy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6474450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roueché_1953-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roueché_1953_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoueché1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berton_Rouech%C3%A9" title="Berton Roueché">Roueché, Berton</a> (1953). <i>Eleven blue men, and other narratives of medical detection</i>. Boston: Little, Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleven+blue+men%2C+and+other+narratives+of+medical+detection&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Rouech%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Berton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC_DPIC-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BC_DPIC_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpic.org/article/professional/methemoglobinemia-and-medications-z">"Methemoglobinemia and Medications A to Z"</a>. <i>British Columbia Drug and Poison Information Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia+Drug+and+Poison+Information+Centre&rft.atitle=Methemoglobinemia+and+Medications+A+to+Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpic.org%2Farticle%2Fprofessional%2Fmethemoglobinemia-and-medications-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCUMB-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KCUMB_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222002743/http://courses.kcumb.edu/physio/adaptations/hypoxia%20text.htm">"Forms of hypoxia"</a>. <i>courses.kcumb.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.kcumb.edu/physio/adaptations/hypoxia%20text.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.kcumb.edu&rft.atitle=Forms+of+hypoxia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.kcumb.edu%2Fphysio%2Fadaptations%2Fhypoxia%2520text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittman_2011-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pittman_2011_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman2011" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, R.N. (2011). "7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54113/"><i>Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation</i></a>. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Regulation+of+Tissue+Oxygenation&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Life+Sciences&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK54113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacroix_et_al-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacroix_et_al_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroixTucciTinmouthGauvin2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Jacques; Tucci, Marisa; Tinmouth, Alan; Gauvin, France; Karam, Oliver (2011). <i>Pediatric Critical Care</i>. Elsevier. pp. 1162–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-07307-3.10082-5">10.1016/b978-0-323-07307-3.10082-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07307-3"><bdi>978-0-323-07307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Critical+Care&rft.pages=1162-76&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-07307-3.10082-5&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07307-3&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Tucci%2C+Marisa&rft.au=Tinmouth%2C+Alan&rft.au=Gauvin%2C+France&rft.au=Karam%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kluckow_and_Seri_2012_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluckowSeri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kluckow, Martin; Seri, Istvan (2012). <i>Hemodynamics and Cardiology: Neonatology Questions and Controversies</i>. Elsevier. pp. 237–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-1-4377-2763-0.00012-3">10.1016/b978-1-4377-2763-0.00012-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-2763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-2763-0"><bdi>978-1-4377-2763-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemodynamics+and+Cardiology%3A+Neonatology+Questions+and+Controversies&rft.pages=237-67&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-4377-2763-0.00012-3&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-2763-0&rft.aulast=Kluckow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Seri%2C+Istvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michiels_2004-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_2004_82-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichiels2004" class="citation journal cs1">Michiels, Carine. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615763">"Physiological and pathological responses to hypoxia"</a>. <i>American Journal of Pathology</i>. <b>164</b> (6). Elsevier: 1875–1882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9440%2810%2963747-9">10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63747-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615763">1615763</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15161623">15161623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Pathology&rft.atitle=Physiological+and+pathological+responses+to+hypoxia&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1875-1882&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615763%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15161623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9440%2810%2963747-9&rft.aulast=Michiels&rft.aufirst=Carine.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_et_al_2008-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_et_al_2008_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithRobbinsRatcliffe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, T.G.; Robbins, P.A.; Ratcliffe, P.J. (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408651">"The human side of hypoxia-inducible factor"</a>. <i>British Journal of Haematology</i>. <b>141</b> (3): 325–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2008.07029.x">10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07029.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408651">2408651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410568">18410568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Haematology&rft.atitle=The+human+side+of+hypoxia-inducible+factor&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-34&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2408651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18410568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2008.07029.x&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=T.G.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+P.A.&rft.au=Ratcliffe%2C+P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2408651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkins_et_al_2016-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins_et_al_2016_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsAbboudHancockSchofield2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, S.E.; Abboud, M.I.; Hancock, R.L.; Schofield, C.J. (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848768">"Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions in the HIF System"</a>. <i>ChemMedChem</i>. <b>11</b> (8): 773–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcmdc.201600012">10.1002/cmdc.201600012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848768">4848768</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997519">26997519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ChemMedChem&rft.atitle=Targeting+Protein-Protein+Interactions+in+the+HIF+System&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=773-86&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4848768%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26997519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcmdc.201600012&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rft.au=Abboud%2C+M.I.&rft.au=Hancock%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Schofield%2C+C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4848768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benizri_et_al_2008-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benizri_et_al_2008_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenizriGinouvèsBerra2008" class="citation journal cs1">Benizri, E.; Ginouvès, A.; Berra, E. (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11131810">"The magic of the hypoxia-signaling cascade"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>65</b> (7–8): 1133–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-008-7472-0">10.1007/s00018-008-7472-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11131810">11131810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18202826">18202826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44049779">44049779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+magic+of+the+hypoxia-signaling+cascade&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=1133-49&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11131810%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44049779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18202826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-008-7472-0&rft.aulast=Benizri&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ginouv%C3%A8s%2C+A.&rft.au=Berra%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11131810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duscher_et_al-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duscher_et_al_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuscherJanuszykMaanWhittam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Duscher, D.; Januszyk, M.; Maan, Z.N.; Whittam, A.J.; Hu, M.S.; Walmsley, G.G.; Dong, Y.; Khong, S.M.; Longaker, M.T.; Gurtner, G.C. (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327844">"Comparison of the Hydroxylase Inhibitor Dimethyloxalylglycine and the Iron Chelator Deferoxamine in Diabetic and Aged Wound Healing"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>139</b> (3): 695e–706e. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000003072">10.1097/PRS.0000000000003072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327844">5327844</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28234841">28234841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+Hydroxylase+Inhibitor+Dimethyloxalylglycine+and+the+Iron+Chelator+Deferoxamine+in+Diabetic+and+Aged+Wound+Healing&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=695e-706e&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327844%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28234841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000003072&rft.aulast=Duscher&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Januszyk%2C+M.&rft.au=Maan%2C+Z.N.&rft.au=Whittam%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Hu%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Walmsley%2C+G.G.&rft.au=Dong%2C+Y.&rft.au=Khong%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Longaker%2C+M.T.&rft.au=Gurtner%2C+G.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobler_and_Carey_1973-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobler_and_Carey_1973_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoblerCarey1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hobler, K.E.; Carey, L.C. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1355564">"Effect of acute progressive hypoxemia on cardiac output and plasma excess lactate"</a>. <i>Ann Surg</i>. <b>177</b> (2): 199–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-197302000-00013">10.1097/00000658-197302000-00013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1355564">1355564</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4572785">4572785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Surg&rft.atitle=Effect+of+acute+progressive+hypoxemia+on+cardiac+output+and+plasma+excess+lactate&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-202&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1355564%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4572785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000658-197302000-00013&rft.aulast=Hobler&rft.aufirst=K.E.&rft.au=Carey%2C+L.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1355564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulda_et_al_2010-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fulda_et_al_2010_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuldaGormanHoriSamali2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fulda, Simone; Gorman, Adrienne M.; Hori, Osamu; Samali, Afshin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825543">"Cellular Stress Responses: Cell Survival and Cell Death"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cell Biology</i>. <b>2010</b>: 214074. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2010%2F214074">10.1155/2010/214074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1687-8876">1687-8876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825543">2825543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20182529">20182529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Cellular+Stress+Responses%3A+Cell+Survival+and+Cell+Death&rft.volume=2010&rft.pages=214074&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1687-8876&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20182529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2010%2F214074&rft.aulast=Fulda&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Gorman%2C+Adrienne+M.&rft.au=Hori%2C+Osamu&rft.au=Samali%2C+Afshin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arieff_2013-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arieff_2013_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArieff2013" class="citation book cs1">Arieff, Allen I. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0g_pBwAAQBAJ&q=hypoxia"><i>Hypoxia, Metabolic Acidosis, and the Circulation</i></a>. Springer. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7542-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-7542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypoxia%2C+Metabolic+Acidosis%2C+and+the+Circulation&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-7542-2&rft.aulast=Arieff&rft.aufirst=Allen+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0g_pBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhypoxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gao_et_al_2021-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gao_et_al_2021_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoKueblerRaj2021" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Yuansheng; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.; Raj, J. Usha (2021). "Vascular Biology". In Broaddus, V. Courtney; Ernst, Joel; King, Jr, Talmadge E.; Lazarus, Stephen; Sarmiento, Kathleen F.; Schnapp, Lynn M.; Stapleton, Renee; Gotway, Michael B. (eds.). <i>Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine</i> (7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 76–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-65587-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-65587-3"><bdi>978-0-323-65587-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vascular+Biology&rft.btitle=Murray+%26+Nadel%27s+Textbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.pages=76-87&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-323-65587-3&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Yuansheng&rft.au=Kuebler%2C+Wolfgang+M.&rft.au=Raj%2C+J.+Usha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teppema_and_Dahan_2010-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teppema_and_Dahan_2010_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeppemaDahan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Teppema, Luc J.; Dahan, Albert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518061502/http://physrev.physiology.org/content/90/2/675.long">"The ventilatory response to hypoxia in mammals: mechanisms, measurement, and analysis"</a>. <i>Physiological Reviews</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 675–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00012.2009">10.1152/physrev.00012.2009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393196">20393196</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physrev.physiology.org/content/90/2/675.long">the original</a> on 2013-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+ventilatory+response+to+hypoxia+in+mammals%3A+mechanisms%2C+measurement%2C+and+analysis&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=675-754&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.00012.2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20393196&rft.aulast=Teppema&rft.aufirst=Luc+J.&rft.au=Dahan%2C+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysrev.physiology.org%2Fcontent%2F90%2F2%2F675.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guytun_and_Hall-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guytun_and_Hall_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2015" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John E. (20 May 2015). <i>Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology</i> (13th ed.). Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-7005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-7005-2"><bdi>978-1-4557-7005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guyton+and+Hall+Textbook+of+Medical+Physiology&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-7005-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland_ABG-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_ABG_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22409-arterial-blood-gas-abg">"Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)"</a>. <i>my.clevelandclinic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my.clevelandclinic.org&rft.atitle=Arterial+Blood+Gas+%28ABG%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiagnostics%2F22409-arterial-blood-gas-abg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loganabbrev-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loganabbrev_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="logansaabrev" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Carolynn M.; Rice, M. Katherine (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga/page/4"><i>Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Lippincott Company">J. B. Lippincott Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-397-54589-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-397-54589-4"><bdi>0-397-54589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logan%27s+Medical+and+Scientific+Abbreviations&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-397-54589-4&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Carolynn+M.&rft.au=Rice%2C+M.+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flogansmedicalsci00loga%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBK545153-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBK545153_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantzidiamantisAmaro2020" class="citation book cs1">Hantzidiamantis, P.J.; Amaro, E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545153/"><i>Physiology, Alveolar to Arterial Oxygen Gradient</i></a>. StatPearls. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424737">31424737</a>. NBK545153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology%2C+Alveolar+to+Arterial+Oxygen+Gradient&rft.pub=StatPearls&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31424737&rft.aulast=Hantzidiamantis&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Amaro%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK545153%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNT_diagnosis-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNT_diagnosis_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypoxia#diagnosis">"Diagnosis"</a>. <i>www.medicalnewstoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicalnewstoday.com&rft.atitle=Diagnosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fhypoxia%23diagnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland_diagnosis-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_diagnosis_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23063-hypoxia#diagnosis-and-tests">"Diagnosis and tests"</a>. <i>my.clevelandclinic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my.clevelandclinic.org&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+tests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F23063-hypoxia%23diagnosis-and-tests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMMC-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMMC_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/pulmonary-ventilationperfusion-scan">"Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan"</a>. <i>University of Maryland Medical Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland+Medical+Center&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+ventilation%2Fperfusion+scan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umm.edu%2Fhealth%2Fmedical%2Fency%2Farticles%2Fpulmonary-ventilationperfusion-scan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seminars-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seminars_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensenBerg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mortensen, Jann; Berg, Ronan M.G. (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semnuclmed.2018.10.010">"Lung Scintigraphy in COPD"</a>. <i>Seminars in Nuclear Medicine</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semnuclmed.2018.10.010">10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.10.010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30545511">30545511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56486118">56486118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lung+Scintigraphy+in+COPD&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56486118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30545511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.semnuclmed.2018.10.010&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Jann&rft.au=Berg%2C+Ronan+M.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fj.semnuclmed.2018.10.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temple-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temple_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templehealth.org/services/treatments/pulmonary-function-testing">"Pulmonary Function Testing"</a>. <i>www.templehealth.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.templehealth.org&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+Function+Testing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.templehealth.org%2Fservices%2Ftreatments%2Fpulmonary-function-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_2004_789–800-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_2004_789–800_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2004_789–800_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestAmerican_College_Of_PhysiciansAmerican_Physiological_Society2004" class="citation journal cs1">West, John B.; American College Of Physicians; American Physiological Society (2004). "The Physiologic Basis of High-Altitude Diseases". <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>141</b> (10): 789–800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00010">10.7326/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545679">15545679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8509693">8509693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Physiologic+Basis+of+High-Altitude+Diseases&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=789-800&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8509693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15545679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00010&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=American+College+Of+Physicians&rft.au=American+Physiological+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHS-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHS_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycythaemia/">"Polycythaemia"</a>. <i>www.nhs.uk</i>. 23 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Polycythaemia&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fpolycythaemia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_1995-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West_1995_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1995" class="citation journal cs1">West, John B. (1995). "Oxygen Enrichment of Room Air to Relieve the Hypoxia of High Altitude". <i>Respiration Physiology</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 225–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-5687%2894%2900094-G">10.1016/0034-5687(94)00094-G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7777705">7777705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiration+Physiology&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Enrichment+of+Room+Air+to+Relieve+the+Hypoxia+of+High+Altitude&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-32&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0034-5687%2894%2900094-G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7777705&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagstaff_2014-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wagstaff_2014_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagstaff2014" class="citation book cs1">Wagstaff, Adrian J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978070204762600028X">"28 - Oxygen therapy"</a>. In Bersten, Andrew D.; Soni, Neil (eds.). <i>Oh's Intensive Care Manual</i> (Seventh ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 327–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-7020-4762-6.00028-X">10.1016/B978-0-7020-4762-6.00028-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-4762-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-4762-6"><bdi>978-0-7020-4762-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28+-+Oxygen+therapy&rft.btitle=Oh%27s+Intensive+Care+Manual&rft.pages=327-340&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-7020-4762-6.00028-X&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-4762-6&rft.aulast=Wagstaff&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB978070204762600028X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHMS-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHMS_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUndersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" class="citation web cs1">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uhms.org/?page=CCSOATI">"Crush Injury, Compartment syndrome, and other Acute Traumatic Ischemias"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crush+Injury%2C+Compartment+syndrome%2C+and+other+Acute+Traumatic+Ischemias&rft.au=Undersea+and+Hyperbaric+Medical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhms.org%2F%3Fpage%3DCCSOATI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouachour_et_al_1996-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouachour_et_al_1996_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouachourCronierGouelloToulemonde1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bouachour, G.; Cronier, P.; Gouello, J.P.; Toulemonde, J.L.; Talha, A; Alquier, P. (August 1996). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of crush injuries: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial". <i>The Journal of Trauma</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 333–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199608000-00023">10.1097/00005373-199608000-00023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8760546">8760546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Trauma&rft.atitle=Hyperbaric+oxygen+therapy+in+the+management+of+crush+injuries%3A+a+randomized+double-blind+placebo-controlled+clinical+trial&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-39&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005373-199608000-00023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8760546&rft.aulast=Bouachour&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Cronier%2C+P.&rft.au=Gouello%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Toulemonde%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Talha%2C+A&rft.au=Alquier%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHMS_DCS-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHMS_DCS_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUndersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" class="citation web cs1">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uhms.org/?page=DCS">"Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decompression+Sickness+or+Illness+and+Arterial+Gas+Embolism&rft.au=Undersea+and+Hyperbaric+Medical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhms.org%2F%3Fpage%3DDCS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brubakk_et_al_2003-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brubakk_et_al_2003_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakkNeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Brubakk, A.O.; Neuman, T.S., eds. (2003). <i>Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</i> (5th Rev ed.). United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2571-6"><bdi>978-0-7020-2571-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bennett+and+Elliott%27s+physiology+and+medicine+of+diving&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=800&rft.edition=5th+Rev&rft.pub=Saunders+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-2571-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acott_1999-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acott_1999_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.1999" class="citation journal cs1">C., Acott (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness". <i>South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988">0813-1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801">16986801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+diving+and+decompression+illness&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986801&rft.issn=0813-1988&rft.aulast=C.&rft.aufirst=Acott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piantadosi_2004-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piantadosi_2004_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiantadosi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Piantadosi, C.A. (2004). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". <i>Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 167–77. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15233173">15233173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+%26+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+poisoning&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-77&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15233173&rft.aulast=Piantadosi&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHMS_problem_wounds-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHMS_problem_wounds_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUndersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" class="citation web cs1">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uhms.org/?page=EHSPW">"Enhancement of Healing in Selected Problem Wounds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enhancement+of+Healing+in+Selected+Problem+Wounds&rft.au=Undersea+and+Hyperbaric+Medical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhms.org%2F%3Fpage%3DEHSPW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamboni_et_al_1997-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zamboni_et_al_1997_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamboniWongStephensonPfeifer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Zamboni, W.A.; Wong, H.P.; Stephenson, L.L.; Pfeifer, M.A. (September 1997). "Evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen for diabetic wounds: a prospective study". <i>Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 175–79. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9308140">9308140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+%26+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+hyperbaric+oxygen+for+diabetic+wounds%3A+a+prospective+study&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-79&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9308140&rft.aulast=Zamboni&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft.au=Wong%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+L.L.&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_College_of_Chest_PhysiciansAmerican_Thoracic_Society2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Chest_Physicians" title="American College of Chest Physicians">American College of Chest Physicians</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Thoracic_Society" title="American Thoracic Society">American Thoracic Society</a> (September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103063427/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society/">"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Choosing_Wisely" title="Choosing Wisely">Choosing Wisely</a>: an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/ABIM_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="ABIM Foundation">ABIM Foundation</a></i>, American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society/">the original</a> on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.date=2013-09&rft.au=American+College+of+Chest+Physicians&rft.au=American+Thoracic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRLE_2018-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SRLE_2018_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSRLF_Trial_Group2018" class="citation journal cs1">SRLF Trial Group (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089859">"Hypoxemia in the ICU: prevalence, treatment, and outcome"</a>. <i>Ann. Intensive Care</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Springer. article number 82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13613-018-0424-4">10.1186/s13613-018-0424-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089859">6089859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30105416">30105416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Intensive+Care&rft.atitle=Hypoxemia+in+the+ICU%3A+prevalence%2C+treatment%2C+and+outcome&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=article+number+82&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6089859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30105416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13613-018-0424-4&rft.au=SRLF+Trial+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6089859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/prelimdeaths04/preliminarydeaths04.htm">"Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004"</a>. <i>National Center for Health Statistics</i>. June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Health+Statistics&rft.atitle=Deaths%3A+Preliminary+Data+for+2004&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fhestat%2Fprelimdeaths04%2Fpreliminarydeaths04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobin_et_al_2020-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_et_al_2020_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobinLaghiJubran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, M.J.; Laghi, F.; Jubran, A. (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7397783">"Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians"</a>. <i>American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine</i>. <b>202</b> (3): 356–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.202006-2157CP">10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7397783">7397783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539537">32539537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Why+COVID-19+Silent+Hypoxemia+Is+Baffling+to+Physicians&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-360&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7397783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32539537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.202006-2157CP&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Laghi%2C+F.&rft.au=Jubran%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7397783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaMotte_2020-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaMotte_2020_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaMotte2020" class="citation news cs1">LaMotte, S (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/06/health/happy-hypoxia-pulse-oximeter-trnd-wellness/index.html">"Silent hypoxia: Covid-19 patients who should be gasping for air but aren't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Silent+hypoxia%3A+Covid-19+patients+who+should+be+gasping+for+air+but+aren%27t&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=LaMotte&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F05%2F06%2Fhealth%2Fhappy-hypoxia-pulse-oximeter-trnd-wellness%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappas_2020-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pappas_2020_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2020" class="citation news cs1">Pappas, S. (23 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/silent-hypoxia-killing-covid-19-coronavirus-patients.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Silent hypoxia' may be killing COVID-19 patients. But there's hope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=%27Silent+hypoxia%27+may+be+killing+COVID-19+patients.+But+there%27s+hope&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fsilent-hypoxia-killing-covid-19-coronavirus-patients.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_Daily-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201119153946.htm">"Three reasons why COVID-19 can cause silent hypoxia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a></i>. 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Three+reasons+why+COVID-19+can+cause+silent+hypoxia&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2020%2F11%2F201119153946.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emily_2020-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emily_2020_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily2020" class="citation web cs1">Emily, H. (3 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200603/Silent-hypoxia-and-its-role-in-COVID-19-detection.aspx">"Silent hypoxia and its role in COVID-19 detection"</a>. <i>News Medical</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Medical&rft.atitle=Silent+hypoxia+and+its+role+in+COVID-19+detection&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft.aulast=Emily&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fnews%2F20200603%2FSilent-hypoxia-and-its-role-in-COVID-19-detection.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra_et_al_2020-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_et_al_2020_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraChakrabortyPalKarmakar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, A.; Chakraborty, U.; Pal, J.; Karmakar, P. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478026">"Silent hypoxia: a frequently overlooked clinical entity in patients with COVID-19"</a>. <i>BMJ Case Reports</i>. <b>13</b> (9): e237207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr-2020-237207">10.1136/bcr-2020-237207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478026">7478026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32900744">32900744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Silent+hypoxia%3A+a+frequently+overlooked+clinical+entity+in+patients+with+COVID-19&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e237207&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7478026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32900744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbcr-2020-237207&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+U.&rft.au=Pal%2C+J.&rft.au=Karmakar%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7478026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2020-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2020_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitan2020" class="citation news cs1">Levitan, R. (20 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-testing-pneumonia.html">"The Infection That's Silently Killing Coronavirus Patients"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Infection+That%27s+Silently+Killing+Coronavirus+Patients&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft.aulast=Levitan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F04%2F20%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fcoronavirus-testing-pneumonia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden_2020-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_2020_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2020" class="citation news cs1">Bowden, O. (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6930367/silent-hypoxia-coronavirus/">"What is 'silent hypoxia'? The coronavirus symptom patients don't know they have"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=What+is+%27silent+hypoxia%27%3F+The+coronavirus+symptom+patients+don%27t+know+they+have&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F6930367%2Fsilent-hypoxia-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottested_2020-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ottested_2020_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttestad2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ottestad, W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(20)30226-9/fulltext">"COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure: what can we learn from aviation medicine?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Anaesthesia" title="British Journal of Anaesthesia">British Journal of Anaesthesia</a></i>. <b>125</b> (3): e280–e281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bja.2020.04.012">10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165289">7165289</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362340">32362340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=COVID-19+patients+with+respiratory+failure%3A+what+can+we+learn+from+aviation+medicine%3F&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e280-e281&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7165289%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32362340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bja.2020.04.012&rft.aulast=Ottestad&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjanaesthesia.org%2Farticle%2FS0007-0912%2820%2930226-9%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie" class="citation web cs1">Gillespie, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/silent-hypoxia">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Silent Hypoxia' Is Making Some Coronavirus Patients Critically Ill—Here's Why It's So Dangerous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Health_(magazine)" title="Health (magazine)">Health</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health&rft.atitle=%27Silent+Hypoxia%27+Is+Making+Some+Coronavirus+Patients+Critically+Ill%E2%80%94Here%27s+Why+It%27s+So+Dangerous&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.com%2Fcondition%2Finfectious-diseases%2Fcoronavirus%2Fsilent-hypoxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanchet_and_Graeme-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blanchet_and_Graeme_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchetGreene" class="citation web cs1">Blanchet, D.; Greene, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emsworld.com/article/1224592/your-captain-speaking-silent-hypoxia-and-covid-19">"Your Captain Speaking: Silent Hypoxia and COVID-19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EMS_World" title="EMS World">EMS World</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMS+World&rft.atitle=Your+Captain+Speaking%3A+Silent+Hypoxia+and+COVID-19&rft.aulast=Blanchet&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Greene%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsworld.com%2Farticle%2F1224592%2Fyour-captain-speaking-silent-hypoxia-and-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apdiving-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apdiving_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apdiving.com/en/rebreathers/new-to-ccr/">"Rebreathers guide for beginners"</a>. <i>apdiving.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apdiving.com&rft.atitle=Rebreathers+guide+for+beginners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apdiving.com%2Fen%2Frebreathers%2Fnew-to-ccr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellers_2016-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_2016_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers2016" class="citation conference cs1">Sellers, Steven H. (2016). "An Overview of Rebreathers in Scientific Diving 1998–2013". In Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/kajabi-storefronts-production/sites/3839/themes/2022276/downloads/M73b2JtDTTugam7OMZyj_Pollock_-_2016_-_NPSNOAADANAAUS.pdf"><i>Rebreathers and Scientific Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS Workshop, 16–19 June 2015. Durham, NC. pp. 5–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800423-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9800423-9-9"><bdi>978-0-9800423-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Rebreathers+in+Scientific+Diving+1998%E2%80%932013&rft.btitle=Rebreathers+and+Scientific+Diving.&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9800423-9-9&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fkajabi-storefronts-production%2Fsites%2F3839%2Fthemes%2F2022276%2Fdownloads%2FM73b2JtDTTugam7OMZyj_Pollock_-_2016_-_NPSNOAADANAAUS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_prize-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_prize_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2019%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genetex-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genetex_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genetex.com/Research/Overview/cancer/hypoxia">"Hypoxia | GeneTex"</a>. <i>www.genetex.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.genetex.com&rft.atitle=Hypoxia+%7C+GeneTex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetex.com%2FResearch%2FOverview%2Fcancer%2Fhypoxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richalet-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richalet_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richalet_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichalet2021" class="citation journal cs1">Richalet, J.P. (1 May 2021). "The invention of hypoxia". <i>J Appl Physiol</i>. <b>130</b> (5): 1573–1582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00936.2020">10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33703942">33703942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232198196">232198196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Appl+Physiol.&rft.atitle=The+invention+of+hypoxia.&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1573-1582&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232198196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33703942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.00936.2020&rft.aulast=Richalet&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypoxia+%28medicine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105688" class="extiw" title="d:Q105688">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#370028006">CB41</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J96">J96</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=799.02">799.02</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000860">D000860</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6623.htm">6623</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Respiratory_physiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template talk:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Respiratory_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory physiology">Respiratory physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Respiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligate_nasal_breathing" title="Obligate nasal breathing">obligate nasal breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirometer" title="Respirometer">respirometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteresivity" title="Hysteresivity">hysteresivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">airway resistance</a></li> <li>bronchial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_hyperresponsiveness" title="Bronchial hyperresponsiveness">hyperresponsiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">constriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilatation" title="Bronchodilatation">dilatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" title="Control of ventilation">Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">apneustic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">dorsal respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">ventral respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_chemoreceptors" title="Central chemoreceptors">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stretch_receptors" title="Pulmonary stretch receptors">pulmonary stretch receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hering%E2%80%93Breuer_reflex" title="Hering–Breuer reflex">Hering–Breuer reflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_capacity" title="Vital capacity">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_residual_capacity" title="Functional residual capacity">FRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">Vt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_capacity" title="Closing capacity">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_expiratory_flow" title="Peak expiratory flow">PEF</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>calculations</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory minute volume">respiratory minute volume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" title="FEV1/FVC ratio">FEV1/FVC ratio</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function tests</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">body plethysmography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peak_flow_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak flow meter">peak flow meter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">nitrogen washout</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" title="Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_shunt" title="Pulmonary shunt">pulmonary shunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a> (Q) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio">Ventilation/perfusion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">V/Q scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_the_lung" title="Zones of the lung">zones of the lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary gas pressures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">alveolar–arterial gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin_dissociation_curve" title="Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric_acid" title="2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid">2,3-BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_effect" title="Haldane effect">Haldane effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloride_shift" title="Chloride shift">chloride shift</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_quotient" title="Respiratory quotient">respiratory quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">diffusion capacity</a> (<a href="/wiki/DLCO" class="mw-redirect" title="DLCO">DLCO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insufficiency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">high altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">death zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medicine">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105688#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572772">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hypoxie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph508956&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=30197">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&oldid=1257428001">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&oldid=1257428001</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aviation_medicine" title="Category:Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving_medicine" title="Category:Underwater diving medicine">Underwater diving medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountaineering_and_health" title="Category:Mountaineering and health">Mountaineering and health</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oxygen" title="Category:Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pulmonology" title="Category:Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from December 2022">Articles to be expanded from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from November 2022">Articles to be expanded from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 21:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxia_(medicine)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-strzt","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.146","walltime":"2.594","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18033,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":860842,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15297,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":561674,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1974.438 1 -total"," 44.62% 880.948 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.74% 271.324 54 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.57% 267.970 39 Template:Navbox"," 13.02% 257.007 33 Template:Cite_book"," 11.26% 222.335 22 Template:Annotated_link"," 7.83% 154.694 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 6.24% 123.302 2 Template:Hlist"," 5.75% 113.520 31 Template:Cite_web"," 4.60% 90.824 1 Template:Underwater_diving"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.171","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24013860,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","280","23.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","5.0"],["type","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.3"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.7"],["\u003Cstrict.lua:19\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","280","23.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6ftfp","timestamp":"20241122140740","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hypoxia (medicine)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoxia_(medicine)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105688","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105688","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-05T18:34:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T21:15:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Cynosis.JPG","headline":"condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level"}</script> </body> </html>