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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_(Levels_VIII–IX)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_(Levels_VIII–IX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle Bronze (Levels VIII–IX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_(Levels_VIII–IX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_(Levels_VI–VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_(Levels_VI–VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late Bronze (Levels VI–VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_(Levels_VI–VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_(Levels_II–IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_(Levels_II–IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Iron Age (Levels II–IV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_(Levels_II–IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_by_Sennacherib,_Assyrian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_by_Sennacherib,_Assyrian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Siege by Sennacherib, Assyrian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_by_Sennacherib,_Assyrian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babylonian_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylonian_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Babylonian occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylonian_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starkey-Tufnell_expedition_(1932–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starkey-Tufnell_expedition_(1932–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Starkey-Tufnell expedition (1932–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starkey-Tufnell_expedition_(1932–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aharoni_expedition_(1966,_1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aharoni_expedition_(1966,_1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aharoni expedition (1966, 1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aharoni_expedition_(1966,_1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ussishkin_expedition_(1973_and_1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ussishkin_expedition_(1973_and_1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ussishkin expedition (1973 and 1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ussishkin_expedition_(1973_and_1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garfinkel_expedition_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garfinkel_expedition_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Garfinkel expedition (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garfinkel_expedition_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digs_since_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digs_since_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Digs since 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digs_since_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Select inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Select_inscriptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Select inscriptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Select_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inscriptions_in_Proto-Canaanite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions_in_Proto-Canaanite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inscriptions in Proto-Canaanite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions_in_Proto-Canaanite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ivory_lice_comb_(18th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_lice_comb_(18th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Ivory lice comb (18th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_lice_comb_(18th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cypriot_bowl_fragment_(15th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cypriot_bowl_fragment_(15th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cypriot bowl fragment (15th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot_bowl_fragment_(15th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lachish_ewer_(13th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lachish_ewer_(13th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Lachish ewer (13th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lachish_ewer_(13th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lachish_bowl_(13th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lachish_bowl_(13th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Lachish bowl (13th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lachish_bowl_(13th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lachish_bowl_fragment_(12th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lachish_bowl_fragment_(12th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Lachish bowl fragment (12th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lachish_bowl_fragment_(12th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lachish_jar_sherd_(12th_c._BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lachish_jar_sherd_(12th_c._BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Lachish jar sherd (12th c. BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lachish_jar_sherd_(12th_c._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions_in_Paleo-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions_in_Paleo-Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions_in_Paleo-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LMLK_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LMLK_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>LMLK seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LMLK_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake_Darius_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake_Darius_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fake Darius inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake_Darius_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tel Lachish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="لخيش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لخيش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%88" title="Лахіш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лахіш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Laquix" title="Tel Laquix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tel Laquix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Lakhish" title="Tel Lakhish – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tel Lakhish" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachi%C5%A1" title="Lachiš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lachiš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachisch" title="Lachisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lachisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laquis" title="Laquis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laquis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Lakix" title="Tel Lakix – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tel Lakix" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="تل لاچیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تل لاچیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakish" title="Lakish – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lakish" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="라기스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라기스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhis" title="Lakhis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lakhis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachis" title="Lachis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lachis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9" title="תל לכיש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תל לכיש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1kis" title="Lákis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lákis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachis" title="Lachis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lachis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ラキシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラキシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakish" title="Lakish – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lakish" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakisz" title="Lakisz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lakisz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laquis" title="Laquis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laquis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahish" title="Lahish – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lahish" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%88_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Лахиш (национальный парк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лахиш (национальный парк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lach%C3%AD%C5%A1" title="Lachíš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lachíš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachisch" title="Lachisch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lachisch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="தெல் லாக்கீசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெல் லாக்கீசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tel_Lachish&params=31_33_54_N_34_50_56_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°33′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°50′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.56500°N 34.84889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.56500; 34.84889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical city and an archeological site in Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient town. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lakhish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lakhish (disambiguation)">Lakhish</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Tell ed-Duweir or Lachish in the Shfela. For Khirbet ed-Duweir in Jordan Valley, see <a href="/wiki/Lo-debar" title="Lo-debar">Lo-debar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Lachish</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">תל לכיש <span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LachishFrontGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LachishFrontGate.jpg/220px-LachishFrontGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LachishFrontGate.jpg/330px-LachishFrontGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LachishFrontGate.jpg/440px-LachishFrontGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Main gate of Lachish</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:150px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tel Lachish is located in Israel"><img alt="Tel Lachish is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/150px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/225px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.071%;left:44.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tel Lachish"><img alt="Tel Lachish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tel_Lachish&params=31_33_54_N_34_50_56_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°33′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°50′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.56500°N 34.84889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.56500; 34.84889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grid position</th><td class="infobox-data">135/108 <a href="/wiki/Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">PAL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">20 ha (49 acres)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">587 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Bronze Age, Iron Age</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judahite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">Siege of Lachish</a> (701 BCE)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1932–1938, 1966, 1968, 1973–1994, 2013–2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Leslie_Starkey" title="James Leslie Starkey">James Leslie Starkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tufnell" title="Olga Tufnell">Olga Tufnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni" title="Yohanan Aharoni">Yohanan Aharoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ussishkin" title="David Ussishkin">David Ussishkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lachish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לכיש</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Lāḵîš</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λαχίς</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Lachis</i>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> city in the <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a> ("lowlands of Judea") region of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Lakhish_River" title="Lakhish River">Lakhish River</a> mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. The current <i><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a></i> by that name, known as <b>Tel Lachish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תל לכיש</span>) or <b>Tell el-Duweir</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تل الدوير</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been identified with Lachish. Today, it is an <a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">Israeli national park</a> operated and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a>. It lies near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakhish,_Israel" title="Lakhish, Israel">Lakhish</a>, which was named in honor of the ancient city. </p><p>Lachish was first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>, Lachish is cited as one of the cities conquered by the Israelites for joining the league against the <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeonites</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2010:31–33&version=nrsv">Joshua 10:31–33</a>). The territory was later assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_15" title="Joshua 15">Joshua 15</a>:39 and became part of the united <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a>. Following the kingdom's partition, Lachish emerged as one of the most important cities in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, second only to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lachish is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">siege and conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 701 BCE, an event famously depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a>, which can be seen today in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, Lachish and <a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a> were the last two Judean cities to fall to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE)">conquest of Jerusalem</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_34" title="Jeremiah 34">Jeremiah 34</a>:7. One of the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a>, written in 597–587 BCE, warns of the impending Neo-Babylonian destruction. It reads: "Let my lord know that we are watching over the beacon of Lachish, according to the signals which my lord gave, for <a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a> is not seen." This pottery inscription can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege ramp at Lachish, designed for deploying <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a> against the city during the Neo-Assyrian siege, is the oldest known in the world and the sole example found in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LachishPalace053011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/LachishPalace053011.jpg/220px-LachishPalace053011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/LachishPalace053011.jpg/330px-LachishPalace053011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/LachishPalace053011.jpg/440px-LachishPalace053011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Commander's palace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LachishRamp053011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LachishRamp053011.jpg/220px-LachishRamp053011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LachishRamp053011.jpg/330px-LachishRamp053011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LachishRamp053011.jpg/440px-LachishRamp053011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian siege ramp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lachishsiege1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lachishsiege1.PNG/220px-Lachishsiege1.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lachishsiege1.PNG/330px-Lachishsiege1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lachishsiege1.PNG/440px-Lachishsiege1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Judean captives being led away into slavery by the Assyrians after the siege of Lachish in 701 B.C. This relief is important for the knowledge of Judean dress.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occupation at the site of Lachish began during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> period (5500–4500 BCE). Flint tools from that period have been found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major development began in the Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3300–3000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Early Bronze, Lachish had become a large settlement. Most of the recovered pottery is of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_pottery#Khirbet_Kerak_ware" title="Levantine pottery">Khirbet Kerak Ware</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze_(Levels_VIII–IX)"><span id="Middle_Bronze_.28Levels_VIII.E2.80.93IX.29"></span>Middle Bronze (Levels VIII–IX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze (Levels VIII–IX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MBA period has not been extensively excavated at the site. During the Middle Bronze (2000–1650 BCE), the settlement developed. </p><p>In the Middle Bronze I, the mound was resettled. Remains of a cult place and an assemblage of votive cultic vessels were found in Area D. </p><p>In the Middle Bronze IIA, the development continued. </p><p>In the Middle Bronze IIB-C, Lachish became a major city in the Southern Levant. An impressive <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a>-like structure was constructed around the city, which shaped its present steep slopes and sharp corners. The proposed glacis fronted a city wall built of massive stones. In Area P, a large mudbrick fortress was excavated. Finds from the fortress include 4 scarabs and a number of scarab sealings. These were of "both the local Canaanite MB IIC style and the Hyksos style". Radiocarbon dating produced a date in the mid-16th century BCE. By the end of Middle Bronze IIC the city was destroyed by fire. Some features originally ascribed to the Iron Age by the early excavators have now been redated to the MBA and LBA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze_(Levels_VI–VII)"><span id="Late_Bronze_.28Levels_VI.E2.80.93VII.29"></span>Late Bronze (Levels VI–VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Bronze (Levels VI–VII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter._A_letter_from_Shipti_Ba%27al_(ruler_of_Lachish),_who_reassures_the_Egyptian_pharaoh_(Amenhotep_III_or_his_son_Akhenaten)_of_his_loyalty._Akkadian_cuneiform_text._14th_century_BCE._From_Tell_el-Amarna,_Egypt._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amarna_letter._A_letter_from_Shipti_Ba%27al_%28ruler_of_Lachish%29%2C_who_reassures_the_Egyptian_pharaoh_%28Amenhotep_III_or_his_son_Akhenaten%29_of_his_loyalty._Akkadian_cuneiform_text._14th_century_BCE._From_Tell_el-Amarna%2C_Egypt._British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amarna_letter._A_letter_from_Shipti_Ba%27al_%28ruler_of_Lachish%29%2C_who_reassures_the_Egyptian_pharaoh_%28Amenhotep_III_or_his_son_Akhenaten%29_of_his_loyalty._Akkadian_cuneiform_text._14th_century_BCE._From_Tell_el-Amarna%2C_Egypt._British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amarna_letter._A_letter_from_Shipti_Ba%27al_%28ruler_of_Lachish%29%2C_who_reassures_the_Egyptian_pharaoh_%28Amenhotep_III_or_his_son_Akhenaten%29_of_his_loyalty._Akkadian_cuneiform_text._14th_century_BCE._From_Tell_el-Amarna%2C_Egypt._British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Amarna letter EA 330. A letter from Shipti Ba'al (ruler of Lachish), who reassures the Egyptian pharaoh (Amenhotep III or his son Akhenaten) of his loyalty. 14th century BCE. From Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. British Museum</figcaption></figure> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V31.png?70ebb" height="11" title="V31" alt="V31" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8" alt="M8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">rkjšꜣ<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannig1361_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannig1361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE), Lachish was re-established and developed slowly, eventually becoming one of the large and prosperous cities of the Southern Levant. It is first attested as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rkj%C5%A1%EA%9C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:rkjšꜣ">rkjšꜣ</a> (<i>Lakisha</i>) in a <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> text, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Egyptian papyri">Papyrus Hermitage 1116A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier129_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannig1361_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannig1361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakhish came under the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, which expelled the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> and established an empire that was most powerful following the military campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350 BCE</span>), several letters were written to the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> and were discovered as part of the Amarna archive. It is mentioned in the Amarna letters as Lakisha/Lakiša (EA 287, 288, 328, 329, 335). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/20th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Dynasty of Egypt">20th Dynasty of Egypt</a>, the empire of the New Kingdom of Egypt started to lose its control in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>. A bronze object bearing the cartouche of Ramesses III may be associated with the city gate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Lachish had prospered under Egyptian hegemony, fire destroyed it around 1150 BCE. It was rebuilt by Canaanites, who built two temples. However, this settlement was soon destroyed by another fire around 1130 BCE (cf. nearby fortified <a href="/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon, Canaan">Eglon, Canaan</a>). The site then remained sparsely occupied for a long time (Level V). The reasons for this may have been rebellions and invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>. </p><p>Four mass graves were found at the site with over 1500 individuals interred, about half women and children. The tombs themselves dated to the Late Bronze Age but the burials contained few dateable elements so it is uncertain if the burials date to the LBA or later.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_(Levels_II–IV)"><span id="Iron_Age_.28Levels_II.E2.80.93IV.29"></span>Iron Age (Levels II–IV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron Age (Levels II–IV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rebuilding of the city began in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, when it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. The unfortified settlement may have been destroyed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 925 BCE</span> by the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 9th century BCE, under the Judahite kings <a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a>, Lachish became an important city in the kingdom. It was heavily fortified with massive walls and ramparts. A royal palace was built on a platform in the center of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lachish was the foremost among several towns and fortified strongholds guarding the valleys that lead up to Jerusalem and the interior of the country against enemies who usually approached from the coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_by_Sennacherib,_Assyrian_rule"><span id="Siege_by_Sennacherib.2C_Assyrian_rule"></span>Siege by Sennacherib, Assyrian rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siege by Sennacherib, Assyrian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">Siege of Lachish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lachish_inscription.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lachish_inscription.jpeg/220px-Lachish_inscription.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lachish_inscription.jpeg/330px-Lachish_inscription.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lachish_inscription.jpeg/440px-Lachish_inscription.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>The single inscription which identifies the location depicted in the reliefs reads: "Sennacherib, the mighty king, king of the country of Assyria, sitting on the throne of judgment, before (or at the entrance of) the city of Lachish (Lakhisha). I give permission for its slaughter"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 701 BCE, during the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, king of Judah, against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, it was besieged and captured by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> despite the defenders' determined resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that the fall of Lachish occurred during a second campaign in the area by Sennacherib ca. 688 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site now contains the only remains of an Assyrian siege ramp discovered. Sennacherib later devoted a whole room in his "Palace without a rival", the southwest palace in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Lachish_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish relief">artistic representations</a> of the siege on large <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> slabs, most of which are now on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. They hold depictions of Assyrian siege ramps, battering rams, sappers, and other siege machines and army units, along with Lachish's architecture and its final surrender. Combined with the archaeological finds, they give a good understanding of siege warfare of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritMus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritMus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern excavation of the site has revealed that the Assyrians built a stone and dirt ramp up to the level of the Lachish city wall, thereby allowing the soldiers to charge up the ramp and storm the city.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations revealed approximately 1500 skulls in one of the caves near the site, and hundreds of arrowheads on the ramp and at the top of the city wall, indicating the ferocity of the battle. The city occupied an area of 8 hectares (20 acres)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-rocca_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Babylonian_occupation">Babylonian occupation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Babylonian occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></div> <p>Lachish fell to the Neo-Babylonian emperor <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> in his campaign against Judah in 586 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city was finally destroyed in 587 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-rocca_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents were exiled as part of the Babylonian captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Babylonian occupation, a large residence was built on the platform that had once supported the Israelite palace. At the end of the captivity, some exiled Jews returned to Lachish and built a new city with fortifications. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (Level I), a large altar known as the Solar Shrine on the east section of the mound was built. The shrine was abandoned after the area fell in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The tell has been unoccupied since then.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, Lachish was identified by <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Hesi" title="Tell el-Hesi">Tell el-Hesi</a>, an identification supported when a relevant cuneiform tablet was found there.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tablet mentions <a href="/wiki/Zimredda_(Lachish_mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimredda (Lachish mayor)">Zimredda</a> a governor of who is known from one of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna Letters">Amarna Letters</a> (EA 333). The current identification of <i>Tell ed-Duweir</i> as Lachish was first suggested by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> in 1929<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently accepted by many scholars. This suggestion is strong but circumstantial, based mostly on the geographic location of the site, the writing of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, the royal reliefs of Sennacherib, the site excavations, and an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> found there.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli archaeologist and historical geographer, <a href="/wiki/M._Avi-Yonah" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Avi-Yonah">M. Avi-Yonah</a>, thought to place Lachish at the ancient ruin of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qubayba,_Hebron" title="Al-Qubayba, Hebron">Qobebet Ibn ‘Awwad</a>, near the former Palestinian Arab village by the same name, rather than at <i>Tell ed Duweir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place has been extensively excavated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_exploration">Archaeological exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archaeological exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starkey-Tufnell_expedition_(1932–1939)"><span id="Starkey-Tufnell_expedition_.281932.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Starkey-Tufnell expedition (1932–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Starkey-Tufnell expedition (1932–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Deweir_(Lachish)._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg/220px-Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg/330px-Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg/440px-Tel_Deweir_%28Lachish%29._LOC_matpc.03321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="4247" /></a><figcaption>Tell Lachish, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The first expedition at Lachish, then Tell ed-Duweir, from 1932 to 1939, was the Starkey-Tufnell<sup id="cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British expedition which included <a href="/wiki/James_Leslie_Starkey" title="James Leslie Starkey">James Leslie Starkey</a> as expedition leader, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tufnell" title="Olga Tufnell">Olga Tufnell</a>, G.L. Harding and C. Inge.<sup id="cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF_Tufnell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was funded by Charles Marston and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellcome" title="Henry Wellcome">Henry Wellcome</a> with the aim of finding the Biblical city of Lachish.<sup id="cite_ref-Tufnell_1986_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tufnell_1986-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They succeeded in finding Lachish, with a "wealth of well-stratified pottery", a "key part of the ceramic corpus of Palestine",<sup id="cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF_Tufnell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a>, c. "written to the commander of the garrison at Lachish shortly before it fell to the Babylonians in either 589 or 586 B.C."<sup id="cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF_Tufnell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starkey was murdered in 1938 while travelling to Jerusalem to open the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Archaeological Museum</a>. Tufnell, Harding and Inge remained for the 1938–9 season. Tufnell returned to London and over the next two decades, worked at the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology">Institute of Archaeology</a> in London, "sorting, collating, studying and presenting the material found at Lachish". She completed her final publication <i>Lachish IV</i> in 1957. She had already become a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magrill_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magrill-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg/220px-El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg/330px-El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg/440px-El_Qubeiba_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Tel Lachish 1947 (1:20,000)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aharoni_expedition_(1966,_1968)"><span id="Aharoni_expedition_.281966.2C_1968.29"></span>Aharoni expedition (1966, 1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aharoni expedition (1966, 1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second was an Israeli expedition directed by <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni" title="Yohanan Aharoni">Yohanan Aharoni</a> that took place over two seasons in 1966 and 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dig, which focused mainly on the "Solar Shrine", was worked on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aharoni published the findings in his 1975 publication, <i>Investigations at Lachish: The sanctuary and the residency</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ussishkin_expedition_(1973_and_1994)"><span id="Ussishkin_expedition_.281973_and_1994.29"></span>Ussishkin expedition (1973 and 1994)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ussishkin expedition (1973 and 1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third expedition, 1973 and 1994, by a <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> Institute of Archaeology and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a> team was led by <a href="/wiki/David_Ussishkin" title="David Ussishkin">David Ussishkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–97">: 1–97 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–175">: 97–175 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–60">: 3–60 </span></sup> Excavation and restoration work was conducted between 1973 and 1994 by a <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> Institute of Archaeology and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a> team led by <a href="/wiki/David_Ussishkin" title="David Ussishkin">David Ussishkin</a>. The excavation focused on the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Late Bronze</a> (1550–1200 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (1200–587 BCE) levels.<sup id="cite_ref-King_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ussishkin expedition's comprehensive 5-volume report set a new standard in archaeological publication. According to <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a>, "The Starkey-Tufnell and Ussishkin expeditions set new standards in excavation and publication. They revolutionized our understanding of various aspects of Lachish, such as the later history of Judah and the pre-Israelite Late Bronze Age Canaanite city."<sup id="cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of Tel Lachish continued in 2012 under the auspices of Tel Aviv University's Institute of Archaeology, conducted by Nissim Golding-Meir.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Linear A inscription was also found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garfinkel_expedition_(2013)"><span id="Garfinkel_expedition_.282013.29"></span>Garfinkel expedition (2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Garfinkel expedition (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, a fourth expedition to Lachish was begun under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a>, Michael G. Hasel, and Martin G. Klingbeil to investigate the Iron Age history of the site on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology, The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> of Jerusalem, and the Institute of Archaeology, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Adventist_University" title="Southern Adventist University">Southern Adventist University</a>. Other consortium institutions include <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakland_University" title="Oakland University">Oakland University</a> and Korea Biblical Geography Research Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavations were concentrated in the northeast corner of the site near the location of the Middle Bronze Age gate and fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the topsoil, unstratified, was found a dark blue diorite scarab of the Egyptian New Kingdom period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, during the Fourth Expedition to Lachish, led by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Saar_Ganor" title="Saar Ganor">Saar Ganor</a>, a small potsherd with letters from a 12th-century BCE alphabet, was found in the ruins of a Late Bronze Age temple. One researcher called it, a "once in a generation" find.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fifth expedition, running from 2015 to 2016, was conducted as part of developing the site as a national park. A gate shrine of Level III, destroyed during the Assyrian assault and a toilet installation were found.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the toilet, in a gate shrine, was part of Hezekiah's campaign against idolatry. Two altars in the shrine also had their horns damaged in possible desecration.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digs_since_2017">Digs since 2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digs since 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Korean Lachish Excavation Team led by Hong Soon-hwa, reported that they had "uncovered a wide range of 10th century BCE items, from houses with earthenware items and cooking stoves, to animal bones, olive seeds, spearheads, fortress walls and other objects" on July 5, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kukmindaily.co.kr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kukmindaily.co.kr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2017, the Austro-Israeli excavation is exploring the Middle and Late Bronze Age strata at the site. The project is conducted a joint project of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a> and the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a> and is co-directed by Felix Höflmayer and Katharina Streit. The project is funded by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Science_Fund" title="Austrian Science Fund">Austrian Science Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 a pottery sherd, dated to the 15th century BCE, was found with alphabetic text. This fills a gap in the development history of alphabetic writing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 a <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> ostracon was found, dated to the time of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty. It is described by the excavators as a name list with allocated provisions in Canaanite.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_inscriptions">Select inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Select inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions_in_Proto-Canaanite">Inscriptions in Proto-Canaanite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inscriptions in Proto-Canaanite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As many as 12 purported <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Canaanite">Proto-Canaanite</a> inscriptions had been discovered at Lachish by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-DV_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DV-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six were discovered in the Starkey-Tufnell excavations, two during the renewed excavations by Ussishkin, and four in more recent excavations. At least three of the purported inscriptions are likely to have been merely figural pottery designs or pseudo-inscriptions<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the well-known legitimate inscriptions are the Lachish Ewer, Lachish Bowl, the Cypriot Bowl Fragment, and the Ivory Lice Comb. </p><p>The few known inscriptions from the Late Bronze Age, the 13th and part of the 12th century BCE, show a certain "<a href="/wiki/Linear_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear writing">linearisation</a>" when compared to the earlier, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a>, but the undergone process is not yet understood.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ivory_lice_comb_(18th_c._BCE)"><span id="Ivory_lice_comb_.2818th_c._BCE.29"></span>Ivory lice comb (18th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ivory lice comb (18th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_ivory_comb" title="Canaanite ivory comb">Canaanite ivory comb</a></div> <p>In 2016, an inscribed elephant ivory lice comb dating to about 1700 BCE was found at Lachish during the Garfinkel excavations. The find is purported to bear the oldest sentence found written in the early <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite script">Canaanite script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DV_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DV-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>editio princeps</i>, the authors suggest to read 15 letters, constituent of a wish to eradicate lice. They offer the following translation: "May this tusk root out the lice of the hai[r and the] beard."<sup id="cite_ref-DV_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DV-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cypriot_bowl_fragment_(15th_c._BCE)"><span id="Cypriot_bowl_fragment_.2815th_c._BCE.29"></span>Cypriot bowl fragment (15th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cypriot bowl fragment (15th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, an inked rim fragment of a Cypriot White Slip II milk bowl was discovered, dating to the mid fifteenth century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-hoflmayer_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoflmayer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription consists of nine letters. The authors of the <i>editio princeps</i> offer to read two words on the inscription, <i>ʿbd</i> meaning "servant, slave" and <i>npt</i> meaning "honey, nectar."<sup id="cite_ref-hoflmayer_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoflmayer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription is, however, too fragmentary to suggest much else but represents one of the earliest examples of alphabetic writing from the Levant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lachish_ewer_(13th_c._BCE)"><span id="Lachish_ewer_.2813th_c._BCE.29"></span>Lachish ewer (13th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lachish ewer (13th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lachish_ewer" title="Lachish ewer">Lachish ewer</a></div> <p>Inscribed ewer, found in the Fosse Temple III at Level VII, which dates it back to the 13th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lachish_bowl_(13th_c._BCE)"><span id="Lachish_bowl_.2813th_c._BCE.29"></span>Lachish bowl (13th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lachish bowl (13th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lachish bowl was discovered in Tomb 527 at Lachish Level VII, dated to the 13th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lachish_bowl_fragment_(12th_c._BCE)"><span id="Lachish_bowl_fragment_.2812th_c._BCE.29"></span>Lachish bowl fragment (12th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lachish bowl fragment (12th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lachish bowl fragment was discovered in a Level VII context and dated to the 12th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lachish_jar_sherd_(12th_c._BCE)"><span id="Lachish_jar_sherd_.2812th_c._BCE.29"></span>Lachish jar sherd (12th c. BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lachish jar sherd (12th c. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Lachish jar sherd", found in 2014 in a stratigraphic context (Level VI) which allows dating it to around 1130 BCE, contains a fragmentary early alphabetic inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining nine letters, nine of them in three lines, are perfectly discernable, but they cannot be convincingly combined into words and the words into a text.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undecipherable inscription still is of great <a href="/wiki/Palaeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeographic">palaeographic</a> interest, given the scarcity of Late Bronze Age West Semitic inscriptions found in controlled excavations, as it adds to our knowledge about the evolution of alphabetic script.<sup id="cite_ref-C12jar_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C12jar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions_in_Paleo-Hebrew">Inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a></div> <p>The first archaeological expedition, the Starkey-Starkey-Tufnell (1932–1939) uncovered the Lachish letters, which were "written to the commander of the garrison at Lachish shortly before it fell to the Babylonians in either 589 or 586 B.C."<sup id="cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEF_Tufnell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew letters were written on pieces of pottery, so-called <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a>. Eighteen letters were found in 1935 and three more in 1938, all written in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew script</a>. They were from the latest occupational level immediately before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Babylonian siege of 587 BCE</a>. At the time, they formed the only known <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of documents in classical <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> that had come down to us outside of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LMLK_seals">LMLK seals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: LMLK seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seal</a></div> <p>Another major contribution to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a> from excavations at Lachish are the <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seals</a>, which were stamped on the handles of a particular form of ancient storage jar, meaning "of the king". More of these artifacts were found at this site (over 400; Ussishkin, 2004, pp. 2151–9) than any other place in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> remains in second place with more than 300). Most of them were collected from the surface during <a href="/wiki/James_Leslie_Starkey" title="James Leslie Starkey">Starkey</a>'s excavations, but others were found in Level 1 (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> era), Level 2 (period preceding <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> conquest by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon">Nebuchadnezzar</a>), and Level 3 (period preceding <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> conquest by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>). It is thanks to the work of <a href="/wiki/David_Ussishkin" title="David Ussishkin">David Ussishkin</a>'s team that eight of these stamped jars were restored, thereby demonstrating lack of relevance between the jar volumes (which deviated as much as 5 <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallons</a> or 12 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a>), and also proving their relation to the reign of Biblical king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ussishkin_Royal_1976_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ussishkin_Royal_1976-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ussishkin observed that "The renewed excavations confirmed Tufnell's suggestion that Level III had been destroyed in 701 BCE. All the royal storage jars, stamped and unstamped alike, date to the reign of Hezekiah, to shortly before the Assyrian conquest.'<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fake_Darius_inscription">Fake Darius inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fake Darius inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Eylon_Levy" title="Eylon Levy">Eylon Levy</a>, an adviser to the Israeli president <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a>, found an inscribed <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherd</a> while visiting Tel Lachish. The sherd bore an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> inscription that read "Year 24 of Darius," which if genuine would have indicated a date of 498 BCE. The find appeared significant, because it would have been the first time that an inscription bearing the name of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> had been found in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a>, then a province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> ruled by Darius.<sup id="cite_ref-ToA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levy reported it to <a href="/wiki/Saar_Ganor" title="Saar Ganor">Saar Ganor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>—the director of excavations at Tel Lachish—who concluded after laboratory testing that the sherd was authentic, probably a receipt for goods received or shipped.<sup id="cite_ref-ToA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to widespread coverage of the find in the international press.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently the Israel Antiquities Authority issued a statement saying that the sherd was not authentic and had been created by an expert demonstrating inscription techniques to her students. She had come forward after the publicity surrounding the find, and explained she had used an original scrap of worthless pottery from the site and engraved the writing on it. She then discarded it at the tourist section<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish relief">Lachish relief</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"State of Israel Records", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0277.pdf"><i>Collection of Publications, no. 277</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1953, p. 636, <q>(p. 630) The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (est. 1925), while [other] names were added by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Naming_Committee" title="Government Naming Committee">Government Naming Committee</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+of+Israel+Records&rft.btitle=Collection+of+Publications%2C+no.+277&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=Government+of+Israel&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevo.co.il%2FLaw_word%2Flaw10%2Fyalkut-0277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeerschRiehlStarkovichStreit2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeersch, Shyama; Riehl, Simone; Starkovich, Britt M.; Streit, Katharina; Höflmayer, Felix (2021-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-021-01289-1">"Animal husbandry from the Middle Bronze Age through the Iron Age in the Shephelah—faunal remains from the new excavations at Lachish"</a>. <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ArAnS..13...38V">2021ArAnS..13...38V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely 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href="#cite_ref-King_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_King_(historian)" title="Philip King (historian)">King, Philip J.</a> (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=31&Issue=4&ArticleID=8">"Why Lachish Matters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>. <b>31</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Lachish+Matters&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D31%26Issue%3D4%26ArticleID%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaalje" class="citation web cs1">Schaalje, Jacqueline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/56mag/lachish/lachish.htm">"Lachish"</a>. <i>The Jewish Magazine</i>. Archaeology in Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lachish&rft.aulast=Schaalje&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F56mag%2Flachish%2Flachish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkelCarrollPytlikMumcuoglu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Garfinkel, Yosef; Carroll, Jon W.; Pytlik, Michael; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ojoa.12231">"Constructing the Assyrian Siege Ramp at Lachish: Texts, Iconography, Archaeology and Photogrammetry"</a>. <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 417–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fojoa.12231">10.1111/ojoa.12231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-5253">0262-5253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Constructing+the+Assyrian+Siege+Ramp+at+Lachish%3A+Texts%2C+Iconography%2C+Archaeology+and+Photogrammetry&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-439&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fojoa.12231&rft.issn=0262-5253&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Jon+W.&rft.au=Pytlik%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mumcuoglu%2C+Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fojoa.12231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier129_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier129_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1926" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n67"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3</i></a>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol.+3&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1926%2Fpage%2Fn67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannig1361-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannig1361_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannig1361_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannig1995" class="citation book cs1">Hannig, Rainer (1995). <i>Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800 – 950 v. Chr.)</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_von_Zabern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp von Zabern (page does not exist)">Philipp von Zabern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_Philipp_von_Zabern" class="extiw" title="de:Verlag Philipp von Zabern">de</a>]</span>. p. 1361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1771-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-1771-9"><bdi>3-8053-1771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fes+Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+%C3%84gyptisch-Deutsch+%282800+%E2%80%93+950+v.+Chr.%29&rft.pages=1361&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-8053-1771-9&rft.aulast=Hannig&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterStreitDeeHajdas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Lyndelle; Streit, Katharina; Dee, Michael; Hajdas, Irka; Höflmayer, Felix (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/23234">"Identifying the Lachish of Papyrus Hermitage 1116A Verso and the Amarna Letters: Implications of New Radiocarbon Dating"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>21</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+Lachish+of+Papyrus+Hermitage+1116A+Verso+and+the+Amarna+Letters%3A+Implications+of+New+Radiocarbon+Dating&rft.volume=21&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Lyndelle&rft.au=Streit%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Dee%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hajdas%2C+Irka&rft.au=H%C3%B6flmayer%2C+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjaei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ussishkin 1983:123-124, 168-169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyes, Philip J. 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Shea, "Jerusalem under siege: Did Sennacherib attack twice?", <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>, vol. 25, iss. 6, pp. 36-44, Nov/Dec 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Shea, "Sennacherib's Description of Lachish and its Conquest," <i>Andrews University Seminary Studies</i>, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 171–180, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritMus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritMus_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/galleries/middle_east/room_10_assyria_lion_hunts.aspx">"Room 10: Assyria: Lion hunts"</a>. 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W., PYTLIK, M., & MUMCUOGLU, M., "Constructing the Assyrian Siege Ramp at Lachish: Texts, Iconography, Archaeology and Photogrammetry", <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>, 40(4), pp. 417–439, 2021 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12231">https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocca-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rocca_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rocca_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2012" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lepkNC_gqs4C&pg=PA32"><i>The Fortifications of Ancient Israel and Judah 1200–586 BC</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782005216" title="Special:BookSources/9781782005216"><bdi>9781782005216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortifications+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah+1200%E2%80%93586+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781782005216&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlepkNC_gqs4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Ernest Wright, "A Problem of Ancient Topography: Lachish and Eglon," <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i> vol. 64, No. 2/3, , pp. 437-450, <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Tell el Hesy (Lachish), Published for the Committee of the Palestine exploration fund by A. P. Watt, 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1929" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, W. F. (1929). 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Geraty, "Archaeology and the Bible at Hezekiah's Lachish," <i>Andrews University Seminary Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 27–37, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvi-Yonah1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Avi-Yonah" title="Michael Avi-Yonah">Avi-Yonah, M.</a> (1940). <i>Map of Roman Palestine</i> (2 ed.). London: Oxford University Press (for the Government of Palestine by Humphrey Milford, Jerusalem). p. 2 (Introduction). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1274252810">1274252810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+Roman+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2+%28Introduction%29&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28for+the+Government+of+Palestine+by+Humphrey+Milford%2C+Jerusalem%29&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1274252810&rft.aulast=Avi-Yonah&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garfinkel_Qeiyafa_Lachish_2013_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkelHaselKlingbeil2013" class="citation journal cs1">Garfinkel, Yosef; Hasel, Michael; Klingbeil, Martin G. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tortenelemszak.uni-miskolc.hu/Hallgatoi_anyagok/BA_regeszet/oskori_kelet_forrasai/Garfinkel_et_al_2013._f_Qeiyafa_and_Lachish-libre.pdf">"An Ending and a Beginning: Why we're leaving Qeiyafa and going to Lachish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>. <b>39</b> (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=An+Ending+and+a+Beginning%3A+Why+we%27re+leaving+Qeiyafa+and+going+to+Lachish&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft.au=Hasel%2C+Michael&rft.au=Klingbeil%2C+Martin+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftortenelemszak.uni-miskolc.hu%2FHallgatoi_anyagok%2FBA_regeszet%2Foskori_kelet_forrasai%2FGarfinkel_et_al_2013._f_Qeiyafa_and_Lachish-libre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEF_Tufnell-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEF_Tufnell_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pef.org.uk/profiles/olga-tufnell-1905-1985">"Olga Tufnell, 1905–1985"</a>. London, UK: The Palestine Exploration Fund. nd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olga+Tufnell%2C+1905%E2%80%931985&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pef.org.uk%2Fprofiles%2Folga-tufnell-1905-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tufnell_1986-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tufnell_1986_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_andHankey1986" class="citation journal cs1">Henry and, Ros; Hankey, Vronwy (1 January 1986). "Olga Tufnell (1904–1985)". <i>Levant</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.1986.18.1.1">10.1179/lev.1986.18.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=Olga+Tufnell+%281904%E2%80%931985%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Flev.1986.18.1.1&rft.aulast=Henry+and&rft.aufirst=Ros&rft.au=Hankey%2C+Vronwy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUssishkin1978" class="citation news cs1">Ussishkin, David (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/pdfs/20-4/ussishkin.pdf">"Lachish Renewed Archaeological Excavations: Lachish and the Previous Excavations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Penn Museum. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lachish+Renewed+Archaeological+Excavations%3A+Lachish+and+the+Previous+Excavations&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ussishkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2Fpdfs%2F20-4%2Fussishkin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magrill-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magrill_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagrill2006" class="citation book cs1">Magrill, Pamela (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/0Prelims.pdf"><i>A Researcher's Guide to the Lachish Collection in the British Museum</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86159-161-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86159-161-5"><bdi>0-86159-161-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Researcher%27s+Guide+to+the+Lachish+Collection+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86159-161-5&rft.aulast=Magrill&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2F0Prelims.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1938" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, James Leslie (1938). <i>Lachish I (Tell ed Duweir): Lachish Letters</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lachish+I+%28Tell+ed+Duweir%29%3A+Lachish+Letters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=James+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Tufnell1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tufnell" title="Olga Tufnell">Olga Tufnell</a>; et al. (1940). <i>Lachish II., (Tell ed Duweir). The Fosse Temple</i>. 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Tel Aviv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Tel+Lachish+-+1978%E2%80%931983%3A+Second+Preliminary+Report&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ussishkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUssishkin1996" class="citation report cs1">Ussishkin, David (1996). Excavations and Restoration Work at Tel Lachish: 1985–1994: Third Preliminary Report (Report). Vol. 23. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft.atitle=Major+Israeli+archeology+discovery+found+to+be+fake&rft.aulast=Ben-David&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2Fmajor-israeli-archeology-discovery-found-to-be-fake-6sizbRufvsJNoRkT6lYt8M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerome2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Derome, Emma (2023-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caminteresse.fr/histoire/une-ancienne-inscription-perse-date-en-fait-de-lete-dernier-sexcusent-les-archeologues-11187787/">"Une "ancienne" inscription perse découverte en Israël date en fait... de l'été dernier"</a>. <i>Ça m'intéresse</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%87a+m%27int%C3%A9resse&rft.atitle=Une+%22ancienne%22+inscription+perse+d%C3%A9couverte+en+Isra%C3%ABl+date+en+fait...+de+l%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9+dernier&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft.aulast=Derome&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caminteresse.fr%2Fhistoire%2Fune-ancienne-inscription-perse-date-en-fait-de-lete-dernier-sexcusent-les-archeologues-11187787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFi24NEWS" class="citation web cs1">i24NEWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/archeology/1677661009-first-inscription-bearing-persian-king-darius-name-found-in-israel">"2,500-year-old potsherd with inscription bearing name of Persian King Darius found in Israel"</a>. <i>I24news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I24news&rft.atitle=2%2C500-year-old+potsherd+with+inscription+bearing+name+of+Persian+King+Darius+found+in+Israel&rft.au=i24NEWS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2Farcheology%2F1677661009-first-inscription-bearing-persian-king-darius-name-found-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2023" class="citation web cs1">Staff, J. I. (2023-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishinsider.com/2023/03/daily-kickoff-taylor-force-act-round-two-vermonts-welch-on-israel-visit/">"Daily Kickoff: Taylor Force Act, round two + Vermont's Welch on Israel visit"</a>. <i>Jewish Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Insider&rft.atitle=Daily+Kickoff%3A+Taylor+Force+Act%2C+round+two+%2B+Vermont%27s+Welch+on+Israel+visit&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishinsider.com%2F2023%2F03%2Fdaily-kickoff-taylor-force-act-round-two-vermonts-welch-on-israel-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-733292">"Israel artifact bearing name of King Darius the Great revealed as fake"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Israel+artifact+bearing+name+of+King+Darius+the+Great+revealed+as+fake&rft.date=2023-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farchaeology%2Farticle-733292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAḥituv1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aḥituv, Shmuel, ed. (1987). <i>The Lachish Ostraca - Letters of the Time of Jeremiah</i> (in Hebrew). Translated by Naphtali H. Tur-Sinai. Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute; The Israel Exploration Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-342-509-9" title="Special:BookSources/965-342-509-9"><bdi>965-342-509-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lachish+Ostraca+-+Letters+of+the+Time+of+Jeremiah&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Bialik+Institute%3B+The+Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=965-342-509-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tufnell" title="Olga Tufnell">Tufnell, Olga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret, Margaret A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">Diringer, David</a>, "Lachish III (Tell ed-Duweir). The Iron age", London-New York-Toronto : <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759757570">759757570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_David_Barnett" title="Richard David Barnett">Barnett, R. D.</a> "The Siege of Lachish." Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 8, pp. 161–164, 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jones_Bliss" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Jones Bliss">Bliss, Frederick</a>. <i>Numerous artifact drawings, also "Layer by Layer" drawings of</i> <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Hesi" title="Tell el-Hesi">Tell el-Hesy</a>. Also an original attempt of the only el Amarna letter found at site, <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna Letters">Amarna Letters</a>, EA 333. <i>A Mound of Many Cities; or Tell El Hesy Excavated,</i> by Frederick Jones Bliss, PhD., explorer to the Fund, 2nd Edition, Revised. (The Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.) c 1898.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrena,_G.M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Grena, G.M. (2004). <i>LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1</i>. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/097-487-860-X" title="Special:BookSources/097-487-860-X"><bdi>097-487-860-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LMLK--A+Mystery+Belonging+to+the+King+vol.+1&rft.place=Redondo+Beach%2C+California&rft.pub=4000+Years+of+Writing+History&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=097-487-860-X&rft.au=Grena%2C+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangChangGarfinkel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kang, Hoo-Goo; Chang, Sang-Yeup; Garfinkel, Yosef (2023). "The Level V City Wall at Lachish". <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>155</b> (2): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2122311">10.1080/00310328.2022.2122311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255666685">255666685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Level+V+City+Wall+at+Lachish&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-145&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2122311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255666685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Hoo-Goo&rft.au=Chang%2C+Sang-Yeup&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Magrill, Pamela, <i>A researcher's guide to the Lachish collection in the British Museum</i>, 2006, British Museum Research Publication 161, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861591615" title="Special:BookSources/0861591615">0861591615</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2006/the_lachish_collection.aspx">fully available online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearc00smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span> (p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog/page/n410/mode/1up">388</a> ff)</li> <li>Arlene M. Rosen, Environmental Change and Settlement at Tel Lachish Israel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 263, pp. 55–60, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ussishkin" title="David Ussishkin">Ussishkin, D.</a>, The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), Volumes I-V, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology vol. 22, Tel Aviv University, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652660175" title="Special:BookSources/9652660175">9652660175</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ussishkin2023" class="citation journal cs1">David Ussishkin (2023). "The City Walls of Lachish: Response to Yosef Garfinkel, Michael Hasel, Martin Klingbeil and Their Colleagues". <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>155</b> (1): 91–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2033484">10.1080/00310328.2022.2033484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246545803">246545803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+City+Walls+of+Lachish%3A+Response+to+Yosef+Garfinkel%2C+Michael+Hasel%2C+Martin+Klingbeil+and+Their+Colleagues&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-110&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2033484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246545803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=David+Ussishkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATel+Lachish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Lachish&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001014758/http://bigbible.org/israel/lakish/index.html">Photo gallery of Lachish (Tell ed-Duweir)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmlk.com/research/lmlk_reliefs.htm">Images of the Assyrian Reliefs of Lachish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holyland-pictures.com/tag/shephela-judea/lachish/">Pictures of Tel Lachish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.9.8">A Late Bronze Age Potter's Workshop at Lachish, Israel</a> in Internet Archaeology <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.9.8">10.11141/ia.9.8</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Israel">Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adullam-France_Park" title="Adullam-France Park">Adullam-France Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_National_Park" title="Castel National Park">Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achzib" class="mw-redirect" title="Achzib">Achziv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%27am_National_Park" title="Bar'am National Park">Bar'am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Alpha" title="Beth Alpha">Beit Alfa Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit She'arim National Park">Beit She'arim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir Fortress">Belvoir Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorazin" title="Chorazin">Chorazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_HaShlosha_National_Park" title="Gan HaShlosha National Park">Gan HaShlosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamat_Gader" title="Hamat Gader">Hamat Gader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamat_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamat Tiberias">Hamat Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ayan_Harod_National_Park" title="Ma'ayan Harod National Park">Ma'ayan Harod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Hattin" title="Horns of Hattin">Horns of Hattin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurshat_Tal" title="Hurshat Tal">Hurshat Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Minya" title="Khirbat al-Minya">Hurvat Minia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arbel" title="Mount Arbel">Mount Arbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaNikra_grottoes" title="Rosh HaNikra grottoes">Rosh HaNikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Amudim" title="Hurvat Amudim">Sde Amudim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Tel Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedesh" title="Kedesh">Tel Kedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzalmon_Stream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzalmon Stream (page does not exist)">Tzalmon Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Tzippori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehi%27am_Fortress_National_Park" title="Yehi'am Fortress National Park">Yehi'am Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesarea_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesarea National Park (page does not exist)">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaSharon_Park" title="HaSharon Park">HaSharon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_National_Park" title="Mount Carmel National Park">Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Me%27arot_Nature_Reserve" title="Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve">Nahal Me'arot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Tel Shikmona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander stream">Alexander stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_HaSharon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hof HaSharon">Hof HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazor_Mausoleum" title="Mazor Mausoleum">Mazor Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmachim_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmachim beach (page does not exist)">Palmachim beach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Stream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin Stream (page does not exist)">Rubin Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatris" title="Antipatris">Tel Afek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Tel Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzur_Natan" title="Tzur Natan">Tzur Natan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidna_Ali_Mosque" title="Sidna Ali Mosque">Sidna Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkon_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkon National Park">Yarkon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ashkelon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_National_Park" title="Ashkelon National Park">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Guvrin National Park">Beit Guvrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semekh_caves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semekh caves (page does not exist)">Semekh caves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tel Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tel Tzafit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beersheba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avdat" title="Avdat">Avdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaBesor_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="HaBesor Stream">Besor Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Avdat" title="Ein Avdat">Ein Avdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkol_National_Park" title="Eshkol National Park">Eshkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamshit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamshit">Mamshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Negev_Brigade" title="Monument to the Negev Brigade">Negev Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitzana_(Nabataean_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitzana (Nabataean city)">Nitzana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivta" title="Shivta">Shivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_in_the_Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Template:National parks in the Israeli-occupied territories"> National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Golan Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="Template:Nature reserves of Israel">Nature reserves of Israel</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sites_of_the_Israelite_settlement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Template:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Template talk:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sites of the Israelite Settlement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sites_of_the_Israelite_settlement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement" title="Israelite highland settlement">Israelite settlement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite Settlement</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Site" title="Bull Site">Bull Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Tel Dor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Izbet Sartah</a></li> <li>Tell el-Ful (<a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giloh" title="Giloh">Giloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a></li> <li>Khirbet ed-Dawwara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Mastarah" title="Khirbet el-Mastarah">Khirbet el-Mastarah</a></li> <li>Khirbet Ghuraba</li> <li>Khirbet Ibn Nasir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>)</li> <li>Tel Esdar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Tell es-Sa'idiyeh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Zaretan</a>)</li> <li>Tell Radanna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethzur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethzur">Bethzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan">Tel Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Et-Tell" title="Et-Tell">Et-Tell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li>Khirbet Marjameh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Tel Kinrot</a> (Kinneret)</li> <li>Tel Masos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_en-Nasbeh" title="Tell en-Nasbeh">Tell en-Nasbeh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asdudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdudu">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Deir Alla</a> (Succoth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabud" title="Rabud">Rabud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beit_Mirsim" title="Tell Beit Mirsim">Tell Beit Mirsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon, Canaan">Tel 'Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Tel Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beth-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-shan">Beth-shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Taanach">Taanach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125469">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961740h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961740h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=282893">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559781105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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