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href="#Karakteristieken_en_dynamiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Karakteristieken en dynamiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristieken_en_dynamiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Karakteristieken en dynamiek-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristieken_en_dynamiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algemeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Algemeen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zwaktes_en_voortvloeiende_dynamiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zwaktes_en_voortvloeiende_dynamiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Zwaktes en voortvloeiende dynamiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zwaktes_en_voortvloeiende_dynamiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typologieën" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typologieën"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Typologieën</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typologieën-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Typologieën-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typologieën-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autoritaire_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoritaire_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Autoritaire regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoritaire_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybride_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybride_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hybride regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybride_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autoritarisme (politicologie)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 79 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outoritarisme" title="Outoritarisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Outoritarisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismus" title="Autoritarismus – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Autoritarismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ሥልጣናዊነት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥልጣናዊነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلطوية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismu" title="Autoritarismu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Autoritarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtoritarizm" title="Avtoritarizm – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtoritarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аўтарытарызм – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтарытарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аўтарытарызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтарытарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризъм – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авторитаризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="কর্তৃত্ববাদ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্তৃত্ববাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarisme" title="Autoritarisme – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autoritarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دەسەڵاتخوازی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەسەڵاتخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismus" title="Autoritarismus – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autoritarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdurdodaeth_(gwleidyddiaeth)" title="Awdurdodaeth (gwleidyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awdurdodaeth (gwleidyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarisme" title="Autoritarisme – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autoritarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismus" title="Autoritarismus – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autoritarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αυταρχισμός – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυταρχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Authoritarianism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtoritatismo" title="Aŭtoritatismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtoritatismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarism" title="Autoritarism – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autoritarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اقتدارگرایی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتدارگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismi" title="Autoritarismi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Autoritarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarisme" title="Autoritarisme – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autoritarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarisme_(politikology)" title="Autoritarisme (politikology) – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Autoritarisme (politikology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99" title="משטר סמכותני – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משטר סמכותני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सत्तावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्तावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarizam" title="Autoritarizam – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autoritarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekint%C3%A9lyuralmi_rendszer" title="Tekintélyuralmi rendszer – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tekintélyuralmi rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ավտորիտարիզմ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտորիտարիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoritarianisme" title="Otoritarianisme – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otoritarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_autoritario" title="Stato autoritario – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato autoritario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="権威主義 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="権威主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ავტორიტარიზმი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტორიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EC%9C%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="권위주의 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권위주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatio_immoderata" title="Dominatio immoderata – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dominatio immoderata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarism" title="Autoritarism – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Autoritarism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarizmas" title="Autoritarizmas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autoritarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C4%81risms" title="Autoritārisms – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autoritārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Авторитаризмась – Moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Авторитаризмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризам – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авторитаризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarianisme" title="Autoritarianisme – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autoritarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Авторитаризма – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Авторитаризма" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A6r" title="Autoritær – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Autoritær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸੱਤਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਤਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorytaryzm_(ustr%C3%B3j)" title="Autorytaryzm (ustrój) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autorytaryzm (ustrój)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ټولواکي – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarism" title="Autoritarism – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autoritarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторітарізм – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Авторітарізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Authoritarianism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarizam" title="Autoritarizam – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autoritarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Authoritarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarizmus" title="Autoritarizmus – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autoritarizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtoritarnost" title="Avtoritarnost – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtoritarnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustacmarnimo" title="Mustacmarnimo – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mustacmarnimo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarizmi" title="Autoritarizmi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autoritarizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ауторитарност – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ауторитарност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auktoritarianism" title="Auktoritarianism – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Auktoritarianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Иқтидоргароӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иқтидоргароӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ลัทธิอำนาจนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิอำนาจนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtoritarismo" title="Awtoritarismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Awtoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoriteryanizm" title="Otoriteryanizm – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otoriteryanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Авторитаризм – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авторитаризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtoritarizm" title="Avtoritarizm – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtoritarizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Autoritarismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_chuy%C3%AAn_ch%E1%BA%BF" title="Chủ nghĩa chuyên chế – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa chuyên chế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威权主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ავტორიტარიზმი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავტორიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威权主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui-kho%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Ui-khoân-chú-gī – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ui-khoân-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="集權主義 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="集權主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6229#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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ondergeschiktheid tegenover de <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">staat</a>, waarbij er ingeperkte mogelijkheid is om <a href="/wiki/Oppositie_(politiek)" title="Oppositie (politiek)">oppositie</a> te vormen en de <a href="/wiki/Uitvoerende_macht" title="Uitvoerende macht">uitvoerende macht</a> op wetmatige manier te contesteren.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kenmerken die het ideaaltype van een autoritair regime definiëren zijn: </p> <ul><li>sterke leiders,</li> <li>gecentraliseerde politieke controle,</li> <li>beperkte publieke participatie en</li> <li>weinig burgerlijke vrijheden en rechten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Het ideaaltype van een autoritair regime staat volgens veel wetenschappers pal tegenover het ideaaltype van een <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bij een democratisch regime </p> <ul><li>ligt het <a href="/wiki/Mandaat" title="Mandaat">mandaat</a> zo veel mogelijk bij de burgers van een <a href="/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek)">staat</a>,</li> <li>ondersteund door eerlijke <a href="/wiki/Verkiezing" title="Verkiezing">verkiezingen</a>,</li> <li>een <a href="/wiki/Trias_politica" title="Trias politica">scheiding der machten</a>,</li> <li>een meervoud aan instituties die politieke participatie gelegenheid geven en</li> <li>de waarborging van individuele vrijheden en rechten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Een regime is niet per definitie autoritair of democratisch op binaire schaal, maar de conceptualisering bevindt zich volgens wetenschappers eerder plaats op een <i>continuüm</i> waarbij het gehalte van autoritarisme of <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> wordt bepaald door toename of afname van autoritaire of democratische elementen.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zo kan ook een ogenschijnlijk democratisch regime, met democratische instituties, autoritaire kenmerken vertonen zoals oneerlijke en frauduleuze verkiezingen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naast het gehalte van autoritarisme kent het autoritarisme ook bepaalde bestuursvormen. Vormen die autoritaire regimes onder meer kunnen aannemen zijn:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchie" title="Absolute monarchie">absolute monarchie</a></li> <li>autoritair regerende president</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eenpartijstaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eenpartijstaat">eenpartijstaat</a></li> <li>militaire heerschappij, die ook kan ontaarden in een <a href="/wiki/Militaire_dictatuur" title="Militaire dictatuur">militaire dictatuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personalistisch_regime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personalistisch regime (de pagina bestaat niet)">personalistisch regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie">theocratie</a></li></ul> <p>Volgens het V-Dem-instituut, dat de mondiale veranderingen bijhoudt met betrekking tot autocratisering en democratisering, is er sinds 2001 een toename in het aantal autoritaire landen in de wereld. In 2020 leefde 54% van de wereldbevolking onder autoritair gezag verdeeld over 91 landen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristieken_en_dynamiek">Karakteristieken en dynamiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Karakteristieken en dynamiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Karakteristieken en dynamiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algemeen">Algemeen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Algemeen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Algemeen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens politicologen Hague, Harrop en McCormick bepalen hoofdzakelijk deze kenmerken de mate van autoriteit van een <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">regime</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>de afwezigheid van een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Representatieve_regering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representatieve regering (de pagina bestaat niet)">representatieve regering</a>. Indien er <a href="/wiki/Verkiezing" title="Verkiezing">verkiezingen</a> zijn, gaan die vaak gepaard met fraude, manipulatie en geweld</li> <li>zwakke en instabiele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_instituties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke instituties (de pagina bestaat niet)">politieke instituties</a> waarbij macht vaak in handen valt bij politieke leiders en elite</li> <li>een ingeperkte mogelijkheid voor politieke participatie, waarbij geen zekerheid bestaat dat de stem van burgers gehoord zullen worden</li> <li>weinig inperking voor de <a href="/wiki/Uitvoerende_macht" title="Uitvoerende macht">uitvoerende macht</a>, waarbij geen <a href="/wiki/Rechterlijke_macht" title="Rechterlijke macht">onafhankelijk rechtsprekend</a> orgaan is</li> <li>een beperkte oppositie die onderhevig is aan dreigingen en geweld</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacommunicatie" title="Massacommunicatie">media</a> zijn beperkt en gecontroleerd door de <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">regering</a>, onderhevig aan politieke controle en slechts vrij om datgene te publiceren dat gesanctioneerd is door de staat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zwaktes_en_voortvloeiende_dynamiek">Zwaktes en voortvloeiende dynamiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zwaktes en voortvloeiende dynamiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zwaktes en voortvloeiende dynamiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aangezien de meeste autoritaire regimes hun <a href="/wiki/Legitimiteit_(politiek)" title="Legitimiteit (politiek)">legitimiteit</a> en voortbestaan niet verwezenlijken door erkenning van de burgers zoals bij een <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a>, behoort de politieke elite controle te behouden over de machtsposities binnen de <a href="/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek)">staat</a> zodat het regime eventuele uitdagingen op machtsovernames kan overleven.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Ten eerste is de controle over een sterk leger en veiligheidsdienst essentieel voor het voortbestaan van een autoritair <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">regime</a>. Hoge defensie-uitgaven zijn voor autoritaire heersers een investering om mogelijke <a href="/wiki/Oppositie_(politiek)" title="Oppositie (politiek)">oppositie</a> af te kopen en om binnenlandse oproer de kop in te drukken.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ten tweede gebruiken autoritaire leiders vaak een <a href="/wiki/Beschermheer" title="Beschermheer">beschermheernetwerk</a>, bestaand uit omkoping en uitgave van privileges, om de steun te verwerven van andere maatschappelijke elite. De <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">regering</a> biedt hulpbronnen aan en negeert arbitrair gedrag, in ruil voor politieke erkenning van de elite. Instituties zijn daarom vaak zwak in dergelijke regimes, en instandhouding is vaak gebaseerd op pragmatische verbintenissen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ten slotte is de controle over de <a href="/wiki/Massacommunicatie" title="Massacommunicatie">media</a> een essentieel gegeven voor de instandhouding van een <a href="/wiki/Overheid" title="Overheid">regime</a>. Hierdoor kan de regering gunstige berichtgeving over hun prestaties verspreiden onder de bevolking en tegelijkertijd kritiek de kop in drukken. <a href="/wiki/Censuur_(informatie)" title="Censuur (informatie)">Censuur</a> vindt vaak plaats door ongunstige berichtgeving te portretteren als een bedreiging van de waardigheid en <a href="/wiki/Legitimiteit_(politiek)" title="Legitimiteit (politiek)">legitimiteit</a> van de staat. Zo behouden autoritaire leiders de macht over het discours binnen hun staat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typologieën"><span id="Typologie.C3.ABn"></span>Typologieën</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Typologieën" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Typologieën"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Amerikaanse politicoloog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Linz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Linz (de pagina bestaat niet)">Juan Linz</a> maakte als eerste een onderscheid tussen non-democratische regimes in zijn invloedrijke <i>The Handbook of Political Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierna ontwikkelden ook andere onderzoekers typologieën voor autoritaire regimes. In de politicologie bestaat geen overeenstemming over de juiste <a href="/wiki/Typologie" title="Typologie">typologie</a> van autoritaire regimes. Verondersteld wordt dat geen een typologie alle verschillende soorten autoritaire regimes kan omvatten.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaak zijn de typologieën gebaseerd op een set landen en niet perfect toepasbaar op alle autoritaire regimes. Het zijn ideaaltypes. In een typologie worden de basiseigenschappen van elk soort regime omschreven.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoritaire_regimes">Autoritaire regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Autoritaire regimes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Autoritaire regimes"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linz onderscheidde twee basis subtypes van autoritaire regimes: traditionele autoritaire regimes en bureaucratische militaire regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Traditionele autoritaire regimes zijn regimes met over het algemeen één leider. De leider houdt de macht door, een combinatie van, zijn traditionele legitimiteit, <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> en onderdrukking. Deze onderdrukking wordt uitgevoerd door een persoonlijk netwerk dat door middel van loyaliteit aan de leider verbonden is. Een voorbeeld van een traditioneel autoritair regime is <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> onder <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bureaucratische militaire regimes zijn regimes waar een coalitie van militaire officieren en technocraten aan de macht is. Zij regeren niet vanuit een ideologie maar vanuit praktische overtuigingen binnen de grenzen van hun bureaucratische mentaliteit.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>De Amerikaanse politicoloog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Geddes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Geddes (de pagina bestaat niet)">Barbara Geddes</a> introduceerde een andere typologie dan Linz. Zij identificeerde vier verschillende autoritaire regimes: militaire regimes, eenpartijregimes, personalistische regimes en <a href="/wiki/Monarchie" title="Monarchie">monarchieën.</a> Hoewel Geddes de monarchie in haar eerste typologie niet als een autoritair regime identificeerde, voegde zij deze later toe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militaire_dictatuur" title="Militaire dictatuur">Militaire regimes</a>. In staten met militaire regimes beslist een groep van officieren wie regeert en daarnaast beïnvloeden zij enigszins het beleid van een staat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eenpartijstelsel" title="Eenpartijstelsel">Eenpartijregimes</a>. In deze regimes domineert één politieke partij het beleid en de politieke posities van een staat. Andere partijen kunnen wel bestaan en meedoen in verkiezingen.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Personalistische regimes. Anders dan bij de militaire en een-partij regimes zijn het beleid en de politieke posities van een staat sterk afhankelijk van één leider. Deze leider kan een officier zijn of een partij creëren om zich zelf te ondersteunen, maar uiteindelijk ligt de macht bij deze leider alleen en niet bij het leger of de partij.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monarchieën. In deze staten heeft de koninklijke familie de macht over het beleid, de leider en de veiligheidsdiensten. Hoewel dit overeenkomt met het personalistische regime, wordt een monarchie door Geddes niet als een personalistisch regime beschouwd.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Naast de typologieën van Geddes en Linz zijn ook invloedrijke typologieën gecreëerd door onder andere Hadenius, Teorell en Wahman<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en Cheibub, Gandhi en Vreeland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybride_regimes">Hybride regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Hybride regimes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Hybride regimes"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Democratische_erosie" title="Democratische erosie">democratische erosie</a></i></div> <p>Sommige regimes zijn niet volledig te classificeren als democratisch of autoritair, de hybride regimes. Deze hybride regimetypes werden in de literatuur aanvankelijk beschreven als een democratie of autoritair regime met adjectieven. Later werd beargumenteerd dat dit niet juist is en dat dit voor verwarring zorgt. Een hybride regime is niet democratisch of autoritair, maar staat op zich zelf.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybride regimes kunnen allereerst van democratieën en autoritaire regimes worden onderscheiden op basis van de competitiviteit van een regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratieën en hybride regimes hebben competitieve verkiezingen, anders dan autoritaire regimes. Wat een hybride regime van een democratie onderscheidt is de kwaliteit van deze competitie.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niet alle politieke partijen maken een eerlijke kans in een hybride regime. De competitiviteit van een regime is niet het enige aspect waarop de regimes van elkaar verschillen. De politicologen Gilbert en Mohseni stellen dat op basis van de hoeveelheid civiele rechten en de niet-verkiesbare organen van een staat, ook een onderscheid tussen de regimes kan worden gemaakt.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een hybride regime is op verschillende manieren van een democratie en een autoritair regime te onderscheiden. Hybride regimes verschillen ook van elkaar. Verschillende hybride regimetypes zijn door politicologen geformuleerd, zoals semidemocratie, virtuele democratie, electorale democratie, pseudodemocratie, illiberale democratie, semi-autoritarisme, zacht autoritarisme, electoraal autoritarisme en competitief autoritarisme.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratie-index_van_The_Economist" title="Democratie-index van The Economist">Democratie-index van The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerpersoonsdictatuur" title="Meerpersoonsdictatuur">Meerpersoonsdictatuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran" title="Tiran">Tiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internetcensuur" title="Internetcensuur">Internetcensuur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Levitsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Levitsky (de pagina bestaat niet)">Levitsky, S.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucan_A._Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucan A. Way (de pagina bestaat niet)">Way, L.A.</a></span> (2016): <i>Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War</i>, Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rod_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rod Hague (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hague, R.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Harrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Harrop (de pagina bestaat niet)">Harrop, M.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCormick_(politicoloog)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCormick (politicoloog) (de pagina bestaat niet)">McCormick, J.</a></span> (2016): <i>Comparative Government and Politics</i>, Palgrave, p. 37-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Wahman (de pagina bestaat niet)">Wahman, M.</a></span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Teorell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Teorell (de pagina bestaat niet)">Teorell, J.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Hadenius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axel Hadenius (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hadenius, A.</a></span> (2013): 'Authoritarian regime types revisited: updated data in comparative perspective' in <i>Contemporary Politics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leah_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leah Gilbert (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gilbert, L.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payam_Mohseni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Payam Mohseni (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mohseni, P.</a></span> (2011): 'Beyond Authoritarianism: The Conceptualization of Hybrid Regimes' in <i>Studies in Comparative International Development</i>, Volume 46, No. 3, p. 270-297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Geddes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Geddes (de pagina bestaat niet)">Geddes, B.</a></span> (1999): 'What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?' in <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>, Volume 2, p. 115-144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_L%C3%BChrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Lührmann (de pagina bestaat niet)">Lührmann, A.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staffan_Lindberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staffan Lindberg (de pagina bestaat niet)">Lindberg, S.I.</a></span> (2020): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330123413/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f0/5d/f05d46d8-626f-4b20-8e4e-53d4b134bfcb/democracy_report_2020_low.pdf">'Autocratization Surges–Resistance Grows. Democracy Report 2020. Varieties of Democracy Institute (V-Dem)'</a>, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carles_Boix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carles Boix (de pagina bestaat niet)">Boix, C.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Stokes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Stokes (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stokes, S.C.</a></span> (2011): 'Overview of Comparative Politics' in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Goodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Goodin (de pagina bestaat niet)">Goodin, R.E.</a></span> (ed.) <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Science</i>, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Gasiorowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Gasiorowski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gasiorowski, M.J.</a></span> (1990): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02716907">'The Political Regimes Project'</a> in <i>Studies in Comparative International Development</i>, Volume 25, No. 1, p. 109-125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105125027/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02716907">Gearchiveerd</a> op 5 november 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Cheibub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antonio Cheibub (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cheibub, J.A.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Gandhi (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gandhi, J.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Raymond_Vreeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Raymond Vreeland (de pagina bestaat niet)">Vreeland, J.R.</a></span> (2010): 'Democracy and dictatorship revisited' in <i>Public Choice</i>, Volume 143, No. 1, p. 67-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Levitsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Levitsky (de pagina bestaat niet)">Levitsky, S.</a></span>; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucan_A._Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucan A. Way (de pagina bestaat niet)">Way, L.A.</a></span> (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17196/pdf">'Elections Without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism'</a> in <i>Journal of Democracy</i>, Volume 13, No. 2, p. 51-65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308214719/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17196/pdf">Gearchiveerd</a> op 8 maart 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&oldid=67954433">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoritarisme_(politicologie)&oldid=67954433</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Staatsvorm" title="Categorie:Staatsvorm">Staatsvorm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Politicologie" title="Categorie:Politicologie">Politicologie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 12 aug 2024 om 01:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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