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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_years,_Reconstruction_and_Democratic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_years,_Reconstruction_and_Democratic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Postwar years, Reconstruction and Democratic control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_years,_Reconstruction_and_Democratic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_fever_epidemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_fever_epidemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Yellow fever epidemics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_fever_epidemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Late 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riverfront" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riverfront"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Riverfront </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riverfront-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deannexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deannexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Deannexation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deannexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquifer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquifer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Aquifer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquifer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancelled_Byhalia_Pipeline_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_Byhalia_Pipeline_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Cancelled Byhalia Pipeline project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_Byhalia_Pipeline_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cultural events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Points_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Points of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_art_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_art_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Museums and art collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_art_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postsecondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postsecondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Postsecondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postsecondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FM_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 FM stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AM_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AM_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 AM stations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AM_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6.2 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railroads,_common_freight_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads,_common_freight_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3.1 Railroads, common freight carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads,_common_freight_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads,_passenger_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads,_passenger_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3.2 Railroads, passenger carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads,_passenger_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.4 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.5 River port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.6 Bridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Memphis, Tennessee</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" > 122 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B2" title="መምፊስ፣ ቴነሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መምፊስ፣ ቴነሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Tennes%C4%ABeg)" title="Memfis (Tennesīeg) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Memfis (Tennesīeg)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="ممفيس (تينيسي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممفيس (تينيسي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Tennessi)" title="Memfis (Tennessi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Memfis (Tennessi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ممفیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ممفیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="মেম্ফিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেম্ফিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96)" title="Мемфіс (Тэнесі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мемфіс (Тэнесі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96)" title="Мэмфіс (Тэнэсі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэмфіс (Тэнэсі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Тенеси) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мемфис (Тенеси)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Tennessee)" title="Memphis (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Tennessee) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Memphis (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85%CA%BCiitsoh_Bitooh_Y%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Mąʼiitsoh Bitooh Yílį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Mąʼiitsoh Bitooh Yílį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%82_(%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AF)" title="Μέμφις (Τενεσσί) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέμφις (Τενεσσί)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tenesio)" title="Memphis (Tenesio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Memphis (Tenesio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ممفیس، تنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ممفیس، تنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E)" title="孟菲斯 (田納西州) – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="孟菲斯 (田納西州)" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="ممفيس (تنسي) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ممفيس (تنسي)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%8A%A4_(%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%A3%BC)" title="멤피스 (테네시주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멤피스 (테네시주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%BD_(%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB)" title="Մեմֆիս (Թենեսի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեմֆիս (Թենեսի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="मेम्फिस, टेनेसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेम्फिस, टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ממפיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממפיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="მემფისი (ტენესი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემფისი (ტენესი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessi" title="Memphis, Tennessi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Memphis, Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мемфис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мемфис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennesia)" title="Memphis (Tennesia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memphis (Tennesia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfisa_(ASV)" title="Memfisa (ASV) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Memfisa (ASV)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Tenesis)" title="Memfis (Tenesis) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Memfis (Tenesis)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Тенеси) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мемфис (Тенеси)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മെംഫിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെംഫിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80)" title="मेम्फिस (टेनेसी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेम्फिस (टेनेसी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="მემფისი (ტენესი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მემფისი (ტენესი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89)" title="ممفيس (تينيسى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ممفيس (تينيسى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ممفیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ممفیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9_(%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9E)" title="メンフィス (テネシー州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンフィス (テネシー州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Tennessee)" title="Memphis (Tennessee) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Memphis (Tennessee)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis,_Tennessee" title="Memfis, Tennessee – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Memfis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مێمفیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێمفیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Тенеси) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мемфис (Тенеси)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Memphis, Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மெம்ஃபிஸ், டென்னிசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெம்ஃபிஸ், டென்னிசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Мемфис (Теннесси) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мемфис (Теннесси)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5)" title="เมมฟิส (รัฐเทนเนสซี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมมฟิส (รัฐเทนเนสซี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Мемфис (Теннессӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мемфис (Теннессӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96)" title="Мемфіс (Теннессі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мемфіс (Теннессі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میمفس، ٹینیسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میمفس، ٹینیسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9mfis,_T%C3%A9nn%C3%A9ssi" title="Mémfis, Ténnéssi – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Mémfis, Ténnéssi" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Tennessi)" title="Memfis (Tennessi) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Memfis (Tennessi)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li 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interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF_(%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E)" title="孟非斯 (田納西州) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟非斯 (田納西州)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E)" title="孟菲斯 (田納西州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟菲斯 (田納西州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Memphis,_Tennessee&params=35_07_03_N_89_58_16_W_region:US-TN_type:city(633104)">35°07′03″N 89°58′16″W / 35.11750°N 89.97111°W / 35.11750; -89.97111</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tennessee, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px 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.ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Memphis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Memphis_from_the_water_2022j_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Memphis">Downtown Memphis</a> skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_East_on_Beale_Street,_Memphis,_Tennessee,_June_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg/150px-Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg/225px-Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg/300px-Looking_East_on_Beale_Street%2C_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%2C_June_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FedExForum_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FedExForum_at_night.jpg/134px-FedExForum_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FedExForum_at_night.jpg/201px-FedExForum_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FedExForum_at_night.jpg/268px-FedExForum_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="FedEx Forum">FedEx Forum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg/143px-Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg/215px-Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg/286px-Graceland_Memphis_Tennessee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_Pro_Shop,_Memphis,_TN_(33126417384).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg/141px-Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg/212px-Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg/282px-Bass_Pro_Shop%2C_Memphis%2C_TN_%2833126417384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">Memphis Pyramid</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Memphis,_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Memphis"><img alt="Flag of Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg/100px-Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg/150px-Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg/200px-Flag_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Flag of Memphis, Tennessee">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Memphis"><img alt="Official seal of Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg/100px-Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg/150px-Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg/200px-Memphis_TE_Seal-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="301" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Bluff City, Home of the Blues, Grind City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="9" data-lat="35.1175" data-lon="-89.9711" data-overlays="["_7fe52acbde15b69767b21f816a91fca7545b8960"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/35.1175/-89.9711/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,35.1175,-89.9711,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Memphis%2C_Tennessee&revid=1259369426&groups=_7fe52acbde15b69767b21f816a91fca7545b8960" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,35.1175,-89.9711,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Memphis%2C_Tennessee&revid=1259369426&groups=_7fe52acbde15b69767b21f816a91fca7545b8960 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Memphis</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis is located in Tennessee"><img alt="Memphis is located in Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1068" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.278%;left:5.812%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Memphis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Tennessee</div>Show map of Tennessee</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis is located in the United States"><img alt="Memphis is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.277%;left:60.634%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Memphis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Memphis,_Tennessee&params=35_07_03_N_89_58_16_W_region:US-TN_type:city(633104)">35°07′03″N 89°58′16″W / 35.11750°N 89.97111°W / 35.11750; -89.97111</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">May 22, 1819 (1819-05-22)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal incorporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 19, 1826 (1826-12-19)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Overton_(judge)" title="John Overton (judge)">John Overton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Winchester_(general)" title="James Winchester (general)">James Winchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis, Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of mayors of Memphis, Tennessee">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Young_(American_politician)" title="Paul Young (American politician)">Paul Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">302.55 sq mi (783.66 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">294.92 sq mi (763.83 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">7.63 sq mi (19.77 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">337 ft (103 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">633,104</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">68th</a> in North America <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">28th</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">2nd</a> in Tennessee</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,146.71/sq mi (828.85/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,056,190 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">US: 45th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,149.9/sq mi (830.1/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,337,779 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">US: 43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Memphian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">$96.183 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>ZIP Codes<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">37501, 37544, 38101, 38103–38109, 38111–38120, 38122, 38124–38128, 38130–38139, 38141, 38145, 38148, 38150–38152, 38157, 38159, 38161, 38163, 38166–38168, 38173–38175, 38177, 38181–38182, 38184, 38186–38188, 38190, 38193–38194, 38197</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_901" title="Area code 901">901</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47-48000<a href="#cite_note-GR2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memphistn.gov">City of Memphis</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Memphis is a city in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County</a>, in the southwesternmost part of the state, and is situated along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. With a population of 633,104 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-7">[7]</a> Memphis is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">second-most populous city</a> in Tennessee after <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>. Memphis is the fifth-most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">28th-most populous</a> overall, as well as the largest city bordering the Mississippi River and third largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities">Twin Cities</a> on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis metropolitan area</a> includes <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a> and the greater <a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid-South region</a>, which includes portions of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Missouri Bootheel</a>. One of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, Memphis has a wide variety of landscapes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of neighborhoods in Memphis, Tennessee">distinct neighborhoods</a>. The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> in 1541. The high <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Bluff" title="Chickasaw Bluff">Chickasaw Bluffs</a> protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi was contested by <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlers</a> as Memphis developed. By 1819, when modern Memphis was founded, it was part of the United States territory. <a href="/wiki/John_Overton_(judge)" title="John Overton (judge)">John Overton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Winchester_(general)" title="James Winchester (general)">James Winchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> founded the city.<a href="#cite_note-Tennessee_Encyclopedia_of_History2-9">[9]</a> Based on the wealth of cotton plantations and river traffic along the Mississippi, Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, the city continued to grow into the 20th century. It became among the largest world markets for <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Home to Tennessee's largest <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> population, Memphis played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinated in 1968</a> after activities supporting a strike by the city's maintenance workers. The <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a> was established there and is a <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> affiliate institution. Since the civil rights era, Memphis has become one of the nation's leading commercial centers in transportation and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The largest employer is <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a>, which maintains its global air hub at <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a>. In 2021, Memphis was the world's second-busiest cargo airport. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Memphis" title="Port of Memphis">International Port of Memphis</a> also hosts the fifth-busiest inland water port in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> considers Memphis a "Sufficiency" level <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Memphis is a center for media and entertainment, notably a historic <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">music scene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> clubs on <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> originating the unique <a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis blues</a> sound, the city has been nicknamed the "Home of the Blues". Its music has continued to be shaped by a multicultural mix of influences: <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">hip-hop</a>. The city is home to a <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports team</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Grizzlies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a>. Other attractions include <a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">Memphis Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blues Hall of Fame">Blues Hall of Fame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stax_Museum_of_American_Soul_Music" title="Stax Museum of American Soul Music">Stax Museum of American Soul Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis-style barbecue</a> has achieved international prominence, and the city hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Memphis_in_May#World_Championship_Barbecue_Cooking_Contest_(WCBCC)" title="Memphis in May">World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest</a>, which attracts more than 100,000 visitors each year. Higher-level educational institutions include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_University" title="Christian Brothers University">Christian Brothers University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="History of Memphis, Tennessee">History of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Timeline of Memphis, Tennessee">Timeline of Memphis, Tennessee</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a natural location for human settlement by varying indigenous cultures over thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the first millennium A.D. people of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> were prominent; the culture influenced a network of communities throughout the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries. The hierarchical societies built complexes with large earthwork ceremonial and burial mounds as expressions of their sophisticated culture.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> people, believed to be their descendants, later inhabited this site and a large territory in the Southeast.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> French explorers led by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> encountered the historic Chickasaw in this area in the 16th century. J. D. L. Holmes, writing in Hudson's Four Centuries of Southern Indians (2007), notes that this site was a third strategic point in the late 18th century through which European powers could control United States encroachment beyond the Appalachians and their interference with Indian matters—after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vicksburg,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vicksburg, Mississippi">Fort Nogales</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Tombecbe" title="Fort Tombecbe">Fort Confederación</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Epes,_Alabama" title="Epes, Alabama">Epes, Alabama</a>): "Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present-day location of Memphis. Spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws."<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2007-21">[21]</a>: 71  In 1795 the Spanish Governor-General of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Luis_H%C3%A9ctor_de_Carondelet" title="Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet">Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet</a>, sent his lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gayoso_de_Lemos" title="Manuel Gayoso de Lemos">Manuel Gayoso de Lemos</a>, to negotiate and secure consent from the local Chickasaw so that a Spanish fort could be erected on the bluff; <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Fernando_De_Las_Barrancas" title="Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas">Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas</a> was the result.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2007-21">[21]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Holmes notes that consent was reached despite opposition from "disappointed Americans and a pro-American faction of the Chickasaws" when the "pro-Spanish faction signed the Chickasaw Bluffs Cession and Spain provided the Chickasaws with a trading post".<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2007-21">[21]</a>: 71  Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas remained a focal point of Spanish activity until, as Holmes summarizes: <blockquote>[T]he Treaty of San Lorenzo or <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a> of 1795 [implemented in March 1797], [had as its result that] all of the careful, diplomatic work by Spanish officials in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana territory">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, which has succeeded for a decade in controlling the Indians [e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Choctaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaws">Choctaws</a>], was undone. The United States gained the right to navigate the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and won control over the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_lands" title="Yazoo lands">Yazoo Strip</a> north of the thirty-first parallel.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2007-21">[21]</a>: 75, 71 </blockquote> The Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1796, the site became the westernmost point of the newly admitted state of Tennessee, in what was then called the Southwest United States. The area was still largely occupied and controlled by the Chickasaw nation. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, arriving on July 20, 1797. By this time, the Spanish had departed.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The fort's ruins went unnoticed 20 years later when Memphis was laid out as a city after the United States government paid the Chickasaw for land.<a href="#cite_note-Patrick1990-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg/220px-Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg/330px-Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg/440px-Memphis_Tennessee_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Memphis in the mid-1850s</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the century, as recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">1786 Treaty of Hopewell</a>, the land still belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw Nation</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tuscaloosa" title="Treaty of Tuscaloosa">Treaty of Tuscaloosa</a>, signed in October 1818 and ratified by Congress on January 7, 1819, the Chickasaw ceded their territory in Western Tennessee to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The city of Memphis was founded less than five months after the U.S. takeover of the territory, on May 22, 1819 (incorporated December 19, 1826), by <a href="/wiki/John_Overton_(judge)" title="John Overton (judge)">John Overton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Winchester_(general)" title="James Winchester (general)">James Winchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TNencyOverton-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-MemLib-27">[27]</a> They named it after the <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">ancient capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> From the city's foundation onwards, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> formed large proportion of Memphis' population. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">the abolition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>, most Black people in Memphis were enslaved, being used as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> by white enslavers along the river or on outlying <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">cotton plantations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. The city's demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s, due to waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> made up 9.9% of the population in 1850, but 23.2% by 1860, when the total population was 22,623.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg/220px-Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg/330px-Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg/440px-Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Attack on <a href="/wiki/Irving_Block_prison" title="Irving Block prison">Irving Block</a> by General Forrest in 1864</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee#History" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> seceded from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> in June 1861, and Memphis briefly became a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> stronghold. <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad gunboats</a> captured it in the naval <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Memphis" title="First Battle of Memphis">Battle of Memphis</a> on June 6, 1862, and the city and state were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> for the duration of the war. Union commanders allowed the city to maintain its civil government during most of this period but excluded <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> veterans from office. This shifted political dynamics in the city as the war went on.<a href="#cite_note-carden-32">[32]</a> The war years contributed to additional dramatic changes in the city population. The Union Army's presence attracted many <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a> who had escaped from surrounding rural plantations. So many sought protection behind Union lines that the Army set up <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">contraband camps</a> to accommodate them. Memphis's black population increased from 3,000 in 1860, when the total population was 22,623, to nearly 20,000 in 1865, with most settling south of the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_years,_Reconstruction_and_Democratic_control">Postwar years, Reconstruction and Democratic control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar years, Reconstruction and Democratic control">edit</a>]</div> The rapid demographic changes added to the stress of war and occupation and uncertainty about who was in charge, increasing tensions between the city's ethnic Irish policemen and black Union soldiers after the war.<a href="#cite_note-carden-32">[32]</a> In three days of rioting in early May 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Riots of 1866">Memphis Riots</a> erupted, in which white mobs made up of policemen, firemen, and other mostly ethnic <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> attacked and killed 46 blacks, wounding 75 and injuring 100; raped several women; and destroyed nearly 100 houses while severely damaging churches and schools in South Memphis. Much of the black settlement was left in ruins. Two whites were killed in the riot.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-33">[33]</a> Many blacks permanently fled Memphis afterward, especially as the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> continued to have difficulty in protecting them. Their population fell to about 15,000 by 1870,<a href="#cite_note-carden-32">[32]</a> 37.4% of the total population of 40,226. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_airview_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Memphis_airview_1870.jpg/220px-Memphis_airview_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Memphis_airview_1870.jpg/330px-Memphis_airview_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Memphis_airview_1870.jpg/440px-Memphis_airview_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Historic aerial view of Memphis, 1870</figcaption></figure> Historian Barrington Walker suggests that the Irish rioted against blacks because of their relatively recent arrival as immigrants and the uncertain nature of their own claim to "whiteness"; they were trying to distinguish themselves from blacks in the underclass. The main fighting participants were ethnic Irish, decommissioned black Union soldiers, and newly emancipated African-American <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>. Walker suggests that most of the mob was not in direct economic conflict with the blacks, as by then the Irish had attained better jobs, but were establishing social and political dominance over the freedmen.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-31">[31]</a> Unlike the disturbances in some other cities, ex-Confederate veterans were generally not part of the attacks against blacks in Memphis. As a result of the riots in Memphis, and a similar one in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> in September, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Act">Reconstruction Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_fever_epidemics">Yellow fever epidemics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yellow fever epidemics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_Valley_yellow_fever_epidemic_of_1878" title="Lower Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic of 1878">Lower Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic of 1878</a></div> In the 1870s, a series of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> devastated Memphis, with the disease carried by river passengers traveling by ships along the waterways. During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878, more than 5,000 people were listed in the official register of deaths between July 26 and November 27. The vast majority died of yellow fever, making the epidemic in the city of 40,000 one of the most traumatic and severe in urban U.S. history. Within four days of the Memphis Board of Health's declaration of a yellow fever outbreak, 20,000 residents fled the city. The ensuing panic left the poverty-stricken, the working classes, and the African-American community at the most risk from the epidemic. Those who remained relied on volunteers from religious and physician organizations to tend to the sick. By the end of the year, more than 5,000 were confirmed dead in Memphis. The New Orleans health board listed "not less than 4,600" dead. The Mississippi Valley recorded 120,000 cases of yellow fever, with 20,000 deaths. The $15 million in losses caused by the epidemic bankrupted Memphis, and as a result, its charter was revoked by the state legislature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmCyc_Memphis_(Tennessee).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/220px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/330px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/440px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut representing the waterfront of Memphis, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1879</figcaption></figure> By 1870, Memphis's population of 40,000 was almost double that of Nashville and Atlanta, and it was the second-largest city in the South after New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> Its population continued to grow after 1870, even when the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> hit the US hard, particularly in the South. The Panic of 1873 resulted in expanding Memphis's underclasses amid the poverty and hardship it wrought, giving further credence to Memphis as a rough, shiftless city. Leading up to the outbreak in 1878, it had suffered two yellow fever epidemics, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, giving it a reputation as sickly and filthy. It was unheard of for a city with a population as large as Memphis's not to have any waterworks; the city still relied for supplies entirely on collecting water from the river and rain cisterns, and had no way to remove sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> The combination of a swelling population, especially of lower and working classes, and abysmal health and sanitary conditions made Memphis ripe for a serious epidemic. Kate Bionda, an owner of an Italian "snack house", died of a fever on August 13, 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> Hers was officially reported by the Board of Health, on August 14, as the first case of yellow fever in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> A massive panic ensued. The same trains and steamboats that had brought thousands into Memphis, in five days carried away more than 25,000 refugees, more than half of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> On August 23, the Board of Health finally declared a yellow fever epidemic in Memphis, and the city collapsed, hemorrhaging its population. In July of that year, the city had a population of 47,000; by September, 19,000 remained, and 17,000 of them had yellow fever.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> The only people left in the city were the lower classes, such as German and Irish immigrant workers and African Americans. None had the means to flee the city, as did the middle and upper-class whites of Memphis, and thus they were subjected to a city of death. Immediately following the Board of Health's declaration, a Citizen's Relief Committee was formed by Charles G. Fisher. It organized the city into refugee camps. The committee's main priority was to separate the poor from the city and isolate them in refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> The Howard Association, formed specifically for yellow fever epidemics in New Orleans and Memphis, organized nurses and doctors in Memphis and throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks,_Mildred_1964-35">[35]</a> They stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Hotel" title="Peabody Hotel">Peabody Hotel</a>, the only hotel to keep its doors open during the epidemic. From there they were assigned to their respective districts. Physicians of the epidemic reported seeing as many as 100 to 150 patients daily.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> The Episcopal Community of St. Mary at St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> played an important role during the epidemic in caring for the lower classes. Already supporting a girls' school and church orphanage, the Sisters of St. Mary also sought to provide care for the Canfield Asylum, a home for black children. Each day, they alternated caring for the orphans at St. Mary's, delivering children to the Canfield Asylum, and taking soup and medicine on house calls to patients.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> Between September 9 and October 4, Sister Constance and three other nuns fell victim to the epidemic and died. They later became known as the Martyrs of Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> At long last, on October 28, a killing frost struck. The city sent out word to Memphians scattered all over the country to come home. Though yellow fever cases were recorded in the pages of Elmwood Cemetery's burial record as late as February 29, 1874, the epidemic seemed quieted.<a href="#cite_note-Crosby,_Molly_Caldwell_2006-34">[34]</a> The Board of Health declared the epidemic at an end after it had caused over 20,000 deaths and financial losses of nearly $200 million.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_John_H_1992-38">[38]</a> On November 27, a general citizen's meeting was called at the Greenlaw Opera House to offer thanks to those who had stayed behind to serve, of whom many had died. Over the next year property tax revenues collapsed, and the city could not make payments on its municipal debts. As a result, Memphis temporarily lost its city charter and was reclassified by the state legislature as a Taxing District from 1878 to 1893.<a href="#cite_note-Hicks,_Mildred_1964-35">[35]</a> But a new era of sanitation was developed in the city, a new municipal government in 1879 helped form the first regional health organization, and during the 1880s Memphis led the nation in sanitary reform and improvements.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_John_H_1992-38">[38]</a> Perhaps the most significant effect of yellow fever on Memphis was in demographic changes. Nearly all of Memphis's upper and middle classes vanished, depriving the city of its general leadership and class structure that dictated everyday life, similar to that in other large Southern cities, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>. In Memphis, the poorer whites and blacks fundamentally made up the city and played the greatest role in rebuilding it. The epidemic had resulted in Memphis being a less cosmopolitan place, with an economy that served the cotton trade and a population drawn increasingly from poor white and black Southerners.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 19th century">edit</a>]</div> The 1890 election was strongly contested, resulting in white opponents of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._P._Hadden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. P. Hadden (page does not exist)">D. P. Hadden</a> faction working to deprive them of votes by <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchising blacks</a>. The state had enacted several laws, including the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll taxes">poll taxes</a>, that made it more difficult for them to register to vote and served to <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchise</a> many blacks. Although political party factions in the future sometimes paid <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a> to enable blacks to vote, African Americans lost their last positions on the city council in this election and were forced out of the police force. (They did not recover the ability to exercise the franchise until after the passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.) Historian L. B. Wrenn suggests the heightened political hostility of the Democratic contest and related social tensions contributed to a white mob <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Grocery" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples Grocery">lynching three black grocers in Memphis in 1892</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>: 124, 131  Journalist <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> of Memphis investigated the lynchings, as one of the men killed was a friend of hers. She demonstrated that these and other lynchings were more often due to economic and social competition than any criminal offenses by black men. Her findings were considered so controversial and aroused so much anger that she was forced to move away from the city. But she continued to investigate and publish the abuses of <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>: 131  Businessmen were eager to increase the city population after the losses of 1878–79, and supported the annexation of new areas; this measure was passed in 1890 before the census. The annexation measure was finally approved by the state legislature through a compromise achieved with real estate magnates, and the area annexed was slightly smaller than first proposed.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>: 126  In 1893 the city was rechartered with <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>, which restored its ability to enact taxes. The state legislature established a cap rate.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Although the commission government was retained and enlarged to five commissioners, Democratic politicians regained control from the business elite. The commission form of government was believed effective in getting things done, but because all positions were elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>, requiring them to gain majority votes, this practice reduced representation by candidates representing significant minority political interests.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>: 126f  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Union_Avenue.jpg/220px-Union_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Union_Avenue.jpg/330px-Union_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Union_Avenue.jpg/440px-Union_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6955" data-file-height="5397" /></a><figcaption>Cotton merchants on Union Avenue (1937)</figcaption></figure> In terms of its economy, Memphis developed as the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">spot</a> cotton market and the world's largest hardwood lumber market, both commodity products of the Mississippi Delta. Into the 1950s, it was also the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> market. These animals were still used extensively for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Attracting workers from Southern rural areas as well as new European immigrants, from 1900 to 1950 the city increased nearly fourfold in population, from 102,350 to 396,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-lollar-43">[43]</a> Racist violence continued into the 20th century, with four lynchings between 1900 and the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">lynching of Thomas Williams</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A Tennessee Powder Company built an explosives powder plant to make TNT and gunpowder on a 6,000-acre site in <a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a> in 1940. The plant was built to make smokeless gunpowder for the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In May 1941, <a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont (1802–2017)</a> took over the plant, changed the name to the Chickasaw Ordnance Works, and produced powder for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. There were 8,000 employees. The plant was dismantled after the war in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> From the 1910s to the 1950s, Memphis was a place of <a href="/wiki/Machine_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine politics">machine politics</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/E._H._Crump" title="E. H. Crump">E. H. "Boss" Crump</a>. He gained a state law in 1911 to establish a small commission to manage the city. The city retained a form of commission government until 1967 and patronage flourished under Crump. Per the publisher's summary of L.B. Wrenn's study of the period, "This centralization of political power in a small commission aided the efficient transaction of municipal business, but the public policies that resulted from it tended to benefit upper-class Memphians while neglecting the less affluent residents and neighborhoods."<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The city installed a revolutionary sewer system and upgraded sanitation and drainage to prevent another epidemic. Pure water from an artesian well was discovered in the 1880s, securing the city's water supply. The commissioners developed an extensive network of parks and public works as part of the national <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a>, but did not encourage heavy industry, which might have provided substantial employment for the working-class population. The lack of representation in city government resulted in the poor and minorities being underrepresented. The majority controlled the election of all the <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> positions.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Memphis did not become a <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> city until 1963, although the state legislature had amended the constitution in 1953 to provide home rule for cities and counties. Before that, the city had to get state bills approved in order to change its charter and other policies and programs. Since 1963, it can change the charter by popular approval of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-wrenn-40">[40]</a>: 194  During the 1960s, the city was at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, as its large African-American population had been affected by state segregation practices and <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> in the early 20th century. African-American residents drew from the civil rights movement to improve their lives. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> began for <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wages</a> and better working conditions; the workers were overwhelmingly African American. They marched to gain public awareness and support for their plight: the danger of their work, and the struggles to support families with their low pay. Their drive for better pay had been met with resistance by the city government. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>, known for his leadership in the non-violent movement, came to lend his support to the workers' cause. King stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Motel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Motel">Lorraine Motel</a> in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a> on April 4, 1968, the day after giving his <a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a> speech at the <a href="/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a>. After learning of King's murder, many African Americans in the city rioted, looting and destroying businesses and other facilities, some by arson. The governor ordered Tennessee National Guardsmen into the city within hours, where small, roving bands of rioters continued to be active.<a href="#cite_note-lentz-48">[48]</a> Fearing the violence, more of the middle-class began to leave the city for the suburbs. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Memphis's population as 60.8% white and 38.9% black.<a href="#cite_note-census1-49">[49]</a> Suburbanization was attracting wealthier residents to newer housing outside the city. After the riots and court-ordered busing in 1973 to achieve desegregation of public schools, "about 40,000 of the system's 71,000 white students abandon[ed] the system in four years."<a href="#cite_note-dillon-50">[50]</a> Today, the city has a majority African-American population. Memphis is well known for its cultural contributions to the identity of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>. Many renowned musicians grew up in and around Memphis and moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and other areas from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, carrying their music with them to influence other cities and listeners over radio airwaves.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Former and current Memphis residents include musicians <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock" title="Bobby Whitlock">Bobby Whitlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Jones" title="Booker T. Jones">Booker T. Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gales" title="Eric Gales">Eric Gales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Chilton" title="Alex Chilton">Alex Chilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_6_Mafia" title="Three 6 Mafia">Three 6 Mafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sylvers" title="The Sylvers">the Sylvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Reatard" title="Jay Reatard">Jay Reatard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zach_Myers" title="Zach Myers">Zach Myers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>. On December 23, 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">tanker truck</a> hauling liquefied <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> <a href="/wiki/Memphis_tanker_truck_disaster" title="Memphis tanker truck disaster">crashed at the I-40/I-240 interchange in Midtown and exploded</a>, starting multiple vehicle and structural fires. Nine people were killed and ten were injured. It was one of Tennessee's deadliest motor vehicle accidents and eventually led to the reconstruction of the interchange where it occurred.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg/220px-Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg/330px-Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg/440px-Memphis_Skyline_at_Night_January_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The downtown skyline at night in 2015</figcaption></figure>On June 2, 2021, the remains of Confederate General and <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a> were removed from a Memphis park.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On January 7, 2023, after a routine traffic stop, five African American police officers brutally beat a 29-year-old African American man, <a href="/wiki/Tyre_Nichols" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre Nichols">Tyre Nichols</a>. Nichols died from his injuries in the hospital three days later. Officer <a href="/wiki/Body_cam" class="mw-redirect" title="Body cam">body cam</a> footage and local surveillance cameras captured the altercations, which were described as "heinous" and showed "a total lack of regard for human life", according to Memphis police chief Cerelyn "CJ" Davis.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-55">[55]</a> The officers were fired and charged with second-degree murder, aggravated kidnapping, and other crimes. The relatively rapid dismissal and prosecution of the offending officers were favorably perceived by Nichols's family, and Davis called it a "blueprint" for future incidents of police brutality nationwide. The incident also resulted in the disbanding of the city's "SCORPION" unit, which had been mandated with directly combating the most violent crimes in the city. All the officers charged with involvement in Nichols's death were members of the unit.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Geography of Memphis, Tennessee">Geography of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of neighborhoods in Memphis, Tennessee">List of neighborhoods in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 324.0 square miles (839.2 km2), of which 315.1 square miles (816.0 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23.2 km2), or 2.76%, is water.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphispyramid2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Downtown skyline from the lookout at the Pyramid facing southwest"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Memphispyramid2021.jpg/1000px-Memphispyramid2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Memphispyramid2021.jpg/1500px-Memphispyramid2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Memphispyramid2021.jpg/2000px-Memphispyramid2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16376" data-file-height="3810" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphispyramid2021.jpg" title="File:Memphispyramid2021.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Memphis">Downtown</a> skyline from the lookout at the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">Pyramid</a> facing southwest</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigriverdtme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown from the Harahan Bridge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bigriverdtme.jpg/1000px-Bigriverdtme.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bigriverdtme.jpg/1500px-Bigriverdtme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bigriverdtme.jpg/2000px-Bigriverdtme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13632" data-file-height="3004" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigriverdtme.jpg" title="File:Bigriverdtme.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Memphis">Downtown</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harahan_Bridge" title="Harahan Bridge">Harahan Bridge</a></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Downtown Memphis, Tennessee">Downtown Memphis</a> rises from a bluff along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The city and metro area spread out through suburbanization, and encompass southwest Tennessee, northern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. Several large parks were founded in the city in the early 20th century, notably <a href="/wiki/Overton_Park" title="Overton Park">Overton Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Memphis" title="Midtown, Memphis">Midtown</a> and the 4,500-acre (18 km2) <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Farms" title="Shelby Farms">Shelby Farms</a>. The city is a national transportation hub and Mississippi River crossing for <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40" title="Interstate 40">Interstate 40</a>, (east-west), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55" title="Interstate 55">Interstate 55</a> (north-south), barge traffic, Memphis International Airport (<a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx's "SuperHub" facility</a>) and numerous freight railroads that serve the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riverfront">Riverfront</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Riverfront">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg/220px-American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg/330px-American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg/440px-American_Queen_Memphis_TN_2012-04-27_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_Queen" title="American Queen">American Queen</a> docked at Beale Street Landing along the riverfront</figcaption></figure> The Memphis Riverfront stretches along the Mississippi River from the <a href="/wiki/Meeman-Shelby_Forest_State_Park" title="Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park">Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park</a> in the north, to the <a href="/wiki/T._O._Fuller_State_Park" title="T. O. Fuller State Park">T. O. Fuller State Park</a> in the south. The River Walk is a <a href="/wiki/Park_system" title="Park system">park system</a> that connects downtown Memphis from Mississippi River Greenbelt Park in the north, to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lee_Park" title="Tom Lee Park">Tom Lee Park</a> in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deannexation">Deannexation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deannexation">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, the city has decided to <a href="/wiki/Municipal_deannexation_in_the_United_States" title="Municipal deannexation in the United States">deannex</a> some of its territory. It has gone through a three-phase process to deannex five areas within the city limits, returning them to unincorporated Shelby County.<a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[57]</a> The first phase of deannexation occurred on January 1, 2020, when the Eads and River Bottoms areas returned to county jurisdiction. As a result, the Shelby County Sheriff is responsible for patrolling these former parts of Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The first phase of the deannexation process reduced the city's size by 5% and its population by 0.03%.<a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquifer">Aquifer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aquifer">edit</a>]</div> Shelby County is located over four natural <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, one of which is recognized as the "Memphis Sand Aquifer" or simply as the "Memphis Aquifer". Located 350 to 1,100 feet (110 to 340 m) underground, this <a href="/wiki/Artesian_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian water">artesian water</a> source is considered soft and estimated by <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Light,_Gas_and_Water" title="Memphis Light, Gas and Water">Memphis Light, Gas and Water</a> to contain more than 100 trillion US gallons (380 km3) of water.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancelled_Byhalia_Pipeline_project">Cancelled Byhalia Pipeline project</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cancelled Byhalia Pipeline project">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byhalia_Pipeline" title="Byhalia Pipeline">Byhalia Pipeline</a></div> The Byhalia Pipeline proposed by <a href="/wiki/Plains_All_American_Pipeline" title="Plains All American Pipeline">Plains All American Pipeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sepipeline-60">[60]</a> and set to begin construction in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-cappeal1-61">[61]</a> was the subject of massive public and legal opposition to the project over concerns regarding possible contamination of the Memphis aquifer.<a href="#cite_note-appipeline1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-SELChydro-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-wmcactionnews517-64">[64]</a> Notable figures voicing public opposition to the project included Memphis Congressman <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen_(politician)" title="Steve Cohen (politician)">Steve Cohen</a>, Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito" title="Giancarlo Esposito">Giancarlo Esposito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mlk5010-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-housegov18-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The pipeline's route, which was set to run through the historic Black Boxtown neighborhood,<a href="#cite_note-sepipeline-60">[60]</a> raised concerns among the projects opponents about the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racially disproportionate impacts</a> that contamination from the pipeline would cause if completed.<a href="#cite_note-appipeline1-62">[62]</a> Construction of the pipeline was cancelled in July 2021 after months of activism and resistance from organizations including Memphis Community Against the Pipeline (MCAP), Protect Our Aquifer, the Memphis and Mid-South Chapter of <a href="/wiki/The_Climate_Reality_Project" title="The Climate Reality Project">The Climate Reality Project</a>, and other partnered organizations.<a href="#cite_note-mlk5010-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Memphis has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfa, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a> Cf), with four distinct seasons, and is located in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA Plant Hardiness Zone</a> 8a in downtown, cooling to 7b for much of the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Winter weather comes alternately from the upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, which can lead to drastic swings in temperature. Summer weather may come from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (very hot and humid) or the Gulf (hot and very humid). July has a daily average temperature of 82.8 °F (28.2 °C), with high levels of humidity due to moisture encroaching from the Gulf of Mexico. Afternoon and evening thunderstorms are frequent during summer, but usually brief, lasting no longer than an hour. Early autumn is pleasantly drier and mild, but can be hot until late October. Late autumn is rainy and cooler; precipitation peaks again in November and December. Winters are mild to chilly, with a January daily average temperature of 42.1 °F (5.6 °C). Snow occurs sporadically in winter, with an average seasonal snowfall of 2.7 inches (6.9 cm). Ice storms and freezing rain pose a greater danger, as they can often pull tree limbs down on power lines and make driving hazardous. Severe thunderstorms can occur at any time of the year though mainly during the spring months. Large hail, strong winds, flooding, and frequent lightning can accompany these storms. Some storms spawn tornadoes. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Memphis was −13 °F (−25 °C) on December 24, 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Dec_Averages-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and the highest temperature ever was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 13, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Jul_Averages-71">[71]</a> Over the course of a year, there is an average of 4.4 days of highs below freezing, 6.9 nights of lows below 20 °F (−7 °C), 43 nights of lows below freezing, 64 days of highs above 90 °F (32 °C), and 2.1 days of highs above 100 °F (38 °C). Memphis temperatures dropped to -4 F during the <a href="/wiki/1985_North_American_cold_wave" title="1985 North American cold wave">1985 North American cold wave</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/December_1989_United_States_cold_wave" title="December 1989 United States cold wave">December 1989 United States cold wave</a>. Annual precipitation is high (54.94 inches [1,400 mm]) and relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. Average monthly rainfall is especially high in March through May, and December, while August and September are relatively drier. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Memphis (<a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis Int'l</a>), 1991−2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-72">[a]</a> extremes 1875−present<a href="#cite_note-74">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 (26) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (27) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 (31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108 (42) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107 (42) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (27) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108 (42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.2 (26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.3 (29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7 (32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.9 (35.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.1 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.5 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.3 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (31.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.1 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.9 (37.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9 (10.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5 (13.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7 (27.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.4 (31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.9 (33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.5 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.6 (17.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 (11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.0 (22.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1 (5.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2 (12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2 (17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.9 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.0 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 (11.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 (7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.4 (17.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.0 (11.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 (21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.9 (18.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.9 (6.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (−8.9) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (−6.2) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8 (18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.0 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (−6.1) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6 (−10.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11 (−24) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (−11) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 (11) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (9) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (−13) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−13 (−25) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13 (−25) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.14 (105) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.55 (116) </td> <td style="background: #25FF25; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.74 (146) </td> <td style="background: #19FF19; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.87 (149) </td> <td style="background: #37FF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.27 (134) </td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.99 (101) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.82 (122) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.03 (77) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.98 (101) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.69 (119) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.49 (139) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.94 (1,395) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.7 (6.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.5 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.4 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6 (9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0 (21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.1 (17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.2 (10.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.8 (9.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.3 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">301.5 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">320.6 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">326.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.9 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,888.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and dew point 1961−1990, sun 1961−1987)<a href="#cite_note-NOWData-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaa-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaasun-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)<a href="#cite_note-UVIT-78">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>8,841</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>22,623</td><td></td><td>155.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>40,226</td><td></td><td>77.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>33,592</td><td></td><td>−16.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>64,495</td><td></td><td>92.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>102,320</td><td></td><td>58.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>131,105</td><td></td><td>28.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>162,351</td><td></td><td>23.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>253,143</td><td></td><td>55.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>292,942</td><td></td><td>15.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>396,000</td><td></td><td>35.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>497,524</td><td></td><td>25.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>623,988</td><td></td><td>25.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>646,174</td><td></td><td>3.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>610,337</td><td></td><td>−5.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>650,100</td><td></td><td>6.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>646,889</td><td></td><td>−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>633,104</td><td></td><td>−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">618,639</td><td><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2023-79">[77]</a></td><td>−2.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-80">[78]</a> 2010–2020<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-2">[2]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical Racial composition</th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census1-49">[49]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census1-49">[49]</a></th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-census1-49">[49]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>27.1%</td> <td>29.4%</td> <td>44.0%</td> <td>60.8%</td> <td>62.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td> —Non-Hispanic</td> <td>24.0%</td> <td>27.5%</td> <td>43.7%</td> <td>60.5%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-83">[c]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>61.2%</td> <td>63.3%</td> <td>54.8%</td> <td>38.9%</td> <td>37.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>9.8%</td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.4%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-83">[c]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_(5560473024).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Memphis_%285560473024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Memphis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> For historical population data, see: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="History of Memphis, Tennessee">History of Memphis, Tennessee</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States Census</a>, the racial composition of the city of Memphis was: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a> (non-Hispanic): 387,964 (61.28%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> (non-Hispanic): 151,581 (23.94%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race): 62,167 (9.82%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> (non-Hispanic): 11,503 (1.82%)</li> <li>Native American (non-Hispanic): 1,007 (0.16%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander</a> (non-Hispanic): 141 (0.02%)</li> <li>Some other race (non-Hispanic): 2,425 (0.38%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a> (non-Hispanic): 16,316 (2.58%)</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Memphis, Tennessee – Racial and ethnic composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) </th> <th>Pop 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-84">[81]</a> </th> <th>Pop 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-85">[82]</a> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-86">[83]</a> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>216,174 </td> <td>177,735 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">151,581 </td> <td>33.25% </td> <td>27.48% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">23.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>397,732 </td> <td>408,075 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">387,964 </td> <td>61.18% </td> <td>63.08% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">61.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,009 </td> <td>1,186 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,007 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>9,373 </td> <td>10,067 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">11,503 </td> <td>1.44% </td> <td>1.56% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>162 </td> <td>159 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">141 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Other Race alone (NH) </td> <td>697 </td> <td>742 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2,425 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>5,636 </td> <td>6,931 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">16,316 </td> <td>0.87% </td> <td>1.07% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>19,317 </td> <td>41,994 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">62,167 </td> <td>2.97% </td> <td>6.49% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">9.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>650,100 </td> <td>646,889 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">633,104 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 652,078 people and 245,836 households in the city.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The population density was 2,327.4 people per sq mi (898.6/km2). There were 271,552 housing units at an average density of 972.2 per square mile (375.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.33% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>, 29.39% <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a>, 1.46% <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a>, 1.57% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>, 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a>, 1.45% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> people of any race were 6.49% of the population. The median income for a household in the city was $32,285, and the median income for a family was $37,767. Males had a median income of $31,236 versus $25,183 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,838. About 17.2% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18, and 15.4% of those age 65 or over. In 2011, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked the Memphis area as the poorest large metro area in the country.<a href="#cite_note-WMCTV-88">[85]</a> Jeff Wallace of the University of Memphis noted that the problem was related to decades of segregation in government and schools. He said that it was a low-cost job market, but other places in the world could offer cheaper labor, and the workforce was undereducated for today's challenges.<a href="#cite_note-WMCTV-88">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Metropolitan Area">Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> (MSA), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_metropolitan_statistical_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population">42nd largest</a> in the United States, has a 2010 population of 1,316,100 and includes the Tennessee counties of <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Tennessee" title="Fayette County, Tennessee">Fayette</a>; as well as the northern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi" title="DeSoto County, Mississippi">DeSoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Mississippi" title="Marshall County, Mississippi">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunica_County,_Mississippi" title="Tunica County, Mississippi">Tunica</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_County,_Arkansas" title="Crittenden County, Arkansas">Crittenden County, Arkansas</a>, all part of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. The total metropolitan area has a higher proportion of whites and a higher per capita income than the population in the city. The 2010 census shows that the Memphis metro area is close to a <a href="/wiki/Majority-minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-minority">majority-minority</a> population: <blockquote>the white population is 47.9 percent of the eight-county area's 1,316,100 residents. The non-Hispanic white population, a designation frequently used in census reports, was 46.2 percent of the total. The African American percentage was 45.7. For several decades, the Memphis metro area has had the highest percentage of black population among the nation's large metropolitan areas. The area has seemed on a path to become the nation's first metro area of one million or more with a majority black population.<a href="#cite_note-demo-89">[86]</a></blockquote> In a reverse trend of the Great Migration, numerous African Americans and other minorities have moved into DeSoto County, and blacks have followed suburban trends, moving into the suburbs of Shelby County.<a href="#cite_note-demo-89">[86]</a> The top countries of origin for Memphis’ immigrants in 2015 were <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmwood-Asian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Elmwood-Asian.JPG/220px-Elmwood-Asian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Elmwood-Asian.JPG/330px-Elmwood-Asian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Elmwood-Asian.JPG/440px-Elmwood-Asian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Asian-American tombstones in <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Elmwood Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> An 1870 map of Memphis shows religious buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, and a Jewish congregation.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> In 2009, places of worship exist for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. The international headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> denomination in the United States, is located in Memphis. Its <a href="/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a> was named after the denomination's founder, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a>. This auditorium is where Rev. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> gave his noted "<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" speech in April 1968, the night before he was assassinated at his motel. The <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a>, located in Memphis at the Lorraine Motel and other buildings, has an annual ceremony at Mason's <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Deliverance_Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ">Temple of Deliverance</a> where it honors people with Freedom Awards. <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Baptist_Church" title="Bellevue Baptist Church">Bellevue Baptist Church</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurch</a> in Memphis that was founded in 1903. Its current membership is around 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> For many years, it was led by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Rogers" title="Adrian Rogers">Adrian Rogers</a>, a three-term president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>. Other notable and/or large churches in Memphis include Second Presbyterian Church (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)">EPC</a>), Highpoint Church<a href="#cite_note-Highpoint_Church-93">[90]</a> (SBC), Hope Presbyterian Church (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)">EPC</a>), Evergreen Presbyterian Church (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">PCUSA</a>), Colonial Park United Methodist Church, Christ <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, Idlewild Presbyterian Church (PCUSA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=GraceLife_Pentecostal_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GraceLife Pentecostal Church (page does not exist)">GraceLife Pentecostal Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">UPCI</a>), First Baptist Broad, Temple of Deliverance, <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Episcopal_Church_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Calvary Episcopal Church (Memphis, Tennessee)">Calvary Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_River_(First_Unitarian_Church_of_Memphis)" title="Church of the River (First Unitarian Church of Memphis)">Church of the River (First Unitarian Church of Memphis)</a>, First Congregational Church (UCC) and Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church. Memphis is home to two cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Memphis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Memphis">Roman Catholic Diocese of Memphis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_in_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral in Memphis">St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral</a> is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_West_Tennessee" title="Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee">Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee</a>. Memphis is home to <a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee)">Temple Israel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue that has approximately 7,000 members, making it one of the largest Reform synagogues in the country. <a href="/wiki/Baron_Hirsch_Synagogue" title="Baron Hirsch Synagogue">Baron Hirsch Synagogue</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Shul" class="mw-redirect" title="Shul">shul</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Goldring-Woldenberg-94">[91]</a> Jewish residents were part of the city before the Civil War, but more Jewish immigrants came from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Memphis is home to an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Muslims of various cultures and ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> A number of seminaries are located in Memphis and the metropolitan area. Memphis is home to <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Theological_Seminary" title="Memphis Theological Seminary">Memphis Theological Seminary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harding_School_of_Theology" title="Harding School of Theology">Harding School of Theology</a>. Suburban Cordova is home to <a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary">Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Crime in Memphis, Tennessee">Crime in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg/220px-Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg/330px-Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg/440px-Memphis_TN_2014-February_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Memphis Police Department vehicle</figcaption></figure> In the 21st century, Memphis' crime rate has remained significantly higher than the national average. <a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Gangs in Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis' gangs</a> are a major reason for the crime crises in the city.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Since the 2000s, it has consistently been recognized as one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In 2023, Memphis set a homicide record with 397 homicides.<a href="#cite_note-hom1-101">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the nation's largest city with a population of 8.5 million, had a lower homicide count of 386 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Identity theft, carjackings and robberies were also happening at a highly concerning rate in the city after 2020.<a href="#cite_note-hom1-101">[98]</a> Crime was the primary reason 30,000 former Memphis residents decided to relocate outside the city between 2017 and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Memphis' businesses are also leaving the city or closing down at a high rate due to rampant crime.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Memphis' leaders are continually discussing and implementing strategies such as recruiting more police officers to hopefully lower crime in the city.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Economy of Memphis, Tennessee">Economy of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> The city's central geographic location has aided its business development. On the Mississippi River and intersected by five major freight railroads and two <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highways">Interstate Highways</a>, I-40 and I-55, Memphis is well positioned for commerce in the transportation and shipping industry. Its access by water was key to its initial development, with steamboats plying the Mississippi river. Railroad construction strengthened its connection to other markets to the east and west. Since the second half of the 20th century, highways and interstates have played major roles as transportation corridors. A third interstate, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 69 in Tennessee">I-69</a>, is under construction, and a fourth, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22" title="Interstate 22">I-22</a>, has recently been designated from the former High Priority Corridor X. River barges are unloaded onto trucks and trains. The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a>, the world's <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by cargo traffic">busiest cargo airport</a>, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> in 2021. Memphis serves as a primary hub for <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a> shipping. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit">[update]</a>, Memphis was the home of three Fortune 500 companies: <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> (no. 63), <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a> (no. 107), and <a href="/wiki/AutoZone" title="AutoZone">AutoZone</a> (no. 306).<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Other major corporations based in Memphis include <a href="/wiki/Allenberg_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Allenberg Cotton">Allenberg Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Residential_Services" title="American Residential Services">American Residential Services</a> (also known as ARS/Rescue Rooter); <a href="/wiki/Baker,_Donelson,_Bearman,_Caldwell_%26_Berkowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz">Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cargill_Cotton" title="Cargill Cotton">Cargill Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Gear" title="City Gear">City Gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Horizon_National_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="First Horizon National Corporation">First Horizon National Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred%27s" title="Fred's">Fred's</a>, <a href="/wiki/GTx_Incorporated" title="GTx Incorporated">GTx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny%27s_Sub_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenny's Sub Shop">Lenny's Sub Shop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-America Apartments">Mid-America Apartments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Restaurant_and_Bakery" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkins Restaurant and Bakery">Perkins Restaurant and Bakery</a>, <a href="/wiki/ServiceMaster" title="ServiceMaster">ServiceMaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/True_Temper_Sports" title="True Temper Sports">True Temper Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Brands" title="Varsity Brands">Varsity Brands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verso_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso Paper">Verso Paper</a>. Corporations with major operations based in Memphis include <a href="/wiki/Gibson_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson guitars">Gibson guitars</a> (based in Nashville), and <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a> also has a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis_Memphis_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Memphis Branch">branch in Memphis</a>. The entertainment and film industries have discovered Memphis in recent years. Several major motion pictures, most of which were recruited and assisted by the Memphis & Shelby County Film and Television Commission,<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> have been filmed in Memphis, including <a href="/wiki/Making_the_Grade_(1984_film)" title="Making the Grade (1984 film)">Making the Grade</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Elvis_and_Me" title="Elvis and Me">Elvis and Me</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Great_Balls_of_Fire!_(film)" title="Great Balls of Fire! (film)">Great Balls of Fire!</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Dixie_(film)" title="Heart of Dixie (film)">Heart of Dixie</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Train_(film)" title="Mystery Train (film)">Mystery Train</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Trespass_(1992_film)" title="Trespass (1992 film)">Trespass</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/The_Gun_in_Betty_Lou%27s_Handbag" title="The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag">The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(1993_film)" title="The Firm (1993 film)">The Firm</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/The_Delta_(film)" title="The Delta (film)">The Delta</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/The_People_Vs._Larry_Flynt" class="mw-redirect" title="The People Vs. Larry Flynt">The People Vs. Larry Flynt</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(1997_film)" title="The Rainmaker (1997 film)">The Rainmaker</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Cast_Away" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/21_Grams" title="21 Grams">21 Grams</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/A_Painted_House" title="A Painted House">A Painted House</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Hustle_%26_Flow" title="Hustle & Flow">Hustle & Flow</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Forty_Shades_of_Blue" title="Forty Shades of Blue">Forty Shades of Blue</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Black_Snake_Moan_(film)" title="Black Snake Moan (film)">Black Snake Moan</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Nothing_but_the_Truth_(2008_American_film)" title="Nothing but the Truth (2008 American film)">Nothing But the Truth</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Soul_Men" title="Soul Men">Soul Men</a> (2008), and <a href="/wiki/The_Grace_Card" title="The Grace Card">The Grace Card</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Side_(film)" title="The Blind Side (film)">The Blind Side</a> (2009) was set in Memphis but filmed in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. The 1992 television movie Memphis, starring Memphis native <a href="/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd" title="Cybill Shepherd">Cybill Shepherd</a>, who also served as executive producer and writer, was also filmed in Memphis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Culture of Memphis, Tennessee">Culture of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural events">edit</a>]</div> One of the largest celebrations of the city is <a href="/wiki/Memphis_in_May" title="Memphis in May">Memphis in May</a>. The month-long series of events promotes Memphis's heritage and outreach of its people far beyond the city's borders. The four main events are the <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Beale Street Music Festival">Beale Street Music Festival</a>, International Week, The World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, and the Great River Run. The World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest is the largest pork <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>-cooking contest in the world. In April, downtown Memphis celebrates "Africa in April Cultural Awareness Festival", or simply Africa in April. The festival was designed to celebrate the arts, history, culture, and diversity of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>. Africa in April is a three-day festival with vendors' markets, fashion showcases, blues showcases, and an international diversity parade.<a href="#cite_note-africainapril-110">[107]</a> During late May-early June, Memphis is home to the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Italian_Festival" title="Memphis Italian Festival">Memphis Italian Festival</a> at Marquette Park. The 2019 festival will be its 30th and has hosted musical acts, local artisans, and Italian cooking competitions. It also presents chef demonstrations, the Coors Light Competitive <a href="/wiki/Bocce" title="Bocce">Bocce</a> Tournament, the Galtelli Cup Recreational Bocce Tournament, a volleyball tournament, and pizza tossing demonstrations. This festival was started by Holy Rosary School and Parish and began inside the School parking lot in 1989. The Memphis Italian Festival is run almost completely by former and current Holy Rosary School and Church members and begins with a 5K run each year. <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Memphis" title="Carnival Memphis">Carnival Memphis</a>, formerly known as the Memphis Cotton Carnival, is an annual series of parties and festivities in June that salutes various aspects of Memphis and its industries. An annual King and Queen of Carnival are secretly selected to reign over Carnival activities. From 1935 to 1982, the African-American community staged the Cotton Makers Jubilee; it has merged with Carnival Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> A market and arts festival, the Cooper-Young Festival,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> is held annually in September in the <a href="/wiki/Cooper-Young,_Memphis" title="Cooper-Young, Memphis">Cooper-Young</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown Memphis">Midtown Memphis</a>. The event draws artists from all over North America and includes local music, art sales, contests, and displays. Memphis sponsors several film festivals: the <a href="/wiki/Indie_Memphis_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie Memphis Film Festival">Indie Memphis Film Festival</a>, Outflix, and the Memphis International Film and Music Festival. The Indie Memphis Film Festival is in its 14th year and was held April 27–28, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Recognized by MovieMaker Magazine as one of 25 "Coolest Film Festivals" (2009) and one of 25 "Festivals Worth the Entry Fee" (2011), Indie Memphis offers Memphis year-round independent film programming, including the Global Lens international film series, IM Student Shorts student films, and an outdoor concert film series at the historic <a href="/wiki/Levitt_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Levitt Shell">Levitt Shell</a>. The Outflix Film Festival, also in its 15th year, was held September 7–13, 2013. Outflix features a full week of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> cinema, including short films, features, and documentaries. The Memphis International Film and Music Festival is held in April; it is in its 11th year and takes place at Malco's Ridgeway Four. <a href="/wiki/Mid-South_Pride" title="Mid-South Pride">Mid-South Pride</a> is Tennessee's second-largest <a href="/wiki/LGBT_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT pride">LGBT pride</a> event.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> On the weekend before Thanksgiving, the Memphis International Jazz Festival is held in the South Main Historic Arts District in Downtown Memphis. This festival promotes the important role Memphis has played in shaping Jazz nationally and internationally. Acts such as George Coleman, Herman Green, Kirk Whalum and Marvin Stamm all come out of the rich musical heritage in Memphis. Formerly titled the <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a> Awards, the International Blues Awards are presented by the <a href="/wiki/Blues_Foundation" title="Blues Foundation">Blues Foundation</a> (headquartered in Memphis) for <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> music achievement. Weeklong playing competitions are held, as well as an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_n%27_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock n' roll">rock n' roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangsta walking">Buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">crunk</a>, and "sharecropper" <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> (in contrast to the "<a href="/wiki/Rhinestone" title="Rhinestone">rhinestone</a>" country sound historically associated with <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>). Many musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Lane" title="Shawn Lane">Shawn Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock" title="Bobby Whitlock">Bobby Whitlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rance_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rance Allen">Rance Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sledge" title="Percy Sledge">Percy Sledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_(singer)" title="William Bell (singer)">William Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a> and <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s and 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence over the original acoustic sound from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a> still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were "discovered" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a>, the "Father of the Blues." <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> created a classic 1960s <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> sound, much grittier and horn-based than the better-known <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> from <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came from Stax, by Sam & Dave, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a> and many more. The sound was revisited in the 1980s in the <a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">Blues Brothers movie</a>, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is also noted for its influence on the <a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">power pop</a> musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include <a href="/wiki/Big_Star" title="Big Star">Big Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bell_(American_musician)" title="Chris Bell (American musician)">Chris Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Chilton" title="Alex Chilton">Alex Chilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hoehn" title="Tommy Hoehn">Tommy Hoehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scruffs" title="The Scruffs">The Scruffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prix" title="Prix">Prix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flyer-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-reporter-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a> culture significantly influenced rap culture worldwide. Memphis rap became more mainstream in the 2000s. Memphis rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Three_6_Mafia" title="Three 6 Mafia">Three 6 Mafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juicy_J" title="Juicy J">Juicy J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wyte" title="Lil Wyte">Lil Wyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG" title="8Ball & MJG">8Ball & MJG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Boo" title="Gangsta Boo">Gangsta Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Pat" title="Project Pat">Project Pat</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Chat" title="La Chat">La Chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Dolph" title="Young Dolph">Young Dolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yo_Gotti" title="Yo Gotti">Yo Gotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/NLE_Choppa" title="NLE Choppa">NLE Choppa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moneybagg_Yo" title="Moneybagg Yo">Moneybagg Yo</a>, <a href="/wiki/GloRilla" title="GloRilla">GloRilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pooh_Shiesty" title="Pooh Shiesty">Pooh Shiesty</a> are among the most popular rappers in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Michelle" title="K. Michelle">K. Michelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Whalum" title="Kirk Whalum">Kirk Whalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Welting" title="Ruth Welting">Ruth Welting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kid_Memphis" title="Kid Memphis">Kid Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallen_Esperian" title="Kallen Esperian">Kallen Esperian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Baker" title="Julien Baker">Julien Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_VanWyngarden" title="Andrew VanWyngarden">Andrew VanWyngarden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> of New York had its first tour in Memphis in 1906; in the 1990s it decided to tour only larger cities. Metropolitan Opera performances are now broadcast in HD at local movie theaters across the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Memphis is home to <a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis-style barbecue</a>, which is one of four predominant regional styles of barbecue in the United States. Memphis-style barbecue has become well known due to the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_in_May#The_World_Championship_Barbecue_Cooking_Contest" title="Memphis in May">World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest</a> held each May, which has been listed in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the largest pork barbecue contest in the world. Notable Memphis restaurants include: <ul><li>Alcenia's, a soul food restaurant that has been featured on Food Network and the Travel Channel<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></li> <li>Charlie Vergos' Rendezvous, founded in 1948, this barbecue restaurant located in an alley has been visited by countless celebrities<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a></li> <li>Chef Tam's Underground Cafe, operated by Chef Tamra Patterson, winner of <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Grocery_Games" title="Guy's Grocery Games">Guy's Grocery Games</a> in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Chopped_(TV_series)" title="Chopped (TV series)">Chopped</a> in 2022<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a></li> <li>Dyer's Burgers, which has used the same grease to deep-fry their burgers for over 100 years<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></li> <li>Earnestine and Hazel's, a historic dive bar visited previously by the likes of <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></li> <li>In addition to barbecue, the cuisine of Memphis is also defined by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">Fried chicken</a>, such as that from Gus's World Famous Fried Chicken, a restaurant founded in nearby <a href="/wiki/Mason,_Tennessee" title="Mason, Tennessee">Mason, Tennessee</a> in 1953 and has since expanded to over 35 locations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_wings_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken wings as food">Chicken wings</a>, served with Honey Gold, a sweet and spicy sauce made with honey, mustard, and cayenne</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Visual art">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art" title="Memphis Brooks Museum of Art">Brooks Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Gallery_and_Gardens" title="Dixon Gallery and Gardens">Dixon Gallery and Gardens</a>, Memphis plays host to two burgeoning visual art areas, one city-sanctioned, and the other organically formed. The South Main Arts District is an arts neighborhood in south downtown. Over the past 20 years, the area has morphed from a derelict brothel and <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joint</a> neighborhood to a <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrified</a>, well-lit area sponsoring "Trolley Night", when arts patrons stroll down the street to see fire spinners, DJs playing in front of clubs, specialty shops and galleries.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Not far from South Main Arts district is <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Factory" title="Medicine Factory">Medicine Factory</a>, an artist-run organization.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Another developing arts district in Memphis is Broad Avenue. This east–west avenue is undergoing neighborhood revitalization from the influx of craft and visual artists taking up residence and studios in the area.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> An art professor from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a> holds small openings on the first floor of his home for local students and professional artists. Odessa, another art space on Broad Avenue, hosts student art shows and local electronic music. Other gallery spaces spring up for semi-annual artwalks.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Memphis also has non-commercial visual arts organizations and spaces, including local painter Pinkney Herbert's Marshall Arts gallery, on Marshall Avenue near <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Studios">Sun Studios</a>, another arts neighborhood characterized by affordable rent.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Well-known writers from Memphis include <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Shelby Foote</a>, the noted <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> historian. Novelist <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a> grew up in nearby <a href="/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi" title="DeSoto County, Mississippi">DeSoto County, Mississippi</a>, and sets many of his books in Memphis. Many works of fiction and literature are set in Memphis. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1962), September, September by Shelby Foote (1977); <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a>'s The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985), and his <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a> (1986); <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(novel)" title="The Firm (novel)">The Firm</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/The_Client_(novel)" title="The Client (novel)">The Client</a> (1993), both by <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>; Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), Plague of Dreamers by Steve Stern (1997); <a href="/wiki/Cassina_Gambrel_Was_Missing" title="Cassina Gambrel Was Missing">Cassina Gambrel Was Missing</a> by William Watkins (1999); The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), "We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon" by Corey Mesler (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harris" title="Thomas Harris">Thomas Harris</a>, and The Architect by James Williamson (2007). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Tourism in Memphis, Tennessee">Tourism in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Points_of_interest">Points of interest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Points of interest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg/220px-Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg/330px-Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg/440px-Peabody_Hotel_Memphis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Hotel" title="Peabody Hotel">Peabody Hotel</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> – a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>. Street performers play live music, and bars and clubs feature live entertainment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a> – the private residence of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Zoo" title="Memphis Zoo">Memphis Zoo</a> – features exhibits of mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Hotel" title="Peabody Hotel">Peabody Hotel</a> – known for the "Peabody Ducks" on the hotel rooftop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a> – a recording studio opened in 1950; it now also contains a museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Theatre (Memphis, Tennessee)">Orpheum Theatre</a> – features Broadway shows, <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Memphis" title="Ballet Memphis">Ballet Memphis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Memphis" title="Opera Memphis">Opera Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Daisy_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Daisy Theatre">The New Daisy Theatre</a> – concert venue located on <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a></li> <li>Mud Island Amphitheatre – concert venue<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">Memphis Pyramid</a> – location of the largest <a href="/wiki/Bass_Pro_Shops" title="Bass Pro Shops">Bass Pro Shops</a> in the world, an observation deck, restaurants, bowling alley, aquarium, and hotel<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></li></ul> Other Memphis attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium" title="Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium">Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/FedExForum" title="FedExForum">FedExForum</a>, and Mississippi riverboat day cruises. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museums_and_art_collections">Museums and art collections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Museums and art collections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lorraine_Motel,_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg/220px-The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg/330px-The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg/440px-The_Lorraine_Motel%2C_site_of_the_Martin_Luther_King_assassination_and_the_National_Civil_Rights_Museum..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a> at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art" title="Memphis Brooks Museum of Art">Memphis Brooks Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_island_river_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mud_island_river_park.jpg/220px-Mud_island_river_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mud_island_river_park.jpg/330px-Mud_island_river_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mud_island_river_park.jpg/440px-Mud_island_river_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mud_Island,_Memphis" title="Mud Island, Memphis">Mud Island</a> Mississippi River Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg/220px-Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg/330px-Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg/440px-Stax_Museum_%26_Satellite_Record_Shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stax_Museum_of_American_Soul_Music" title="Stax Museum of American Soul Music">Stax Museum</a> and Satellite Record Shop</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a> – located in the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Motel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Motel">Lorraine Motel</a> and related buildings, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was assassinated. It includes a historical overview of the American civil rights movement and interpretation of historic and current issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art" title="Memphis Brooks Museum of Art">Memphis Brooks Museum of Art</a> – the oldest and largest fine art museum in Tennessee;<a href="#cite_note-brooksmuseum1-136">[133]</a> the collection includes <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a>, and 20th century artists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Museum_of_Asian_and_Judaic_Art" title="Belz Museum of Asian and Judaic Art">Belz Museum of Asian and Judaic Art</a> – contains a large collection of Asian <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> art, Asian art, and Judaic art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Gallery_and_Gardens" title="Dixon Gallery and Gardens">Dixon Gallery and Gardens</a> – focuses on French and American impressionism, and contains the Stout Collection of 18th-century German <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, as well as a 17-acre (6.9 ha) public garden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Memphis" title="Children's Museum of Memphis">Children's Museum of Memphis</a> – exhibits interactive and educational activities for children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a> – the home of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, it attracts over 600,000 visitors annually, and features two of Presley's airplanes, his automobile and motorcycle collection, and other memorabilia. Graceland is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nris-137">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Palace_Museum_and_Planetarium" title="Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium">Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium</a> – a science and historical museum; it includes the third largest <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> in the United States and an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> theater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> – a public exhibit honoring Memphis musicians, singers, writers and composers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_Island,_Memphis" title="Mud Island, Memphis">Mud Island</a> – a park with a walking trail featuring a scale model of the Mississippi River.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Museum" title="Mississippi River Museum">Mississippi River Museum</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_museum" title="Maritime museum">maritime museum</a> on Mud Island that focuses on the history of the Mississippi River.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Village,_Memphis" title="Victorian Village, Memphis">Victorian Village</a> – a historic district featuring <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian-era</a> mansions, some of which are open to the public as museums.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Museum" title="The Cotton Museum">The Cotton Museum</a> – located on the old trading floor of the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Cotton_Exchange" title="Memphis Cotton Exchange">Memphis Cotton Exchange</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Museum" title="Metal Museum">Metal Museum</a> – features exhibitions of metalwork and public programs featuring metalsmiths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stax Museum">Stax Museum</a> – the former location of <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa_Indian_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Chucalissa Indian Village">Chucalissa Indian Village</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a> mound and plaza complex operated by the University of Memphis. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. The Southeast Indian Heritage Festival is held there annually.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkle_Estate" title="Burkle Estate">Burkle Estate</a> – a historic home now used as a museum of slavery and the anti-slavery movement.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cemeteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg/220px-Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg/330px-Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg/440px-Memphis_national_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memphis_National_Cemetery" title="Memphis National Cemetery">Memphis National Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_National_Cemetery" title="Memphis National Cemetery">Memphis National Cemetery</a> is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Cemetery">United States National Cemetery</a> located in northeastern Memphis. <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Historic Elmwood Cemetery</a> is one of the oldest rural garden cemeteries in the South, and contains the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_S._Page_Arboretum" title="Carlisle S. Page Arboretum">Carlisle S. Page Arboretum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Memorial Park Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Memorial Park Cemetery</a> is noted for its sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Dionicio_Rodriguez" title="Dionicio Rodriguez">Dionicio Rodriguez</a>. Elvis Presley was originally buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, the resting place of his backing band's bassist, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Black" title="Bill Black">Bill Black</a>. After an attempted grave robbing, Elvis's body was moved and reinterred at the grounds of Graceland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Sports in Memphis, Tennessee">Sports in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedExForum_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/220px-FedExForum_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/330px-FedExForum_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/440px-FedExForum_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FedExForum" title="FedExForum">FedExForum</a> during a Grizzlies game</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Current professional and major college teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sports franchise</th> <th>League</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Stadium (capacity) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a></td> <td>Basketball</td> <td align="center">2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/FedExForum" title="FedExForum">FedExForum</a> (18,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Redbirds" title="Memphis Redbirds">Memphis Redbirds</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">MiLB</a></td> <td>Baseball</td> <td align="center">1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AutoZone_Park" title="AutoZone Park">AutoZone Park</a> (10,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Hustle" title="Memphis Hustle">Memphis Hustle</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">NBA G League</a></td> <td>Basketball</td> <td align="center">2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landers_Center" title="Landers Center">Landers Center</a> (8,400) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Showboats_(2022)" title="Memphis Showboats (2022)">Memphis Showboats</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a></td> <td>Football</td> <td align="center">2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium" title="Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium">Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium</a> (58,318) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tigers" title="Memphis Tigers">Memphis Tigers</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA D1</a></td> <td>Football</td> <td align="center">1920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium" title="Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium">Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium</a> (58,318) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tigers" title="Memphis Tigers">Memphis Tigers</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA D1</a></td> <td>Basketball</td> <td align="center">1920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/FedExForum" title="FedExForum">FedExForum</a> (18,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_Buccaneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Brothers Buccaneers">CBU Buccaneers</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">NCAA D2</a></td> <td>Baseball</td> <td align="center">1966</td> <td>Nadicksbernd Field (800) </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> is the only team from one of the "<a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">big four</a>" major sports leagues in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Redbirds" title="Memphis Redbirds">Memphis Redbirds</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple-A East">Triple-A East</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BRMemphis-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball" title="Memphis Tigers men's basketball">The University of Memphis</a> <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tigers" title="Memphis Tigers">Memphis Tigers</a>, has a strong following in the city due to a history of competitive success. The Tigers have competed in three NCAA Final Fours (1973, 1985, 2008), with the latter two appearances being vacated. The current coach of the Memphis Tigers is <a href="/wiki/Penny_Hardaway" title="Penny Hardaway">Penny Hardaway</a>. Memphis is home to <a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium" title="Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium">Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium</a>, the site of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a> football, the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bowl" title="Liberty Bowl">Liberty Bowl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Heritage_Classic" title="Southern Heritage Classic">Southern Heritage Classic</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Classic" title="St. Jude Classic">St. Jude Classic</a>, a regular part of the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a>, is also held in the city. Each February the city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Regions_Morgan_Keegan_Championships_and_the_Cellular_South_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup">Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">men's</a> <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_500_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour 500 series">ATP World Tour 500 series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> events, respectively. Memphis has a significant history in <a href="/wiki/Pro_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro wrestling">pro wrestling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lawler" title="Jerry Lawler">Jerry "The King" Lawler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hart" title="Jimmy Hart">Jimmy "The Mouth of the South" Hart</a> are among the sport's most well-known figures who came out of the city. <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Monroe_(wrestler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik Monroe (wrestler)">Sputnik Monroe</a>, a wrestler of the 1950s, like Lawler, promoted racial integration in the city. <a href="/wiki/Ric_Flair" title="Ric Flair">Ric Flair</a> also noted Memphis as his birthplace. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the former WFL franchise <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Southmen" title="Memphis Southmen">Memphis Southmen</a> / Memphis Grizzlies sued the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> in an attempt to be accepted as an expansion franchise. In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Hound_Dogs" title="Memphis Hound Dogs">Memphis Hound Dogs</a> was a proposed NFL expansion that was passed over in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars" title="Jacksonville Jaguars">Jacksonville Jaguars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Panthers" title="Carolina Panthers">Carolina Panthers</a>. The Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium also served as the temporary home of the former <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Oilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Oilers">Tennessee Oilers</a> (now the Titans) while the city of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> worked out stadium issues. The city is also the site of <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Raceway" title="Memphis International Raceway">Memphis International Raceway</a>, which held <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> events from 1998 to 2009, when <a href="/wiki/Dover_Motorsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover Motorsports">Dover Motorsports</a> closed it. In 2011 it reopened under different ownership. It no longer holds NASCAR races, but the <a href="/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series" title="ARCA Menards Series">Arca Menards Series</a> returned to the track in 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> Major Memphis parks include W.C. Handy Park, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lee_Park" title="Tom Lee Park">Tom Lee Park</a>, Audubon Park, <a href="/wiki/Overton_Park" title="Overton Park">Overton Park</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Forest_Arboretum_of_Overton_Park" title="Old Forest Arboretum of Overton Park">Old Forest Arboretum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lichterman_Nature_Center" title="Lichterman Nature Center">Lichterman Nature Center</a> (a nature learning center), the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Botanic_Garden" title="Memphis Botanic Garden">Memphis Botanic Garden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_H_Turner_Park" title="Jesse H Turner Park">Jesse H Turner Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Farms" title="Shelby Farms">Shelby Farms</a> park, located at the eastern edge of the city, is one of the largest urban parks in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Government of Memphis, Tennessee">Government of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of mayors of Memphis, Tennessee">List of mayors of Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> Beginning in 1963, Memphis adopted a mayor-council form of government, with 13 <a href="/wiki/Memphis_City_Council" title="Memphis City Council">City Council</a> members, six elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> from throughout the city and seven elected from geographic districts. Following passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, civil rights activists challenged the at-large electoral system in court because it made it more difficult for the minority to elect candidates of their choice; at-large voting favored candidates who could command a majority across the city. In 1995, the city adopted a new plan. The 13 Council positions are elected from nine geographic districts: seven are single-member districts and two elect three members each. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Young_(Tennessee_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Young (Tennessee politician)">Paul Young</a>, a Democrat, is the city's mayor. He took office on January 1, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Since the late 20th century, regional discussions have recurred on the concept of consolidating unincorporated <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County</a> and Memphis into a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan government">metropolitan government</a>, as Nashville-Davidson County did in 1963. Consolidation was a referendum item on the 2010 ballots in both the city of Memphis and Shelby County, under the state law for dual-voting on such measures. The referendum was controversial in both jurisdictions. Black leaders, including then-Shelby County Commissioner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Ford_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Ford (politician) (page does not exist)">Joe Ford</a> and national civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>, opposed the consolidation. According to the plaintiffs' expert, Marcus Pohlmann, these leaders "tried to turn that referendum into a civil rights issue, suggesting that for blacks to vote for consolidation was to give up hard-won civil rights victories of the past".<a href="#cite_note-consvote-145">[142]</a> In October 2010 before the vote, eight Shelby County citizens had filed a lawsuit in federal court against the state and the Shelby County Elections Commission against the dual-voting requirement. Plaintiffs argued that total votes for the referendum should have been counted together, rather than as separate elections. City voters narrowly supported the measure for consolidation with 50.8% in favor; county voters overwhelmingly voted against the measure with 85% against.<a href="#cite_note-dismiss-146">[143]</a> The state argued that with the election decided, the lawsuit should be dismissed, but the federal court disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-consvote-145">[142]</a> By late 2013, in pre-trial actions, both sides were trying to disqualify the other's experts, in discussions of whether regional voting revealed racial polarization, and whether voting on the referendum demonstrated racial bloc voting. "The experts for both sides have clashed on whether racial bloc voting is inevitable in local elections and whether that would require some kind of court remedy."<a href="#cite_note-consvote-145">[142]</a> The defendants' expert, Todd Donovan, did not think that polarized voting as revealed for political candidates meant that "African-American voters and white voters have polarized interests when it comes to referendum choices on government administration, taxation, service provision and other policy questions."<a href="#cite_note-consvote-145">[142]</a> He noted, "In the absence of distinct political interests that create polarized blocs of referendum voters defined by race, there is no cohesive racial minority voting interest that can be diluted by a referendum."<a href="#cite_note-consvote-145">[142]</a> In 2014, the federal district court dismissed the lawsuit, on the grounds that the referendum would have failed when both jurisdictions' votes were counted together. (In total voting, 64% of voters opposed the consolidation.) In the last week of December 2014, the U.S. Sixth District Court of Appeals upheld that decision, ruling that, ""In this election, the referendum for consolidation did not pass and would not have passed even if there had been no dual-majority vote requirement (with the vote counts combined)."<a href="#cite_note-dismiss-146">[143]</a> Before the referendum, the decision was made by the city and county to exclude public school management and operations from the proposed consolidation. As noted below, in 2011 the Memphis city council voted to dissolve its city school board and consolidate with the Shelby County School System, without the collaboration or agreement of Shelby County.<a href="#cite_note-school-147">[144]</a> The city had authority for this action under Tennessee state laws that differentiate between city and county powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Education in Memphis, Tennessee">Education in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurses.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nurses.gif/220px-Nurses.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Nurses.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Early nursing class in Memphis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_Schools_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelby County Schools (Tennessee)">Memphis-Shelby County Schools</a> (formerly Shelby County Schools). On March 8, 2011, residents voted to dissolve the charter for <a href="/wiki/Memphis_City_Schools" title="Memphis City Schools">Memphis City Schools</a>, effectively merging it with the Shelby County School District.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> After issues with state law and court challenges, the merger took effect the start of the 2013–14 school year. In Shelby County, six incorporated cities voted to establish separate school systems in 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Memphis-Shelby County School System operates 222 elementary, middle, and high schools.<a href="#cite_note-MSCSData-149">[146]</a> The Memphis area is also home to many private, college-prep schools, including: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briarcrest_Christian_School" title="Briarcrest Christian School">Briarcrest Christian School</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_High_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Christian Brothers High School (Memphis, Tennessee)">Christian Brothers High School</a> (boys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_School" title="Evangelical Christian School">Evangelical Christian School</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Assembly_Christian_School" title="First Assembly Christian School">First Assembly Christian School</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Episcopal_School" title="St. Mary's Episcopal School">St. Mary's Episcopal School</a> (girls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchison_School" title="Hutchison School">Hutchison School</a> (girls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Collegiate_School" title="Lausanne Collegiate School">Lausanne Collegiate School</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_University_School" title="Memphis University School">Memphis University School</a> <a href="#cite_note-150">[d]</a> (boys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_at_Auburndale" title="Saint Benedict at Auburndale">Saint Benedict at Auburndale</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_Academy-St._Dominic_School" title="St. Agnes Academy-St. Dominic School">St. Agnes Academy</a> (girls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral School (Memphis, Tennessee)">Immaculate Conception Cathedral School</a> (girls)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliston_Baptist_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliston Baptist Academy (page does not exist)">Elliston Baptist Academy</a> (co-ed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Harding_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Harding Academy">Memphis Harding Academy</a> (co-ed)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postsecondary">Postsecondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Postsecondary">edit</a>]</div> Colleges and universities in the city include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_University" title="Christian Brothers University">Christian Brothers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">LeMoyne–Owen College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_College_of_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist College of Health Sciences">Baptist College of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Theological_Seminary" title="Memphis Theological Seminary">Memphis Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_School_of_Theology" title="Harding School of Theology">Harding School of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Theological_Seminary" title="Reformed Theological Seminary">Reformed Theological Seminary</a> (satellite campus)</li> <li>William R. Moore College of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_College_of_Optometry" title="Southern College of Optometry">Southern College of Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tennessee_Community_College" title="Southwest Tennessee Community College">Southwest Tennessee Community College</a></li> <li>Tennessee Technology Center at Memphis</li> <li>Visible Music College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary">Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Health_Science_Center" title="University of Tennessee Health Science Center">University of Tennessee Health Science Center</a>.</li></ul> </div> Memphis also has campuses of several for-profit post-secondary institutions, including Concorde Career College, <a href="/wiki/ITT_Technical_Institute" title="ITT Technical Institute">ITT Technical Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatterott_College" title="Vatterott College">Vatterott College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Remington_College" title="Remington College">Remington College</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> is a local nonprofit post-secondary institution. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Tennessee College of Dentistry">University of Tennessee College of Dentistry</a> was founded in 1878, making it the oldest dental college in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, and the third oldest public college of <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">List of newspapers in Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">List of radio stations in Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">List of television stations in Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Locale </th> <th>Year est. </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Publisher/parent company </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Commercial Appeal</a><a href="#cite_note-Nation1909-154">[150]</a> </td> <td>Memphis<a href="#cite_note-TPA-155">[151]</a> </td> <td>1840<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> </td> <td>Daily </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett-157">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Daily News">Memphis Daily News</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Memphis </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>Weekly or bi-weekly </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Flyer" title="Memphis Flyer">Memphis Flyer</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td rowspan="2">Weekly </td> <td>Contemporary Media, Inc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tri-State_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Tri-State Defender">Memphis Tri-State Defender</a> </td> <td>1951<a href="#cite_note-LOC-158">[154]</a> </td> <td>Best Media Properties, Inc. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a> currently defines Memphis and its surrounding metropolitan area as the 51st largest American media market.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Despite Memphis proper's large size, Memphis has always been a medium-sized market; the nearby suburban and rural areas are not much larger than the city itself. Major broadcast television affiliate stations in the Memphis area include, but are not limited to: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Channel </th> <th>Call sign </th> <th>Network </th> <th>Owner </th> <th>Subchannels </th></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WREG-TV" title="WREG-TV">WREG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar</a> </td> <td>Newschannel 3 Anytime on 3.2, <a href="/wiki/Antenna_TV" title="Antenna TV">Antenna TV</a> on 3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WMC-TV" title="WMC-TV">WMC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Broadcasting Company">NBC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gray_Television" title="Gray Television">Gray Television</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce TV</a> on 5.2, <a href="/wiki/Circle_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle (TV network)">Circle</a> on 5.3, <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a> on 5.4, <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">WMC Plus</a> on 5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WKNO_(TV)" title="WKNO (TV)">WKNO</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> </td> <td>Mid South Public Communications Foundation </td> <td>WKNO-2 on 10.2, <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a> on 10.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHBQ-TV" title="WHBQ-TV">WHBQ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INSP_(TV_network)" title="INSP (TV network)">Imagicomm Communications</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heroes_%26_Icons" title="Heroes & Icons">Heroes & Icons</a> on 13.2, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mystery" title="Ion Mystery">Ion Mystery</a> on 13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WTWV" title="WTWV">WTWV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent</a> Religious </td> <td>Christian Worldview Broadcasting Corporation </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WATN-TV" title="WATN-TV">WATN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tegna_Inc." title="Tegna Inc.">Tegna Inc.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a> on 24.2, <a href="/wiki/Cozi_TV" title="Cozi TV">Cozi TV</a> on 24.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WLMT-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WLMT-TV">WLMT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> </td> <td>MeTV on 30.2, Start TV on 30.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WWTW" title="WWTW">WWTW</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Christian_Television" title="Tri-State Christian Television">TCT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Christian_Television" title="Tri-State Christian Television">Tri-State Christian Television</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBUY-TV" title="WBUY-TV">WBUY</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillsong_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsong Channel">Hillsong Channel</a> on 40.2, <a href="/wiki/Smile_(TV_network)" title="Smile (TV network)">Smile</a> on 40.3, <a href="/wiki/Enlace" title="Enlace">Enlace</a> on 40.4, <a href="/wiki/Positiv" title="Positiv">Positiv</a> on 40.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WPXX-TV" title="WPXX-TV">WPXX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">ION</a> </td> <td>Inyo Broadcast Holdings </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_TV_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Court TV Mystery">Court TV Mystery</a> on 50.2, <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court TV</a> on 50.3, <a href="/wiki/Defy_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Defy TV">Defy TV</a> on 50.4, <a href="/wiki/TrueReal" title="TrueReal">TrueReal</a> on 50.5, <a href="/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Shopping Network">HSN</a> on 50.6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Terrestrial broadcast radio stations in the Memphis area include, but are not limited to: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM_stations">FM stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: FM stations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Call sign</th> <th>Frequency</th> <th>City of license<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></th> <th>Owner</th> <th>Slogan</th> <th>Format<a href="#cite_note-auto1-161">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WQOX" title="WQOX">WQOX</a></td> <td>088.5 FM</td> <td rowspan="5">Memphis</td> <td>Shelby County Schools (Grades K-12)</td> <td>88.5 the Voice of SCS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban adult contemporary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WYPL" title="WYPL">WYPL</a></td> <td>089.3 FM</td> <td>Memphis Public Library & Information Center</td> <td>Memphis Public Library Reading Radio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_reading_service" title="Radio reading service">Radio reading service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WEVL" title="WEVL">WEVL</a></td> <td>089.9 FM</td> <td>Southern Communication Volunteers, Inc.</td> <td>Volunteer, Member Supported Radio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freeform_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform radio">Freeform</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WKNO-FM" title="WKNO-FM">WKNO</a></td> <td>091.1 FM</td> <td>Mid-South Public Communications Foundation</td> <td>WKNO NPR For the Mid South</td> <td>Public radio/<a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WYXR" title="WYXR">WYXR</a></td> <td>091.7 FM</td> <td>Crosstown Radio Partnership, Inc.</td> <td></td> <td>Freeform </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMFS-FM" title="WMFS-FM">WMFS</a></td> <td>092.9 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee" title="Bartlett, Tennessee">Bartlett</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN Radio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Sports</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMLE" title="WMLE">WMLE</a></td> <td>094.1 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Tennessee" title="Germantown, Tennessee">Germantown</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Educational_Media_Foundation" title="Educational Media Foundation">Educational Media Foundation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K-Love" title="K-Love">K-Love</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Christian">Contemporary Christian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WHAL-FM" title="WHAL-FM">WHAL</a></td> <td>095.7 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horn_Lake,_Mississippi" title="Horn Lake, Mississippi">Hornlake, Mississippi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="IHeartMedia, Inc.">iHeartMedia, Inc.</a></td> <td>Hallelujah</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban gospel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WHRK" title="WHRK">WHRK</a></td> <td>097.1 FM</td> <td>Memphis</td> <td>K97.1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WXMX" title="WXMX">WXMX</a></td> <td>098.1 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a></td> <td>The Max</td> <td>Rock </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WKIM" title="WKIM">WKIM</a></td> <td>098.9 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munford,_Tennessee" title="Munford, Tennessee">Munford</a></td> <td>The Bridge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WLFP_(FM)" title="WLFP (FM)">WLFP</a></td> <td>099.7 FM</td> <td>Memphis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a></td> <td>The Wolf</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Country_radio" title="Country radio">Country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KJMS" title="KJMS">KJMS</a></td> <td>0101.1 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch, Mississippi</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="IHeartMedia, Inc.">iHeartMedia, Inc.</a></td> <td>V101</td> <td>Urban adult contemporary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KWNW" title="KWNW">KWNW</a></td> <td>0 101.9 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Arkansas" title="Crawfordsville, Arkansas">Crawfordsville, Arkansas</a></td> <td>Kiss-FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio" title="Contemporary hit radio">Top 40</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WEGR" title="WEGR">WEGR</a></td> <td>0 102.7 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Tennessee" title="Arlington, Tennessee">Arlington</a></td> <td>Rock 102.7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WRBO" title="WRBO">WRBO</a></td> <td>0 103.5 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Como,_Mississippi" title="Como, Mississippi">Como, Mississippi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a></td> <td>103.5 WBRO</td> <td>Urban adult contemporary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WRVR" title="WRVR">WRVR</a></td> <td>0104.5 FM</td> <td rowspan="2">Memphis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a></td> <td>The River</td> <td>Adult contemporary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WGKX" title="WGKX">WGKX</a></td> <td>0105.9 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a></td> <td>KIX 106</td> <td>Country </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KXHT" title="KXHT">KXHT</a></td> <td>0107.1 FM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas" title="Marion, Arkansas">Marion, Arkansas</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Flinn Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td>Hot</td> <td>Hip Hop </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WHBQ-FM" title="WHBQ-FM">WHBQ</a></td> <td>0107.5 FM</td> <td>Germantown</td> <td>107.5 WHBQ</td> <td>Classic Hits </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AM_stations">AM stations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: AM stations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Call sign</th> <th>Frequency</th> <th>City of license<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></th> <th>Owner</th> <th>Format<a href="#cite_note-auto1-161">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WHBQ_(AM)" title="WHBQ (AM)">WHBQ</a></td> <td>00560 AM</td> <td rowspan="4">Memphis</td> <td>Flinn Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td>Sports </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WREC" title="WREC">WREC</a></td> <td>0600 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WCRV" class="mw-redirect" title="WCRV">WCRV</a></td> <td>0640 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bott_Radio_Network" title="Bott Radio Network">Bott Radio Network</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Christian radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMFS_(AM)" title="WMFS (AM)">WMFS</a></td> <td>0680 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Sports </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KQPN" title="KQPN">KQPN</a></td> <td>0730 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a></td> <td>F.W. Robbert Broadcasting </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMC_(AM)" title="WMC (AM)">WMC</a></td> <td>0790 AM</td> <td rowspan="5">Memphis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WUMY_(AM)" title="WUMY (AM)">WUMY</a></td> <td>0830 AM</td> <td>GMF-Christian Media I, LLC.</td> <td>Spanish Christian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KWAM" title="KWAM">KWAM</a></td> <td>0990 AM</td> <td>Starnes Media Group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WGSF_(AM)" title="WGSF (AM)">WGSF</a></td> <td>01030 AM</td> <td>Flinn Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WDIA" title="WDIA">WDIA</a></td> <td>01070 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_Oldies" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Oldies">Urban oldies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WGUE_(AM)" title="WGUE (AM)">WGUE</a></td> <td>01180 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turrell,_Arkansas" title="Turrell, Arkansas">Turrell, Arkansas</a></td> <td>Butron Media Corporation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMPS" title="WMPS">WMPS</a></td> <td>01210 AM</td> <td>Bartlett</td> <td rowspan="2">Flinn Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adult_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Standards">Adult Standards</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMSO" title="WMSO">WMSO</a></td> <td>01240 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven, Mississippi</a></td> <td>Urban oldies </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WLOK" title="WLOK">WLOK</a></td> <td>01340 AM</td> <td>Memphis</td> <td>WLOK Radio Inc</td> <td>Urban gospel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WLRM" title="WLRM">WLRM</a></td> <td>01380 AM</td> <td>Millington</td> <td>F.W. Robbert Broadcasting</td> <td>Blues </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WOWW" title="WOWW">WOWW</a></td> <td>01430 AM</td> <td>Germantown</td> <td>Flinn Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">Classic hits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WBBP" title="WBBP">WBBP</a></td> <td>01480 AM</td> <td>Memphis</td> <td>Bountiful Blessings</td> <td>Urban gospel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMQM" title="WMQM">WMQM</a></td> <td>01600 AM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Tennessee" title="Lakeland, Tennessee">Lakeland</a></td> <td>F. W. Robbert Broadcasting</td> <td>Christian </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_2">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Memphis is the subject of numerous pop and country songs, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Blues" title="The Memphis Blues">The Memphis Blues</a>" by <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee_(song)" title="Memphis, Tennessee (song)">Memphis, Tennessee</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, "Night Train to Memphis" by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a>, "Goin' to Memphis" by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_and_the_Raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere and the Raiders">Paul Revere and the Raiders</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Memphis" title="Queen of Memphis">Queen of Memphis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Railroad" title="Confederate Railroad">Confederate Railroad</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Memphis_Soul_Stew" title="Memphis Soul Stew">Memphis Soul Stew</a>" by <a href="/wiki/King_Curtis" title="King Curtis">King Curtis</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Maybe_It_Was_Memphis" title="Maybe It Was Memphis">Maybe It Was Memphis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Pam_Tillis" title="Pam Tillis">Pam Tillis</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Graceland_(song)" title="Graceland (song)">Graceland</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, "Memphis Train" by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Thomas" title="Rufus Thomas">Rufus Thomas</a>, "<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_from_Memphis" title="All the Way from Memphis">All the Way from Memphis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Wrong_Side_of_Memphis" title="Wrong Side of Memphis">Wrong Side of Memphis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood" title="Trisha Yearwood">Trisha Yearwood</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Stuck_Inside_of_Mobile_with_the_Memphis_Blues_Again" title="Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again">Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, "Memphis Skyline" by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright" title="Rufus Wainwright">Rufus Wainwright</a>, "Sequestered in Memphis" by <a href="/wiki/The_Hold_Steady" title="The Hold Steady">the Hold Steady</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Walking_in_Memphis" title="Walking in Memphis">Walking in Memphis</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Cohn" title="Marc Cohn">Marc Cohn</a>. In addition, Memphis is mentioned in scores of other songs, including "<a href="/wiki/Proud_Mary" title="Proud Mary">Proud Mary</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival" title="Creedence Clearwater Revival">Creedence Clearwater Revival</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Women" title="Honky Tonk Women">Honky Tonk Women</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicken_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Chicken (album)">Dixie Chicken</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Little_Feat" title="Little Feat">Little Feat</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Gonna_Fill_Their_Shoes" title="Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes">Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a>, "Daisy Jane" by <a href="/wiki/America_(band)" title="America (band)">America</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Life_Is_a_Highway" title="Life Is a Highway">Life Is a Highway</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cochrane" title="Tom Cochrane">Tom Cochrane</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Black_Velvet_(song)" title="Black Velvet (song)">Black Velvet</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Alannah_Myles" title="Alannah Myles">Alannah Myles</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Cities_(song)" title="Cities (song)">Cities</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>, "Crazed Country Rebel" by <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams_III" title="Hank Williams III">Hank Williams III</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Pride_(In_the_Name_of_Love)" title="Pride (In the Name of Love)">Pride (In the Name of Love)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, "M.E.M.P.H.I.S." by the <a href="/wiki/Disco_Biscuits" title="Disco Biscuits">Disco Biscuits</a>, "New New Minglewood Blues" and "Candyman" by <a href="/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grateful Dead">the Grateful Dead</a>, "You Should Be Glad" by <a href="/wiki/Widespread_Panic" title="Widespread Panic">Widespread Panic</a>, "Roll With Me" by <a href="/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG" title="8Ball & MJG">8Ball & MJG</a>, "Someday" by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a> and popularly recorded by <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Colvin" title="Shawn Colvin">Shawn Colvin</a>, and many others. More than 1,000 commercial recordings of over 800 distinct songs contain "Memphis" in them. The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Rock_N%27_Soul_Museum" title="Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum">Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum</a> maintains an ever updated list of these on their website.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> Many films are set in the American city including, <a href="/wiki/Black_Snake_Moan_(film)" title="Black Snake Moan (film)">Black Snake Moan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Side_(film)" title="The Blind Side (film)">The Blind Side</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_Away" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choices:_The_Movie" title="Choices: The Movie">Choices: The Movie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Client_(1994_film)" title="The Client (1994 film)">The Client</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)">Elvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(1993_film)" title="The Firm (1993 film)">The Firm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forty_Shades_of_Blue" title="Forty Shades of Blue">Forty Shades of Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Balls_of_Fire!_(film)" title="Great Balls of Fire! (film)">Great Balls of Fire!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hustle_%26_Flow" title="Hustle & Flow">Hustle & Flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kill_Switch_(2008_film)" title="Kill Switch (2008 film)">Kill Switch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Making_the_Grade_(1984_film)" title="Making the Grade (1984 film)">Making the Grade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Belle_(film)" title="Memphis Belle (film)">Memphis Belle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Grind" title="Mississippi Grind">Mississippi Grind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Train_(film)" title="Mystery Train (film)">Mystery Train</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Secure" title="N-Secure">N-Secure</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(1997_film)" title="The Rainmaker (1997 film)">The Rainmaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Men" title="Soul Men">Soul Men</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a>. Many of those and other films have also been filmed in Memphis including, Black Snake Moan, Walk the Line, Hustle & Flow, Forty Shades of Blue, <a href="/wiki/21_Grams" title="21 Grams">21 Grams</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Painted_House" title="A Painted House">A Painted House</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Saint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Saint (page does not exist)">American Saint</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Poor_and_Hungry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Poor and Hungry (page does not exist)">The Poor and Hungry</a>, Cast Away, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woman's Story (page does not exist)">Woman's Story</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Muddy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Muddy">The Big Muddy</a>, The Rainmaker, <a href="/wiki/Finding_Graceland" title="Finding Graceland">Finding Graceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_People_vs._Larry_Flynt" title="The People vs. Larry Flynt">The People vs. Larry Flynt</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Delta_(film)" title="The Delta (film)">The Delta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Tupelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teenage Tupelo (page does not exist)">Teenage Tupelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Family_Thing" title="A Family Thing">A Family Thing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Without_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Without Air (page does not exist)">Without Air</a>, The Firm, The Client, <a href="/wiki/The_Gun_in_Betty_Lou%27s_Handbag" title="The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag">The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trespass_(1992_film)" title="Trespass (1992 film)">Trespass</a>, The Silence of the Lambs, Great Balls of Fire!, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_and_Me" title="Elvis and Me">Elvis and Me</a>, Mystery Train, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Cowboys_Go_America" title="Leningrad Cowboys Go America">Leningrad Cowboys Go America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Dixie_(film)" title="Heart of Dixie (film)">Heart of Dixie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Contemporary_Gladiator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Contemporary Gladiator (page does not exist)">The Contemporary Gladiator</a>, <a href="/wiki/U2:_Rattle_and_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="U2: Rattle and Hum">U2: Rattle and Hum</a>, Making the Grade, <a href="/wiki/The_River_Rat" title="The River Rat">The River Rat</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_River_(1984_film)" title="The River (1984 film)">The River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallelujah!_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallelujah! (film)">Hallelujah!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_(film)" title="Elizabethtown (film)">Elizabethtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/3000_Miles_to_Graceland" title="3000 Miles to Graceland">3000 Miles to Graceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Face_in_the_Crowd_(film)" title="A Face in the Crowd (film)">A Face in the Crowd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undefeated_(2011_film)" title="Undefeated (2011 film)">Undefeated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_on_the_Moon_(film)" title="Man on the Moon (film)">Man on the Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nothing_but_the_Truth_(2008_American_film)" title="Nothing but the Truth (2008 American film)">Nothing But the Truth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sore_Losers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sore Losers (page does not exist)">Sore Losers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Men" title="Soul Men">Soul Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Zombie_for_the_F.B.I." title="I Was a Zombie for the F.B.I.">I Was a Zombie for the F.B.I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%27m_From_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="I'm From Hollywood">I'm From Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grace_Card" title="The Grace Card">The Grace Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/This_is_Elvis" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Elvis">This is Elvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookie%27s_Fortune" title="Cookie's Fortune">Cookie's Fortune</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Five&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Five (page does not exist)">Open Five</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Road" title="The Open Road">The Open Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Valley_of_Elah" title="In the Valley of Elah">In the Valley of Elah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walk_Hard" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Hard">Walk Hard</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Blueberry_Nights" title="My Blueberry Nights">My Blueberry Nights</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savage_Country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savage Country (page does not exist)">Savage Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Two-Lane_Blacktop" title="Two-Lane Blacktop">Two-Lane Blacktop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The television series <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_(TV_series)" title="Greenleaf (TV series)">Greenleaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Beat" title="Memphis Beat">Memphis Beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarry_(TV_series)" title="Quarry (TV series)">Quarry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluff_City_Law" title="Bluff City Law">Bluff City Law</a> are set in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature_2">Literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Many works of fiction and literature are set in Memphis. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1962), September, September by Shelby Foote (1977); <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a>'s The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985), and his <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a> (1986); <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(novel)" title="The Firm (novel)">The Firm</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/The_Client_(novel)" title="The Client (novel)">The Client</a> (1993), both by <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>; Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), Plague of Dreamers by Steve Stern (1997); <a href="/wiki/Cassina_Gambrel_Was_Missing" title="Cassina Gambrel Was Missing">Cassina Gambrel Was Missing</a> by William Watkins (1999); The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), "We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon" by Corey Mesler (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harris" title="Thomas Harris">Thomas Harris</a>, and The Architect by James Williamson (2007). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee">Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highways">Highways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Highways">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 40 (Tennessee)">Interstate 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 55 (Tennessee)">Interstate 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22" title="Interstate 22">Interstate 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_240_(Tennessee)" title="Interstate 240 (Tennessee)">Interstate 240</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_269" title="Interstate 269">Interstate 269</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_385" title="Tennessee State Route 385">State Route 385</a> are the main expressways in the Memphis area. Interstates 40 and 55 cross the Mississippi River at Memphis from the state of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-165">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 69 in Tennessee">Interstate 69</a> is a proposed interstate that, upon completion, would connect Memphis to Canada and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-tdottimeline-166">[162]</a> I-40 is a coast-to-coast freeway that connects Memphis to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles Area</a> to the west. I-55 connects Memphis to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to the south. I-240 is the inner beltway which serves areas including Downtown, Midtown, South Memphis, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a>, East Memphis, and North Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-165">[161]</a> I-269 is the larger, outer interstate loop immediately serving the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a>, Eads, <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Tennessee" title="Arlington, Tennessee">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hernando,_Mississippi" title="Hernando, Mississippi">Hernando, Mississippi</a>. It was completed in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Interstate 22 connects Memphis with <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, via northern Mississippi (including <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a>) and northwestern Alabama. While technically not entering the city of Memphis proper, I-22 ends at I-269 in <a href="/wiki/Byhalia,_Mississippi" title="Byhalia, Mississippi">Byhalia, Mississippi</a>, connecting it to the rest of the Memphis interstate system. Interstate 69 is proposed to follow I-55 and I-240 through the city of Memphis. Once completed, I-69 will link Memphis with <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron, Michigan</a> via <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> via <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tdottimeline-166">[162]</a> A new spur, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_555" title="Interstate 555">Interstate 555</a>, also serves the Memphis metro area connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas" title="Jonesboro, Arkansas">Jonesboro, Arkansas</a>. Other important federal highways though Memphis include the east–west <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 70 in Tennessee">U.S. Route 70</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_64_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 64 (Tennessee)">U.S. Route 64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_72_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 72 (Tennessee)">U.S. Route 72</a>; and the north–south <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_51_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 51 (Tennessee)">U.S. Route 51</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 61 (Tennessee)">U.S. Route 61</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-165">[161]</a> The former is the historic highway north to Chicago via <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo, Illinois</a>, while the latter roughly parallels the Mississippi River for most of its course and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> region to the south, with the Delta also legendary for Blues music. Roadways Memphis maintains 6,800 lane-miles of city roadways. The city collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> and SpringML in February 2019 to test <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> (ML) to improve public services. A key focus is pothole identification using <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Public Works personnel completed 63,000 repairs, with around 7,500 of those reported by citizens to 311.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transit">Transit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Transit">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Area_Transit_Authority" title="Memphis Area Transit Authority">Memphis Area Transit Authority</a> provides local transit services around Memphis, including the <a href="/wiki/MATA_Trolley" title="MATA Trolley">MATA Trolley</a> heritage streetcar system. Intercity bus service to the city is provided by <a href="/wiki/Flixbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixbus">Flixbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroads">Railroads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Railroads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg/220px-Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg/330px-Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg/440px-Memphis_Arkansas_Bridge_Memphis_TN_2012-07-22_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Three bridges over the Mississippi</figcaption></figure> A large volume of railroad freight moves through Memphis, because of its two heavy-duty Mississippi River railroad crossings, which carry several major east–west railroad freight lines, and also because of the major north–south railroad lines through Memphis which connect with such major cities as Chicago, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>. By the early 20th century, Memphis had two major passenger railroad stations, which made the city a regional hub for trains coming from the north, east, south and west. After passenger railroad service declined heavily through the middle of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Union_Station" title="Memphis Union Station">Memphis Union Station</a> was demolished in 1969. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Station (Memphis)">Memphis Central Station</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> was eventually renovated, and it still serves the city. The only inter-city passenger railroad service to Memphis is the daily <a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a> train, operated by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, which has one train northbound and one train southbound each day between Chicago and New Orleans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Railroads,_common_freight_carriers">Railroads, common freight carriers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Railroads, common freight carriers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> (BNSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> (CN) through subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a> (CSXT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">Canadian Pacific Kansas City</a> (CPKC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a> (NS), including subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Great_Southern_Railroad" title="Alabama Great Southern Railroad">Alabama Great Southern Railroad</a> (AGS), <a href="/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Central of Georgia Railroad">Central of Georgia Railroad</a> (CG), <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific_Railway" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway">Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway</a> (CNTP), <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Railway">Tennessee Railway</a> (TENN), and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee,_Alabama_and_Georgia_Railway" title="Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railway">Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railway</a> (TAG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.J._Corman_Railroad/Memphis_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Corman Railroad/Memphis Line">R.J. Corman Railroad/Memphis Line</a> (RJCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> (UP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Railroads,_passenger_carriers">Railroads, passenger carriers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Railroads, passenger carriers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> (AMTK) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg/220px-FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg/330px-FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg/440px-FedEx_plane_Memphis_TN_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>FedEx aircraft at Memphis International Airport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a> is the global "SuperHub" of <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a>, and has the largest cargo operations by volume of any airport worldwide, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Memphis International ranks as the 41st busiest passenger airport in the US and served as a hub for <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>) until September 3, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> It had 4.39 million boarding passengers (enplanements) in 2011, an 11.9% decrease over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Delta has reduced its flights at Memphis by approximately 65% since its 2008 merger with Northwest Airlines and operates an average of 30 daily flights as of December 2013, with two international destinations (Cancún – seasonally; Toronto year-round). Delta Air Lines announced the closing of its Memphis pilot and crew base in 2012. Other airlines providing passenger service are: <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Air" title="Allegiant Air">Allegiant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines" title="Frontier Airlines">Frontier</a>; <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>; and Southern Vacations Express.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airports in the Memphis Metropolitan Area, including the <a href="/wiki/Millington_Regional_Jetport" class="mw-redirect" title="Millington Regional Jetport">Millington Regional Jetport</a>, located at the former Naval Air Station in <a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington, Tennessee</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="River_port">River port</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: River port">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Memphis" title="Port of Memphis">Port of Memphis</a></div> Memphis has the second-busiest cargo port on the Mississippi River, which is also the fourth-busiest inland port in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The International Port of Memphis covers both the Tennessee and Arkansas sides of the Mississippi River from <a href="/wiki/River_mile" title="River mile">river mile</a> 725 (km 1167) to mile 740 (km 1191).<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> A focal point of the river port is the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial park</a> on <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Island" title="President's Island">President's Island</a>, just south of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Downtown Memphis, Tennessee">Downtown Memphis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bridges">Bridges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bridges">edit</a>]</div> Four railroad and highway bridges cross the Mississippi River at Memphis. In order of their opening years, these are the <a href="/wiki/Frisco_Bridge" title="Frisco Bridge">Frisco Bridge</a> (1892, <a href="/wiki/Single_track_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track (rail)">single-track</a> rail), the <a href="/wiki/Harahan_Bridge" title="Harahan Bridge">Harahan Bridge</a> (1916, a <a href="/wiki/Road-rail_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Road-rail bridge">road-rail bridge</a> until 1949, currently carries <a href="/wiki/Double-track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-track">double-track</a> rail), the <a href="/wiki/Memphis-Arkansas_Memorial_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis-Arkansas Memorial Bridge">Memphis-Arkansas Memorial Bridge</a> (Highway, 1949; later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55" title="Interstate 55">Interstate 55</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_Bridge" title="Hernando de Soto Bridge">Hernando de Soto Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_40" title="Interstate 40">Interstate 40</a>, 1973). A bicycle/pedestrian walkway opened along the Harahan Bridge in late 2016, utilizing the former westbound roadway.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> Memphis's primary utility provider is the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Light,_Gas_and_Water" title="Memphis Light, Gas and Water">Memphis Light, Gas and Water</a> Division (MLGW). This is the largest three-service municipal utility in the United States, providing electricity, natural gas, and pure water service to all residents of Shelby County. Prior to that, Memphis was served by two primary electric companies, which were merged into the Memphis Power Company.<a href="#cite_note-MLGWhistory-183">[179]</a> The City of Memphis bought the private company in 1939 to form MLGW,<a href="#cite_note-MLGWhistory-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> which was an early customer of electricity from the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA). In 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Dixon-Yates_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon-Yates contract">Dixon-Yates contract</a> was proposed to make more power available to the city from the TVA, but the contract was cancelled; it had been an issue for the Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1954">1954 Congressional elections</a>. MLGW still buys most of its power from TVA, and the company pumps its own fresh water from the Memphis Aquifer, using more than 180 water wells. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Judes_grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Judes_grass.jpg/220px-St_Judes_grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Judes_grass.jpg/330px-St_Judes_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Judes_grass.jpg/440px-St_Judes_grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital" title="St. Jude Children's Research Hospital">St. Jude Children's Research Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> The Memphis and Shelby County region supports numerous hospitals, including the Methodist and Baptist Memorial health systems, two of the nation's largest private hospitals. Until the 1960s and the end of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, most hospitals only served white patients. One of the few hospitals for African Americans in Memphis in those times was Collins Chapel Connectional Hospital, whose historic building now houses a homeless shelter.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Le_Bonheur_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare">Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare</a>, the largest healthcare provider in the Memphis region and the fourth largest employer as of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> operates seven hospitals and several rural clinics. Methodist Healthcare operates, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Le_Bonheur_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Le Bonheur Children's Hospital">Le Bonheur Children's Hospital</a>, which offers primary level 1 pediatric trauma care, as well as a nationally recognized pediatric brain tumor program. Methodist Healthcare also operates <a href="/wiki/Methodist_University_Hospital" title="Methodist University Hospital">Methodist University Hospital</a>, a 617-bed facility 1 mile southeast of Le Bonheur. Baptist Memorial Healthcare operates fifteen hospitals (three in Memphis), including <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Memorial_Hospital-Memphis" title="Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis">Baptist Memorial Hospital</a>, and with a merger in 2018 became the largest healthcare system in the mid-South.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> According to Health Care Market Guide's annual studies, Mid-Southerners have named Baptist Memorial their "preferred hospital choice for quality". The <a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital" title="St. Jude Children's Research Hospital">St. Jude Children's Research Hospital</a>, leading pediatric treatment and research facility focused on children's catastrophic diseases, resides in Memphis. The institution was conceived and built by entertainer <a href="/wiki/Danny_Thomas" title="Danny Thomas">Danny Thomas</a> in 1962 as a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">St. Jude Thaddeus</a>, patron saint of impossible, hopeless, and difficult causes. Regional One Health is located in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Memphis is home to Delta Medical Center of Memphis,<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> which is the only employee-owned medical facility in North America. Individual <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_marketplace" title="Health insurance marketplace">health insurance marketplace</a> insurers are limited, with <a href="/wiki/Bright_Health" title="Bright Health">Bright Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a> offering coverage in the area.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of people from Memphis, Tennessee">List of people from Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Memphis has four <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a>, as per Sister Cities International:<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> – <a href="/wiki/Kanifing" title="Kanifing">Kanifing</a>, Gambia</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> – <a href="/wiki/Kaolack" title="Kaolack">Kaolack</a>, Senegal</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> – <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> – <a href="/wiki/Shoham" title="Shoham">Shoham</a>, Israel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Memphis_earthquake" title="1865 Memphis earthquake">1865 Memphis earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Memphis_Chamber" title="Greater Memphis Chamber">Greater Memphis Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Mafia" title="Memphis Mafia">Memphis Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Summer_Storm_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Summer Storm of 2003">Memphis Summer Storm of 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Memphis" title="List of tallest buildings in Memphis">List of tallest buildings in Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">List of U.S. cities with large Black populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">List of municipalities in Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Memphis" title="USS Memphis">USS Memphis</a>, 6 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Official records for Memphis were kept at downtown from January 1875 to December 1939 and at Memphis Int'l since January 1940.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_83-1">b</a> From 15% sample </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> MUS is a secondary school unaffiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='47'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved July 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+of+Memphis+website+%E2%80%93+About+Page&rft.pub=Portofmemphis.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portofmemphis.com%2Fabout.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlier2016" class="citation web cs1">Charlier, Tom (June 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.commercialappeal.com/news/historic-frisco-bridge-getting-extensive-makeover-by-bnsf-34daa9f1-937e-6562-e053-0100007fe70b-382568411.html">"Historic Frisco Bridge getting extensive makeover by BNSF"</a>. Archive.commercialappeal.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.commercialappeal.com&rft.atitle=Historic+Frisco+Bridge+getting+extensive+makeover+by+BNSF&rft.date=2016-06-11&rft.aulast=Charlier&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.commercialappeal.com%2Fnews%2Fhistoric-frisco-bridge-getting-extensive-makeover-by-bnsf-34daa9f1-937e-6562-e053-0100007fe70b-382568411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/2016/10/21/monumental-impact-seen-crossing/92465774/">"Big River Crossing opens Saturday"</a>. Commercialappeal.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commercialappeal.com&rft.atitle=Big+River+Crossing+opens+Saturday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2F21%2Fmonumental-impact-seen-crossing%2F92465774%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bikepedmemphis.wordpress.com/2016/10/22/the-harahan-bridge-opens/">"The Harahan Bridge Opens – Bike/Ped Memphis"</a>. Bikepedmemphis.wordpress.com. October 22, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bikepedmemphis.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Harahan+Bridge+Opens+%E2%80%93+Bike%2FPed+Memphis&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbikepedmemphis.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F10%2F22%2Fthe-harahan-bridge-opens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLGWhistory-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MLGWhistory_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MLGWhistory_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlgw.com/about/history">"A History of Performance"</a>. Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division. Retrieved July 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Performance&rft.pub=Memphis+Light%2C+Gas+and+Water+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlgw.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite>Re Memphis Power & Light Co. & Tennessee Valley Authority</cite>, 1 F.P.C. 809 (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">FPC</a> 1939). </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/local/historic-collins-chapel-reopens-safe-haven-homeless-after-renovations/PWJOFQSIJVDTRJIIRPDVL4S2LY/">"Historic Collins Chapel reopens as safe haven for homeless after renovations"</a>. Fox 13 News. April 19, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420035738/https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/local/historic-collins-chapel-reopens-safe-haven-homeless-after-renovations/PWJOFQSIJVDTRJIIRPDVL4S2LY/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historic+Collins+Chapel+reopens+as+safe+haven+for+homeless+after+renovations&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox13memphis.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fhistoric-collins-chapel-reopens-safe-haven-homeless-after-renovations%2FPWJOFQSIJVDTRJIIRPDVL4S2LY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/memphis/subscriber-only/2018/07/13/largest-memphis-area-employers.html">"Largest Memphis Area Employers"</a>. Business Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Largest+Memphis+Area+Employers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fmemphis%2Fsubscriber-only%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Flargest-memphis-area-employers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20170501/NEWS/170509983/baptist-memorial-and-mississippi-baptist-create-largest-system-in-the-region">"Baptist Memorial and Mississippi Baptist create largest system in the region"</a>. Modern Healthcare. May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Healthcare&rft.atitle=Baptist+Memorial+and+Mississippi+Baptist+create+largest+system+in+the+region&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernhealthcare.com%2Farticle%2F20170501%2FNEWS%2F170509983%2Fbaptist-memorial-and-mississippi-baptist-create-largest-system-in-the-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regionalonehealth.org/">"Home – Regional One Health – Regional One Health"</a>. regionalonehealth.org. Retrieved August 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalonehealth.org&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Regional+One+Health+%E2%80%93+Regional+One+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalonehealth.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deltamedcenter.com">"Delta Medical Center Homepage"</a>. Deltamedcenter.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deltamedcenter.com&rft.atitle=Delta+Medical+Center+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeltamedcenter.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthinsurance.org/tennessee-state-health-insurance-exchange/">"Tennessee health insurance marketplace: history and news of the state's exchange: Obamacare enrollment"</a>. healthinsurance.org. December 29, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=healthinsurance.org&rft.atitle=Tennessee+health+insurance+marketplace%3A+history+and+news+of+the+state%27s+exchange%3A+Obamacare+enrollment&rft.date=2018-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthinsurance.org%2Ftennessee-state-health-insurance-exchange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Memphis,%20Tennessee">"Memphis, Tennessee"</a>. sister-cities.org. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memphis%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=sister-cities.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsister-cities.org%2Finteractive-map%2FMemphis%2C%2520Tennessee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/entertainment-news/rock-roll-soulmates-memphis-liverpool-celebrate-musical-histories-together/522-4b0fad05-2565-4e20-b3f1-3dc10e15ac1d">"Rock 'N' Soul mates: Memphis & Liverpool celebrate musical histories together"</a>. November 6, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+%E2%80%98N%E2%80%99+Soul+mates%3A+Memphis+%26+Liverpool+celebrate+musical+histories+together&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localmemphis.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-news%2Frock-roll-soulmates-memphis-liverpool-celebrate-musical-histories-together%2F522-4b0fad05-2565-4e20-b3f1-3dc10e15ac1d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Biles, Roger. Memphis: In the Great Depression (U of Tennessee Press, 1986).</li> <li>Dowdy, G. Wayne (2010). Crusades for Freedom: Memphis and the Political Transformation of the American South. Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi.</li> <li>Haynes, Stephen R. (2012). The Last Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>McPherson, Larry E. & Wilson, Charles Reagan (2002) Memphis.</li> <li>Rushing, Wanda (2009). Memphis and the Paradox of Place: Globalization in the American South. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.</li> <li>Rushing, Wanda (2009). "Memphis: Cotton Fields, Cargo Planes, & Biotechnology", inSouthern Spaces (online, August 28), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2009/memphis-cotton-fields-cargo-planes-and-biotechnology">Memphis: Cotton Fields, Cargo Planes, and Biotechnology – Southern Spaces</a>, accessed December 2, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushing2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rushing, Wanda (June 2017). "No place for a feminist: intersectionality and the Problem South: SWS Presidential Address". <a href="/wiki/Gender_%26_Society" title="Gender & Society">Gender & Society</a>. 31 (3): 293–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243217701083">10.1177/0891243217701083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2643962">2643962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+Society&rft.atitle=No+place+for+a+feminist%3A+intersectionality+and+the+Problem+South%3A+SWS+Presidential+Address&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-309&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891243217701083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2643962%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rushing&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Wendi C. (March 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/opinion/sunday/martin-luther-king-memphis.html">"How Memphis Gave Up on Dr. King's Dream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Memphis+Gave+Up+on+Dr.+King%27s+Dream&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Wendi+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fmartin-luther-king-memphis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Williams, Charles (2013). African American Life and Culture in Orange Mound: Case Study of a Black Community in Memphis, Tennessee, 1890–1980. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield/Lexington Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2010" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Charles A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ6UTJ_F8F8C&pg=PA3">"Paths—River and Other—from Nogales to San Fernando de las Barrancas [Chapter 9]"</a>. in Paths to a Middle Ground: The Diplomacy of Natchez, Boukfouka, Nogales, and San Fernando de Las Barrancas, 1791–1795. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA: University of Alabama Press. pp. 126–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5645-3"><bdi>978-0-8173-5645-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paths%E2%80%94River+and+Other%E2%80%94from+Nogales+to+San+Fernando+de+las+Barrancas+%5BChapter+9%5D&rft.btitle=in+Paths+to+a+Middle+Ground%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Natchez%2C+Boukfouka%2C+Nogales%2C+and+San+Fernando+de+Las+Barrancas%2C+1791%E2%80%931795&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama%2C+USA&rft.pages=126-145&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5645-3&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQ6UTJ_F8F8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMemphis%2C+Tennessee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Memphis, Tennessee at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Memphis, Tennessee">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Memphis, Tennessee">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Memphis, Tennessee">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="q:Memphis, Tennessee">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Memphis, Tennessee">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Memphis, Tennessee">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Memphis, Tennessee">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" class="extiw" title="voy:Memphis, Tennessee">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memphistn.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memphistravel.com/">Memphis Convention & Visitors Bureau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memphischamber.com/">Memphis Chamber of 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Memphis,_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Memphis,_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Memphis, Tennessee</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee" title="Bartlett, Tennessee">Bartlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Tennessee" title="Lakeland, Tennessee">Lakeland</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis, Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas" title="Marion, Arkansas">Marion, Arkansas</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Memphis (central city)<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Tennessee" title="Cordova, Tennessee">Cordova</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walls,_Mississippi" title="Walls, Mississippi">Walls, Mississippi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven,_Memphis" title="Whitehaven, Memphis">Whitehaven (Memphis)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven, Mississippi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Tennessee" title="Germantown, Tennessee">Germantown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch, Mississippi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Memphis_and_Shelby_County" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Memphis_and_Shelby_County" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Memphis and <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Shelby_County,_Tennessee,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Template:Shelby County, Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Template talk:Shelby County, Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shelby County, Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Shelby_County,_Tennessee,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County, Tennessee</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee" title="Bartlett, Tennessee">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Tennessee" title="Germantown, Tennessee">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Tennessee" title="Lakeland, Tennessee">Lakeland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Shelby_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="958" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Tennessee" title="Arlington, Tennessee">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barretville,_Tennessee" title="Barretville, Tennessee">Barretville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjestown,_Tennessee" title="Benjestown, Tennessee">Benjestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Tennessee" title="Brunswick, Tennessee">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Tennessee" title="Cordova, Tennessee">Cordova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eads,_Tennessee" title="Eads, Tennessee">Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellendale,_Tennessee" title="Ellendale, Tennessee">Ellendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherville,_Tennessee" title="Fisherville, Tennessee">Fisherville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerrville,_Tennessee" title="Kerrville, Tennessee">Kerrville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenow,_Tennessee" title="Lenow, Tennessee">Lenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northaven,_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Northaven, Memphis"> Northaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemark,_Tennessee" title="Rosemark, Tennessee">Rosemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Forest,_Tennessee" title="Shelby Forest, Tennessee">Shelby Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Tennessee (state)">Tennessee portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Memphis_and_Memphis_metropolitan_area_(counties_in_TN,_MS_and_AR)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Template:Memphis, Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Template talk:Memphis, Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memphis, Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Memphis_and_Memphis_metropolitan_area_(counties_in_TN,_MS_and_AR)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis metropolitan area</a> (counties in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Category:Memphis, Tennessee">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="History of Memphis, Tennessee">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Timeline of Memphis, Tennessee">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Geography of Memphis, Tennessee">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Government of Memphis, Tennessee">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Economy of Memphis, Tennessee">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Education in Memphis, Tennessee">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Culture of Memphis, Tennessee">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Tourism in Memphis, Tennessee">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Sports in Memphis, Tennessee">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="List of people from Memphis, Tennessee">Memphians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welcome to Memphis"><img alt="Welcome to Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg/95px-Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg/143px-Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg/190px-Welcome_to_Memphis_US51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="773" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tennessee"><img alt="Flag of Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/95px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/143px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/190px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="FedEx plane"><img alt="FedEx plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/95px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/143px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/190px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="980" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mississippi"><img alt="Flag of Mississippi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/95px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/143px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/190px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southland Greyhound Park"><img alt="Southland Greyhound Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg/95px-Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg/143px-Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg/190px-Southland_Greyhound_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="773" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Arkansas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Arkansas"><img alt="Flag of Arkansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/95px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/143px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/190px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:MemphisTrolley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis downtown trolley"><img alt="Memphis downtown trolley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MemphisTrolley.jpg/95px-MemphisTrolley.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MemphisTrolley.jpg/143px-MemphisTrolley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MemphisTrolley.jpg/190px-MemphisTrolley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Downtown Memphis, Tennessee">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Memphis,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown, Memphis, Tennessee">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="North Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee">North Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="South Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee">South Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="East Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee">East Memphis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Meade,_Memphis" title="Belle Meade, Memphis">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berclair,_Memphis" title="Berclair, Memphis">Berclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghampton,_Memphis" title="Binghampton, Memphis">Binghampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxtown,_Memphis" title="Boxtown, Memphis">Boxtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capleville,_Tennessee" title="Capleville, Tennessee">Capleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Gardens,_Memphis" title="Central Gardens, Memphis">Central Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Gardens" title="Chickasaw Gardens">Chickasaw Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper-Young,_Memphis" title="Cooper-Young, Memphis">Cooper-Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordova,_Tennessee" title="Cordova, Tennessee">Cordova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass,_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Douglass, Memphis, Tennessee">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Memphis" title="Evergreen, Memphis">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frayser,_Memphis" title="Frayser, Memphis">Frayser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenview_Historic_District_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Glenview Historic District (Memphis, Tennessee)">Glenview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Town,_Memphis" title="Harbor Town, Memphis">Harbor Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill,_Memphis" title="Hickory Hill, Memphis">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Point_Terrace,_Memphis" title="High Point Terrace, Memphis">High Point Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Memphis" title="Hollywood, Memphis">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Memphis" title="Hyde Park, Memphis">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox,_Memphis" title="Lenox, Memphis">Lenox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_District,_Memphis" title="Medical District, Memphis">Medical District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_Island,_Memphis" title="Mud Island, Memphis">Mud Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_Station,_Memphis" title="Normal Station, Memphis">Normal Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northaven,_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Northaven, Memphis">Northaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutbush,_Memphis" title="Nutbush, Memphis">Nutbush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Mound,_Memphis" title="Orange Mound, Memphis">Orange Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway_Village,_Memphis" title="Parkway Village, Memphis">Parkway Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_Memphis,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh, Memphis, Tennessee">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_South_Memphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside, South Memphis">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest,_Memphis" title="Sherwood Forest, Memphis">Sherwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Main_Arts_District,_Memphis" title="South Main Arts District, Memphis">South Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutterfeld,_Memphis" title="Scutterfeld, Memphis">Scutterfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwind,_Memphis" title="Southwind, Memphis">Southwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown,_Memphis" title="Uptown, Memphis">Uptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Village,_Memphis" title="Victorian Village, Memphis">Victorian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vollintine_Hills_Historic_District" title="Vollintine Hills Historic District">Vollintine Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westwood,_Memphis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westwood, Memphis (page does not exist)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven,_Memphis,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehaven, Memphis, Tennessee">Whitehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfchase,_Memphis" title="Wolfchase, Memphis">Wolfchase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Metro area landmarks</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Schwab%27s" title="A. Schwab's">A. Schwab's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Museum_of_the_University_of_Memphis" title="Art Museum of the University of Memphis">Art Museum of the University of Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gotten_House" title="Nicholas Gotten House">Bartlett Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Baptist_Church" title="Bellevue Baptist Church">Bellevue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Museum_of_Asian_and_Judaic_Art" title="Belz Museum of Asian and Judaic Art">Belz Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Botanic_Garden" title="Memphis Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Brooks_Museum_of_Art" title="Memphis Brooks Museum of Art">Brooks Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkle_Estate" title="Burkle Estate">Burkle Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Central_Station" title="Memphis Central Station">Central Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Memphis, Tennessee)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Bluff" title="Chickasaw Bluff">Chickasaw Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Memphis" title="Children's Museum of Memphis">Children's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._O._Fuller_State_Park#Chucalissa_Museum_and_Archaeological_site" title="T. O. Fuller State Park">Chucalissa Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Museum" title="The Cotton Museum">Cotton Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies_Manor" title="Davies Manor">Davies Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Gallery_and_Gardens" title="Dixon Gallery and Gardens">Dixon Gallery and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATA_Trolley" title="MATA Trolley">Downtown Trolleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Elmwood Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Museum_of_Memphis" title="Fire Museum of Memphis">Fire Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Assumption" title="Fort Assumption">Fort Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wright_(Tennessee)" title="Fort Wright (Tennessee)">Fort Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_Bridge" title="Hernando de Soto Bridge">Hernando de Soto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertyland" title="Libertyland">Libertyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichterman_Nature_Center" title="Lichterman Nature Center">Lichterman Nature Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_American_Tower" title="Lincoln American Tower">Lincoln American Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magevney_House" title="Magevney House">Magevney House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Neely_House" title="Mallory–Neely House">Mallory–Neely House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeman-Shelby_Forest_State_Park" title="Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park">Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Memorial Park Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Memorial Park Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Cotton_Exchange" title="Memphis Cotton Exchange">Cotton Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_National_Cemetery" title="Memphis National Cemetery">National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Parkway_System" title="Memphis Parkway System">Parkway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Railroad_%26_Trolley_Museum" title="Memphis Railroad & Trolley Museum">Railroad & Trolley Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Zoo" title="Memphis Zoo">Memphis Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_Island,_Memphis" title="Mud Island, Memphis">Mississippi River Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Suspension_Railway" title="Memphis Suspension Railway">Mud Island Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ornamental_Metal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ornamental Metal Museum">National Ornamental Metal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaklawn_Garden" title="Oaklawn Garden">Oaklawn Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Memphis)" title="Orpheum Theatre (Memphis)">Orpheum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_Park" title="Overton Park">Overton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Hotel" title="Peabody Hotel">Peabody Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Palace_Museum_and_Planetarium" title="Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium">Pink Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">The Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Rock_N%27_Soul_Museum" title="Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum">Rock N' Soul Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Jude_Children%27s_Research_Hospital" title="St. Jude Children's Research Hospital">St. Jude Children's Research Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral (Memphis, Tennessee)">St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Farms" title="Shelby Farms">Shelby Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Museum_of_American_Soul_Music" title="Stax Museum of American Soul Music">Stax Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Main_Arts_District,_Memphis" title="South Main Arts District, Memphis">South Main Arts District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee)">Temple Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Brewery" title="Tennessee Brewery">Tennessee Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee#Tipton_County_Museum" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._O._Fuller_State_Park" title="T. O. Fuller State Park">T. O. Fuller State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lee_Park" title="Tom Lee Park">Tom Lee Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Union_Station" title="Memphis Union Station">Union Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Village,_Memphis" title="Victorian Village, Memphis">Victorian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(Tennessee)" title="Wolf River (Tennessee)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkabutla_Lake" title="Arkabutla Lake">Arkabutla Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BankPlus_Amphitheater_at_Snowden_Grove" class="mw-redirect" title="BankPlus Amphitheater at Snowden Grove">BankPlus Amphitheater at Snowden Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi#DeSoto_County_Museum" title="DeSoto County, Mississippi">DeSoto County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Jackpot_Casino_Tunica" title="1st Jackpot Casino Tunica">1st Jackpot Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Strike_Tunica" title="Gold Strike Tunica">Gold Strike Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs_National_Forest" title="Holly Springs National Forest">Holly Springs National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landers_Center" title="Landers Center">Landers Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Casino_Tunica" title="Horseshoe Casino Tunica">Horseshoe Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_Casino_Tunica" title="Resorts Casino Tunica">Resorts Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Hotel_and_Gambling_Hall,_Tunica" title="Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall, Tunica">Sam's Town Gambling Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southaven_Towne_Center" title="Southaven Towne Center">Southaven Towne Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_Resorts,_Mississippi" title="Tunica Resorts, Mississippi">Tunica Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowden_Grove_Park" title="Snowden Grove Park">Snowden Grove Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanger_Outlets_Southaven_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger Outlets Southaven (Memphis)">Tanger Outlets Southaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_Roadhouse_Casino_%26_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunica Roadhouse Casino & Hotel">Tunica Roadhouse Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Doxey_State_Park" title="Wall Doxey State Park">Wall Doxey State Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arkansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake,_Arkansas" title="Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southland_Park_Gaming_and_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Park Gaming and Racing">Southland Park Gaming and Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapanocca_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge">Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Metro area suburbs</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Tennessee" title="Arlington, Tennessee">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoka,_Tennessee" title="Atoka, Tennessee">Atoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee" title="Bartlett, Tennessee">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington,_Tennessee" title="Covington, Tennessee">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Tennessee" title="Germantown, Tennessee">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Tennessee" title="Lakeland, Tennessee">Lakeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munford,_Tennessee" title="Munford, Tennessee">Munford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northaven,_Memphis,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Northaven, Memphis, Tennessee">Northaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_Tennessee" title="Oakland, Tennessee">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperton,_Tennessee" title="Piperton, Tennessee">Piperton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Tennessee" title="Somerville, Tennessee">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Forest,_Tennessee" title="Shelby Forest, Tennessee">Shelby Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byhalia,_Mississippi" title="Byhalia, Mississippi">Byhalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando,_Mississippi" title="Hernando, Mississippi">Hernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Holly Springs, Mississippi">Holly Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Lake,_Mississippi" title="Horn Lake, Mississippi">Horn Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi" title="Olive Branch, Mississippi">Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatobia,_Mississippi" title="Senatobia, Mississippi">Senatobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southaven,_Mississippi" title="Southaven, Mississippi">Southaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica,_Mississippi" title="Tunica, Mississippi">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_Resorts,_Mississippi" title="Tunica Resorts, Mississippi">Tunica Resorts</a> (Robinsonville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls,_Mississippi" title="Walls, Mississippi">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arkansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earle,_Arkansas" title="Earle, Arkansas">Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas" title="Marion, Arkansas">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas" title="West Memphis, Arkansas">West Memphis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Metro area counties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Tennessee" title="Fayette County, Tennessee">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_County,_Mississippi" title="DeSoto County, Mississippi">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Mississippi" title="Marshall County, Mississippi">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_County,_Mississippi" title="Tunica County, Mississippi">Tunica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arkansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_County,_Arkansas" title="Crittenden County, Arkansas">Crittenden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee_sports_venues" title="Template:Memphis, Tennessee sports venues">Memphis, Tennessee sports venues</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Memphis,_Tennessee_Metropolitan_Area_sports_venues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee_sports_venues" title="Template:Memphis, Tennessee sports venues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Memphis,_Tennessee_sports_venues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Memphis, Tennessee sports venues (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee_sports_venues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memphis, Tennessee sports venues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Memphis,_Tennessee_Metropolitan_Area_sports_venues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis, Tennessee</a> Metropolitan Area sports venues</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoZone_Park" title="AutoZone Park">AutoZone Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canale_Arena" title="Canale Arena">Canale Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crump_Stadium" title="Crump Stadium">Crump Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elma_Roane_Fieldhouse" title="Elma Roane Fieldhouse">Elma Roane Fieldhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedExForum" title="FedExForum">FedExForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedExPark" title="FedExPark">FedExPark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmons_Bank_Liberty_Stadium" title="Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium">Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rose_Soccer_Complex" title="Mike Rose Soccer Complex">Mike Rose Soccer Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Stadium" title="USA Stadium">USA Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Auditorium" title="Ellis Auditorium">Ellis Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Raceway" title="Memphis International Raceway">Memphis International Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid" title="Memphis Pyramid">Memphis Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_Coliseum" title="Mid-South Coliseum">Mid-South Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Park_Race_Track" title="Montgomery Park Race Track">Montgomery Park Race Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russwood_Park" title="Russwood Park">Russwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_McCarver_Stadium" title="Tim McCarver Stadium">Tim McCarver Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Template:Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee navbox</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_Memphis_Metro_Area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_the_Memphis_Metro_Area" title="Template:Colleges and universities in the Memphis Metro Area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_the_Memphis_Metro_Area" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in the Memphis Metro Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_the_Memphis_Metro_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in the Memphis Metro Area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_the_Memphis_Metro_Area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colleges and universities in the Memphis Metro Area</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_University_Mid-South" title="Arkansas State University Mid-South">Arkansas State University Mid-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_College_of_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist College of Health Sciences">Baptist College of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_University" title="Christian Brothers University">Christian Brothers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_School_of_Theology" title="Harding School of Theology">Harding University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">LeMoyne-Owen College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_College_of_Art" title="Memphis College of Art">Memphis College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_School_of_Preaching" title="Memphis School of Preaching">Memphis School of Preaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Theological_Seminary" title="Memphis Theological Seminary">Memphis Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary">Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_College_of_Optometry" title="Southern College of Optometry">Southern College of Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tennessee_Community_College" title="Southwest Tennessee Community College">Southwest Tennessee Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_University" title="Union University">Union University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">University of Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Health_Science_Center" title="University of Tennessee Health Science Center">University of Tennessee Health Science Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennessee" title="Template:Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennessee" title="Template talk:Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee" title="Category:Tennessee">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tennessee" title="Abortion in Tennessee">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee" title="Cannabis in Tennessee">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tennessee" title="Climate change in Tennessee">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Tennessee" title="Name of Tennessee">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tennessee" title="Outline of Tennessee">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tennessee" title="Geography of Tennessee">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Tennessee" title="Gun laws in Tennessee">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Tennessee">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tennessee" title="List of people from Tennessee">Tennesseans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tennessee">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Mass media in Tennessee">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee" title="Constitution of Tennessee">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Military_Department" title="Tennessee Military Department">Tennessee National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Tennessee" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Tennessee">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_symbols" title="List of Tennessee state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Tennessee">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Tennessee" title="List of colleges and universities in Tennessee">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Tennessee" title="Crime in Tennessee">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tennessee" title="Demographics of Tennessee">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tennessee" title="Economy of Tennessee">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tennessee" title="Education in Tennessee">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tennessee">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">Music</a></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Rim" title="Highland Rim">Highland Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Basin" title="Nashville Basin">Nashville Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Tennessee" title="Tri-Cities, Tennessee">Tri-Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee" title="Hendersonville, Tennessee">Hendersonville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Tennessee" title="List of metropolitan areas of Tennessee">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville_metropolitan_area" title="Clarksville metropolitan area">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland metropolitan area, Tennessee">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City metropolitan area, Tennessee">Johnson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol_metropolitan_area" title="Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol metropolitan area">Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_metropolitan_area" title="Knoxville metropolitan area">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_metropolitan_area" title="Morristown metropolitan area">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">Nashville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">Combined statistical areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga%E2%80%93Cleveland%E2%80%93Dalton_combined_statistical_area" title="Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton combined statistical area">Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">Micropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookeville_micropolitan_area" title="Cookeville micropolitan area">Cookeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma%E2%80%93Manchester_micropolitan_area" title="Tullahoma–Manchester micropolitan area">Tullahoma–Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_City_micropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Union City micropolitan area, Tennessee">Union City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_Tennessee" title="Anderson County, Tennessee">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Tennessee" title="Bedford County, Tennessee">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Tennessee" title="Benton County, Tennessee">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledsoe_County,_Tennessee" title="Bledsoe County, Tennessee">Bledsoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Tennessee" title="Blount County, Tennessee">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_County,_Tennessee" title="Bradley County, Tennessee">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_County,_Tennessee" title="Campbell County, Tennessee">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_County,_Tennessee" title="Cannon County, Tennessee">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Tennessee" title="Carroll County, Tennessee">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Tennessee" title="Carter County, Tennessee">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheatham_County,_Tennessee" title="Cheatham County, Tennessee">Cheatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Tennessee" title="Chester County, Tennessee">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_County,_Tennessee" title="Claiborne County, Tennessee">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Tennessee" title="Clay County, Tennessee">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocke_County,_Tennessee" title="Cocke County, Tennessee">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_County,_Tennessee" title="Coffee County, Tennessee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_County,_Tennessee" title="Crockett County, Tennessee">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Tennessee" title="Cumberland County, Tennessee">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Tennessee" title="Decatur County, Tennessee">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Tennessee" title="DeKalb County, Tennessee">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_County,_Tennessee" title="Dickson County, Tennessee">Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_County,_Tennessee" title="Dyer County, Tennessee">Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Tennessee" title="Fayette County, Tennessee">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentress_County,_Tennessee" title="Fentress County, Tennessee">Fentress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Tennessee" title="Franklin County, Tennessee">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_County,_Tennessee" title="Gibson County, Tennessee">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Tennessee" title="Giles County, Tennessee">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grainger_County,_Tennessee" title="Grainger County, Tennessee">Grainger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Tennessee" title="Greene County, Tennessee">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Tennessee" title="Grundy County, Tennessee">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamblen_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamblen County, Tennessee">Hamblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Tennessee" title="Hancock County, Tennessee">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Tennessee" title="Hardeman County, Tennessee">Hardeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Tennessee" title="Hardin County, Tennessee">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee" title="Hawkins County, Tennessee">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywood_County,_Tennessee" title="Haywood County, Tennessee">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Tennessee" title="Henderson County, Tennessee">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Tennessee" title="Henry County, Tennessee">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickman_County,_Tennessee" title="Hickman County, Tennessee">Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Tennessee" title="Houston County, Tennessee">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Tennessee" title="Humphreys County, Tennessee">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jackson County, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jefferson County, Tennessee">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee" title="Johnson County, Tennessee">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee" title="Knox County, Tennessee">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Tennessee" title="Lake County, Tennessee">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Tennessee" title="Lauderdale County, Tennessee">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Tennessee" title="Lawrence County, Tennessee">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Tennessee" title="Lewis County, Tennessee">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Tennessee" title="Lincoln County, Tennessee">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudon_County,_Tennessee" title="Loudon County, Tennessee">Loudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Tennessee" title="Macon County, Tennessee">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Tennessee" title="Madison County, Tennessee">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee" title="Marion County, Tennessee">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Tennessee" title="Marshall County, Tennessee">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_County,_Tennessee" title="Maury County, Tennessee">Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinn_County,_Tennessee" title="McMinn County, Tennessee">McMinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNairy_County,_Tennessee" title="McNairy County, Tennessee">McNairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Tennessee" title="Meigs County, Tennessee">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Tennessee" title="Monroe County, Tennessee">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Tennessee" title="Montgomery County, Tennessee">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_Tennessee" title="Moore County, Tennessee">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Tennessee" title="Morgan County, Tennessee">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_County,_Tennessee" title="Obion County, Tennessee">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_County,_Tennessee" title="Overton County, Tennessee">Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Tennessee" title="Perry County, Tennessee">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett_County,_Tennessee" title="Pickett County, Tennessee">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Tennessee" title="Polk County, Tennessee">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Tennessee" title="Putnam County, Tennessee">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee" title="Roane County, Tennessee">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_County,_Tennessee" title="Robertson County, Tennessee">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee" title="Rutherford County, Tennessee">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Tennessee" title="Scott County, Tennessee">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee" title="Sequatchie County, Tennessee">Sequatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee" title="Sevier County, Tennessee">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Tennessee" title="Smith County, Tennessee">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_County,_Tennessee" title="Stewart County, Tennessee">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Tennessee" title="Sullivan County, Tennessee">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Tennessee" title="Sumner County, Tennessee">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trousdale_County,_Tennessee" title="Trousdale County, Tennessee">Trousdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicoi_County,_Tennessee" title="Unicoi County, Tennessee">Unicoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Tennessee" title="Union County, Tennessee">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Tennessee" title="Van Buren County, Tennessee">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Tennessee" title="Warren County, Tennessee">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee" title="Washington County, Tennessee">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Tennessee" title="Wayne County, Tennessee">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakley_County,_Tennessee" title="Weakley County, Tennessee">Weakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Tennessee" title="White County, Tennessee">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Tennessee" title="Williamson County, Tennessee">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Tennessee" title="Wilson County, Tennessee">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennessee_county_seats" title="Template:Tennessee county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennessee_county_seats" title="Template talk:Tennessee county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo,_Tennessee" title="Alamo, Tennessee">Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamont,_Tennessee" title="Altamont, Tennessee">Altamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_City,_Tennessee" title="Ashland City, Tennessee">Ashland City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee" title="Athens, Tennessee">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton,_Tennessee" title="Benton, Tennessee">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blountville,_Tennessee" title="Blountville, Tennessee">Blountville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivar,_Tennessee" title="Bolivar, Tennessee">Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Tennessee" title="Brownsville, Tennessee">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrdstown,_Tennessee" title="Byrdstown, Tennessee">Byrdstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_Tennessee" title="Camden, Tennessee">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Tennessee" title="Carthage, Tennessee">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celina,_Tennessee" title="Celina, Tennessee">Celina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerville,_Tennessee" title="Centerville, Tennessee">Centerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Tennessee" title="Charlotte, Tennessee">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Tennessee" title="Clinton, Tennessee">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookeville,_Tennessee" title="Cookeville, Tennessee">Cookeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington,_Tennessee" title="Covington, Tennessee">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossville,_Tennessee" title="Crossville, Tennessee">Crossville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandridge,_Tennessee" title="Dandridge, Tennessee">Dandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Tennessee" title="Decatur, Tennessee">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaturville,_Tennessee" title="Decaturville, Tennessee">Decaturville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Tennessee" title="Dover, Tennessee">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Tennessee" title="Dresden, Tennessee">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlap,_Tennessee" title="Dunlap, Tennessee">Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyersburg,_Tennessee" title="Dyersburg, Tennessee">Dyersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethton,_Tennessee" title="Elizabethton, Tennessee">Elizabethton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin,_Tennessee" title="Erin, Tennessee">Erin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin,_Tennessee" title="Erwin, Tennessee">Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee" title="Fayetteville, Tennessee">Fayetteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainesboro,_Tennessee" title="Gainesboro, Tennessee">Gainesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee" title="Gallatin, Tennessee">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee" title="Greeneville, Tennessee">Greeneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartsville,_Tennessee" title="Hartsville, Tennessee">Hartsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Tennessee" title="Henderson, Tennessee">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenwald,_Tennessee" title="Hohenwald, Tennessee">Hohenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon,_Tennessee" title="Huntingdon, Tennessee">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Tennessee" title="Huntsville, Tennessee">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksboro,_Tennessee" title="Jacksboro, Tennessee">Jacksboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Tennessee" title="Jamestown, Tennessee">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Tennessee" title="Jasper, Tennessee">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Tennessee" title="Kingston, Tennessee">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Tennessee" title="Lafayette, Tennessee">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Tennessee" title="Lawrenceburg, Tennessee">Lawrenceburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee" title="Lebanon, Tennessee">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_Tennessee" title="Lewisburg, Tennessee">Lewisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Tennessee" title="Lexington, Tennessee">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden,_Tennessee" title="Linden, Tennessee">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Tennessee" title="Livingston, Tennessee">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudon,_Tennessee" title="Loudon, Tennessee">Loudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Tennessee" title="Lynchburg, Tennessee">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonville,_Tennessee" title="Madisonville, Tennessee">Madisonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Tennessee" title="Manchester, Tennessee">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryville,_Tennessee" title="Maryville, Tennessee">Maryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynardville,_Tennessee" title="Maynardville, Tennessee">Maynardville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Tennessee" title="McMinnville, Tennessee">McMinville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Tennessee" title="Morristown, Tennessee">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_City,_Tennessee" title="Mountain City, Tennessee">Mountain City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Tennessee" title="Newport, Tennessee">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Tennessee" title="Paris, Tennessee">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikeville,_Tennessee" title="Pikeville, Tennessee">Pikeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_Tennessee" title="Pulaski, Tennessee">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Tennessee" title="Ripley, Tennessee">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogersville,_Tennessee" title="Rogersville, Tennessee">Rogersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutledge,_Tennessee" title="Rutledge, Tennessee">Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Tennessee" title="Savannah, Tennessee">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selmer,_Tennessee" title="Selmer, Tennessee">Selmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevierville,_Tennessee" title="Sevierville, Tennessee">Sevierville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Tennessee" title="Shelbyville, Tennessee">Shelbyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Tennessee" title="Smithville, Tennessee">Smithville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneedville,_Tennessee" title="Sneedville, Tennessee">Sneedville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Tennessee" title="Somerville, Tennessee">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta,_Tennessee" title="Sparta, Tennessee">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Tennessee" title="Spencer, Tennessee">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Tennessee" title="Springfield, Tennessee">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazewell,_Tennessee" title="Tazewell, Tennessee">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiptonville,_Tennessee" title="Tiptonville, Tennessee">Tiptonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Tennessee" title="Trenton, Tennessee">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_City,_Tennessee" title="Union City, Tennessee">Union City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg,_Tennessee" title="Wartburg, Tennessee">Wartburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waverly,_Tennessee" title="Waverly, Tennessee">Waverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesboro,_Tennessee" title="Waynesboro, Tennessee">Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Tennessee" title="Winchester, Tennessee">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_Tennessee" title="Woodbury, Tennessee">Woodbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16563#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16563#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16563#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152426516">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWY6yWGTkQMXY88R3CwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115092-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095779">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963854z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963854z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129994&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000300517&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552548305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c2d96f61-75a4-4375-aed5-6aacb0b6326a">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046242">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&oldid=1259369426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis,_Tennessee&oldid=1259369426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Category:Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1819_establishments_in_Tennessee" title="Category:1819 establishments in Tennessee">1819 establishments in Tennessee</a></li><li><a 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