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Biographie de FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH Ier (1830-1916) empereur d'Autriche (1848-1916) - Encyclopædia Universalis
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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH I<sup>er</sup> </strong><span class="rm">(1830-1916)</span><span class="label-sub"> empereur d'Autriche (1848-1916)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT230948_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT230948_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH992596" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter" href="/media/francois-joseph-ier-empereur-dautriche-f-x-winterhalter-ph992596/"><img id="PH992596" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/d/csm_ph992596_12abe0422c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Franz Xaver WINTERHALTER, François-Joseph Ier, empereur d'Autriche, huile sur toile. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienne, Autriche." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="366" height="600" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"><it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Les soixante-huit années du long règne de François-Joseph coïncident avec la période la plus féconde et la plus brillante, sinon de l'histoire politique, du moins de la civilisation et du mode de vie d'une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pays de 83 855 km 2 , l'Autriche, quoique deux fois plus vaste que la Suisse , est à peine plus peuplée (8,38 millions d'habitants en 2010) ; elle est aussi plus alpestre : les Alpes et les Préalpes couvrent près de 70 % du pays alors qu'elles n'occupent que 58 % du sol helvétique. La vigueur du relief y conditionne étroitement la vie régionale et l'économie nationale. Par cha..." title="Article : AUTRICHE" href="/encyclopedie/autriche/">Autriche</a> enfin dégagée des implications de l'ancien Saint Empire et cherchant ses voies originales. C'est pourquoi, pour beaucoup de ses anciens sujets, son souvenir est assimilé à celui de la « Belle Époque » où, malgré d'indéniables difficultés politiques et d'indiscutables injustices, l'Autriche était riche, prospère et heureuse. Pourtant l'homme n'est pas de ceux qui suscitent l'enthousiasme des foules ; doué d'un physique agréable, affable mais peu affectueux, simple d'abord mais sec de contact, il n'est guère brillant et se compose un personnage d'homme de devoir résolument terne. Il se considère comme le premier serviteur de l'État et son application lui tient lieu de génie. Profondément conservateur, il élève l'immobilisme au rang de philosophie politique et il faut bien avouer que François-Joseph est rarement à la hauteur des circonstances lorsqu'il doit prendre des décisions importantes. En 1848 il a été choisi comme prête-nom par l'aristocratie conservatrice et l'armée, une fois l'ordre peu à peu rétabli par celle-ci dans l'Empire. Au début de son règne, il est soumis à l'influence de sa mère, l'archiduchesse Sophie (une Wittelsbach), et à celle de son Premier ministre, le prince Schwarzenberg, dont l'oeuvre est remarquable. La brutalité de la répression qui s'abat sur la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pays continental et plat, situé à l'est de l' Autriche , dans un espace entouré par les Carpates – espace qu'elle partage avec la Slovaquie , la Transylvanie roumaine, le nord de la Serbie , de la Croatie et de la Slovénie –, la Hongrie est l'un des États les plus anciens de l'Europe centre-orientale. Réduite en 1920 à un tiers de son territoire d'autrefois, elle s'étend su..." title="Article : HONGRIE" href="/encyclopedie/hongrie/">Hongrie</a> en 1849 montre que le jeune souverain a opté pour un système politique discutable mais cohérent : l'absolutisme centralisateur appuyé sur l'armée et la bureaucratie allemande. Pour la première fois de son histoire, la monarchie autrichienne devient un véritable État centralisé, où les notables provinciaux doivent céder le pas devant les fonctionnaires nommés par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de la République fédérale d' Autriche , Vienne est à la fois une commune et l'un des neuf Länder fédéraux : s'étendant sur 415 kilomètres carrés, elle compte 1 678 000 habitants à la fin de 2007. Son agglomération ( Stadtregion ), qui a largement franchi les limites du Land , atteint 2 348 000 habitants à la même date.. Au centre de l'Europe, Vienne s'individu..." title="Article : VIENNE, Autriche" href="/encyclopedie/vienne-autriche/">Vienne</a>. La malheureuse campagne d'Italie de 1859 incite François-Joseph à réfléchir. Sur le champ de bataille de Solferino, il perd d'abord ses illusions sur ses talents de stratège : contrairement aux sages traditions de la Maison d'Autriche, il a pris le commandement de son armée. Or, il ne possède pas les qualités d'un commandant en chef. Mais il perd surtout ses illusions sur l'efficacité du système néo-absolutiste qu'il impose à ses peuples depuis dix ans. Les Hongrois résistent à la germanisation, et la bourgeoisie autrichienne souhaite un régime plus souple.</p><p>L'empereur lui-même, dans la mesure où il a des idées, n'a jamais cru au libéralisme. Il est persuadé que les seuls liens unissant les différentes unités de la double monarchie demeurent la dynastie, l'armée et l'Église romaine, mais sa devise « Viribus unitis » montre qu'il ne refuse pas d'associer ses peuples au gouvernement. Jusqu'à la fin de sa vie il collabore loyalement avec un Parlement élu d'abord au suffrage censitaire, puis après 1907 au suffrage universel. Mais c'est seulement en Hongrie que le président du Conseil est l'émanation de la majorité parlementaire. Même après le compromis austro-hongrois de 1867 l'empereur continue en effet à nommer lui-même les membres du cabinet autrichien. La période 1859-1867 est décisive pour l'évolution ultérieure de la monarchie ; François-Joseph en 1860 tente une solution fédérale : le Diplôme constitutionnel, qui accorde une large autonomie aux anciennes provinces ; mais devant l'opposition de la bourgeoisie allemande, de la bureaucratie et de la noblesse hongroise, il revient rapidement, avec la patente de 1861, au gouvernement centralisé. Pourtant la défaite autrichienne à Sadowa en 1866 permet à Bismarck d'éliminer définitivement les <a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T230948_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="BÉRENGER, Jean"><a title="Auteur : Jean BÉRENGER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jean-berenger/"><strong>Jean BÉRENGER</strong></a> : professeur émérite à l'université de Paris-IV-Sorbonne </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH Ier (1830-1916) empereur d'Autriche (1848-1916)" href="/carte-mentale/francois-joseph-ier/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT230948_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/"> Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Autriche, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Autriche, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/autriche-histoire/"> Autriche, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/"> Personnages historiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Personnages historiques, xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques, xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/"> Personnages historiques, <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Première Guerre mondiale"> <a title="Classification : Première Guerre mondiale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/premiere-guerre-mondiale/"> Première Guerre mondiale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/"> Personnages historiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Personnages historiques, 1900-1919"> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques, 1900-1919" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-1900-1919/"> Personnages historiques, 1900-1919 </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT230948_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992596" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter" href="/media/francois-joseph-ier-empereur-dautriche-f-x-winterhalter-ph992596/"> <img id="PH992596" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/d/csm_ph992596_12abe0422c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Franz Xaver WINTERHALTER, François-Joseph Ier, empereur d'Autriche, huile sur toile. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienne, Autriche." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="366" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT230948_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/gyula-andrassy/"> <span class="rg">ANDRÁSSY </span><span class="pc">GYULA </span><span class="rm">comte (1823-1890)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean BÉRENGER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">816 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Homme d'État hongrois né à Košice (Slovaquie), Gyula Andrássy appartient à une vieille famille dont l'idéal fut toujours la défense des libertés nationales. Tout jeune, il se lie avec Kossuth, dont il approuve alors les tendances radicales. Après des études de droit à Pest, il participe à la vie...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/autriche/#c16768"> <span class="rg">AUTRICHE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roger BAUER</span> , <span rel="author">Jean BÉRENGER</span> , <span rel="author">Annie DELOBEZ</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Christophe GAUCHON</span> , <span rel="author">Félix KREISSLER</span> et <span rel="author">Paul PASTEUR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">34 125 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">21 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AUTRICHE" href="/encyclopedie/autriche/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Autriche : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_at001404_ec3fe7cbb4.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...les Tchèques, en particulier), le Compromis apparut comme un partage de l'État entre l'élément allemand et l'élément hongrois. Ainsi le gouvernement de François-Joseph ne voulut appliquer ni une solution franchement moderne (la solution fédéraliste proposée à Kremsier) ni une solution fondée sur les droits... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alexander-bach/"> <span class="rg">BACH </span><span class="pc">ALEXANDER </span><span class="rm">baron von (1813-1893)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean BÉRENGER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">384 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Avocat libéral, Alexander von Bach a donné son nom au système répressif mis en place par le gouvernement autrichien après l'échec de la révolution de 1848. Lassé par l'immobilisme des dernières années du gouvernement de Metternich, par les abus de la police et de la censure, Bach, comme beaucoup...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/printemps-des-peuples/"> <span class="rg">PRINTEMPS DES PEUPLES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre MILZA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 106 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PRINTEMPS DES PEUPLES" href="/encyclopedie/printemps-des-peuples/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="1800 à 1850. Indépendances américaines - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/9/csm_ch000022_a214d54b96.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Quinze ans après la flambée d'agitation libérale et nationale qui avait ébranlé l'ordre restauré par les vainqueurs de Napoléon lors du congrès de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de la République fédérale d' Autriche , Vienne est à la fois une commune et l'un des neuf Länder fédéraux : s'étendant sur 415 kilomètres carrés, elle compte 1 678 000 habitants à la fin de 2007. Son agglomération ( Stadtregion ), qui a largement franchi les limites du Land , atteint 2 348 000 habitants à la même date.. 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