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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_career_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Legal career and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_public_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_public_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early public career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_public_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planting_career_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planting_career_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Planting career and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planting_career_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duel_with_Dickinson_and_adventure_with_Burr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duel_with_Dickinson_and_adventure_with_Burr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Duel with Dickinson and adventure with Burr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duel_with_Dickinson_and_adventure_with_Burr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creek_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creek_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Creek War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creek_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Battle of New Orleans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Seminole_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Seminole_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First Seminole War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Seminole_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_aspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_aspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presidential aspirations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_aspirations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidential aspirations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_aspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1824" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1824"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Election of 1824 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1824-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1828_and_death_of_Rachel_Jackson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1828_and_death_of_Rachel_Jackson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Election of 1828 and death of Rachel Jackson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1828_and_death_of_Rachel_Jackson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1829–1837)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1829–1837)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidency (1829–1837) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1829–1837)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1829–1837) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1829–1837)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Inauguration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_and_rotation_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_and_rotation_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reforms and rotation in office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_and_rotation_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petticoat_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petticoat_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Petticoat affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petticoat_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Removal_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Removal_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Indian Removal Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Removal_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nullification_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nullification_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Nullification crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nullification_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_War_and_Election_of_1832" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_War_and_Election_of_1832"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Bank War and Election of 1832 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_War_and_Election_of_1832-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bank_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Bank veto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1832" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1832"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Election of 1832 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1832-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_deposits_and_censure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_deposits_and_censure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Removal of deposits and censure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_deposits_and_censure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.4 Panic of 1837 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_assault_and_assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_assault_and_assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Physical assault and assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_assault_and_assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Foreign affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_admitted_to_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 States admitted to the Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death_(1837–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death_(1837–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later life and death (1837–1845) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death_(1837–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Temperament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Religious faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles_and_dissertations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles_and_dissertations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Journal articles and dissertations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles_and_dissertations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Andrew Jackson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%83%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="አንድሪው ጃክሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንድሪው ጃክሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Jackson" title="Andreas Jackson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Andreas Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="أندرو جاكسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندرو جاكسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एन्ड्रयु ज्याक्सन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एन्ड्रयु ज्याक्सन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endr%C3%BC_Cekson" title="Endrü Cekson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Endrü Cekson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جکسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اندرو جکسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্ড্রু জ্যাকসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эндру Джэксан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эндру Джэксан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эндру Джэксан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эндру Джэксан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Андрю Джаксън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андрю Джаксън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эндрю Джексон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эндрю Джексон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="أندرو دجاكسون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أندرو دجاكسون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AB_%DE%96%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެންޑްރޫ ޖެކްސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެންޑްރޫ ޖެކްސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Άντριου Τζάκσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντριου Τζάκσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جکسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندرو جکسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%EC%9E%AD%EC%8A%A8" title="앤드루 잭슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤드루 잭슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էնդրյու Ջեքսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնդրյու Ջեքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="ऐन्ड्रयू जैकसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐन्ड्रयू जैकसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%92%27%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנדרו ג'קסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרו ג'קסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಡ್ರ್ಯೂ ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಡ್ರ್ಯೂ ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენდრუ ჯექსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენდრუ ჯექსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эндрю Джексон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эндрю Джексон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Jackson" title="Andreas Jackson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andreas Jackson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endr%C5%AB_D%C5%BEeksons" title="Endrū Džeksons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Endrū Džeksons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ендру Џексон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ендру Џексон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ആൻഡ്രൂ ജാക്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൻഡ്രൂ ജാക്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="अँड्रु जॅक्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँड्रु जॅक्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენდრიუ ჯექსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენდრიუ ჯექსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جاكسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندرو جاكسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جکسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اندرو جکسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အင်ဒရူး ဂျက်ဆန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒရူး ဂျက်ဆန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एन्ड्रयु ज्याक्सन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एन्ड्रयु ज्याक्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="アンドリュー・ジャクソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドリュー・ジャクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਂਡਰਿਊ ਜੈਕਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਡਰਿਊ ਜੈਕਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اینڈریو جیکسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اینڈریو جیکسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="انډریو جکسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انډریو جکسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Джексон, Эндрю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джексон, Эндрю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئەندرێو جاکسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندرێو جاکسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ендру Џексон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ендру Џексон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆன்ட்ரூ ஜாக்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆன்ட்ரூ ஜாக்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D2%AF_%D2%96%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Әндрү Җәксон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әндрү Җәксон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แอนดรูว์ แจ็กสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนดรูว์ แจ็กสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᎡᏂᏗ ᏤᎩᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏂᏗ ᏤᎩᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endr%C3%BDu_Jekson" title="Endrýu Jekson – 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href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title="安德魯·傑克遜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="安德魯·傑克遜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Andrew Jackson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1829 to 1837</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the seventh president of the United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Andrew Jackson (disambiguation)">Andrew Jackson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"President Jackson" redirects here. For the attack transport, see <a href="/wiki/USS_President_Jackson" title="USS President Jackson">USS President Jackson</a>. For the class of attack transports, see <a href="/wiki/President_Jackson-class_attack_transport" title="President Jackson-class attack transport">President Jackson-class attack transport</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Andrew Jackson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_jackson_head_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Andrew Jackson, serious in posture and expression, with a grey-and-white haired widow's peak, wearing a red-collared black cape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Andrew_jackson_head_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="2904" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1835</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1829–1832)</div></li> <li>None (1832–1833)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 26, 1797 – April 1, 1798</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">William Cocke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Daniel Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Federal Military Commissioner of Florida</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 10, 1821 – December 31, 1821</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Coppinger" title="José María Coppinger">José María Coppinger</a> (Spanish East Florida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Callava" title="José María Callava">José María Callava</a> (Spanish West Florida)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">William Pope Duval</a> (as Territorial Governor)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="List of justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court">Justice of the Tennessee Superior Court</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 1798 – June 1804</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howell_Tatum" title="Howell Tatum">Howell Tatum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Overton_(judge)" title="John Overton (judge)">John Overton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">at-large</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 4, 1796 – September 26, 1797</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_White_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="James White (North Carolina politician)">James White</a> (Delegate from the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1767-03-15)March 15, 1767 <a href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaw Settlement</a> between <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, British America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 8, 1845(1845-06-08) (aged 78) <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1828–1845)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (before 1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a> (1825–1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Donelson</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1794; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1828)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li><li>general</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Jackson's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg/128px-Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg/192px-Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg/256px-Andrew_Jackson_Signature-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="87" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a> (U.S. Army)</li> <li>Major general (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">U.S. Volunteers</a>)</li> <li>Major general (<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Guard" title="Tennessee State Guard">Tennessee militia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Carolina_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolution" title="List of South Carolina militia units in the American Revolution">South Carolina Militia</a> (1780–81) <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Guard" title="Tennessee State Guard">Tennessee Militia</a> (1792–1821) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (1814-1821)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">Capture of St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Barrancas#First_battles_under_U.S._control" title="Fort Barrancas">Siege of Fort Barrancas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/75px-78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/113px-78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/150px-78yo_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="932" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Revolutionary_War_service">Revolutionary War service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_career">Early career</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Personal_life">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">Slave trading</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Military career</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential aspirations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt bargain</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">7th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency</a></div> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">First term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">1828 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Second term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Senate censure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Payment_of_US_national_debt">Payment of national debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Attack_and_assassination_attempt">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Reaction_to_anti-slavery_tracts">Reaction to anti-slavery tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#U.S._exploring_expedition">Exploring expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">Judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Post-presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Later_life_and_death_(1837–1845)">Later life and death</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legacy">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bibliography of Andrew Jackson">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Jackson_series" title="Template:Andrew Jackson series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Jackson_series" title="Template talk:Andrew Jackson series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Jackson_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Jackson series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1829 to 1837. Before <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">his presidency</a>, he gained fame as a general in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> and served in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. Often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in <a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">preserving the union of states</a>, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. Jackson was born in the colonial <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a> lawyer and married <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Donelson Robards</a>. He briefly served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. After resigning, he served as a justice on the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court#History" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Superior Court</a> from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">the Hermitage</a>, becoming a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> who owned hundreds of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> during his lifetime. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander. He led troops during the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> of 1813–1814, winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a> and negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a> that required the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> population to surrender vast tracts of present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">war against the British</a>, Jackson's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> in 1815 made him a national hero. He later commanded U.S. forces in the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">annexation</a> of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>. He won a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the popular and electoral vote, but no candidate won the electoral majority. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, the House of Representatives elected <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a>. Jackson's supporters alleged that there was a "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>" between Adams and Clay and began creating their own political organization that would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a>. Jackson ran again <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">in 1828</a>, defeating Adams in a landslide. In 1830, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>. This act, which has been described as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">displaced</a> tens of thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands east of the Mississippi and resulted in thousands of deaths. Jackson faced a challenge to the integrity of the federal union when South Carolina threatened to nullify a high <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">protective tariff</a> set by the federal government. He <a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">threatened</a> the use of military force to enforce the tariff, but the crisis was defused when it was <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">amended</a>. In 1832, he vetoed a bill by Congress to reauthorize the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, arguing that it was a corrupt institution. After a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">struggle</a>, the Bank was dismantled. In 1835, Jackson became the only president to pay off the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>. He survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president. In one of his final presidential acts, he recognized the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. After leaving office, Jackson supported the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a>. Jackson's legacy remains controversial, and opinions on his legacy are frequently polarized. Supporters characterize him as a defender of democracy and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, while critics point to his reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a> who ignored the law when it suited him. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Scholarly rankings of presidents</a> historically rated Jackson's presidency as above average. Since the late 20th century, his reputation declined, and in the 21st century his placement in rankings of presidents fell. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the <a href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaws</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a>. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> colonists Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> who had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, Ireland, in 1765.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200511–15-2">[1]</a> Jackson's father was born in <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, around 1738,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullan2004xii,_308-3">[2]</a> and his ancestors had crossed into Northern Ireland from Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in 1690.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19772-4">[3]</a> Jackson had two older brothers who came with his parents from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012257-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19772-4">[3]</a> Elizabeth had a strong hatred of the British that she passed on to her sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200811-6">[5]</a> Jackson's exact birthplace is unclear. Jackson's father died at the age of 29 in a logging accident while clearing land in February 1767, three weeks before his son Andrew was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012257-5">[4]</a> Afterwards, Elizabeth and her three sons moved in with her sister and brother-in-law, Jane and James Crawford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200516-7">[6]</a> Jackson later stated that he was born on the Crawford plantation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19774–5-8">[7]</a> which is in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_South_Carolina" title="Lancaster County, South Carolina">Lancaster County, South Carolina</a>, but second-hand evidence suggests that he might have been born at another uncle's home in North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200516-7">[6]</a> When Jackson was young, Elizabeth thought he might become a minister and paid to have him schooled by a local clergyman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200516-9">[8]</a> He learned to read, write, and work with numbers, and was exposed to Greek and Latin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19776-10">[9]</a> but he was too strong-willed and hot-tempered for the ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200516-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of an officer preparing to strike a boy with a sword. The boy holds out his arm in self-defense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg/220px-The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg/330px-The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg/440px-The_Brave_Boy_of_the_Waxhalls2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The Brave Boy of the Waxhaws, an 1876 <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> lithograph depicting a young Andrew Jackson defending himself against a <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> officer during the American Revolutionary War</figcaption></figure> Jackson and his older brothers, Hugh and Robert, served on the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> side against British forces during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Hugh served under Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie" title="William Richardson Davie">William Richardson Davie</a>, dying from <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stono_Ferry" title="Battle of Stono Ferry">Battle of Stono Ferry</a> in June 1779.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooraem200147-11">[10]</a> After anti-British sentiment intensified in the Southern Colonies following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws" title="Battle of Waxhaws">Battle of Waxhaws</a> in May 1780, Elizabeth encouraged Andrew and Robert to participate in militia drills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197715-12">[11]</a> They served as couriers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200524-13">[12]</a> and were present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a> in August 1780.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197717-14">[13]</a> Andrew and Robert were captured in April 1781 when the British occupied the home of a Crawford relative. A British officer demanded to have his boots polished. Andrew refused, and the officer slashed him with a sword, leaving him with scars on his left hand and head. Robert also refused and was struck a blow on the head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200812Remini197721-15">[14]</a> The brothers were taken to a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_South_Carolina" title="Camden, South Carolina">Camden, South Carolina</a>, where they became malnourished and contracted smallpox.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200515-16">[15]</a> In late spring, the brothers were released to their mother in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooraem2001104-17">[16]</a> Robert died two days after arriving home, but Elizabeth was able to nurse Andrew back to health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197723–24-18">[17]</a> Once he recovered, Elizabeth volunteered to nurse American <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> housed in British <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">prison ships</a> in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200517-19">[18]</a> She contracted <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and died soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197724-20">[19]</a> The war made Jackson an orphan at age 14<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200530–31-21">[20]</a> and increased his hatred for the values he associated with Britain, in particular <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and political privilege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz20059-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career_and_marriage">Legal career and marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman in black with white bonnet and lace collar looking forward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/220px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/330px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg/440px-Rachel_Donelson_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jackson's wife Rachel, 1823 by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl" title="Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl">Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl</a> now housed at <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a></figcaption></figure> After the American Revolutionary War, Jackson worked as a saddler,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197727-23">[22]</a> briefly returned to school, and taught reading and writing to children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooraem2001133,_136-24">[23]</a> In 1784, he left the Waxhaws region for <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina" title="Salisbury, North Carolina">Salisbury, North Carolina</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">studied law</a> under attorney Spruce Macay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197729-25">[24]</a> He completed his training under <a href="/wiki/John_Stokes_(North_Carolina_judge)" title="John Stokes (North Carolina judge)">John Stokes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200537-26">[25]</a> and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">North Carolina bar</a> in September 1787.<a href="#cite_note-NC_State_Library-27">[26]</a> Shortly thereafter, his friend <a href="/wiki/John_McNairy" title="John McNairy">John McNairy</a> helped him get appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Prosecuting_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecuting attorney">prosecuting attorney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">Western District</a> of North Carolina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197734-28">[27]</a> which would later become the state of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. While traveling to assume his new position, Jackson stopped in <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a>. While there, he bought his first slave, a woman who was around his age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197737-29">[28]</a> He also fought his first <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>, accusing another lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Waightstill_Avery" title="Waightstill Avery">Waightstill Avery</a>, of impugning his character. The duel ended with both men firing in the air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooraem2001190–191-30">[29]</a> Jackson began his new career in the frontier town of Nashville in 1788 and quickly moved up in <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200518-31">[30]</a> He became a protégé of <a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a>, one of the most powerful men in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200519-32">[31]</a> Jackson was appointed attorney general of the Mero District in 1791 and <a href="/wiki/Judge-advocate" title="Judge-advocate">judge-advocate</a> for the militia the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197753-33">[32]</a> He also got involved in land speculation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197787-34">[33]</a> eventually forming a partnership with fellow lawyer <a href="/wiki/John_Overton_(judge)" title="John Overton (judge)">John Overton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton195224-35">[34]</a> Their partnership mainly dealt with claims made under a <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period#Western_settlement" title="Confederation period">"land grab" act of 1783</a> that opened <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> territory to North Carolina's white residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1990218–219-36">[35]</a> Jackson also became a <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">slave trader</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem2011327-37">[36]</a> transporting enslaved people for the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States"> interregional slave market</a> between Nashville and the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_District" title="Natchez District">Natchez District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1991[httpswwwproquestcomopenview1a72861ea0a0473316e0d956124c4e311pq-origsitegscholarcbl2029886_35]-38">[37]</a> While boarding at the home of Rachel Stockly Donelson, the widow of <a href="/wiki/John_Donelson" title="John Donelson">John Donelson</a>, Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. The younger Rachel was in an unhappy marriage with Captain <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Robards" title="Lewis Robards">Lewis Robards</a>, and the two were separated by 1789.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1977481–482-39">[38]</a> After the separation, Jackson and Rachel became romantically involved,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200563-40">[39]</a> living together as husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200822–23-41">[40]</a> Robards petitioned for divorce, which was granted in 1793 on the basis of Rachel's infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007277Remini197762-42">[41]</a> The couple legally married in January 1794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200565-43">[42]</a> In 1796, they acquired their first plantation, <a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Hill_(Tennessee)" title="Hunter's Hill (Tennessee)">Hunter's Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197768-44">[43]</a> on 640 acres (260 ha) of land near Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200573-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_public_career">Early public career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg/220px-Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg/330px-Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg/440px-Tennesee_circa_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6269" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>Tennessee <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810. The eastern counties shaded in blue, the <a href="/wiki/Mero_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mero District">Mero District</a> in green, and Native American lands in red. The <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a> from its northern terminus to Chickasaw Crossing where it leaves the state is shaded in gray.</figcaption></figure> Jackson became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, the dominant party in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200519-32">[31]</a> He was elected as a delegate to the Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constitutional convention</a> in 1796.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200518–19-46">[45]</a> When Tennessee achieved statehood that year, he was elected to be its <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a>. In Congress, Jackson argued against the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>, criticized <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> for allegedly removing Democratic-Republicans from public office, and joined several other Democratic-Republican congressmen in voting against a resolution of thanks for Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197792–94-47">[46]</a> He advocated for the right of Tennesseans to militarily oppose Native American interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200579–81-48">[47]</a> The state legislature elected him to be a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a> in 1797, but he resigned after serving only six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977112-49">[48]</a> In the spring of 1798, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a> appointed Jackson to be a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Superior Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1981144–145-50">[49]</a> In 1802, he also became major general, or commander, of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Guard" title="Tennessee State Guard">Tennessee militia</a>, a position that was determined by a vote of the militia's officers. The vote was tied between Jackson and Sevier, a popular Revolutionary War veteran and former governor, but the governor, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roane" title="Archibald Roane">Archibald Roane</a>, broke the tie in Jackson's favor. Jackson later accused Sevier of fraud and bribery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005104–105-51">[50]</a> Sevier responded by impugning Rachel's honor, resulting in a shootout on a public street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200825-52">[51]</a> Soon afterwards, they met to duel, but parted without having fired at each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977123-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planting_career_and_slavery">Planting career and slavery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_(1865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg/220px-Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg/330px-Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg/440px-Aaron_and_Hannah_Jackson_%281865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>Aaron and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jackson" title="Hannah Jackson">Hannah Jackson</a>, two slaves owned by Jackson, photographed by <a href="/wiki/T._M._Schleier" title="T. M. Schleier">Theodore Schleier</a> in 1865, now housed at the Hermitage in Nashville</figcaption></figure> Jackson resigned his judgeship in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200521-54">[53]</a> He had almost gone bankrupt when the land and mercantile speculations he had made on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Promissory_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory notes">promissory notes</a> fell apart in the wake of an <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">earlier financial panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007375Sellers195476–77-55">[54]</a> He had to sell Hunter's Hill, as well as 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of land he bought for speculation and bought a smaller 420-acre (170 ha) plantation near Nashville that he would call the Hermitage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977131–132-56">[55]</a> He focused on recovering from his losses by becoming a successful <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977131–132-56">[55]</a> The Hermitage grew to 1,000 acres (400 ha),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977379-57">[56]</a> making it one of the largest cotton-growing plantations in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200521-54">[53]</a> Like most planters in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, Jackson used <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave labor</a>. In 1804, Jackson had nine <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> slaves; by 1820, he had over 100; and by his death in 1845, he had over 150.<a href="#cite_note-Hermitage_Slavery_2011-58">[57]</a> Over his lifetime, he owned a total of 300 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Jackson subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalistic</a> idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long as slaves were treated with humanity and their basic needs were cared for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarshauer2006224-60">[59]</a> In practice, slaves were treated as a form of wealth whose productivity needed to be protected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem2011328–329-61">[60]</a> Jackson directed harsh punishment for slaves who disobeyed or ran away.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> For example, in an 1804 advertisement to recover a runaway slave, he offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him" up to three hundred lashes—a number that would likely have been deadly.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Over time, his accumulation of wealth in both slaves and land placed him among the elite families of Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200835-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duel_with_Dickinson_and_adventure_with_Burr">Duel with Dickinson and adventure with Burr</h3></div> In May 1806, Jackson fought a duel with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickinson_(historical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dickinson (historical figure)">Charles Dickinson</a>. Their dispute started over payments for a forfeited horse race, escalating for six months until they agreed to the duel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoserMacpherson198478–79-65">[64]</a> Dickinson fired first. The bullet hit Jackson in the chest, but shattered against his breastbone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005138-66">[65]</a> He returned fire and killed Dickinson. The killing tarnished Jackson's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977143-67">[66]</a> Later that year, Jackson became involved in former vice president <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">plan</a> to conquer <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> and drive the Spanish from Texas. Burr, who was touring what was then the Western United States after <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">mortally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel</a>, stayed with the Jacksons at the Hermitage in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200827-68">[67]</a> He eventually persuaded Jackson to join his adventure. In October 1806, Jackson wrote <a href="/wiki/James_Winchester_(general)" title="James Winchester (general)">James Winchester</a> that the United States "can conquer not only [Florida], but all Spanish North America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977149-69">[68]</a> He informed the Tennessee militia that it should be ready to march at a moment's notice "when the government and constituted authority of our country require it",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977148-70">[69]</a> and agreed to provide boats and provisions for the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200827-68">[67]</a> Jackson sent a letter to President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> telling him that Tennessee was ready to defend the nation's honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005120-71">[70]</a> Jackson also expressed uncertainty about the enterprise. He warned the Governor of Louisiana <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William Claiborne</a> and Tennessee Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Daniel Smith</a> that some of the people involved in the adventure might be intending to break away from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977151-72">[71]</a> In December, Jefferson ordered Burr to be arrested for treason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200827-68">[67]</a> Jackson, safe from arrest because of his extensive paper trail, organized the militia to capture the conspirators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977153-73">[72]</a> He testified before a grand jury in 1807, implying that it was Burr's associate <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a> who was guilty of treason, not Burr. Burr was acquitted of the charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005127–128-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Military campaigns of Andrew Jackson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gray-haired man in army uniform with epaulettes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-General_Andrew_Jackson_MET_DT2851_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3653" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">General Andrew Jackson, an 1819 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Jarvis" title="John Wesley Jarvis">John Wesley Jarvis</a> now housed at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 210px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 200px; width: 210px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="210" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-lat="32.75" data-lon="-87" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/32.75/-87/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,5,32.75,-87,210x200.png?lang=en" width="210" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,5,32.75,-87,210x200@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -5px; left: 0px; width: 210px; height: 210px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 197px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 182px; left: 100px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 134.71002445902px; left: 99.14597340657px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 141.71002445902px; left: 102.64597340657px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn"><img alt="Battle of Burnt Corn- July 27, 1813; Colonel James Caller, commander. Attack on Red Sticks by U. S. forces. First incident triggering the Red Stick War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 134.9504182764px; left: 82.998853695927px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 141.9504182764px; left: 86.498853695927px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre"><img alt="Fort Mims: August 30, 1813, Major Daniel Beasely, Commander. Attack on white settlers and their Creek allies by Red Sticks. Second incident that triggered the Red Stick War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 1.141078999674px; left: 105.61434672525px; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 13.141078999674px; left: 110.11434672525px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Nashville</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 1.141078999674px; left: 105.61434672525px; width: 10px; height: 10px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee"><img alt="Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 149.79956552741px; left: 76.849332148758px; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 147.79956552741px; left: 94.349332148758px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Mobile</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 149.79956552741px; left: 76.849332148758px; width: 10px; height: 10px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama"><img alt="Mobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 65.51494877783px; left: 123.59736498166px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 72.51494877783px; left: 127.09736498166px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother"><img alt="Fort Strother- Jackson's supply depot for Northern Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 113.46015801054px; left: 111.72167121601px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 120.46015801054px; left: 115.22167121601px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Deposit,_Alabama" title="Fort Deposit, Alabama"><img alt="Fort Deposit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 160.42273568167px; left: 95.25298317973px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #999933; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 165.42273568167px; left: 94.75298317973px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Ft. Barrancas</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 160.42273568167px; left: 95.25298317973px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Barrancas#First_battles_under_U.S._control" title="Siege of Fort Barrancas"><img alt="Siege of Barrancas: (First Seminole War): May 1818. The Spanish surrender Pensacola." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 165.48455015276px; left: 165.23889861821px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #999933; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 165.48455015276px; left: 183.23889861821px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> St. Marks</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 165.48455015276px; left: 165.23889861821px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park"><img alt="St. Marks (First Seminole War): Captured April 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 167.7908585939px; left: 146.97088365477px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 174.7908585939px; left: 150.47088365477px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort"><img alt="Negro Fort (First Seminole War): July 1816; Brevet Major General Edmund Gaines, commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 169.55099682548px; left: 32.684659422377px; width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #882255; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 167.55099682548px; left: 37.184659422377px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> New Orleans</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 169.55099682548px; left: 32.684659422377px; width: 10px; height: 10px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans"><img alt="Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812): October–November 1429" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 160.06807804672px; left: 78.802820127376px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 167.06807804672px; left: 82.302820127376px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer"><img alt="Fort Bowyer (War of 1812): October–November 1429; September 15, 1814; Major William Lawrence, commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 158.17542226458px; left: 97.46512021382px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #117733; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 148.17542226458px; left: 104.96512021382px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Pensacola</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 158.17542226458px; left: 97.46512021382px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)"><img alt="Battle of Pensacola (Red Stick War): November 7–9, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 90.231160252852px; left: 130.67681116465px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #117733; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93.231160252852px; left: 127.17681116465px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Horseshoe Bend</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 90.231160252852px; left: 130.67681116465px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend"><img alt="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Red Stick War): March 27, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 76.00980240699px; left: 138.3567803244px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 91.13480240699px; left: 130.8567803244px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek"><img alt="Battle of Enatachopo Creek (Red Stick War): January 24, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 89.239739428989px; left: 131.36969544718px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #117733; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 85.739739428989px; left: 127.86969544718px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 89.239739428989px; left: 131.36969544718px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek"><img alt="Battle of Emuckfaw (Red Stick War): on January 22, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 77.528535486584px; left: 120.84696039134px; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #117733; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 72.528535486584px; left: 117.34696039134px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Talladega</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 77.528535486584px; left: 120.84696039134px; width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega"><img alt="Battle of Talladega (Red Stick War): November 9, 1813" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/9px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 64.186598372606px; left: 126.78538547134px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 71.186598372606px; left: 130.28538547134px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee"><img alt="Battle of Tallushatchee (Red Stick War): November 3, 1813; Brigadier General John Coffee, commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 174px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/32.75/-87/en" data-zoom="6" data-lat="32.75" data-lon="-87" data-overlays="["_489c3f1114985dab000ab84927efa29a2e3c835c"]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creek_War">Creek War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></div> On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, launching the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey198946-75">[74]</a> Though the war was primarily <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">caused</a> by maritime issues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey198972-76">[75]</a> it provided white American settlers on the southern frontier the opportunity to overcome <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> resistance to settlement, undermine British support of the Native American tribes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005175-77">[76]</a> and pry <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977166-78">[77]</a> Jackson immediately offered to raise volunteers for the war, but he was not called to duty until after the United States military <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Invasions_of_Canada,_1812" title="War of 1812">was repeatedly defeated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Northwest">American Northwest</a>. After these defeats, in January 1813, Jackson enlisted over 2,000 volunteers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977173-79">[78]</a> who were ordered to head to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to defend against a British attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005179-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200523–25-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> When his forces arrived at <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, they were ordered to halt by General Wilkinson, the commander at New Orleans and the man Jackson accused of treason after the Burr adventure. A little later, Jackson received a letter from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong</a>, stating that his volunteers were not needed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200522–23-84">[83]</a> and that they were to hand over any supplies to Wilkinson and disband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005184-85">[84]</a> Jackson refused to disband his troops; instead, he led them on the difficult march back to Nashville, earning the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a>" (later "Old Hickory") for his toughness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200823-86">[85]</a> After returning to Nashville, Jackson and one of his colonels, <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a>, got into a street brawl over honor with the brothers Jesse and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>. Nobody was killed, but Jackson received a gunshot in the shoulder that nearly killed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200523-87">[86]</a> Jackson had not fully recovered from his wounds when Governor <a href="/wiki/Willie_Blount" title="Willie Blount">Willie Blount</a> called out the militia in September 1813 following the August <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims Massacre">Fort Mims Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198161–62-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Creek_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Confederacy">Creek Confederacy</a> faction that had allied with <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> chief who was fighting with the British against the United States, killed about 250 militia men and civilians at Fort Mims in retaliation for an ambush by American militia at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2002631–632Owsley198138–39-89">[88]</a> Jackson's objective was to destroy the Red Sticks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198140-90">[89]</a> He headed south from <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee" title="Fayetteville, Tennessee">Fayetteville</a>, Tennessee, in October with 2,500 militia, establishing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother">Fort Strother</a> as his supply base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977192–193-91">[90]</a> He sent his cavalry under General Coffee ahead of the main force, destroying Red Stick villages and capturing supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005197-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198163–64-93">[92]</a> Coffee defeated a band of Red Sticks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Battle of Tallushatchee</a> on November 3, and Jackson defeated another band later that month at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977196–197-94">[93]</a> By January 1814, the expiration of enlistments and desertion had reduced Jackson's force by about 1,000 volunteers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198172–73-95">[94]</a> but he continued the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanon19994-96">[95]</a> The Red Sticks counterattacked at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a>. Jackson repelled them but was forced to withdraw to Fort Strother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198175–76-97">[96]</a> Jackson's army was reinforced by further recruitment and the addition of a regular army unit, the <a href="/wiki/39th_Infantry_Regiment_(War_of_1812)" title="39th Infantry Regiment (War of 1812)">39th U.S. Infantry Regiment</a>. The combined force of 3,000 men—including Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek allies—attacked a Red Stick fort at Horseshoe Bend on the <a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_River" title="Tallapoosa River">Tallapoosa River</a>, which was manned by about 1,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198179-98">[97]</a> The Red Sticks were overwhelmed and massacred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanon19994–10-99">[98]</a> Almost all their warriors were killed, and nearly 300 women and children were taken prisoner and distributed to Jackson's Native American allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanon19994–10-99">[98]</a> The victory broke the power of the Red Sticks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198181-100">[99]</a> Jackson continued his <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> campaign of burning villages, destroying supplies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198181-100">[99]</a> and starving Red Stick women and children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005220-101">[100]</a> The campaign ended when <a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a>, the Red Stick leader, surrendered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200527-102">[101]</a> although some Red Sticks fled to <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley198187-103">[102]</a> On June 8, Jackson was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the United States Army, and 10 days later was made a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> with command of the Seventh Military District, which included Tennessee, Louisiana, the Mississippi Territory, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977222-104">[103]</a> With President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s approval, Jackson imposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a>. The treaty required all Creek, including those who had remained allies, to surrender 23,000,000 acres (9,300,000 ha) of land to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200526-105">[104]</a> Jackson then turned his attention to the British and Spanish. He moved his forces to <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, Alabama, in August, accused the Spanish governor of <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Manrique" title="Mateo González Manrique">Mateo González Manrique</a>, of arming the Red Sticks, and threatened to attack. The governor responded by inviting the British to land at Pensacola to defend it, which violated Spanish neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977236–237-106">[105]</a> The British attempted to capture Mobile, but their invasion fleet was repulsed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#First_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977238-107">[106]</a> Jackson then invaded Florida, defeating the Spanish and British forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola</a> on November 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981116–117-108">[107]</a> Afterwards, the Spanish surrendered, and the British withdrew. Weeks later, Jackson learned that the British were planning an attack on New Orleans, which was the gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> and control of the American West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200528-109">[108]</a> He evacuated Pensacola, strengthened the garrison at Mobile,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981118-110">[109]</a> and led his troops to New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977244–245-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_New_Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg/220px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg/330px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg/440px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_by_F._C._Yohn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Print of a painting (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1922) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coffay_Yohn" title="Frederick Coffay Yohn">Frederick Coffay Yohn</a> of the Battle of New Orleans</figcaption></figure> Jackson arrived in New Orleans on December 1, 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977247-112">[111]</a> There he instituted <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> because he worried about the loyalty of the city's <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> and Spanish inhabitants. He augmented his force by forming an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>'s smugglers and raising units of free African Americans and Creek,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200529-113">[112]</a> paying non-white volunteers the same salary as whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977254-114">[113]</a> This gave Jackson a force of about 5,000 men when the British arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977274-115">[114]</a> The British arrived in New Orleans in mid-December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981138-116">[115]</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cochrane" title="Alexander Cochrane">Alexander Cochrane</a> was the overall commander of the operation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981134,_136-117">[116]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Edward Pakenham</a> commanded the army of 10,000 soldiers, many of whom had served in the Napoleonic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200529–30-118">[117]</a> As the British advanced up the east bank of the Mississippi River, Jackson constructed a fortified position to block them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977268–269-119">[118]</a> The climactic battle took place on January 8 when the British launched a frontal assault. Their troops made easy targets for the Americans protected by their parapets, and the attack ended in disaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200531–32-120">[119]</a> The British suffered over 2,000 casualties (including Pakenham) to the Americans' 60.<a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_New_Orleans-121">[120]</a> The British decamped from New Orleans at the end of January, but they still remained a threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981169-122">[121]</a> Jackson refused to lift martial law and kept the militia under arms. He approved the execution of six militiamen for desertion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregle1981337-123">[122]</a> Some Creoles registered as French citizens with the French consul and demanded to be discharged from the militia due to their foreign nationality. Jackson then ordered all French citizens to leave the city within three days,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977309-124">[123]</a> and had a member of the Louisiana legislature, Louis Louaillier, arrested when he wrote a newspaper article criticizing Jackson's continuation of martial law. U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Augustin_Hall" title="Dominic Augustin Hall">Dominic A. Hall</a> signed a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> for Louaillier's release. Jackson had <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Dominic_Hall_and_Louis_Louaillier" title="Arrest of Dominic Hall and Louis Louaillier">Hall arrested</a> too. A military court ordered Louaillier's release, but Jackson kept him in prison and evicted Hall from the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregle1981377–378-125">[124]</a> Although Jackson lifted martial law when he received official word that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which ended the war with the British, had been signed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977312-126">[125]</a> his previous behavior tainted his reputation in New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregle1981378–379-127">[126]</a> Jackson's victory made him a national hero,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200529–33-128">[127]</a> and on February 27, 1815, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a> and awarded a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_Congress_Bio-129">[128]</a> Though the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in December 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans was fought,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200832-130">[129]</a> Jackson's victory assured that the United States control of the region between Mobile and New Orleans would not be effectively contested by European powers. This control allowed the American government to ignore one of the articles in the treaty, which would have returned the Creek lands taken in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley1981178–179-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Seminole_War">First Seminole War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars § First Seminole War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambristertrial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers stand trial. Several other men gather around." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambristertrial.jpg/220px-Ambristertrial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambristertrial.jpg/330px-Ambristertrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambristertrial.jpg/440px-Ambristertrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>A <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1846 engraving of the trial of <a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">Robert Ambrister</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Croome" title="William Croome">William Croome</a> in Pictorial Life of Andrew Jackson by John Frost</figcaption></figure> Following the war, Jackson remained in command of troops in the southern half of the United States and was permitted to make his headquarters at the Hermitage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977321-132">[131]</a> Jackson continued to displace the Native Americans in areas under his command. Despite resistance from Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William Crawford</a>, he signed five treaties between 1816 and 1820 in which the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw ceded tens of millions of acres of land to the United States. These included the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tuscaloosa" title="Treaty of Tuscaloosa">Treaty of Tuscaloosa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Doak%27s_Stand" title="Treaty of Doak's Stand">Treaty of Doak's Stand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkGuice1996233–243-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200536-134">[133]</a> Jackson soon became embroiled in conflict in Florida. The former British post at <a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Prospect Bluff</a>, which became known to Americans as "the Negro fort", remained occupied by more than a thousand former soldiers of the British Royal and Colonial Marines, escaped <a href="/wiki/Runaway_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slaves">slaves</a>, and various indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1968569-135">[134]</a> It had become a magnet for escapees<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1968569-135">[134]</a> and was seen as a threat to the property rights of American enslavers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1951261–262-136">[135]</a> even a potential source of insurrection by enslaved people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissallMissall200426-137">[136]</a> Jackson ordered Colonel <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Lamont_Clinch" title="Duncan Lamont Clinch">Duncan Clinch</a> to capture the fort in July 1816. He destroyed it and killed many of the garrison. Some survivors were enslaved while others fled into the wilderness of Florida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissallMissall200428–30-138">[137]</a> White American settlers were in constant conflict with Native American people collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a>, who straddled the border between the U.S. and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissallMissall200432–33-139">[138]</a> In December 1817, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a> by ordering Jackson to lead a campaign "with full power to conduct the war as he may think best".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon199864-140">[139]</a> Jackson believed the best way to do this was to seize Florida from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> once and for all. Before departing, Jackson wrote to President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, "Let it be signified to me through any channel ... that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgg191966-141">[140]</a> Jackson invaded Florida, captured the Spanish fort of <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park#History" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a>, and occupied <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>. Seminole and Spanish resistance was effectively ended by May 1818. He also captured two <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_and_Ambrister_incident" title="Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident">Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot</a>, who had been working with the Seminoles. After a brief trial, Jackson executed both of them, causing an <a href="/wiki/International_incident" title="International incident">international incident</a> with the British. Jackson's actions polarized Monroe's cabinet. The occupied territories were returned to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon199865–67-142">[141]</a> Calhoun wanted him censured for violating the Constitution, since the United States had not <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">declared war</a> on Spain. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> John Quincy Adams defended him as he thought Jackson's occupation of Pensacola would lead Spain to sell Florida, which Spain did in the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200538–39-143">[142]</a> In February 1819, a congressional investigation exonerated Jackson,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidler1993518-144">[143]</a> and his victory was instrumental in convincing the Seminoles to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a> in 1823, which surrendered much of their land in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon1962350–354-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_aspirations">Presidential aspirations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1824">Election of 1824</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with wavy gray hair in white shirt, black bowtie, and black coat. Faces left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/330px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/440px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Jackson based on an 1824 portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1857 attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a> now housed at the U. S. Senate Collection<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/220px-Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/330px-Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/440px-Electoral_Votes_for_1824-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 U.S. presidential election</a> results in which Jackson received a plurality of Electoral College votes. Subsequently, John Quincy Adams was elected the sixth president of the United States in a contingent election.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a>, the United States' first prolonged financial depression, caused Congress to reduce the military's size and abolish Jackson's generalship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200540-147">[146]</a> In compensation, Monroe made him the first territorial governor of Florida in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005356–357-148">[147]</a> He served as the governor for two months, returning to the Hermitage in ill health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19812-149">[148]</a> During his convalescence, Jackson, who had been a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> since at least 1798, became the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (Masonic)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Lodge of Tennessee">Grand Lodge of Tennessee</a> for 1822–1823.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200339-150">[149]</a> Around this time, he also completed negotiations for Tennessee to purchase Chickasaw lands. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Purchase" title="Jackson Purchase">Jackson Purchase</a>. Jackson, Overton, and another colleague had speculated in some of the land and used their portion to form the town of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Purchase-151">[150]</a> In 1822, Jackson agreed to run in the 1824 presidential election, and he was nominated by the Tennessee legislature in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198148–49-152">[151]</a> At the time, the Federalist Party had collapsed, and there were four major contenders for the Democratic-Republican Party nomination: William Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Jackson was intended to be a <a href="/wiki/Stalking_horse" title="Stalking horse">stalking horse</a> candidate to prevent Tennessee's electoral votes from going to Crawford, who was seen as a Washington insider. Jackson unexpectedly garnered popular support outside of Tennessee and became a serious candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200540-147">[146]</a> He benefited from the expansion of suffrage among white males that followed the conclusion of the War of 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger194536–38-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007489–492-154">[153]</a> He was a popular war hero whose reputation suggested he had the decisiveness and independence to bring reform to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1976501-155">[154]</a> He also was promoted as an outsider who stood for all the people, blaming banks for the country's depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200541–42,_45–46-156">[155]</a> During his presidential candidacy, Jackson reluctantly ran for one of Tennessee's U.S. Senate seats. Jackson's political managers <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_Lewis" title="William Berkeley Lewis">William Berkeley Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> convinced him that he needed to defeat incumbent <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a>, who opposed him. The legislature elected Jackson in October 1823.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198151–52-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005376–377-158">[157]</a> He was attentive to his senatorial duties. He was appointed chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Committee on Military Affairs</a> but avoided debate or initiating legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198167-159">[158]</a> He used his time in the Senate to form alliances and make peace with old adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200838-160">[159]</a> Eaton continued to campaign for Jackson's presidency, updating his biography and writing a series of widely circulated pseudonymous letters that portrayed Jackson as a champion of republican liberty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198175–77-161">[160]</a> Democratic-Republican presidential nominees had historically been chosen by informal <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucuses</a>. In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1969195-162">[161]</a> and the power to choose nominees was shifting to state nominating committees and legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545-163">[162]</a> Jackson was nominated by a Pennsylvania convention, making him not merely a regional candidate but the leading national contender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1976490-164">[163]</a> When Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988101-165">[164]</a> Afterwards, Jackson won the nomination in six other states and had a strong second-place finish in three others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200546-166">[165]</a> In the presidential election, Jackson won a 42-percent <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the popular vote. More importantly, he won a plurality of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a>, receiving 99 votes from states in the South, West, and Mid-Atlantic. He was the only candidate to win states outside of his regional base: Adams dominated <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, Crawford won Virginia and Georgia, and Clay took three western states. Because no candidate had a <a href="/wiki/Majority_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority vote">majority</a> of 131 electoral votes, the House of Representatives held a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>. The amendment specifies that only the top three electoral vote-winners are eligible to be elected by the House, so Clay was eliminated from contention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198181–83-167">[166]</a> Clay, who was also <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and presided over the election's resolution, saw a Jackson presidency as a disaster for the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200547-168">[167]</a> Clay threw his support behind Adams, who won the contingent election on the first ballot. Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State, leading supporters of Jackson to accuse Clay and Adams of having struck a "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545–48-169">[168]</a> After the Congressional session concluded, Jackson resigned his Senate seat and returned to Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200549-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1828_and_death_of_Rachel_Jackson">Election of 1828 and death of Rachel Jackson</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/220px-Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/330px-Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/440px-Electoral_Votes_for_1828-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The 1828 United States presidential election results</figcaption></figure> After the election, Jackson's supporters formed a new party to undermine Adams and ensure he served only one term. Adams's presidency went poorly, and Adams's behavior undermined it. He was perceived as an intellectual elite who ignored the needs of the populace. He was unable to accomplish anything because Congress blocked his proposals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012245–248-171">[170]</a> In his First Annual Message to Congress, Adams stated that "we are palsied by the will of our constituents", which was interpreted as his being against representative democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981110-172">[171]</a> Jackson responded by championing the needs of ordinary citizens and declaring that "the voice of the people ... must be heard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012246-173">[172]</a> Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200550–51-174">[173]</a> He gained powerful supporters in both the South and North, including Calhoun, who became Jackson's vice-presidential running mate, and New York Senator Martin Van Buren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1988126-175">[174]</a> Meanwhile, Adams's support from the Southern states was eroded when he signed a tax on European imports, the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a>, which was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by opponents, into law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012246-173">[172]</a> Jackson's victory in the presidential race was overwhelming. He won 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote. The election ended the <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">one-party system</a> that had formed during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> as Jackson's supporters coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and the various groups who did not support him eventually formed the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig1964197–198-176">[175]</a> The political campaign was dominated by the personal abuse that partisans flung at both candidates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig1964197-177">[176]</a> Jackson was accused of being the son of an English prostitute and a <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977134-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199716-179">[178]</a> and he was accurately labeled a slave trader who trafficked in human flesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem2014§3-180">[179]</a> A series of pamphlets known as the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Handbills" title="Coffin Handbills">Coffin Handbills</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller200445–46-181">[180]</a> accused him of having murdered 18 white men, including the soldiers he had executed for desertion and alleging that he stabbed a man in the back with his cane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowell2010294–295-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns1828-183">[182]</a> They stated that he had intentionally massacred Native American women and children at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, ate the bodies of Native Americans he killed in battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferro1828-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> and threatened to cut off the ears of congressmen who questioned his behavior during the First Seminole War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowell2010295–297-186">[185]</a> Jackson and Rachel were accused of adultery for living together before her divorce was finalized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007277–278-187">[186]</a> and Rachel heard about the accusation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012256-188">[187]</a> She had been under stress throughout the election, and just as Jackson was preparing to head to Washington for his inauguration, she fell ill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005404–405-189">[188]</a> She did not live to see her husband become president, dying of a stroke or heart attack a few days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012256-188">[187]</a> Jackson believed that the abuse from Adams' supporters had hastened her death, stating at her funeral: "May God Almighty forgive her murderers, as I know she forgave them. I never can."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller200446-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1829–1837)">Presidency (1829–1837)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">First inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man stands in white shirt and black pants and coat with right hand on desk and left hand at his side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg/330px-Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg/440px-Andrew_Jackson_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5770" data-file-height="7690" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of President Jackson by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hay_Ritchie" title="Alexander Hay Ritchie">A. H. Ritchie</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Malone_Carter" title="Dennis Malone Carter">Dennis Malone Carter</a>'s portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860</figcaption></figure> Jackson arrived in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on February 11, and began forming his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981150-191">[190]</a> He chose Van Buren as Secretary of State, John Eaton as Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> as Secretary of Treasury, <a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> as Secretary of Navy, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> as Attorney General, and <a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> as Postmaster General.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002105-192">[191]</a> Jackson was inaugurated on March 4, 1829; Adams, who was embittered by his defeat, refused to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2012256–257-193">[192]</a> Jackson was the first president-elect to take the oath of office on the East Portico of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> In his inaugural address, he promised to protect the sovereignty of the states, respect the limits of the presidency, reform the government by removing disloyal or incompetent appointees, and observe a fair policy toward Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1829-195">[194]</a> Jackson invited the public to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, which was promptly overrun by well-wishers who caused minor damage to its furnishings. The spectacle earned him the nickname "King Mob".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200555-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_and_rotation_in_office">Reforms and rotation in office</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></div> Jackson believed that Adams's administration had been corrupt and he initiated investigations into all executive departments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman199564–65-197">[196]</a> These investigations revealed that $280,000 (equivalent to $8,000,000 in 2023) was stolen from the Treasury. They also resulted in a reduction in costs to the Department of the Navy, saving $1 million (equivalent to $28,600,000 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981186–187-198">[197]</a> Jackson asked Congress to tighten laws on embezzlement and tax evasion, and he pushed for an improved government accounting system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197456-199">[198]</a> Jackson implemented a principle he called "<a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States" title="Term limits in the United States">rotation in office</a>". The previous custom had been for the president to leave the existing appointees in office, replacing them through attrition. Jackson enforced the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1820)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1820)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, an 1820 law that limited office tenure, authorized the president to remove current office holders, and appoint new ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007332–333-200">[199]</a> During his first year in office, he removed about 10% of all federal employees<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007332–333-200">[199]</a> and replaced them with loyal Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatoO'Connor2002278-201">[200]</a> Jackson argued that rotation in office reduced corruption<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich193714-202">[201]</a> by making officeholders responsible to the popular will,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197451-203">[202]</a> but it functioned as political patronage and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197461-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich193714-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petticoat_affair">Petticoat affair</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackson faces a woman dancing, flanked by three seated men on right; three seated men on left and one man standing behind the woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg/220px-Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg/330px-Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg/440px-Pettycoat_Affair_during_Andrew_Jackson%27s_first_administration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A lithograph cartoon, The Celeste-al Cabinet, by Albert A. Hoffay, published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Robinson" title="Henry R. Robinson">Henry R. Robinson</a> in 1836, depicting Jackson's cabinet during the Petticoat Affair; "Celeste" is <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Margaret Eaton</a>.</figcaption></figure> Jackson spent much of his time during his first two and a half years in office dealing with what came to be known as the "Petticoat affair" or "Eaton affair".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1997238-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek1997vii-206">[205]</a> The affair focused on Secretary of War Eaton's wife, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Margaret</a>. She had a reputation for being promiscuous, and like Rachel Jackson, she was accused of adultery. She and Eaton had been close before her first husband <a href="/wiki/John_B._Timberlake" title="John B. Timberlake">John Timberlake</a> died, and they married nine months after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200866–67-207">[206]</a> With the exception of Barry's wife Catherine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007336-208">[207]</a> the cabinet members' wives followed the lead of Vice-president Calhoun's wife <a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride</a> and refused to socialize with the Eatons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek199753–55-209">[208]</a> Though Jackson defended Margaret, her presence split the cabinet, which had been so ineffective that he rarely called it into session,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002105-192">[191]</a> and the ongoing disagreement led to its dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1997239–241-210">[209]</a> In the spring of 1831, Jackson demanded the resignations of all the cabinet members except Barry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002108-211">[210]</a> who would resign in 1835 when a Congressional investigation revealed his mismanagement of the Post Office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984240–243-212">[211]</a> Jackson tried to compensate Van Buren by appointing him the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom#Duties" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Minister to Great Britain</a>, but Calhoun blocked the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002108-211">[210]</a> Van Buren—along with newspaper editors <a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole199724-213">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008165-214">[213]</a>—would become regular participants in Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a>, an unofficial, varying group of advisors that Jackson turned to for decision making even after he had formed a new official cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner1978380–385-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Removal_Act">Indian Removal Act</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the southern United States showing in dark green areas ceded by Indians.[215]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/220px-Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/330px-Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg/440px-Cessions_Southeastern_Tribes-_Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>The Indian Removal Act and treaties involving Jackson before his presidency displaced most of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">major tribes of the Southeast</a> from their traditional territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/220px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/330px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg/440px-Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_Andrew_Jackson_NCMOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> Portrait of President Andrew Jackson, c. 1830–1832 by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl now housed at the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art" title="North Carolina Museum of Art">North Carolina Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson's presidency</a> marked the beginning of a national policy of Native American removal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002108-211">[210]</a> Before Jackson took office, the relationship between the southern states and the Native American tribes who lived within their boundaries was strained. The states felt that they had full jurisdiction over their territories; the native tribes saw themselves as autonomous nations that had a right to the land they lived on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1973353–358-217">[216]</a> Significant portions of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">five major tribes</a> in the area then known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Southwest</a>—the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminoles— began to adopt white culture, including education, agricultural techniques, a road system, and rudimentary manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace199358–62-218">[217]</a> In the case of the tensions between the state of Georgia and the Cherokee, Adams had tried to address the issue encouraging Cherokee emigration west of the Mississippi through financial incentives, but most refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLoughlin1986611–612-219">[218]</a> In the first days of Jackson's presidency, some southern states passed legislation extending state jurisdiction to Native American lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197412-220">[219]</a> Jackson supported the states' right to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave20031332-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogin1975212–213-222">[221]</a> His position was later made clear in the 1832 Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Test_case_(law)" title="Test case (law)">test case</a> of this legislation, <a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a>. Georgia had arrested a group of missionaries for entering Cherokee territory without a permit; the Cherokee declared these arrests illegal. The court under <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> decided in favor of the Cherokee: imposition of Georgia law on the Cherokee was unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981276-223">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> alleges that when Jackson heard the ruling, he said, "Well, John Marshall has made his decision, but now let him enforce it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeley1864106-224">[223]</a> Although the quote may be apocryphal, Jackson made it clear he would not use the federal government to enforce the ruling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerutti1992305–306-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992527–528-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005141-227">[226]</a> Jackson used the power of the federal government to enforce the separation of Indigenous tribes and whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons1973360-228">[227]</a> In May 1830, Jackson signed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, which Congress had narrowly passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002109-229">[228]</a> It gave the president the right to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the eastern part of the United States in exchange for lands set aside for Native Americans west of the Mississippi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace199366-230">[229]</a> as well as broad discretion on how to use the federal funds allocated to the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201054–55-231">[230]</a> The law was supposed to be a voluntary relocation program, but it was not implemented as one. Jackson's administration often achieved agreement to relocate through bribes, fraud and intimidation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave20031337-232">[231]</a> and the leaders who signed the treaties often did not represent the entire tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002110-233">[232]</a> The relocations could be a source of misery too: the Choctaw relocation was rife with corruption, theft, and mismanagement that brought great suffering to that people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981273-234">[233]</a> In 1830, Jackson personally negotiated with the Chickasaw, who quickly agreed to move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981271-235">[234]</a> In the same year, Choctaw leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a>; the majority did not want the treaty but complied with its terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007353-236">[235]</a> In 1832, Seminole leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Treaty of Payne's Landing</a>, which stipulated that the Seminoles would move west and become part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy if they found the new land suitable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissallMissall200483–85-237">[236]</a> Most Seminoles refused to move, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> in 1835 that lasted six years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002110-233">[232]</a> Members of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy ceded their land to the state of Alabama in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a> of 1832. Their private ownership of the land was to be protected, but the federal government did not enforce this. The government did encourage voluntary removal until the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a>, after which almost all Creek were removed to Oklahoma territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaveman20091–5,_129-238">[237]</a> In 1836, Cherokee leaders ceded their land to the government by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007415-239">[238]</a> Their removal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005536-240">[239]</a> Jackson also applied the removal policy in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a>. He was not successful in removing the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a> in New York, but when some members of the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> (Fox) and the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> triggered the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> by trying to cross back to the east side of the Mississippi, the peace treaties ratified after their defeat reduced their lands further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007418–419-241">[240]</a> During his administration, he made about 70 treaties with American Indian tribes. He had removed almost all the Native Americans east of the Mississippi and south of Lake Michigan, about 70,000 people, from the United States;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogin1975206-242">[241]</a> though it was done at the cost of thousands of Native American lives lost because of the unsanitary conditions and epidemics arising from their dislocation, as well as their resistance to expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstler2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA256_256],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA263_263],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA273_273]–274,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA280_280]_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstler2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA256_256],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA263_263],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA273_273]–274,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA280_280]-243">[242]</a> Jackson's implementation of the Indian Removal Act contributed to his popularity with his constituency. He added over 170,000 square miles of land to the public domain, which primarily benefited the United States' agricultural interests. The act also benefited small farmers, as Jackson allowed them to purchase moderate plots at low prices and offered squatters on land formerly belonging to Native Americans the option to purchase it before it was offered for sale to others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhapples2014546–548-244">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nullification_crisis">Nullification crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackson stands looking right with right arm raised; Calhoun faces left bowing before Jackson with hands down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg/220px-Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg/330px-Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg/440px-Democracy-1832-1864-Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>-era lithograph cartoon of Calhoun bowing before Jackson during the nullification crisis by <a href="/wiki/Pendleton%27s_Lithography" title="Pendleton's Lithography">Pendleton's Lithography</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Prang" title="Louis Prang">L. Prang & Co.</a> in 1864</figcaption></figure> Jackson had to confront another challenge that had been building up since the beginning of his first term. The Tariff of 1828, which had been passed in the last year of Adams' administration, set a protective tariff at a very high rate to prevent the manufacturing industries in the Northern states from having to compete with lower-priced imports from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200563–64-245">[244]</a> The tariff reduced the income of southern cotton planters: it propped up consumer prices, but not the price of cotton which had severely declined in the previous decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling19666-246">[245]</a> Immediately after the tariff's passage, the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Exposition_and_Protest" title="South Carolina Exposition and Protest">South Carolina Exposition and Protest</a> was sent to the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrogdon2011245–273-247">[246]</a> This document, which had been anonymously written by John C. Calhoun, asserted that the constitution was a compact of individual states<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200564-248">[247]</a> and when the federal government went beyond its delegated duties, such as enacting a protective tariff, a state had a right to declare this action unconstitutional and <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">make the act null and void</a> within the borders of that state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis19897–8-249">[248]</a> Jackson suspected Calhoun of writing the Exposition and Protest and opposed his interpretation. Jackson argued that Congress had full authority to enact tariffs and that a dissenting state was denying the will of the majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200564–65-250">[249]</a> He also needed the tariff, which generated 90% of the federal revenue,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemin196929-251">[250]</a> to achieve another of his presidential goals, eliminating the national debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2014121–122-252">[251]</a> The issue developed into a personal rivalry between the two men. For example, during a celebration of Thomas Jefferson's birthday on April 13, 1830, the attendees gave after-dinner toasts. Jackson toasted: "Our federal Union: It must be preserved!" – a clear challenge to nullification. Calhoun, whose toast immediately followed, rebutted: "The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005445–446-253">[252]</a> As a compromise, Jackson supported the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a>, which reduced the duties from the Tariff of 1828 by almost half. The bill was signed on July 9, but failed to satisfy extremists on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981358–360-254">[253]</a> On November 24, South Carolina had passed the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergeron1976263-255">[254]</a> declaring both tariffs null and void and threatening to secede from the United States if the federal government tried to use force to collect the duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling19661–2-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdinance_of_Nullification1832-257">[256]</a> In response, Jackson sent warships to Charleston harbor, and threatened to hang any man who worked to support nullification or secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007404–406-258">[257]</a> On December 10, he issued a proclamation against the "nullifiers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198422-259">[258]</a> condemning nullification as contrary to the Constitution's letter and spirit, rejecting the right of secession, and declaring that South Carolina stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1832-260">[259]</a> On December 28, Calhoun, who had been elected to the U.S. Senate, resigned as vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeerick196585–86-261">[260]</a> Jackson asked Congress to pass a "<a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a>" authorizing the military to enforce the tariff. It was attacked by Calhoun as despotism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008239–240-262">[261]</a> Meanwhile, Calhoun and Clay began to work on a new <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">compromise tariff</a>. Jackson saw it as an effective way to end the confrontation but insisted on the passage of the Force Bill before he signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricson1995253,_fn14-263">[262]</a> On March 2, he signed into law the Force Bill and the Tariff of 1833. The South Carolina Convention then met and rescinded its nullification ordinance but nullified the Force Bill in a final act of defiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198442-264">[263]</a> Two months later, Jackson reflected on South Carolina's nullification: "the tariff was only the pretext, and <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">disunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">southern confederacy</a> the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">slavery</a> question".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008247-265">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank_War_and_Election_of_1832">Bank War and Election of 1832</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bank_veto">Bank veto</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackson holds up document towards a devil and other people who flee while columns tumble around them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg/310px-Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg/465px-Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg/620px-Downfall_of_Mother_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8096" data-file-height="5648" /></a><figcaption>An 1833 lithograph cartoon of Jackson destroying the Second Bank of the United States with his "<a href="/wiki/Bank_War#Removal_of_the_deposits_and_panic_of_1833–1834" title="Bank War">Removal Notice</a>" by Zachariah Downing, published by Henry R. Robinson; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle" title="Nicholas Biddle">Nicholas Biddle</a> is portrayed as the devil.</figcaption></figure> A few weeks after his inauguration, Jackson started looking into how he could replace the Second Bank of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200574-266">[265]</a> The Bank had been chartered by President Madison in 1816 to restore the United States economy after the War of 1812. Monroe had appointed <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a> as the Bank's executive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002111-267">[266]</a> The Bank was a repository for the country's public monies which also serviced the national debt; it was formed as a for-profit entity that looked after the concerns of its shareholders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2016273,_277-268">[267]</a> In 1828, the country was prosperous<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007375–376-269">[268]</a> and the currency was stable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1957374-270">[269]</a> but Jackson saw the Bank as a fourth branch of government run by an elite,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200574-266">[265]</a> what he called the "money power" that sought to control the labor and earnings of the "real people", who depend on their own efforts to succeed: the planters, farmers, mechanics, and laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers196020–24-271">[270]</a> Additionally, Jackson's own near bankruptcy in 1804 due to credit-fuelled land speculation had biased him against paper money and toward a policy favorable to <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">hard money</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellers195461–84-272">[271]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">First Annual Address</a> in December 1829, Jackson openly challenged the Bank by questioning its constitutionality and the soundness of its money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1987532–533-273">[272]</a> Jackson's supporters further alleged that it gave preferential loans to speculators and merchants over artisans and farmers, that it used its money to bribe congressmen and the press, and that it had ties with foreign creditors. Biddle responded to Jackson's challenge in early 1830 by using the Bank's vast financial holding to ensure the Bank's reputation, and his supporters argued that the Bank was the key to prosperity and stable commerce. By the time of the 1832 election, Biddle had spent over $250,000 (equivalent to $7,630,000 in 2023) in printing pamphlets, lobbying for pro-Bank legislation, hiring agents and giving loans to editors and congressmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2016274–278-274">[273]</a> On the surface, Jackson's and Biddle's positions did not appear irreconcilable. Jackson seemed open to keeping the Bank if it could include some degree of Federal oversight, limit its real estate holdings, and have its property subject to taxation by the states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1987534–535-275">[274]</a> Many of Jackson's cabinet members thought a compromise was possible. In 1831, Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> told Biddle that Jackson was open to chartering a modified version of the Bank, but Biddle did not consult Jackson directly. Privately, Jackson expressed opposition to the Bank;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2016285-276">[275]</a> publicly, he announced that he would leave the decision concerning the Bank in the hands of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005285-277">[276]</a> Biddle was finally convinced to take open action by Henry Clay, who had decided to run for president against Jackson in the 1832 election. Biddle would agree to seek renewal of the charter two years earlier than scheduled. Clay argued that Jackson was in a bind. If he vetoed the charter, he would lose the votes of his pro-Bank constituents in Pennsylvania; but if he signed the charter, he would lose his anti-Bank constituents. After the recharter bill was passed, Jackson vetoed it on July 10, 1832, arguing that the country should not surrender the will of the majority to the desires of the wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptist2016260-278">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_of_1832">Election of 1832</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the 1832 presidential election. Blue states were won by Jackson." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/220px-Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/330px-Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png/440px-Electoral_Votes_for_1832-_Focus_on_Jackson.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_1832_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="United States 1832 presidential election">1832 presidential election results</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 presidential election</a> demonstrated the rapid development of political parties during Jackson's presidency. The Democratic Party's first national convention, held in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, nominated Jackson's choice for vice president, Martin Van Buren. The <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a>, which had held its first convention in Baltimore earlier in December 1831, nominated Clay, now a senator from Kentucky, and <a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a> of Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008218-279">[278]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a>, with a platform built around opposition to Freemasonry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008420-280">[279]</a> supported neither Jackson nor Clay, who both were Masons. The party nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> of Maryland and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker" title="Amos Ellmaker">Amos Ellmaker</a> of Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002112–113-281">[280]</a> In addition to the votes Jackson would lose because of the bank veto, Clay hoped that Jackson's Indian Removal Act would alienate voters in the East; but Jackson's losses were offset by the Act's popularity in the West and Southwest. Clay had also expected that Jackson would lose votes because of his stand on internal improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGammon192255–56-282">[281]</a> Jackson had <a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">vetoed the Maysville Road bill</a>, which funded an upgrade of a section of the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> in Clay's state of Kentucky; Jackson had argued it was unconstitutional to fund internal improvements using national funds for local projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1966261–268-283">[282]</a> Clay's strategy failed. Jackson was able to mobilize the Democratic Party's strong political networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002113-284">[283]</a> The Northeast supported Jackson because he was in favor of maintaining a stiff tariff; the West supported him because the Indian Removal Act reduced the number of Native Americans in the region and made available more public land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen196354-285">[284]</a> Except for South Carolina, which passed the Ordinance of Nullification during the election month and refused to support any party by giving its votes to the future Governor of Virginia <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricson1995259-286">[285]</a> the South supported Jackson for implementing the Indian Removal Act, as well as for his willingness to compromise by signing the Tariff of 1832.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatcliffe200010–14-287">[286]</a> Jackson won the election by a landslide, receiving 55 percent of the popular vote and 219 electoral votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002113-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Removal_of_deposits_and_censure">Removal of deposits and censure</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Censure of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Andrew_the_First_(political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackson dressed as king with robe and crown, veto in hand and stepping on the Constitution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/220px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/330px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/440px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>An 1832 lithograph cartoon, "King Andrew the First" by an anonymous artist, depicting Jackson</figcaption></figure> Jackson saw his victory as a mandate to continue his war on the Bank's control over the national economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197463-288">[287]</a> In 1833, Jackson signed an executive order ending the deposit of Treasury receipts in the bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2006542-289">[288]</a> When Secretary of the Treasury McLane refused to execute the order, Jackson replaced him with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">William J. Duane</a>, who also refused. Jackson then appointed <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> as acting secretary, who implemented Jackson's policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1955328-290">[289]</a> With the loss of federal deposits, the Bank had to contract its credit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatell196726-291">[290]</a> Biddle used this contraction to create an economic downturn in an attempt to get Jackson to compromise. Biddle wrote, "Nothing but the evidence of suffering abroad will produce any effect in Congress."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1945103-292">[291]</a> The attempt did not succeed: the economy recovered and Biddle was blamed for the recession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007391–392-293">[292]</a> Jackson's actions led those who disagreed with him to form the Whig Party. They claimed to oppose Jackson's expansion of executive power, calling him "<a href="/wiki/King_Andrew_the_First" title="King Andrew the First">King Andrew the First</a>", and naming their party after the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">English Whigs</a> who <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">opposed</a> the British monarchy in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197462-294">[293]</a> In March 1834, the Senate <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censured</a> Jackson for inappropriately taking authority for the Treasury Department when it was the responsibility of Congress and refused to confirm Taney's appointment as secretary of the treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis197454-295">[294]</a> In April, however, the House declared that the bank should not be rechartered. By July 1836, the Bank no longer held any federal deposits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2006566-296">[295]</a> Jackson had Federal funds deposited into state banks friendly to the administration's policies, which critics called <a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">pet banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatell196435–37-297">[296]</a> The number of these state banks more than doubled during Jackson's administration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1955328-290">[289]</a> and investment patterns changed. The Bank, which had been the federal government's fiscal agent, invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">trade</a> and financed interregional and international trade. State banks were more responsive to state governments and invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">land development</a>, land speculation, and state public works projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2006562–563-298">[297]</a> In spite of the efforts of Taney's successor, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a>, to control them, the pet banks expanded their loans, helping to create a speculative boom in the final years of Jackson's administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007393-299">[298]</a> In January 1835, Jackson paid off the national debt, the only time in U.S. history that it had been accomplished.<a href="#cite_note-npr-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> It was paid down through tariff revenues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002113-284">[283]</a> carefully managing federal funding of internal improvements like roads and canals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007358–360-302">[301]</a> and the sale of public lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007395-303">[302]</a> Between 1834 and 1836, the government had an unprecedented spike in land sales:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousseau2002460–461-304">[303]</a> At its peak in 1836, the profits from land sales were eight to twelve times higher than a typical year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimberlake1965412-305">[304]</a> During Jackson's presidency, 63 million acres of public land—about the size of the state of Oklahoma—was sold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1955325-306">[305]</a> After Jackson's term expired in 1837, a Democrat-majority Senate <a href="/wiki/Expungement" title="Expungement">expunged</a> Jackson's censure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984377-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Senate1837-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panic_of_1837">Panic of 1837</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_times_panic_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political cartoon showing people suffering from economic trouble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_times_panic_1837.jpg/220px-The_times_panic_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_times_panic_1837.jpg/330px-The_times_panic_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_times_panic_1837.jpg/440px-The_times_panic_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="3639" /></a><figcaption>A lithograph cartoon of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Robinson" title="Henry R. Robinson">Henry R. Robinson</a> in 1837; Jackson is symbolized by "glory" in the sky with top hat, spectacles, and pipe.</figcaption></figure> Despite the economic boom following Jackson's victory in the Bank War, land speculation in the west caused the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2002190-309">[308]</a> Jackson's transfer of federal monies to state banks in 1833 caused western banks to relax their lending standards;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousseau2002459–460-310">[309]</a> the Indian Removal Act made large amounts of former Native American lands available for purchase and speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParinsLittlefield2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidA7OlZPtIMy4CpgPR14_xiv]-311">[310]</a> Two of Jackson's acts in 1836 contributed to the Panic of 1837. One was the <a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a>, which mandated western lands only be purchased by money backed by <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">specie</a>. The act was intended to stabilize the economy by reducing speculation on credit, but it caused a drain of gold and silver from the Eastern banks to the Western banks to address the needs of financing land transactions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrane196560–62-312">[311]</a> The other was the Deposit and Distribution Act, which transferred federal monies from eastern to western state banks. Together, they left Eastern banks unable to pay specie to the British when they recalled their loans to address their economic problems in international trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousseau200248-313">[312]</a> The panic drove the U.S. economy into a depression that lasted until 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2002190-309">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_assault_and_assassination_attempt">Physical assault and assassination attempt</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several people in a crowd, man aims a gun at Jackson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Assassination_attempt_on_Jackson_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>An 1835 lithograph of the attempted assassination of Andrew Jackson, published by Endicott & Co.</figcaption></figure> Jackson was the first president to be subjected to both a physical assault and an assassination attempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENester20132-314">[313]</a> On May 6, 1833, Robert B. Randolph struck Jackson in the face with his hand because Jackson had ordered Randolph's dismissal from the navy for embezzlement. Jackson declined to press charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini198460–61-315">[314]</a> While Jackson was leaving the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawrence_(failed_assassin)" title="Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)">Richard Lawrence</a>, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at him, which misfired. Lawrence pulled out a second pistol, which also misfired. Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane until others intervened to restrain Lawrence, who was later found not guilty by reason of insanity and institutionalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1967-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmericanHeritage.com-317">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3></div> During Jackson's presidency, slavery remained a minor political issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaul197525-318">[317]</a> Though federal troops were used to crush <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a> in 1831,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAptheker1943300-319">[318]</a> Jackson ordered them withdrawn immediately afterwards despite the petition of local citizens for them to remain for protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen2015105–106-320">[319]</a> Jackson considered the issue too divisive to the nation and to the delicate alliances of the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002117-321">[320]</a> Jackson's view was challenged when the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> agitated for <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig196943-322">[321]</a> by sending anti-slavery tracts through the postal system into the South in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002117-321">[320]</a> Jackson condemned these agitators as "monsters"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig196943–44-323">[322]</a> who should atone with their lives<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984260-324">[323]</a> because they were attempting to destroy the Union by encouraging <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005554-325">[324]</a> The act provoked riots in Charleston, and pro-slavery Southerners demanded that the postal service ban distribution of the materials. To address the issue, Jackson authorized that the tracts could be sent only to subscribers, whose names could be made publicly accountable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984258–260-326">[325]</a> That December, Jackson called on Congress to prohibit the circulation through the South of "incendiary publications intended to instigate the slaves to insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984261-327">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 230px; height: 250px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -75px; left: -45px; width: 325px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:JACKSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraved portrait of Jackson as president by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. This portrait has appeared on the $20 bill since 1929.[327]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/325px-JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/488px-JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/650px-JACKSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7636" data-file-height="9066" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JACKSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:JACKSON, Andrew-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div>Engraved portrait of Jackson as president by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a>. This portrait has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_bill" title="United States twenty-dollar bill">$20 bill</a> since 1929.<a href="#cite_note-1929$20Bill-328">[327]</a> </div> </div> </div> The Jackson administration successfully negotiated a trade agreement with <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a>, the first Asian country to form a trade agreement with the U.S. The administration also made trade agreements with Great Britain, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002120-329">[328]</a> In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson addressed the issues of <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">spoliation</a> claims, demands of compensation for the capture of American ships and sailors by foreign nations during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197651-330">[329]</a> Using a combination of bluster and tact, he successfully settled these claims with Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, and Spain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002120-329">[328]</a> but he had difficulty collecting spoliation claims from France, which was unwilling to pay an indemnity agreed to in an earlier treaty. Jackson asked Congress in 1834 to authorize reprisals against French property if the country failed to make payment, as well as to arm for defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197651-330">[329]</a> In response, France put its Caribbean fleet on a wartime footing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007263-331">[330]</a> Both sides wanted to avoid a conflict, but the French wanted an apology for Jackson's belligerence. In his 1835 Annual Message to the Congress, Jackson asserted that he refused to apologize, but stated that he did not intend to "menace or insult the Government of France".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas197663-332">[331]</a> The French were assuaged and agreed to pay $5,000,000 (equivalent to $147,677,400 in 2023) to settle the claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984288-333">[332]</a> Since the early 1820s, large numbers of Americans had been immigrating into Texas, a territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">newly independent</a> nation of <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007658–659-334">[333]</a> As early as 1824, Jackson had supported acquiring the region for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenberg1934229-335">[334]</a> In 1829, he attempted to purchase it, but Mexico did not want to sell. By 1830, there were twice as many settlers from the United States as from Mexico, leading to tensions with the Mexican government that started the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>. During the conflict, Jackson covertly allowed the settlers to obtain weapons and money from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007659–669-336">[335]</a> They defeated the Mexican military in April 1836 and declared the region an independent country, the Republic of Texas. The new Republic asked Jackson to recognize and annex it. Although Jackson wanted to do so, he was hesitant because he was unsure it could maintain independence from Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002120-329">[328]</a> He also was concerned because Texas had legalized slavery, which was an issue that could divide the Democrats during the 1836 election. Jackson recognized the Republic of Texas on the last full day of his presidency, March 3, 1837.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007670–671-337">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson</a></div> Jackson appointed six justices to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> Most were undistinguished. Jackson nominated Roger B. Taney in January 1835 to the Court in reward for his services, but the nomination failed to win Senate approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984266-339">[338]</a> When Chief Justice Marshall died in 1835, Jackson again nominated Taney for Chief Justice; he was confirmed by the new Senate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984266–268-340">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">serving</a> as Chief Justice until 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz199373–74-341">[340]</a> He was regarded with respect during his career on the bench, but he is most remembered for his widely condemned decision in <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> On the last day of his presidency, Jackson signed the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837" title="Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837">Judiciary Act of 1837</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettels1925225–226-343">[342]</a> which created two new Supreme Court seats and reorganized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">federal circuit courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1992475-344">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_admitted_to_the_Union">States admitted to the Union</h3></div> Two new states were admitted into the Union during Jackson's presidency: Arkansas (June 15, 1836) and Michigan (January 26, 1837). Both states increased Democratic power in Congress and helped Van Buren win the presidency in 1836, as new states tended to support the party that had done the most to admit them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984375–376-345">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death_(1837–1845)">Later life and death (1837–1845)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_(flipped_image).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg/330px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg/440px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype_%28flipped_image%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="4674" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of Jackson in 1845</figcaption></figure> Jackson's presidency ended on March 4, 1837. Jackson left Washington, D.C., three days later, retiring to the Hermitage in Nashville, where he remained influential in national and state politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002121-346">[345]</a> To reduce the <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> caused by the Panic of 1837, Jackson supported an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> system that would restrict the government from printing <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper money</a> and require it to hold its money in silver and gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansfordWoods20081046-347">[346]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984462–470-348">[347]</a> Jackson campaigned for Van Buren in Tennessee, but Van Buren had become unpopular during the continuing depression. The Whig Party nominee, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, won the election using a campaign style similar to that of the Democrats: Van Buren was depicted as an uncaring aristocrat, while Harrison's war record was glorified, and he was portrayed as a man of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005475-349">[348]</a> Harrison won the 1840 election and the Whigs captured majorities in both houses of Congress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984470-350">[349]</a> but Harrison died a month into his term, and was replaced by his vice president, former Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>. Jackson was encouraged because Tyler was not bound to party loyalties and praised him when he vetoed two Whig-sponsored bills to establish a new national bank in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984475–476-351">[350]</a> Jackson lobbied for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a>. He was concerned that the British could use it as a base to threaten the United States<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005161–163-352">[351]</a> and insisted that it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984492-353">[352]</a> Tyler signed a treaty of annexation in April 1844, but it became associated with the expansion of slavery and was not ratified. Van Buren, who had been Jackson's preferred candidate for the Democratic Party in the 1844 presidential election, had opposed annexation. Disappointed by Van Buren, Jackson convinced fellow Tennessean <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, who was then set to be Van Buren's running mate, to run as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee instead. Polk defeated Van Buren for the nomination and won the general election against Jackson's old enemy, Henry Clay. Meanwhile, the Senate passed a bill to annex Texas, and it was signed on March 1, 1845.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005162–163-354">[353]</a> Jackson died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a><a href="#cite_note-healthguidance-355">[354]</a> at 78 years of age on June 8, 1845. His deathbed was surrounded by family, friends, and slaves, and he was recorded to have said, "Do not cry; I hope to meet you all in Heaven—yes, all in Heaven, white and black."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008345-356">[355]</a> He was buried in the same tomb as his wife Rachel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984526-357">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a man with a tall white hat, cane, black pants and coat, and a white shirt. He is standing on grass beside a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg/220px-Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg/330px-Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg/440px-Tennessee_Gentleman_portrait_of_Andrew_Jackson_by_Ralph_E._W._Earl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Jackson depicted in 1831 as a Tennessee Gentleman by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, now housed at Hermitage in Nashville</figcaption></figure> Jackson and Rachel had no children together but adopted Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson. The Jacksons acted as guardians for Donelson's other children: John Samuel, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson</a>. They were also guardians for <a href="/wiki/A._J._Hutchings" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Hutchings">A. J. Hutchings</a>, Rachel's orphaned grandnephew, and the orphaned children of a friend, Edward Butler – Caroline, Eliza, <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._W._Butler" title="Edward G. W. Butler">Edward</a>, and Anthony – who lived with the Jacksons after their father died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977180–161-358">[357]</a> Jackson also had three Creek children living with them: <a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya</a>, a Creek orphan Jackson had adopted after the Battle of Tallushatchee,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977194-359">[358]</a> and two boys they called <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Theodore (Andrew Jackson captive)">Theodore</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoserMacpherson1984444,_fn_5-360">[359]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charley_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Charley (Andrew Jackson captive)">Charley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoserHothMacphersonReinbold199160,_fn_3-361">[360]</a> For the only time in U.S. history, two women acted simultaneously as unofficial first lady for the widower Jackson. Rachel's niece <a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson (who acted as Jackson's private secretary) and served as hostess at the White House. The president and Emily became estranged for over a year during the Petticoat affair, but they eventually reconciled and she resumed her duties as White House hostess. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a>, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr., became co-hostess of the White House in 1834, and took over all hostess duties after Emily died from tuberculosis in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008109,_315-362">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperament">Temperament</h3></div> Jackson had a reputation for being short-tempered and violent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948295-363">[362]</a> which terrified his opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2005297-364">[363]</a> He was able to use his temper strategically to accomplish what he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200837Remini19777Wilentz20053-365">[364]</a> He could keep it in check when necessary: his behavior was friendly and urbane when he went to Washington as senator during the campaign leading up to the 1824 election. According to Van Buren, he remained calm in times of difficulty and made his decisions deliberatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948302-366">[365]</a> He had the tendency to take things personally. If someone crossed him, he would often become obsessed with crushing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948297–300-367">[366]</a> For example, on the last day of his presidency, Jackson declared he had only two regrets: that he had not hanged Henry Clay or shot John C. Calhoun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman200836-368">[367]</a> He also had a strong sense of loyalty. He considered threats to his friends as threats to himself, but he demanded unquestioning loyalty in return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948306-369">[368]</a> Jackson was self-confident,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200819-370">[369]</a> without projecting a sense of self-importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948299–300-371">[370]</a> This self-confidence gave him the ability to persevere in the face of adversity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1977178–_179-372">[371]</a> Once he decided on a plan of action, he would adhere to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948312-373">[372]</a> His reputation for being both quick-tempered and confident worked to his advantage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3t9IEAAAQBAJpgPA191_191]-374">[373]</a> it misled opponents to see him as simple and direct, leading them to often understimate his political shrewdness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomit1948304-375">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_faith">Religious faith</h3></div> In 1838, Jackson became an official member of the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Presbyterian_Church_(Nashville)" title="Downtown Presbyterian Church (Nashville)">First Presbyterian Church</a> in Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005160-376">[375]</a> Both his mother and his wife had been devout Presbyterians all their lives, but Jackson stated that he had postponed officially entering the church until after his retirement to avoid accusations that he had done so for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1984444-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">List of memorials to Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg/330px-Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg/440px-Andrew_Jackson_statue_County_Courthouse_KC_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of Jackson commissioned by Judge <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keck" title="Charles Keck">Charles Keck</a> in 1934 on display in front of the Jackson County Courthouse in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> Jackson's legacy is controversial and polarizing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_z2JMnBpTqgCpgPA1_1–2]-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-JacksonsShiftingLegacy-379">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellers1958615-380">[379]</a> His contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, depicted him as the spokesperson of the majority and their passions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETocqueville1840392–394-381">[380]</a> He has been variously described as a frontiersman personifying the independence of the American West,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1920252–254-382">[381]</a> a slave-owning member of the Southern gentry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem2014a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZdStAAAAQBAJpgPP19_Introduction,_§9]-383">[382]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> who promoted faith in the wisdom of the ordinary citizen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2017218-384">[383]</a> He has been represented as a statesman who substantially advanced the spirit of democracy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19906-385">[384]</a> and upheld the foundations of American <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrogdon2011273-386">[385]</a> as well as an autocratic <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a> who crushed political opposition and trampled the law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENester20132–3-387">[386]</a> In the 1920s, Jackson's rise to power became associated with the idea of the "common man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_z2JMnBpTqgCpgPA8_8]Ward196282-388">[387]</a> This idea defined the age as a populist rejection of social elites and a vindication of every person's value independent of class and status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard196282–83-389">[388]</a> Jackson was seen as its personification,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnyIQMv2ODoMCpgPA261_261]-390">[389]</a> an individual free of societal constraints who can achieve great things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish1927337-338-391">[390]</a> In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>'s influential Age of Jackson redefined Jackson's legacy through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_z2JMnBpTqgCpgPA3_3–4]-392">[391]</a> describing the common man as a member of the working class struggling against exploitation by business concerns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem20135Cole1986151-393">[392]</a> In the twenty-first century, Jackson's Indian Removal Act has been described as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2016416Carson20089–10Garrison20022–3Howe2007423Kakel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7Nt8DAAAQBAJpgPA158_158]Lynn2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbqOfDwAAQBAJpgPA78_78]_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2016416Carson20089–10Garrison20022–3Howe2007423Kakel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7Nt8DAAAQBAJpgPA158_158]Lynn2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbqOfDwAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-394">[393]</a> the use of force, terror and violence to make an area ethnically homogeneous.<a href="#cite_note-UNEthnicCleansing-395">[394]</a> To achieve the goal of separating Native Americans from the whites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue20126Remini199056–59-396">[395]</a> coercive force such as threats and bribes were used to effect removal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave20031337Howe2007348-397">[396]</a> and unauthorized military force was used when there was resistance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave20031337-232">[231]</a> as in the case of the Second Seminole War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissallMissall2004xv–xvii-398">[397]</a> The act has been discussed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECave2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCI7DEAAAQBAJpgPA192_192]Gilo-Whitaker2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV9GLDwAAQBAJpgPA35_35–36]KalaitzidisStreich2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiunEEAAAQBAJpgPA33_33]_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCI7DEAAAQBAJpgPA192_192]Gilo-Whitaker2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV9GLDwAAQBAJpgPA35_35–36]KalaitzidisStreich2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiunEEAAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-399">[398]</a> and its role in the long-term <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#United_States_colonization_of_indigenous_territories" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">destruction of Native American societies</a> and their cultures continues to be debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstler2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA365_365]-[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6zeWDwAAQBAJpgPA366_366]Perdue20123-400">[399]</a> Jackson's legacy has been variously used by later presidents. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> referenced Jackson's ideas when negotiating the challenges to the Union that he faced during 1861, including Jackson's understanding of the constitution during the nullification crisis and the president's right to interpret the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-WilentzLincoln-401">[400]</a> Franklin D. Roosevelt used Jackson to redefine the Democratic Party, describing him as a defender of the exploited and downtrodden and as a fighter for social justice and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2008449–450-402">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-RooseveltJackson-403">[402]</a> The members of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948-1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948-1955)">Progressive Party</a> of 1948 to 1955 saw themselves as the heirs to Jackson.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> used Jackson's legacy to present himself as the president of the common man,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3t9IEAAAQBAJpgPA367_367]-405">[404]</a> praising Jackson for saving the country from a rising aristocracy and protecting American workers with a tariff.<a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> In 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s administration announced it was removing Jackson's portrait from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_bill" title="United States twenty-dollar bill">$20 bill</a> and replacing it with one of <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBarchiesi20181-407">[406]</a> Though the plan was put on hold during Trump's presidency, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s administration resumed it in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> Jackson was historically rated highly as a president, but his reputation began to decline in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Brands-409">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-FellerLegacy-410">[409]</a> His contradictory legacy is shown in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">opinion polls</a>. A 2014 survey of political scientists rated Jackson as the ninth-highest rated president but the third-most polarizing. He was also ranked the third-most overrated president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottinghausVaughn2017-411">[410]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians, Jackson was ranked the 13th in 2009, 18th in 2017, and 22nd in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-CSPAN2021-412">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Feller, Daniel; Coens, Thomas; Moss, Laura-Eve; Moser, Harold D.; Alexander, Erik B.; Smith, Sam B.; Owsley, Harriet C.; Hoth, David R; Hoemann, George H.; McPherson, Sharon; Clift, J. Clint; Wells, Wyatt C., eds. (1980–2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepapersofandrewjackson.utk.edu/">The Papers of Andrew Jackson</a>. University of Tennessee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee&rft.date=1980%2F2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepapersofandrewjackson.utk.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> (11 volumes to date; 17 volumes projected). Ongoing project to print all of Jackson's papers.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/1/">Vol. I, (1770–1803)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/5/">Vol. II, (1804–1813)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/4/">Vol. III, (1814–1815)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/2/">Vol. IV, (1816–1820)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/3/">Vol. V, (1821–1824)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/12/">Vol. VI, (1825–1828)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/11/">Vol. VII, (1829)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/9/">Vol. VIII, (1830)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/8/">Vol. IX, (1831)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/6/">Vol. X, (1832)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_jackson/13/">Vol. XI, (1833)</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bassett, John S., ed. (1926–1935). Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Carnegie Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution&rft.date=1926%2F1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> (7 volumes; 2 available online).</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof0003unse_q4f7">Vol III, (1820–1828) </a>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof0004unse_u3y7">Vol IV, (1829–1832) </a>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Richardson, James D., ed. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompilationmes09pringoog/page/n104">"Andrew Jackson"</a>. Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. III. Bureau of National Literature and Art. pp. 996–1359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+the+Messages+and+Papers+of+the+Presidents&rft.pages=996-1359&rft.pub=Bureau+of+National+Literature+and+Art&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompilationmes09pringoog%2Fpage%2Fn104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> Reprints Jackson's major messages and reports.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Vice President Calhoun resigned from office. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200511–15-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands200511–15_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrands2005">Brands 2005</a>, pp. 11–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullan2004xii,_308-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullan2004xii,_308_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGullan2004">Gullan 2004</a>, pp. xii, 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19772-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini19772_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini19772_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012257-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012257_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012257_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowlan2012">Nowlan 2012</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200811-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham200811_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeacham2008">Meacham 2008</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200516-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands200516_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands200516_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands200516_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrands2005">Brands 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19774–5-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini19774–5_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200516-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200516_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini19776-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini19776_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooraem200147-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooraem200147_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBooraem2001">Booraem 2001</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197715-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini197715_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, pp. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands200524-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands200524_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrands2005">Brands 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini197717-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemini197717_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini1977">Remini 1977</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham200812Remini197721-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham200812Remini197721_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeacham2008">Meacham 2008</a>, p. 12; 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State Library of North Carolina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618060525/http://www.ncpedia.org/biography/jackson-andrew">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2017. 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<a href="#CITEREFCole1986">Cole 1986</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2016416Carson20089–10Garrison20022–3Howe2007423Kakel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7Nt8DAAAQBAJpgPA158_158]Lynn2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbqOfDwAAQBAJpgPA78_78]-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2016416Carson20089–10Garrison20022–3Howe2007423Kakel2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7Nt8DAAAQBAJpgPA158_158]Lynn2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbqOfDwAAQBAJpgPA78_78]_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2016">Anderson 2016</a>, p. 416; <a href="#CITEREFCarson2008">Carson 2008</a>, pp. 9–10; <a href="#CITEREFGarrison2002">Garrison 2002</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 423; <a href="#CITEREFKakel2011">Kakel 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Nt8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">158</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLynn2019">Lynn 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqOfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEthnicCleansing-395"><a href="#cite_ref-UNEthnicCleansing_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228193446/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.shtml">"Ethnic Cleansing"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/essay/andrew-jackson%27s-shifting-legacy">the original</a> on May 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+Jacksonian+Democracy&rft.pub=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.aulast=Willentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap.gilderlehrman.org%2Fessay%2Fandrew-jackson%2527s-shifting-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2008449–450-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2008449–450_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrands2008">Brands 2008</a>, p. 449–450. </li> <li id="cite_note-RooseveltJackson-403"><a href="#cite_ref-RooseveltJackson_403-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629112817/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/jackson-day-dinner-address-washington-dc">"Franklin Roosevelt: Jackson Day Dinner Address, Washington D.C., January 8 1936"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-250th-anniversary-birth-president-andrew-jackson/">the original</a> on December 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+the+President+on+the+250th+anniversary+of+the+Birth+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=whitehouse.gov&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fremarks-president-250th-anniversary-birth-president-andrew-jackson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonBarchiesi20181-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonBarchiesi20181_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonBarchiesi2018">Thompson & Barchiesi 2018</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrutsinger2021" class="citation news cs1">Crutsinger, Martin (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205042/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-biden-cabinet-harriet-tubman-voting-rights-jen-psaki-56c80108669b268ea3b11ce80b002899">"Effort to put Tubman on $20 bill restarted under Biden"</a>. AP News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-biden-cabinet-harriet-tubman-voting-rights-jen-psaki-56c80108669b268ea3b11ce80b002899">the original</a> on January 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Effort+to+put+Tubman+on+%2420+bill+restarted+under+Biden&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Crutsinger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-biden-cabinet-harriet-tubman-voting-rights-jen-psaki-56c80108669b268ea3b11ce80b002899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brands-409"><a href="#cite_ref-Brands_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2017" class="citation web cs1">Brands, H. W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/opinion/2017/03/11/andrew-jackson-250-presidents-legacy-isnt-pretty-but-neither-history/98816804/">"Andrew Jackson at 250: President's Legacy isn't Pretty, but Neither is History"</a>. The Tennessean. Retrieved December 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson+at+250%3A+President%27s+Legacy+isn%27t+Pretty%2C+but+Neither+is+History&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2017%2F03%2F11%2Fandrew-jackson-250-presidents-legacy-isnt-pretty-but-neither-history%2F98816804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FellerLegacy-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FellerLegacy_410-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeller2012" class="citation web cs1">Feller, Daniel (February 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/essay/andrew-jackson%27s-shifting-legacy">"Andrew Jackson's Shifting Legacy"</a>. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved August 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%27s+Shifting+Legacy&rft.pub=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.aulast=Feller&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap.gilderlehrman.org%2Fessay%2Fandrew-jackson%2527s-shifting-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottinghausVaughn2017-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottinghausVaughn2017_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRottinghausVaughn2017">Rottinghaus & Vaughn 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CSPAN2021-412"><a href="#cite_ref-CSPAN2021_412-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall">"Total Scores/Overall Rankings | C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021 | C-SPAN.org"</a>. www.c-span.org. Retrieved July 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=Total+Scores%2FOverall+Rankings+%7C+C-SPAN+Survey+on+Presidents+2021+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2021%2F%3Fpage%3Doverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bibliography of Andrew Jackson">Bibliography of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H. W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonhis0000bran_j1p2">Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times</a>. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3072-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-3072-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285478081">1285478081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285478081&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3072-9&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonhis0000bran_j1p2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David S. (2022). The First Populist: The Defiant Life of Andrew Jackson. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-9109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-9109-2"><bdi>978-1-9821-9109-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303813425">1303813425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Populist%3A+The+Defiant+Life+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303813425&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-9109-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatner2002" class="citation book cs1">Latner, Richard B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentsrefere00graf/page/106">"Andrew Jackson"</a>. In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (3 ed.). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 106–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31226-2"><bdi>978-0-684-31226-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49029341">49029341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=106-127&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49029341&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31226-2&rft.aulast=Latner&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentsrefere00graf%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0">American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House</a>. New York, NY: Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-7346-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145796050">1145796050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Lion%3A+Andrew+Jackson+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145796050&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7346-4&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanlionandr00meac_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonco00remi">Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821</a>. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5912-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5912-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5912-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145801830">1145801830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Empire%2C+1767%E2%80%931821&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145801830&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5912-0&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonco00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1981" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksoncou0002remi">Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832</a>. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145807972">1145807972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Freedom%2C+1822%E2%80%931832&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145807972&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksoncou0002remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1984" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksoncou0000remi">Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845</a>. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285459723">1285459723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Democracy%2C+1833%E2%80%931845&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285459723&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksoncou0000remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjackson00wile">Andrew Jackson</a>. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6925-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6925-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863515036">863515036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863515036&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6925-9&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjackson00wile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sean P. (2013). "Introduction: The President and his Era". In Adams, Sean P. (ed.). A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. Wiley. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444335415" title="Special:BookSources/9781444335415"><bdi>9781444335415</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152040405">1152040405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+President+and+his+Era&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Era+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152040405&rft.isbn=9781444335415&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sean+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAptheker1943" class="citation book cs1">Aptheker, Herbert (1974) [1943]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannegrosla00herb/page/298">"The Turner Cataclysm and Some Repercussions"</a>. American Negro Slave Revolts. International Publishers. pp. 293–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717800032" title="Special:BookSources/9780717800032"><bdi>9780717800032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028031914">1028031914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turner+Cataclysm+and+Some+Repercussions&rft.btitle=American+Negro+Slave+Revolts&rft.pages=293-394&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028031914&rft.isbn=9780717800032&rft.aulast=Aptheker&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericannegrosla00herb%2Fpage%2F298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptist2016" class="citation book cs1">Baptist, Edward E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halfhasneverbeen0000bapt_c1d5">The Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism</a>. New York, NY: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00296-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00296-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00296-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302085747">1302085747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Half+has+Never+Been+Told%3A+Slavery+and+the+Making+of+American+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302085747&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00296-2&rft.aulast=Baptist&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalfhasneverbeen0000bapt_c1d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooraem2001" class="citation book cs1">Booraem, Hendrik (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/younghickorymaki0000boor">Young Hickory: The Making of Andrew Jackson</a>. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8783-3263-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8783-3263-2"><bdi>978-0-8783-3263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Hickory%3A+The+Making+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8783-3263-2&rft.aulast=Booraem&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyounghickorymaki0000boor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp0000boll_a3l8">Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19516-716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19516-716-0"><bdi>978-0-19516-716-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285570008">1285570008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaigns%3A+From+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285570008&rft.isbn=978-0-19516-716-0&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialcamp0000boll_a3l8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2008" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polkmanwhotransf00born">Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America</a>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6560-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-6560-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150943134">1150943134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polk%3A+The+Man+Who+Transformed+the+Presidency+and+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150943134&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6560-8&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolkmanwhotransf00born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2008" class="citation book cs1">Brands, Henry W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traitortohisclas0000bran">Traitor to his Class: The Privileged Life and radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385519588" title="Special:BookSources/9780385519588"><bdi>9780385519588</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759509803">759509803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traitor+to+his+Class%3A+The+Privileged+Life+and+radical+Presidency+of+Franklin+Delano+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759509803&rft.isbn=9780385519588&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraitortohisclas0000bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2015" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Patrick H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannegrosla00herb">The Land Shall be Deluged in Blood : A New History of the Nat Turner Revolt</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199828005" title="Special:BookSources/9780199828005"><bdi>9780199828005</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929856251">929856251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Shall+be+Deluged+in+Blood+%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Nat+Turner+Revolt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929856251&rft.isbn=9780199828005&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Patrick+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericannegrosla00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passionsofandrew0000burs">The Passions of Andrew Jackson</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375714049" title="Special:BookSources/0375714049"><bdi>0375714049</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1225864865">1225864865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passions+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1225864865&rft.isbn=0375714049&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassionsofandrew0000burs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2017" class="citation book cs1">Cave, Alfred A. (2017). Sharp Knife: Andrew Jackson and the American Indians. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440860409" title="Special:BookSources/9781440860409"><bdi>9781440860409</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987437631">987437631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharp+Knife%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+the+American+Indians&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987437631&rft.isbn=9781440860409&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Alfred+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2013" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark R. (2013). ""The Shape of Democracy": Historical Interpretations of Jacksonian Democracy". In McKnight, Brian D.; Humphreys, James S. (eds.). Interpreting American History: The Age of Andrew Jackson. Kent State University Press. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606350980" title="Special:BookSources/9781606350980"><bdi>9781606350980</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700709151">700709151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+Shape+of+Democracy%22%3A+Historical+Interpretations+of+Jacksonian+Democracy&rft.btitle=Interpreting+American+History%3A+The+Age+of+Andrew+Jackson.&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700709151&rft.isbn=9781606350980&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2014a" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark R. (2014a). Andrew Jackson: Southerner (Ebook). LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807151006" title="Special:BookSources/9780807151006"><bdi>9780807151006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858995561">858995561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A+Southerner&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858995561&rft.isbn=9780807151006&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkGuice1996" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Thomas D.; Guice, John D. W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldsouthwest17950000clar">The Old Southwest, 1765–1830: Frontiers in conflict</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806128368" title="Special:BookSources/9780806128368"><bdi>9780806128368</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285743152">1285743152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Southwest%2C+1765%E2%80%931830%3A+Frontiers+in+conflict&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285743152&rft.isbn=9780806128368&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft.au=Guice%2C+John+D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldsouthwest17950000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham1990" class="citation book cs1">Durham, Walter T. (1990). Before Tennessee: the Southwest Territory, 1790–1796: a narrative history of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio. Piney Flats, TN: Rocky Mount Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678-3071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678-3071-1"><bdi>978-0-9678-3071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Tennessee%3A+the+Southwest+Territory%2C+1790%E2%80%931796%3A+a+narrative+history+of+the+Territory+of+the+United+States+South+of+the+River+Ohio&rft.place=Piney+Flats%2C+TN&rft.pub=Rocky+Mount+Historical+Association&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9678-3071-1&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Walter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1974" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard E. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responsesofpresi00wood/page/51">"Andrew Jackson:1829-1837"</a>. In Woodward, C. Vann (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. Dell. pp. 51–656. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036817744">1036817744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A1829-1837&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.pages=51-656&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036817744&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresponsesofpresi00wood%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1989" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard E. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unionatriskjacks0000elli">The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195345155" title="Special:BookSources/9780195345155"><bdi>9780195345155</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655900280">655900280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+at+Risk%3A+Jacksonian+Democracy%2C+States%27+Rights%2C+and+the+Nullification+Crisis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655900280&rft.isbn=9780195345155&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funionatriskjacks0000elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeerick1965" class="citation book cs1">Feerick, John D. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromfallinghands0000unse">From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession</a>. New York City: Fordham University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Failing+Hands%3A+the+Story+of+Presidential+Succession&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Feerick&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromfallinghands0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1927" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Carl R. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofcommonman0000fish">The Rise of the Common Man 1830–1850</a>. MacMillian. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151151619">1151151619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Common+Man+1830%E2%80%931850.&rft.pub=MacMillian&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151151619&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofcommonman0000fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreehling1966" class="citation book cs1">Freehling, William (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preludetocivilwa0000unse">Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195076813" title="Special:BookSources/9780195076813"><bdi>9780195076813</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151067281">1151067281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Civil+War%3A+The+Nullification+Controversy+in+South+Carolina%2C+1816%E2%80%931836&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151067281&rft.isbn=9780195076813&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreludetocivilwa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Tim Allen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legalideologyofr0000garr">The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations</a>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3417-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-3417-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53956489">53956489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Ideology+of+Removal%3A+The+Southern+Judiciary+and+the+Sovereignty+of+Native+American+Nations&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53956489&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3417-2&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Tim+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegalideologyofr0000garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatell1967" class="citation book cs1">Gatell, Frank Otto (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacksoniansmoney0000gate">The Jacksonians and the Money Power</a>. Chicago, Rand McNally. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651767466">651767466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacksonians+and+the+Money+Power&rft.pub=Chicago%2C+Rand+McNally&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651767466&rft.aulast=Gatell&rft.aufirst=Frank+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacksoniansmoney0000gate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilo-Whitaker2019" class="citation book cs1">Gilo-Whitaker, Dina (2019). As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807073780" title="Special:BookSources/9780807073780"><bdi>9780807073780</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1044542033">1044542033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Long+as+Grass+Grows%3A+The+Indigenous+Fight+for+Environmental+Justice%2C+from+Colonization+to+Standing+Rock&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1044542033&rft.isbn=9780807073780&rft.aulast=Gilo-Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Dina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeley1864" class="citation book cs1">Greeley, Horace (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanconflict00gree_2">The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64. Its Causes, Incidents and Results</a>. O. D. Case and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Conflict%3A+A+History+of+the+Great+Rebellion+in+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1860-64.+Its+Causes%2C+Incidents+and+Results&rft.pub=O.+D.+Case+and+Company&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Greeley&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanconflict00gree_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullan2004" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, Harold I. (2004). "Dramatic Departure: Andrew Jackson Sr., Abraham Van Buren". First fathers: the men who inspired our Presidents. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46597-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46597-3"><bdi>978-0-471-46597-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53090968">53090968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dramatic+Departure%3A+Andrew+Jackson+Sr.%2C+Abraham+Van+Buren&rft.btitle=First+fathers%3A+the+men+who+inspired+our+Presidents&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53090968&rft.isbn=978-0-471-46597-3&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=Harold+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1957" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Bray (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bankspoliticsina0000hamm">Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147712456">1147712456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banks+and+Politics+in+America+from+the+Revolution+to+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147712456&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Bray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbankspoliticsina0000hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey1989" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warof1812forgo00hick">The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252060598" title="Special:BookSources/0252060598"><bdi>0252060598</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036973138">1036973138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%3A+A+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036973138&rft.isbn=0252060598&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarof1812forgo00hick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe">What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848</a>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974379-7"><bdi>978-0-19-974379-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646814186">646814186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+the+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646814186&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974379-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakel2011" class="citation book cs1">Kakel, Carroll (2011). The American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230307063" title="Special:BookSources/9780230307063"><bdi>9780230307063</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/743799760">743799760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West+and+the+Nazi+East%3A+A+Comparative+and+Interpretive+Perspective&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F743799760&rft.isbn=9780230307063&rft.aulast=Kakel&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaitzidisStreich2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalaitzidis, Akis; Streich, Gregory W. (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38375-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38375-5"><bdi>978-0-313-38375-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759101504">759101504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy%3A+A+Documentary+and+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759101504&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38375-5&rft.aulast=Kalaitzidis&rft.aufirst=Akis&rft.au=Streich%2C+Gregory+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2014" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Carl (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationwhollyfree0000lane">A Nation Wholly Free: The Elimination of the National Debt in the Age of Jackson</a>. Westholme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594162091" title="Special:BookSources/9781594162091"><bdi>9781594162091</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150853554">1150853554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+Wholly+Free%3A+The+Elimination+of+the+National+Debt+in+the+Age+of+Jackson&rft.pub=Westholme&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150853554&rft.isbn=9781594162091&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationwhollyfree0000lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansfordWoods2008" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom; Woods, Thomas E., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringamerica0010unse">Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877</a>. Vol. 10. New York: Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7758-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+American+History%3A+From+Colonial+Times+to+1877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7758-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringamerica0010unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John A. (2019). Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300189988" title="Special:BookSources/9780300189988"><bdi>9780300189988</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107042059">1107042059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Kind+of+War%3A+The+Nature+and+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107042059&rft.isbn=9780300189988&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahon1962" class="citation journal cs1">Mahon, John K. (1962). "The Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 40 (4): 350–372. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30139875">30139875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Moultrie+Creek%2C+1823&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=350-372&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30139875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszalek1997" class="citation book cs1">Marszalek, John F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petticoataffairm00mars">The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684828014" title="Special:BookSources/0684828014"><bdi>0684828014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36767691">36767691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petticoat+Affair%3A+Manners%2C+Mutiny%2C+and+Sex+in+Andrew+Jackson%27s+White+House&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36767691&rft.isbn=0684828014&rft.aulast=Marszalek&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetticoataffairm00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrane1965" class="citation book cs1">McGrane, Reginald C. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panicof1837somef0000mcgr">The Panic of 1837</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150938709">1150938709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panic+of+1837&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150938709&rft.aulast=McGrane&rft.aufirst=Reginald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanicof1837somef0000mcgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1960" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Marvin (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacksonianpersua00meye">The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics & Belief</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035884705">1035884705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacksonian+Persuasion%3A+Politics+%26+Belief&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035884705&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacksonianpersua00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissallMissall2004" class="citation book cs1">Missall, John; Missall, Mary Lou (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seminolewarsamer0000miss">The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict</a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813027152" title="Special:BookSources/0813027152"><bdi>0813027152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256504949">1256504949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seminole+Wars%3A+America%27s+Longest+Indian+Conflict&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256504949&rft.isbn=0813027152&rft.aulast=Missall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Missall%2C+Mary+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseminolewarsamer0000miss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoserMacpherson1984" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Harold D.; Macpherson, Sharon, eds. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=utk_jackson">The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume II, 1804–1813</a>. University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved May 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Andrew+Jackson%2C+Volume+II%2C+1804%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrace.tennessee.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dutk_jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoserHothMacphersonReinbold1991" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Harold D.; Hoth, David R.; Macpherson, Sharon; Reinbold, John H., eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=utk_jackson">The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume III, 1814–1815</a>. University of Tennessee Press. p. 35. Retrieved May 25, 2022. <q>I have not heard whether Genl Coffee has taken on to him little Lyncoya-I have got another Pett-given to me by the chief Jame Fife, ... [The Indian children were probably Theodore and Charley.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Andrew+Jackson%2C+Volume+III%2C+1814%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrace.tennessee.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dutk_jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988">*</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2013" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Sharon A. (2013). "The Myth and Reality of andrew Jackson's Rise in the Election of 1824". In Adams, Sean P. (ed.). A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. Wiley. pp. 260–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444335415" title="Special:BookSources/9781444335415"><bdi>9781444335415</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152040405">1152040405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+and+Reality+of+andrew+Jackson%27s+Rise+in+the+Election+of+1824&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Era+of+Andrew+Jackson&rft.pages=260-279&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152040405&rft.isbn=9781444335415&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Sharon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNester2013" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofjacksonarto0000nest">The Age of Jackson and the Art of Power</a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612346052" title="Special:BookSources/9781612346052"><bdi>9781612346052</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857769985">857769985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Jackson+and+the+Art+of+Power&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857769985&rft.isbn=9781612346052&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofjacksonarto0000nest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiven1988" class="citation book cs1">Niven, John (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnccalhounp00john">John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography</a>. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1858-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-1858-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035889000">1035889000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+C.+Calhoun+and+the+Price+of+Union%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035889000&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1858-0&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnccalhounp00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowlan2012" class="citation book cs1">Nowlan, Robert A. (2012). The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6336-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-6336-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/692291434">692291434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidents%2C+Washington+to+Tyler&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F692291434&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6336-7&rft.aulast=Nowlan&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgg1919" class="citation book cs1">Ogg, Frederic Austin (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13009">The Reign of Andrew Jackson; Vol. 20, Chronicles of America Series</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928924919">928924919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Andrew+Jackson%3B+Vol.+20%2C+Chronicles+of+America+Series&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928924919&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (2002). Robert L. Shadle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofin00olso">Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30830-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30830-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033573148">1033573148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Industrial+Revolution+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033573148&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30830-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofin00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsley1981" class="citation book cs1">Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforgulfb0000owsl">Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815</a>. University Presses of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813006627" title="Special:BookSources/0813006627"><bdi>0813006627</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151350587">1151350587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Gulf+Borderlands%3A+The+Creek+War+and+the+Battle+of+New+Orleans%2C+1812-1815&rft.pub=University+Presses+of+Florida&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151350587&rft.isbn=0813006627&rft.aulast=Owsley&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lawrence+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleforgulfb0000owsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2019" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Jeffrey (2019). Surviving Genocide. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24526-4"><bdi>978-0-300-24526-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099434736">1099434736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Genocide&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099434736&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24526-4&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParinsLittlefield2011" class="citation book cs1">Parins, James W.; Littlefield, Daniel F. (2011). "Introduction". In Parins, James W.; Littlefield, Daniel F. (eds.). Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313360428" title="Special:BookSources/9780313360428"><bdi>9780313360428</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/720586004">720586004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Indian+Removal+%5B2+Volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F720586004&rft.isbn=9780313360428&rft.aulast=Parins&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Littlefield%2C+Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1990" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyofandrewja0000remi">The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery</a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807116425" title="Special:BookSources/9780807116425"><bdi>9780807116425</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200479832">1200479832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Andrew+Jackson%3A+Essays+on+Democracy%2C+Indian+Removal%2C+and+Slavery&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1200479832&rft.isbn=9780807116425&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacyofandrewja0000remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogin1975" class="citation book cs1">Rogin, Michael P. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherschildren00mich">Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394482042" title="Special:BookSources/0394482042"><bdi>0394482042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034678255">1034678255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers+and+Children%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Subjugation+of+the+American+Indian&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034678255&rft.isbn=0394482042&rft.aulast=Rogin&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatherschildren00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatoO'Connor2002" class="citation book cs1">Sabato, Larry; O'Connor, Karen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americangovernme00kare_0">American Government: Continuity and Change</a>. New York: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31711-7"><bdi>978-0-321-31711-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028046888">1028046888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Government%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028046888&rft.isbn=978-0-321-31711-7&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericangovernme00kare_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatz1974" class="citation book cs1">Satz, Ronald N. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianpo0000satz">American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era</a>. University of Nebraska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803208230" title="Special:BookSources/9780803208230"><bdi>9780803208230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Policy+in+the+Jacksonian+Era&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780803208230&rft.aulast=Satz&rft.aufirst=Ronald+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanindianpo0000satz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1945" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofjackson0000schl">The Age of Jackson</a>. Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316773430" title="Special:BookSources/9780316773430"><bdi>9780316773430</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024176654">1024176654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Jackson&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024176654&rft.isbn=9780316773430&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofjackson0000schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1993" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsupreme00schw">A History of the Supreme Court</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509387-2"><bdi>978-0-19-509387-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035668728">1035668728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035668728&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509387-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsupreme00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemin1969" class="citation book cs1">Temin, Peter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacksonianeconom00temi">Jacksonian Economy</a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150111725">1150111725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacksonian+Economy&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150111725&rft.aulast=Temin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacksonianeconom00temi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1920" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontierinameric0000turn_y3z9">The Frontier in American History</a>. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045610195">1045610195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontier+in+American+History&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045610195&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontierinameric0000turn_y3z9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2012" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Harlow G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306822650">John Quincy Adams</a>. De Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306822650" title="Special:BookSources/9780306822650"><bdi>9780306822650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035758771">1035758771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams&rft.pub=De+Capo&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035758771&rft.isbn=9780306822650&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780306822650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen1963" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacksonianera0000unse">The Jacksonian Era, 1828-1848</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061330285" title="Special:BookSources/9780061330285"><bdi>9780061330285</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1176180758">1176180758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacksonian+Era%2C+1828-1848&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1176180758&rft.isbn=9780061330285&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacksonianera0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1993" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Anthony F. C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longbittertraila0000wall">The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians</a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809066315" title="Special:BookSources/9780809066315"><bdi>9780809066315</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150209732">1150209732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long%2C+Bitter+Trail%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Indians&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150209732&rft.isbn=9780809066315&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongbittertraila0000wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1962" class="citation book cs1">Ward, John. W. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionof0000high/page/82">"The Age of the Common Man"</a>. In Higham, John (ed.). The Reconstruction of American History. Hutchison. pp. 82–97. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151080132">1151080132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+the+Common+Man&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+American+History&rft.pages=82-97&rft.pub=Hutchison&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151080132&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=John.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructionof0000high%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles_and_dissertations">Journal articles and dissertations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016). "The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?". Western Historical Quarterly. 47 (4). Oxford University Press: 416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwhq%2Fwhw126">10.1093/whq/whw126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26782720">26782720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Native+Peoples+of+the+American+West%3A+Genocide+or+Ethnic+Cleansing%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0043-3810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26782720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwhq%2Fwhw126&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bergeron, Paul H. (1976). "The nullification controversy revisited". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 35 (3): 263–275. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623589">42623589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+nullification+controversy+revisited&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-275&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42623589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerutti1992" class="citation journal cs1">Berutti, Ronald A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol17/iss1/12">"The Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Cherokee Indians"</a>. American Indian Law Review. 17 (1): 291–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20068726">10.2307/20068726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-002X">0094-002X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20068726">20068726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cherokee+Cases%3A+The+Fight+to+Save+the+Supreme+Court+and+the+Cherokee+Indians&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=291-308&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0094-002X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20068726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20068726&rft.aulast=Berutti&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ou.edu%2Failr%2Fvol17%2Fiss1%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogdon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brogdon, Matthew S. (2011). "Defending the Union: Andrew Jackson's Nullifaction Proclamation and American federalism". Review of Politics. 73 (2): 245–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670511000064">10.1017/S0034670511000064</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623589">42623589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145679939">145679939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Defending+the+Union%3A+Andrew+Jackson%27s+Nullifaction+Proclamation+and+American+federalism&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-273&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145679939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42623589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670511000064&rft.aulast=Brogdon&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Stephen W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14664658.2016.1230930">"Funding the Bank War: Nicholas Biddle and the public relations campaign to recharter the second bank of the U.S., 1828–1832"</a>. American Nineteenth Century History. 17 (3): 279–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664658.2016.1230930">10.1080/14664658.2016.1230930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152280055">152280055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Nineteenth+Century+History&rft.atitle=Funding+the+Bank+War%3A+Nicholas+Biddle+and+the+public+relations+campaign+to+recharter+the+second+bank+of+the+U.S.%2C+1828%E2%80%931832&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-299&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664658.2016.1230930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152280055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14664658.2016.1230930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cave, Alfred A. (2003). "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830". The Historian. 65 (6): 1330–1353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2205966">10.2307/2205966</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2205966">2205966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+Power%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Indian+Removal+Act+of+1830&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1330-1353&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2205966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2205966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Alfred+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cheathem, Mark R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012032600/https://1stdirectory.co.uk/_assets/files_comp/ad51b67b-cd80-4ec1-90ea-19f753723c3c.pdf">"Andrew Jackson, Slavery, and Historians"</a> (PDF). History Compass. 9 (4): 326–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00763.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00763.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1stdirectory.co.uk/_assets/files_comp/ad51b67b-cd80-4ec1-90ea-19f753723c3c.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Historians&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-338&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00763.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1stdirectory.co.uk%2F_assets%2Ffiles_comp%2Fad51b67b-cd80-4ec1-90ea-19f753723c3c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cheathem, Mark (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readex.com/readex-report/frontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828">"Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign"</a>. The Readex Report. 9 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112022334/http://www.readex.com/readex-report/frontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Readex+Report&rft.atitle=Frontiersman+or+Southern+Gentleman%3F+Newspaper+Coverage+of+Andrew+Jackson+during+the+1828+Presidential+Campaign&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readex.com%2Freadex-report%2Ffrontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, James T. 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Open Cultural Studies. 2: 417–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fculture-2018-0038">10.1515/culture-2018-0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166210849">166210849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Harriet+Tubman+and+Andrew+Jackson+on+the+Twenty-Dollar+Bill%3A+A+Monstrous+Intimacy&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=417-429&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fculture-2018-0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166210849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Sheneese&rft.au=Barchiesi%2C+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fculture-2018-0038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake1965" class="citation journal cs1">Timberlake, Richard H. (1965). "The Specie Circular and Sales of public land". The American Historical Review. 25 (3): 414–416. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116177">2116177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Specie+Circular+and+Sales+of+public+land&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=414-416&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2116177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregle1981" class="citation journal cs1">Tregle, Joseph G. Jr. (1981). "Andrew Jackson and the continuing Battle of New Orleans". Journal of the Early Republic. 1 (4): 373–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3122827">10.2307/3122827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3122827">3122827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+continuing+Battle+of+New+Orleans&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=373-393&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3122827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3122827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tregle&rft.aufirst=Joseph+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Harry L. (2017). "Andrew Jackson's Populism". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 76 (3): 236–237. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26540290">26540290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson%27s+Populism&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-237&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26540290%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshauer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Warshauer, Matthew (2006). "Andrew Jackson: Chivalric slave master". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 65 (3): 203–229. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627964">42627964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson%3A+Chivalric+slave+master&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-229&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42627964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warshauer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhapples2014" class="citation journal cs1">Whapples, Robert (2014). "Were Andrew Jackson's policies "Good for the Economy"?". The Independent Review. 18 (4): 545–558. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563169">24563169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Were+Andrew+Jackson%27s+policies+%22Good+for+the+Economy%22%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-558&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24563169%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whapples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Kirsten E. (1997). ""One woman so dangerous to public morals": Gender and power in the Eaton Affair". Journal of the Early Republic. 17 (2): 237–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124447">10.2307/3124447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124447">3124447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=%22One+woman+so+dangerous+to+public+morals%22%3A+Gender+and+power+in+the+Eaton+Affair&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-275&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3124447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3124447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. Leitch Jr. (1968). "A note on the First Seminole War as seen by the Indians, negroes, and their British advisors". The Journal of Southern History. 34 (4): 565–576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2204387">10.2307/2204387</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2204387">2204387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+First+Seminole+War+as+seen+by+the+Indians%2C+negroes%2C+and+their+British+advisors&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-576&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2204387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2204387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Leitch+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns1828" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Binns_(journalist)" title="John Binns (journalist)">Binns, John</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661734/">"Some account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131821/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661734/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+account+of+some+of+the+bloody+deeds+of+General+Jackson&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fitem%2F2008661734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Senate1837" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_9/29a.html">"Expunged Senate censure motion against President Andrew Jackson, January 16, 1837"</a>. Andrew Jackson – National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the U.S. Senate. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103001353/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_9/29a.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Jackson+%E2%80%93+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration%2C+Records+of+the+U.S.+Senate&rft.atitle=Expunged+Senate+censure+motion+against+President+Andrew+Jackson%2C+January+16%2C+1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ftreasures_of_congress%2FImages%2Fpage_9%2F29a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1829" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Andrew (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29471">"Andrew Jackson's First Annual Message to Congress"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226130931/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29471">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%27s+First+Annual+Message+to+Congress&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D29471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1832" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Andrew (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824095525/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/proclamations/jack01.htm">"President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832"</a>. The Avalon Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/proclamations/jack01.htm">the original</a> on August 24, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Jackson%27s+Proclamation+Regarding+Nullification%2C+December+10%2C+1832&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fpresiden%2Fproclamations%2Fjack01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdinance_of_Nullification1832" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ordnull.asp">"South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832"</a>. The Avalon Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819073235/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ordnull.asp">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Ordinance+of+Nullification%2C+November+24%2C+1832&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fordnull.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferro1828" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Taliaferro" title="John Taliaferro">Taliaferro, John</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.18601400/">"Supplemental account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson, being a supplement to the "Coffin handbill""</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628122833/https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.18601400/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplemental+account+of+some+of+the+bloody+deeds+of+General+Jackson%2C+being+a+supplement+to+the+%22Coffin+handbill%22&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Frbpe.18601400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocqueville1840" class="citation book cs1">de Tocqueville, Alexis (1969) [1840]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyinameri0000tocq">Democracy in America</a>. Translated by Lawrence, George. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385081702" title="Special:BookSources/9780385081702"><bdi>9780385081702</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148815334">1148815334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+America&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148815334&rft.isbn=9780385081702&rft.aulast=de+Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyinameri0000tocq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Andrew Jackson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" class="extiw" title="c:Andrew Jackson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" class="extiw" title="q:Andrew Jackson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Andrew_Jackson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Andrew Jackson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/Presidents" class="extiw" title="b:US History/Presidents">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_US_Presidents/Andrew_Jackson" class="extiw" title="v:The US Presidents/Andrew Jackson">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/jackson">Scholarly coverage of Jackson at Miller Center, U of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Jackson,+Andrew">Works by Andrew Jackson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jackson%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20Jackson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jackson%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20Jackson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jackson%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20Jackson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jackson%2C%20Andrew%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20Jackson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221767-1845%22%20AND%20Jackson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Andrew Jackson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14014">Works by Andrew Jackson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/jackpap.asp">The Papers of Andrew Jackson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehermitage.com/">The Hermitage</a>, home of President Andrew Jackson</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/andrew-jackson-papers/about-this-collection">"Andrew Jackson Papers"</a>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fandrew-jackson-papers%2Fabout-this-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Jackson" class="Z3988"> A digital archive providing access to manuscript images of many of Jackson's documents.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andrew_Jackson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template talk:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andrew_Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1797–1798, 1823–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Federal Military Commissioner of Florida</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">Tennessee at-large</a> (1796–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Hill_(Tennessee)" title="Hunter's Hill (Tennessee)">Hunter's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother">Fort Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">United States Senate Committee on Armed Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Handbills" title="Coffin Handbills">Coffin Handbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">First inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1820)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1820)">Tenure of Office Act (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Senate censure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">Hard money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">1829 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1830 State of the Union Address">1830 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">Pet banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">List of memorials to Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol)">Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Andrew_the_First" title="King Andrew the First">King Andrew the First</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson (Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(stamp)" title="Black Jack (stamp)">Black Jack stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady" title="The President's Lady">The President's Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1938_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1938 film)">The Buccaneer</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1958_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1958 film)">The Buccaneer</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy" title="The Gorgeous Hussy">The Gorgeous Hussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkable_Andrew" title="The Remarkable Andrew">The Remarkable Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bloody_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson">Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Conquest" title="Man of Conquest">Man of Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Jackson_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Jackson (1832)">USRC Jackson (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Andrew_Jackson_(SSBN-619)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619)">USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Jackson" title="USS President Jackson">USS President Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Jackson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya Jackson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchings_(slave_trader)" title="John Hutchings (slave trader)">John Hutchings</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_(parrot)" title="Poll (parrot)">Poll</a> (pet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Jackson and slavery">Jackson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">Jackson as slave trader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Tennessee)" title="Gilbert (Tennessee)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jackson_(Tennessee)" title="Alfred Jackson (Tennessee)">Alfred Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jackson" title="Hannah Jackson">Hannah Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">← John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Andrew_Jackson" title="Category:Andrew Jackson">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_White_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="James White (North Carolina politician)">James White</a></div>as U.S. Delegate from the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">Tennessee's at-large congressional district</a> 1796–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">William Cocke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee</a> 1797–1798 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Joseph Anderson</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Daniel Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee</a> 1823–1825 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Military Affairs Committee</a> 1823–1825 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stockton (U.S. senator)">Richard Stockton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Baby of the Senate</a> 1797–1798 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Greene_(politician)" title="Ray Greene (politician)">Ray Greene</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Coppinger" title="José María Coppinger">José María Coppinger</a></div>as Governor of Spanish East Florida </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> Acting 1821 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">William Pope Duval</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1829–1837 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Masonic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilkins_F._Tannehill" title="Wilkins F. Tannehill">Wilkins F. Tannehill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (Masonic)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Lodge of Tennessee">Grand Lodge of Tennessee</a> 1822–1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Wilkins F. Tannehill</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> nominee for President of the United States¹ <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Party dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Notes and references </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">1. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> split in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a>, fielding four separate candidates. </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Andrew_Jackson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Andrew_Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Andrew Jackson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1820)_1824_United_States_presidential_election_(1828_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1824 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1820)_1824_United_States_presidential_election_(1828_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">← 1820</a>) <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #68C468;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">Adams-Clay faction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (eliminated in contingent election)</li></ul> <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #698DC5;"><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian faction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1824 elections: <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election#1825_contingent_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_and_1825_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_and_1825_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1824)_1828_United_States_presidential_election_(1832_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1828 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1824)_1828_United_States_presidential_election_(1832_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">← 1824</a>) <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDEEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFE6B0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1828 elections: <a href="/wiki/1828_and_1829_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_and_1829_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1828)_1832_United_States_presidential_election_(1836_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1828)_1832_United_States_presidential_election_(1836_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">← 1828</a>) <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFE6B0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0EBFB0;"><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">John Floyd</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_(economist)" title="Henry Lee (economist)">Henry Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFFF99;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker" title="Amos Ellmaker">Amos Ellmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1832 elections: <a href="/wiki/1832_and_1833_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_and_1833_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template talk:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States senators from Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_L._Turney" title="Hopkins L. Turney">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Bailey" title="James E. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Lea_(American_politician,_born_1879)" title="Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879)">Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Gore Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkin_Whiteside" title="Jenkin Whiteside">Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton" title="Jesse Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_O._Anderson" title="Alexander O. Anderson">A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Jarnagin" title="Spencer Jarnagin">Jarnagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Henry Cooper (Tennessee politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Turley" title="Thomas B. Turley">Turley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack" title="Edward W. Carmack">Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Sanders" title="Newell Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Webb" title="William R. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Shields" title="John K. Shields">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tyson" title="Lawrence Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Brock" title="William E. Brock">Brock I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Bachman" title="Nathan L. Bachman">Bachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Berry" title="George L. Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stewart_(politician)" title="Tom Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Walters" title="Herbert S. Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Mathews" title="Harlan Mathews">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template talk:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">United States Senate Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">Troup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Spencer" title="George E. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Randolph" title="Theodore F. Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sewell" title="William J. Sewell">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._du_Pont" title="Henry A. du Pont">du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Johnston" title="Joseph F. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Chamberlain" title="George E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reynolds" title="Robert R. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tait_(politician)" title="Charles Tait (politician)">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuel_Williams" title="Reuel Williams">R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bayard" title="Richard H. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Grimes" title="James W. Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_H._Cragin" title="Aaron H. Cragin">Cragin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_S._Page" title="Carroll S. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (U.S. senator)">F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee (1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Gurney" title="Chan Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Florida" title="Template talk:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Governors of Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military (1821)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/75px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/113px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/150px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Territorial (1822–1845)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pope_Duval" title="William Pope Duval">Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reid" title="Robert R. Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Call" title="Richard K. Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State (since 1845)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunn_Moseley" title="William Dunn Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(Florida_politician)" title="Thomas Brown (Florida politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Broome" title="James E. Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_S._Perry" title="Madison S. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(Florida_politician)" title="John Milton (Florida politician)">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_K._Allison" title="Abraham K. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marvin" title="William Marvin">Marvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walker" title="David S. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Reed_(politician)" title="Harrison Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian_B._Hart" title="Ossian B. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Stearns" title="Marcellus Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Franklin_Drew" title="George Franklin Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Perry" title="Edward A. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Fleming" title="Francis P. Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Mitchell" title="Henry L. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Bloxham" title="William D. Bloxham">Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_B._Broward" title="Napoleon B. Broward">Broward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Gilchrist" title="Albert W. Gilchrist">Gilchrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_A._Hardee" title="Cary A. Hardee">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Martin" title="John W. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_E._Carlton" title="Doyle E. Carlton">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sholtz" title="David Sholtz">Sholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_P._Cone" title="Fred P. Cone">Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Warren" title="Fuller Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._McCarty" title="Daniel T. McCarty">McCarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Eugene_Johns" title="Charley Eugene Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Farris_Bryant" title="C. Farris Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Kirk, Jr.">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Mixson" title="Wayne Mixson">Mixson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_MacKay" title="Buddy MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Crist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/100px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/150px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/200px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="739" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">William J. Duane</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (1831–1836)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1833–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> (1829–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1835–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1831–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame 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Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_1812" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_of_1812" title="Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_of_1812" title="Template talk:War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_of_1812" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Origins</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>Involvement</li><li>Leaders</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council (1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon%27s_Bill_Number_2" title="Macon's Bill Number 2">Macon's Bill Number 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">War hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_1756" title="Rule of 1756">Rule of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_affair" title="Little Belt affair">Little Belt affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Assassination of Spencer Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_Kingdom" title="United States declaration of war on the United Kingdom">Declaration of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters and <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812_campaigns" title="War of 1812 campaigns">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Western theater of the War of 1812">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Gulf_Coast" title="War of 1812">Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of War of 1812 battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Spur's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Kentucky in the War of 1812">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Ohio in the War of 1812">Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Edward Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail" title="Laura Secord Legacy Trail">Laura Secord Legacy Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Society_of_the_War_of_1812" title="General Society of the War of 1812">General Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veteran_Corps_of_Artillery" title="Veteran Corps of Artillery">Military Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_United_States_Daughters_of_1812" title="National Society of United States Daughters of 1812">United States Daughters of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_Bicentennial" title="List of War of 1812 Bicentennial">War of 1812 Bicentennial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Bibliography of the War of 1812">Bibliography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Canadian" title="The Bold Canadian">The Bold Canadian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_of_Kentucky" title="The Hunters of Kentucky">The Hunters of Kentucky</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">Opposition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">Opposition in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Timeline of the War of 1812">Timeline of the War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40485/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3QCrxJWVRcV4rBwCxXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118775731">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79088888">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035654v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035654v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620870">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00860075?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500490081">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e3965d2a-67a1-4d7e-970a-6e33cd152dbb">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000005">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFGilman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilo-Whitaker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreeley1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinspan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaveman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenig1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaitzidisStreich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnodell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenig1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansfordWoods2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarszalek1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFaul1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrane1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLoughlin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMissallMissall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoserHothMacphersonReinbold1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoserMacpherson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNester2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettels1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiven1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowlan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgg1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrdinance_of_Nullification1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwsley1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwsley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParinsLittlefield2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatcliffe2000\"] = 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[\"CITEREFWallace1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarshauer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhapples2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillentz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1968\"] = 1,\n [\"Enslaved_Families_Understanding_the_Enslaved_Families_at_The_Hermitage\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"1824 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1828 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"1832 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Andrew Jackson\"] = 1,\n [\"Andrew Jackson series\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"CSS image crop\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 33,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord\"] = 19,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, 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[\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Registration required\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 9,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-brk\"] = 9,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-npo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ref\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 10,\n [\"SenArmedServiceCommitteeChairs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 398,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USDemPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenTN\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"War of 1812\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","1020","27.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","620","16.4"],["recursiveClone 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