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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_store_of_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_store_of_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy store of plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_store_of_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy store of plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_store_of_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_of_starch_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_starch_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure of starch particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_starch_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starch_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starch_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Starch industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Starch_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Starch industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Starch_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Industrial processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dextrinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dextrinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dextrinization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dextrinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starch_sugars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starch_sugars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Starch sugars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starch_sugars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_starches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_starches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modified starches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_starches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_food_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_food_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Use as food additive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_food_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistant_starch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistant_starch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Resistant starch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistant_starch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_starch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_starch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Synthetic starch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_starch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-food_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-food_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-food applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-food_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-food applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-food_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papermaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papermaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Papermaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papermaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adhesives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhesives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Adhesives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhesives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chemical tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Starch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4rke" title="Stärke – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stärke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="نشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel%C3%B3n" title="Amelón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Amelón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almid%C3%B3n" title="Almidón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Almidón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramir%C3%B5" title="Aramirõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aramirõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fasta" title="Nişasta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nişasta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="نشاسته – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نشاسته" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্বেতসার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বেতসার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крахмал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Крахмал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крухмал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крухмал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крухмал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крухмал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Нишесте – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нишесте" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid%C3%B3" title="Midó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Midó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stivelse" title="Stivelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stivelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearkalas" title="Stearkalas – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Stearkalas" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4rke" title="Stärke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stärke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rklis" title="Tärklis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tärklis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Άμυλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμυλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almid%C3%B3n" title="Almidón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almidón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelo" title="Amelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almidoi" title="Almidoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Almidoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="نشاسته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشاسته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amidon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiselmoal" title="Stiselmoal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiselmoal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1irse" title="Stáirse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stáirse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amid%C3%B3n" title="Amidón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amidón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Օսլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="मंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilo" title="Amilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilum" title="Amilum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amilum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterkja" title="Sterkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sterkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amido" title="Amido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="עמילן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמילן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathi" title="Pathi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pathi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F" title="ಪಿಷ್ಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಷ್ಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სახამებელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახამებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крахмал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Крахмал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanga" title="Wanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylum" title="Amylum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amylum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciete" title="Ciete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ciete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakmolas" title="Krakmolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krakmolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammido" title="Ammido – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ammido" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8tmael" title="Zètmael – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zètmael" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amed" title="Amed – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amed" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem%C3%A9ny%C3%ADt%C5%91" title="Keményítő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keményítő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Скроб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скроб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavolo" title="Tavolo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tavolo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82" title="അന്നജം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്നജം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Цардуул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цардуул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ကစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetmeel" title="Zetmeel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zetmeel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3" title="デンプン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デンプン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posema" title="Posema – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Posema" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stivelse" title="Stivelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stivelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stive" title="Stive – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stive" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amidon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamsa" title="Dhamsa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhamsa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraxmal" title="Kraxmal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kraxmal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A" title="ਸਟਾਰਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟਾਰਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="نشاستا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نشاستا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrobia" title="Skrobia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrobia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amido" title="Amido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amidon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miqu" title="Miqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Miqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крахмал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крахмал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairch" title="Stairch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stairch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niseshte" title="Niseshte – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Niseshte" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" title="Starch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Starch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95" title="نیشاستە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیشاستە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Скроб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скроб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škrob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci" title="Aci – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aci" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rkkelys" title="Tärkkelys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tärkkelys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4rkelse" title="Stärkelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stärkelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawgaw" title="Gawgaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gawgaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாப்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாப்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraxmal" title="Kraxmal – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kraxmal" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="แป้ง (สารอาหาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แป้ง (สารอาหาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fasta" title="Nişasta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nişasta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Крохмаль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крохмаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81" title="نشاستہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نشاستہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_b%E1%BB%99t" title="Tinh bột – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tinh bột" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirol" title="Almirol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Almirol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="淀粉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="קראכמל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קראכמל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" title="澱粉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="澱粉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="淀粉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41534#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Urhobo cuisine dish known as starch, see <a href="/wiki/Usi_(food)" title="Usi (food)">Usi (food)</a>. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Starch_(video_game)" title="Starch (video game)">Starch (video game)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Starch </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cornstarch being mixed with water"><img alt="Cornstarch being mixed with water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg/220px-Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg/330px-Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg/440px-Cornstarch_mixed_with_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9005-25-8">9005-25-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.029.696">100.029.696</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41534#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>232-679-6</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>GM5090000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/24SC3U704I">24SC3U704I</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0049789">DTXSID0049789</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41534#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>(<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>Variable    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>White powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>Variable<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>decomposes </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>insoluble (see <a href="/wiki/Starch_gelatinization" title="Starch gelatinization">starch gelatinization</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion">Std enthalpy of<br />combustion</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>c</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>4.1788 kilocalories per gram (17.484 kJ/g)<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">Higher heating value</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition<br />temperature</a></div> </td> <td>410 °C (770 °F; 683 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1553.htm">ICSC 1553</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=455316358&page2=Starch">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amylose2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Amylose2.svg/220px-Amylose2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Amylose2.svg/330px-Amylose2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Amylose2.svg/440px-Amylose2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> molecule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amylopektin_Sessel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Amylopektin_Sessel.svg/220px-Amylopektin_Sessel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Amylopektin_Sessel.svg/330px-Amylopektin_Sessel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Amylopektin_Sessel.svg/440px-Amylopektin_Sessel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a> molecule</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Starch</b> or <b>amylum</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> consisting of numerous <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> units joined by <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> is produced by most green <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, and is contained in large amounts in <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (manioc). </p><p>Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a> <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> and the branched <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a>, the energy reserve of animals, is a more highly branched version of amylopectin. </p><p>In industry, starch is often converted into sugars, for example by <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malting</a>. These sugars may be <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>. In addition, sugars produced from processed starch are used in many processed foods. </p><p>Mixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as <a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">wheatpaste</a>, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. The principal non-food, industrial use of starch is as an adhesive in the <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> process. A similar paste, clothing or <a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">laundry starch</a>, can be applied to certain textile goods before ironing to stiffen them. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "starch" is from a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> root with the meanings "strong, stiff, strengthen, stiffen".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern German <i>Stärke</i> (strength, starch) is related and refers to the main historical applications, its uses in textiles: <a href="/wiki/Textile_warp_sizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile warp sizing">sizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> for <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, and starching <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> term for starch, "amylon" (ἄμυλον), which means "not milled", is also related. It provides the root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amyl" class="extiw" title="wikt:amyl">amyl</a>, which is used as a prefix for several carbon compounds related to or derived from starch (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amyl_alcohol" title="Amyl alcohol">amyl alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starch grains from the <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Typha</a></i> (cattails, bullrushes) as <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> have been identified from <a href="/wiki/Grinding_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding stone">grinding stones</a> in Europe dating back to 30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Revedin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revedin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starch grains from <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> were found on grind stones in caves in <a href="/wiki/Ngalue" title="Ngalue">Ngalue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> dating up to 100,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure extracted wheat starch paste was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, possibly to glue <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extraction of starch is first described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> around 77–79 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romans used it also in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> creams, to powder the hair and to <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thicken</a> sauces. Persians and Indians used it to make dishes similar to gothumai wheat <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>. Rice starch as surface treatment of paper has been used in paper production in China since 700 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid eighth century production of paper that was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sized" class="extiw" title="wikt:sized">sized</a> with wheat starch started in the Arabic world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laundry starch was first described in England in the beginning of the 15th century and was essential to make 16th century <a href="/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">ruffed collars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_store_of_plants">Energy store of plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy store of plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg/220px-Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg/330px-Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg/440px-Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Potato starch granules in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of the potato</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_(40725881153).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg/220px-Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg/330px-Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg/440px-Starch_Granules_in_Endosperm_of_Zea_Mays_Embryo_by_Phase_Contrast_%2840725881153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Starch in endosperm in embryonic phase of maize seed</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants produce <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The glucose is used to generate the chemical energy required for general <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> as well as a precursor to myriad organic building blocks such as <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, and structural polysaccharides such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. Most green plants store any extra glucose in the form of starch, which is packed into semicrystalline granules called starch or <a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">amyloplasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zobel_starch_review_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zobel_starch_review-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of the growing season, starch accumulates in twigs of trees near the buds. <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> store starch to prepare for the next growing season. Young plants live on this stored energy in their roots, seeds, and fruits until they can find suitable soil in which to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The starch is also consumed at night when photosynthesis is not occurring. </p><p>Green algae and land-plants store their starch in the <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptomonad" title="Cryptomonad">cryptomonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> and the parasitic <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">apicomplexa</a> store a similar type of polysaccharide called <a href="/wiki/Floridean_starch" title="Floridean starch">floridean starch</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Periplast" title="Periplast">periplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially when hydrated, glucose takes up much space and is <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmotically</a> active. Starch, on the other hand, being insoluble and therefore osmotically inactive, can be stored much more compactly. The semicrystalline granules generally consist of concentric layers of amylose and amylopectin which can be made bioavailable upon cellular demand in the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Blennow_review_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blennow_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amylose consists of long chains derived from glucose molecules connected by α-1,4-<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic linkage</a>. Amylopectin is highly branched but also derived from glucose interconnected by α-1,6-<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic linkages.</a> The same type of linkage is found in the animal reserve polysaccharide <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>. By contrast, many structural polysaccharides such as <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, cellulose, and <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> are linked by <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">β-glycosidic bonds</a>, which are more resistant to hydrolysis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_starch_particles">Structure of starch particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure of starch particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within plants, starch is stored in semi-crystalline granules. Each plant species has a distinctive starch granular size: rice starch is relatively small (about 2 μm), <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starches</a> have larger granules (up to 100 μm) while wheat and tapioca fall in-between.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosicka-Kaczmarek_wheat_chapter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosicka-Kaczmarek_wheat_chapter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other botanical sources of starch, wheat starch has a bimodal size distribution, with both smaller and larger granules ranging from 2 to 55 μm.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosicka-Kaczmarek_wheat_chapter_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosicka-Kaczmarek_wheat_chapter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cultivated plant varieties have pure amylopectin starch without amylose, known as <i>waxy starches</i>. The most used is <a href="/wiki/Waxy_corn" title="Waxy corn">waxy maize</a>, others are <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">glutinous rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waxy_potato_starch" title="Waxy potato starch">waxy potato starch</a>. Waxy starches undergo less <a href="/wiki/Retrogradation_(starch)" title="Retrogradation (starch)">retrogradation</a>, resulting in a more stable paste. A maize cultivar with a relatively high proportion of amylose starch, <a href="/wiki/Amylomaize" title="Amylomaize">amylomaize</a>, is cultivated for the use of its gel strength and for use as a <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a> (a starch that resists digestion) in food products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants synthesize starch in two types of tissues. The first type is storage tissues, for example, cereal endosperm, and storage roots and stems such as cassava and potato. The second type is green tissue, for example, leaves, where many plant species synthesize transitory starch on a daily basis. In both tissue types, starch is synthesized in a plastids (amyloplasts and chloroplasts). </p><p>The biochemical pathway involves conversion of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_1-phosphate" title="Glucose 1-phosphate">glucose 1-phosphate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a>-glucose using the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphate_adenylyltransferase" title="Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase">glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase</a>. This step requires energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Starch_synthase" title="Starch synthase">starch synthases</a> available in plastids then adds the ADP-glucose via α-1,4-<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a> to a growing chain of glucose residues, liberating <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a>. The ADP-glucose is almost certainly added to the non-reducing end of the amylose polymer, as the UDP-glucose is added to the non-reducing end of glycogen during <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">glycogen synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small glucan chain, further agglomerate to form initials of starch granules. </p><p>The biosynthesis and expansion of granules represent a complex molecular event that can be subdivided into four major steps, namely, granule initiation, coalescence of small granules,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> phase transition, and expansion. Several proteins have been characterized for their involvement in each of these processes. For instance, a chloroplast membrane-associated protein, MFP1, determines the sites of granule initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another protein named PTST2 binds to small glucan chains and agglomerates to recruit starch synthase 4 (SS4).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other proteins, namely, PTST3, SS5, and MRC, are also known to be involved in the process of starch granule initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, two proteins named ESV and LESV play a role in the aqueous-to-crystalline phase transition of glucan chains.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several catalytically active starch synthases, such as SS1, SS2, SS3, and GBSS, are critical for starch granule biosynthesis and play a catalytic role at each step of granule biogenesis and expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to above proteins, <a href="/wiki/Starch_branching_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Starch branching enzyme">starch branching enzymes (BEs)</a> introduces α-1,6-glycosidic bonds between the glucose chains, creating the branched amylopectin. The starch debranching enzyme (DBE) <a href="/wiki/Isoamylase" title="Isoamylase">isoamylase</a> removes some of these branches. Several <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a> of these enzymes exist, leading to a highly complex synthesis process.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degradation">Degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The starch that is synthesized in plant leaves during the day is transitory: it serves as an energy source at night. Enzymes catalyze release of glucose from the granules. The insoluble, highly branched starch chains require <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> in order to be accessible for degrading enzymes. The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Glucan,_water_dikinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucan, water dikinase">glucan, water dikinase</a> (GWD) installs a phosphate at the C-6 position of glucose, close to the chain's 1,6-alpha branching bonds. A second enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglucan,_water_dikinase" title="Phosphoglucan, water dikinase">phosphoglucan, water dikinase</a> (PWD) phosphorylates the glucose molecule at the C-3 position. After the second phosphorylation, the first degrading enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Beta-amylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-amylase">beta-amylase</a> (BAM) attacks the glucose chain at its non-reducing end. <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a> is the main product released. If the glucose chain consists of three or fewer molecules, BAM cannot release maltose. A second enzyme, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disproportionating_enzyme-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disproportionating enzyme-1 (page does not exist)">disproportionating enzyme-1</a> (DPE1), combines two maltotriose molecules. From this chain, a glucose molecule is released. Now, BAM can release another maltose molecule from the remaining chain. This cycle repeats until starch is fully degraded. If BAM comes close to the phosphorylated branching point of the glucose chain, it can no longer release maltose. In order for the phosphorylated chain to be degraded, the enzyme isoamylase (ISA) is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The products of starch degradation are predominantly maltose<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and smaller amounts of glucose. These molecules are exported from the plastid to the cytosol, maltose via the maltose transporter and glucose by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastidic_glucose_translocator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastidic glucose translocator (page does not exist)">plastidic glucose translocator</a> (pGlcT).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two sugars are used for sucrose synthesis. <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a> can then be used in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the mitochondria, to generate ATP at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Starch_industry">Starch industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Starch industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_syrup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Corn_syrup.jpg/220px-Corn_syrup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Corn_syrup.jpg/330px-Corn_syrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Corn_syrup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg/220px-Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg/330px-Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg/440px-Ballydugan_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Starch mill at <a href="/wiki/Ballydugan" title="Ballydugan">Ballydugan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>), built in 1792</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif/lossy-page1-220px-West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif/lossy-page1-330px-West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif/lossy-page1-440px-West_Philadela._starch_works_LCCN2016649106.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6624" data-file-height="4980" /></a><figcaption>West Philadelphia Starch works at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)">Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)</a>, 1850</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faultless_Starch_Company_(5765985011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg/220px-Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg/330px-Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg/440px-Faultless_Starch_Company_%285765985011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Faultless Starch Company at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to starchy plants consumed directly, 66 million tonnes of starch were processed industrially in 2008. By 2011, production had increased to 73 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> the <a href="/wiki/Starch_production" title="Starch production">starch industry</a> produced about 11 million tonnes in 2011, with around 40% being used for industrial applications and 60% for food uses,<sup id="cite_ref-nnfcc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of the latter as <a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">glucose syrups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 EU production was 11 million ton of which 9,4 million ton was consumed in the EU and of which 54% were starch sweeteners.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">US</a> produced about 27.5 million tons of starch in 2017, of which about 8.2 million tons was <a href="/wiki/High_fructose_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="High fructose syrup">high fructose syrup</a>, 6.2 million tons was glucose syrups, and 2.5 million tons were starch products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="high fructose syrup and glucose syrup are not starch (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rest of the starch was used for producing <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (1.6 billion gallons).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_processing">Industrial processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industrial processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The starch industry extracts and refines starches from crops by wet grinding, washing, sieving and drying. Today, the main commercial refined starches are <a href="/wiki/Cornstarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornstarch">cornstarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>, arrowroot,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wheat, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starches</a>. To a lesser extent, sources of refined starch are sweet potato, sago and mung bean. To this day, starch is extracted from more than 50 types of plants. </p><p>Crude starch is processed on an industrial scale to <a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">maltodextrin</a> and glucose syrups and fructose syrups. These massive conversions are mediated by a variety of enzymes, which break down the starch to varying extents. Here breakdown involves hydrolysis, i.e. cleavage of bonds between sugar subunits by the addition of water. Some sugars are isomerized. The processes have been described as occurring in two phases: liquefaction and saccharification. The liquefaction converts starch into <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a>. Amylase is a key enzyme for producing dextrin. The saccharification converts dextrin into maltoses and glucose. Diverse enzymes are used in this second phase, including <a href="/wiki/Pullanase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullanase">pullanase</a> and other amylases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/220px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/330px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/440px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Corn starch, 800x magnified, under polarized light, showing characteristic <a href="/wiki/Extinction_cross" title="Extinction cross">extinction cross</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg/220px-Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg/330px-Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg/440px-Rice_starch_-_microscopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> starch under transmitted light microscopy. A characteristic of rice starch is that granules have an angular outline and tend to clump.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dextrinization">Dextrinization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dextrinization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If starch is subjected to dry heat, it breaks down to form <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a>, also called "pyrodextrins" in this context. This break down process is known as dextrinization. (Pyro)dextrins are mainly yellow to brown in color and dextrinization is partially responsible for the browning of toasted bread.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._(17821831174).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg/220px-A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg/330px-A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg/440px-A_Papuan_woman_extracts_starch_sago_from_the_spongy_center_of_the_palm_stems._%2817821831174%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">Sago</a> starch extraction from palm stems</figcaption></figure> <p>Starch is the most common <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> in the human diet and is contained in many <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a>. The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">root vegetables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other starchy foods are grown, some only in specific climates, including <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrowroot" title="Arrowroot">arrowroot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arracacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Arracacha">arracacha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">canna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colocasia" title="Colocasia">colocasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-pint" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuckoo-pint">cuckoo-pint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katakuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Katakuri">katakuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">kudzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium" title="Xanthosoma sagittifolium">malanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxalis_tuberosa" title="Oxalis tuberosa">oca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_arrowroot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian arrowroot">polynesian arrowroot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_caltrop" title="Water caltrop">water chestnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, and many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">favas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>. </p><p>Before processed foods, people consumed large amounts of uncooked and unprocessed starch-containing plants, which contained high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a>. Microbes within the large intestine ferment or consume the starch, producing <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-chain fatty acids">short-chain fatty acids</a>, which are used as energy, and support the maintenance and growth of the microbes. Upon cooking, starch is transformed from an insoluble, difficult-to-digest granule into readily accessible glucose chains with very different nutritional and functional properties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In current diets, highly processed foods are more easily digested and release more glucose in the small intestine—less starch reaches the large intestine and more energy is absorbed by the body. It is thought that this shift in energy delivery (as a result of eating more processed foods) may be one of the contributing factors to the development of metabolic disorders of modern life, including obesity and diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amylose/amylopectin ratio, molecular weight and molecular fine structure influences the physicochemical properties as well as energy release of different types of starches.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, cooking and food processing significantly impacts starch digestibility and energy release. Starch has been classified as rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch, depending upon its digestion profile.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw starch granules resist digestion by human enzymes and do not break down into glucose in the small intestine - they reach the large intestine instead and function as <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockyer_review_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockyer_review-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When starch granules are fully gelatinized and cooked, the starch becomes easily digestible and releases glucose quickly within the small intestine. When starchy foods are cooked and cooled, some of the glucose chains re-crystallize and become resistant to digestion again. Slowly digestible starch can be found in raw cereals, where digestion is slow but relatively complete within the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Englyst_definition_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englyst_definition-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely used prepared foods containing starch are <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortilla</a>. </p><p>During cooking with high heat, sugars released from starch can react with amino acids via the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product" title="Advanced glycation end-product">advanced glycation end-products</a> (AGEs), contributing aromas, flavors and texture to foods.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of a dietary AGE is <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a>. Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal fermentation of dietary AGEs may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and other inflammatory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to the impact of AGEs on intestinal permeability.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starch gelatinization during cake <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a> can be impaired by sugar competing for <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, preventing gelatinization and improving texture. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starch_sugars">Starch sugars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Starch sugars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karoadvert-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Karoadvert-1917.jpg/170px-Karoadvert-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Karoadvert-1917.jpg/255px-Karoadvert-1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Karoadvert-1917.jpg/340px-Karoadvert-1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4970" data-file-height="6003" /></a><figcaption>Karo corn syrup advert 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niagara_Corn_Starch_(3093767094).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg/170px-Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg/255px-Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg/340px-Niagara_Corn_Starch_%283093767094%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Niagara corn starch advert <a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starch can be <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> into simpler carbohydrates by <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, or a combination of the two. The resulting fragments are known as <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a>. The extent of conversion is typically quantified by <i><b><a href="/wiki/Dextrose_equivalent" title="Dextrose equivalent">dextrose equivalent</a></b></i> (DE), which is roughly the fraction of the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a> in starch that have been broken. </p><p>These starch sugars are by far the most common starch based food ingredient and are used as sweeteners in many drinks and foods. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a>, a lightly hydrolyzed (DE 10–20) starch product used as a bland-tasting filler and thickener.</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">glucose syrups</a> (DE 30–70), also called <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrups</a> in the US, viscous solutions used as sweeteners and thickeners in many kinds of processed foods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">Dextrose</a> (DE 100), commercial glucose, prepared by the complete hydrolysis of starch.</li> <li>High <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> syrup, made by treating dextrose solutions with the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Glucose_isomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose isomerase">glucose isomerase</a>, until a substantial fraction of the glucose has been converted to fructose. In the U.S. <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a> is significantly cheaper than sugar, and is the principal sweetener used in processed foods and beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fructose also has better microbiological stability. One kind of high fructose corn syrup, HFCS-55, is sweeter than <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> because it is made with more fructose, while the sweetness of HFCS-42 is on par with sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohols</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Maltitol" title="Maltitol">maltitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythritol" title="Erythritol">erythritol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysate">hydrogenated starch hydrolysate</a>, are sweeteners made by reducing sugars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modified_starches">Modified starches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modified starches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modified food starches are <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E coded</a> according to <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Numbering_System_for_Food_Additives" title="International Numbering System for Food Additives">INS coded Food Additives</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1400 <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a></li> <li>1401 <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a>-treated starch</li> <li>1402 <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">Alkaline</a>-treated starch</li> <li>1403 Bleached starch</li> <li>1404 <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Oxidized</a> starch</li> <li>1405 Starches, enzyme-treated</li> <li>1410 Monostarch <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a></li> <li>1412 <a href="/wiki/Distarch_phosphate" title="Distarch phosphate">Distarch phosphate</a></li> <li>1413 <a href="/wiki/Phosphated_distarch_phosphate" title="Phosphated distarch phosphate">Phosphated distarch phosphate</a></li> <li>1414 <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">Acetylated</a> distarch phosphate</li> <li>1420 <a href="/wiki/Acetylated_starch" title="Acetylated starch">Acetylated starch</a></li> <li>1422 <a href="/wiki/Acetylated_distarch_adipate" title="Acetylated distarch adipate">Acetylated distarch adipate</a></li> <li>1440 <a href="/wiki/Hydroxypropyl_starch" title="Hydroxypropyl starch">Hydroxypropyl starch</a></li> <li>1442 <a href="/wiki/Hydroxypropyl_distarch_phosphate" title="Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate">Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate</a></li> <li>1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol</li> <li>1450 <a href="/wiki/Starch_sodium_octenyl_succinate" title="Starch sodium octenyl succinate">Starch sodium octenyl succinate</a></li> <li>1451 Acetylated oxidized starch</li></ul> <p>INS 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403 and 1405 are in the EU food ingredients without an E-number.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical modified starches for technical applications are <a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals#Cationic_starch" title="Paper chemicals">cationic starches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethyl_starch" title="Hydroxyethyl starch">hydroxyethyl starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroacetic_acid" title="Chloroacetic acid">carboxymethylated</a> starches and thiolated starches.<sup id="cite_ref-Jelkmann_2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jelkmann_2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_food_additive">Use as food additive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use as food additive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an additive for <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, food starches are typically used as thickeners and stabilizers in foods such as puddings, custards, soups, sauces, gravies, pie fillings, and salad dressings, and to make noodles and pastas. They function as thickeners, extenders, emulsion stabilizers and are exceptional binders in processed meats. </p><p>Gummed sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Jelly_bean" title="Jelly bean">jelly beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine_gum" title="Wine gum">wine gums</a> are not manufactured using a mold in the conventional sense. A tray is filled with native starch and leveled. A positive mold is then pressed into the starch leaving an impression of 1,000 or so jelly beans. The jelly mix is then poured into the impressions and put onto a stove to set. This method greatly reduces the number of molds that must be manufactured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistant_starch">Resistant starch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resistant starch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a> is starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals. High-amylose starch from wheat or corn has a higher <a href="/wiki/Gelatinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatinization">gelatinization</a> temperature than other types of starch, and retains its resistant starch content through <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, mild <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">extrusion</a> and other food processing techniques. It is used as an insoluble <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> in processed foods such as bread, pasta, cookies, crackers, pretzels and other low moisture foods. It is also utilized as a dietary supplement for its health benefits. Published studies have shown that resistant starch helps to improve insulin sensitivity,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduces pro-inflammatory biomarkers <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improves markers of colonic function.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that resistant starch contributes to the health benefits of intact whole grains.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_starch">Synthetic starch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Synthetic starch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cell-free <a href="/wiki/Biocatalysis" title="Biocatalysis">chemoenzymatic</a> process has been demonstrated to synthesize starch from CO<sub>2</sub> and hydrogen.y. The chemical pathway of 11 core reactions was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational pathway design</a> and converts CO<sub>2</sub> to starch at a rate that is ~8.5-fold higher than starch synthesis <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">in maize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-food_applications">Non-food applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-food applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg/220px-AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg/330px-AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg/440px-AdhesivesForHouseUse006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Starch adhesive</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papermaking">Papermaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Papermaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a> is the largest non-food application for starches globally, consuming many millions of metric tons annually.<sup id="cite_ref-nnfcc_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnfcc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a typical sheet of copy paper for instance, the starch content may be as high as 8%. Both chemically modified and unmodified starches are used in papermaking. In the wet part of the papermaking process, generally called the "wet-end", the starches used are cationic and have a positive charge bound to the starch polymer. These starch derivatives associate with the anionic or negatively charged paper fibers / <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and inorganic fillers. Cationic starches together with other retention and internal <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> agents help to give the necessary strength properties to the paper web formed in the papermaking process (<a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">wet strength</a>), and to provide strength to the final paper sheet (dry strength). </p><p>In the dry end of the papermaking process, the paper web is rewetted with a starch based solution. The process is called <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">surface sizing</a>. Starches used have been chemically, or enzymatically depolymerized at the paper mill or by the starch industry (oxidized starch). The size/starch solutions are applied to the paper web by means of various mechanical presses (size presses). Together with surface sizing agents the surface starches impart additional strength to the paper web and additionally provide water hold out or "size" for superior printing properties. Starch is also used in paper coatings as one of the binders for the coating formulations which include a mixture of pigments, binders and thickeners. <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a> has improved smoothness, hardness, whiteness and gloss and thus improves printing characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adhesives">Adhesives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adhesives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated board">Corrugated board</a> adhesives are the next largest application of non-food starches globally. Starch <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a> are mostly based on unmodified native starches, plus some additive such as <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>. Part of the starch is gelatinized to carry the slurry of uncooked starches and prevent sedimentation. This opaque glue is called a SteinHall adhesive. The glue is applied on tips of the fluting. The fluted paper is pressed to paper called liner. This is then dried under high heat, which causes the rest of the uncooked starch in glue to swell/gelatinize. This gelatinizing makes the glue a fast and strong adhesive for corrugated board production. </p><p>Starch is used in the manufacture of various <b>adhesives</b> or glues<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for book-binding, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallpaper adhesive">wallpaper adhesives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_bag#Multiwall_paper_sacks" title="Paper bag">paper sack</a> production, tube winding, <a href="/wiki/Gum_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum tape">gummed paper</a>, envelope adhesives, school glues and bottle labeling. Starch derivatives, such as yellow dextrins, can be modified by addition of some chemicals to form a hard glue for paper work; some of those forms use borax or <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, which are mixed with the starch solution at 50–70 °C (122–158 °F) to create a very good adhesive. Sodium silicate can be added to reinforce these formula. </p><p>A related large non-food starch application is in the construction industry, where starch is used in the gypsum <a href="/wiki/Wall_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall board">wall board</a> manufacturing process. Chemically modified or unmodified starches are added to the stucco containing primarily <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>. Top and bottom heavyweight sheets of paper are applied to the formulation, and the process is allowed to heat and cure to form the eventual rigid wall board. The starches act as a glue for the cured gypsum rock with the paper covering, and also provide rigidity to the board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clothing or <a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">laundry starch</a> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundering</a> of clothes. It was widely used in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.</li> <li>Textile chemicals from starch: <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile_warp_sizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile warp sizing">sizing agents</a> are used to reduce breaking of <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a> during <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>. Starch is mainly used to size <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> based yarns. Modified starch is also used as <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">textile printing</a> thickener.</li> <li>In oil exploration, starch is used to adjust the viscosity of <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluid</a>, which is used to lubricate the drill head and suspend the grinding residue in petroleum extraction.</li> <li>Starch is also used to make some <a href="/wiki/Packing_peanut" class="mw-redirect" title="Packing peanut">packing peanuts</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Dropped_ceiling" title="Dropped ceiling">drop ceiling</a> tiles.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> industry, food grade starch<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Anti-set-off_spray_powder" title="Anti-set-off spray powder">anti-set-off spray powder</a> used to separate printed sheets of paper to avoid wet ink being <a href="/wiki/Set-off_(printing)" title="Set-off (printing)">set off</a>.</li> <li>For body powder, powdered corn starch is used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Talcum" class="mw-redirect" title="Talcum">talcum</a> powder, and similarly in other health and beauty products.</li> <li>Starch is used to produce various <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastics</a>, synthetic polymers that are biodegradable. An example is <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a> based on glucose from starch.</li> <li>Glucose from starch can be further fermented to <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Corn_ethanol" title="Corn ethanol">corn ethanol</a> using the so-called <a href="/wiki/Wet_milling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet milling">wet milling</a> process. Today most <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a> production plants use the dry milling process to ferment corn or other feedstock directly to ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the pharmaceutical industry, starch is also used as an <a href="/wiki/Excipient" title="Excipient">excipient</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablet</a> disintegrant, and as binder. Synthetic amylose made from cellulose has a well-controlled degree of polymerization. Therefore, it can be used as a potential drug deliver carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas.org_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_tests">Chemical tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemical tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iodine_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine test">Iodine test</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_starch_granules.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wheat_starch_granules.JPG/220px-Wheat_starch_granules.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wheat_starch_granules.JPG/330px-Wheat_starch_granules.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wheat_starch_granules.JPG/440px-Wheat_starch_granules.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Granules of wheat starch, stained with iodine, photographed through a light microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>A solution of <a href="/wiki/Polyiodide" title="Polyiodide">triiodide</a> (I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) (formed by mixing <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a>) can be used to test for starch. The colorless solution turns dark blue in the presence of starch.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength of the resulting blue color depends on the amount of amylose present. Waxy starches with little or no amylose present will color red. Benedict's test and Fehling's test is also done to indicate the presence of starch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">Permissible exposure limit</a>) for starch exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">Recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destarch" title="Destarch">Destarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch_analysis" title="Starch analysis">Starch analysis</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhistlerBeMillerPaschall2012" class="citation book cs1">Whistler RL, BeMiller JN, Paschall EF (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvAzqk2pAIsC&dq=Starch%20has%20a%20variable%20density&pg=PP219"><i>Starch: Chemistry and Technology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323139502" title="Special:BookSources/9780323139502"><bdi>9780323139502</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819646427">819646427</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514073433/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Starch_Chemistry_and_Technology/pvAzqk2pAIsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Starch+has+a+variable+density&pg=PP219">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Starch has variable density depending on botanical origin, prior treatment, and method of measurement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starch%3A+Chemistry+and+Technology&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819646427&rft.isbn=9780323139502&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=Roy+L.&rft.au=BeMiller%2C+James+N.&rft.au=Paschall%2C+Eugene+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvAzqk2pAIsC%26dq%3DStarch%2520has%2520a%2520variable%2520density%26pg%3DPP219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>, 49th edition, 1968-1969, p. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514073439/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&redirect=true">Archived</a> 2022-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History (Pliny)</a>, Book XIII, Chapter 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D17">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042052/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D17">Archived</a> 2021-02-06 at the <a 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href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10219597">10219597</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37235646">37235646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=LIKE+EARLY+STARVATION+1+and+EARLY+STARVATION+1+promote+and+stabilize+amylopectin+phase+transition+in+starch+biosynthesis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=eadg7448&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10219597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023SciA....9G7448L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37235646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg7448&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Chun&rft.au=Pfister%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Osman%2C+Rayan&rft.au=Ritter%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Heutinck%2C+Arvid&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Mayank&rft.au=Eicke%2C+Simona&rft.au=Fischer-Stettler%2C+Michaela&rft.au=Seung%2C+David&rft.au=Bompard%2C+Coralie&rft.au=Abt%2C+Melanie+R.&rft.au=Zeeman%2C+Samuel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10219597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfisterZeeman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pfister B, Zeeman SC (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919380">"Formation of starch in plant cells"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>73</b> (14): 2781–2807. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-016-2250-x">10.1007/s00018-016-2250-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-682X">1420-682X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919380">4919380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27166931">27166931</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+coalition+for+ethanol%2C+Ethanol+facilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethanol.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D37%26parentid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas.org-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pnas.org_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYouChenMyungSathitsuksanoh2013" class="citation journal cs1">You C, Chen H, Myung S, Sathitsuksanoh N, Ma H, Zhang XZ, Li J, Zhang YH (April 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645547">"Enzymatic transformation of nonfood biomass to starch"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>110</b> (18): 7182–7187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110.7182Y">2013PNAS..110.7182Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1302420110">10.1073/pnas.1302420110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645547">3645547</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23589840">23589840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Enzymatic+transformation+of+nonfood+biomass+to+starch&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=7182-7187&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645547%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23589840&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1302420110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110.7182Y&rft.aulast=You&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Chen%2C+H.&rft.au=Myung%2C+S.&rft.au=Sathitsuksanoh%2C+N.&rft.au=Ma%2C+H.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X.-Z.&rft.au=Li%2C+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.-+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3645547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhuEvansDoan-NguyenLabram2016" class="citation journal cs1">Madhu S, Evans HA, Doan-Nguyen VV, Labram JG, Wu G, Chabinyc ML, Seshadri R, Wudl F (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201601585">"Infinite Polyiodide Chains in the Pyrroloperylene-Iodine Complex: Insights into the Starch-Iodine and Perylene-Iodine Complexes"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>55</b> (28): 8032–8035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201601585">10.1002/anie.201601585</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27239781">27239781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Infinite+Polyiodide+Chains+in+the+Pyrroloperylene-Iodine+Complex%3A+Insights+into+the+Starch-Iodine+and+Perylene-Iodine+Complexes&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=8032-8035&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201601585&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27239781&rft.aulast=Madhu&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft.au=Evans%2C+Hayden+A.&rft.au=Doan-Nguyen%2C+Vicky+V.+T.&rft.au=Labram%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Guang&rft.au=Chabinyc%2C+Michael+L.&rft.au=Seshadri%2C+Ram&rft.au=Wudl%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fanie.201601585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0567.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Starch"</a>. <i>CDC.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140643/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0567.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Starch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/starch" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:starch">starch</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Starch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Starch">Starch</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0567.html">CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a>, information for workers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.red-letter.com.ua/en/interesting/interesting-facts-about-starch/">Facts about starch</a>, information for workers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/11px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Central_African_Republic" title="Portal:Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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