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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Preson&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D7" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Preson&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D7" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. 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Vous pouvez également envoyer un courriel à la file des <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">coordinateurs</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> à <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>, en incluant tous les détails ci-dessus.</div></div><hr /> <p>Podètz veire e copiar lo contengut d'aquesta pagina. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="oc" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==== Susvelhar e castigar, o la naissença de la preson ==== [[Fichièr:DorchesterPen2.jpg|vinheta|Lo Penitencièr de Dorchester al [[Nòu Brunswick]], [[Canadà]], que fa partit del Servici correccional del Canadà. Mes en foncion en 1880 coma peison de seguritat maximala, sevís en 2010 de luòc de detencion de nivèl mejan.]] Dins son celèbre obratge ''Surveiller et punir'', [[Michel Foucault]] indica que son utilizacion coma pena sanccionant la delinquéncia es un fenomèn recent que s'instituèt de fach pendent lo sègle XIX, alara que primièrament la preson èran utlizada sonque per téner los prisonièrs en espèra d'una pena veraia, suplici, execucion o fòrabandiment. Los prisonièrs èran tenguts dins un mèsme espaci amb lors afars personals e devián pagar lor noiritura. La desorganizacion èra tala que los suspèctes d'un mèsme afar podavan aisidament s'entendre sus una version dels fachs abans lor procès. Michel Foucault cita lo Grand Embarrament o encara La Nau dels fòls coma exemples particulars de privacion de libertat anteriors a l'epòca modèrna. Al contrari de la preson qu'establís una pena a la mesura de la peca, s'agissiá de fenomèns d'exclusion ont las populacions desviantas (delinquents, fòls, malauts, orfans, vagabonds, prostituidas, etc.) èran embarrats forra-borra fòra del vejaire de las gents onèstas sens autra ambicion que de los far desaparéisser. L'emergéncia de la prison se faguèt amn una mesa al secret del tractament de la delinquéncia. Las execucions publicas se tenguèron dins de luòcs sempre mai discrets fins a èsser totalament retirats de la vista de la fola. Los suplicis considerats coma barbars devián èsser remplaçat per quicòm mai. Foucault indica que la causida de la preson es puslèu una causida per manca, a una epòca ont la problematica èra encara fòrça majoritàriament de castigar lo delinquent; la privacion de libertat èra la tecnica coercitiva mai evidenta e mens barbara que se podava imatginar. Afirma que dempuèi lo començament l'eficacitat de la preson foguèt discutida. La preson evoluiguèt sul còp, venguèt çò que Foucault nomena una institucion disciplinària, son organizacion aven per objectiu un contraròtle total del prisonièr per una susvelhança discrèta de totes los instants<ref>{{article|langue=fr|auteur=Heather MacDonald|titre=L'enfer de la prison|périodique=''[[Revue française de criminologie et de droit pénal]]''|volume=5|jour=|mois=octobre|année=2015|lire en ligne=http://www.rfcdp.fr/numeros/numero-5-octobre-2015}}</ref>. Trobèt dins l'idèa del [[panoptic]] de [[Jeremy Bentham]] la perfiècha illustracion de la novèla tecnica carcerala. L'analisi de Foucaud foguèt discutida e completada, per exemple amb las òbras de sociologia de l'experiéncia carcerala de Gilles Chantraine. Per el, se lo castig existís pas mai, a pasmens daissat la plaça a una autra forma de castig del còrs, prenent una forma mens violenta e en acòrdi amb las valors de las democracias occidentalas. Las ambicions per la preson evoluèron amb lo temps. Pauc a pauc, l'idèa que lo presonièr deviá reparar lo mal qu'aviá fach a la societat emergiguèt dins los esperits. L'empresonament deviá donc s'acompanhar de trabalh, lo delinquent pagava en preson un deute, non pas a sas victimas mas a la societat tota, que son comportament aviá greujat. Après aver fach son temps e pagat son deute lo delinquent podava ne sortir blanquit per prene una partença novèla. Aquí encara l'aplicacion d'aqueste ideal foguèt pas considerada coma una capitada. Una quatrena vision de la preson coma luòc de reeducacion es ara desaparegut. La preson aviá alara l'ambicion de cambiar los delinquents per los adaptar a la vida normala en societat. L'idèa fòrta èra aquesta del redreçament, donar una forma que cal a de delinquants qu'aurián « crescut de travèrs ». La preson d'uèi es un eritatge d'aquestes ideals que ne s'exclusisson pas, la preson se justifica mai o mens segon los luòcs e los periòdes segon aquestes quatre ideals de l'embarrament. Quand la privacion de libertat s'impausa al sègle XIX coma la clau de vòlta del sistèma penal, lo debat sus las modalitats d'administracion de la pena d'embarrament se pausa dins de tèrmes identics dins l'ensemble dels païses occidentals. S'inscriu dins la seguida de las reflexions dels juristas ([[Cesare Beccaria]]) e dels filantròps ([[John Howard (philanthrope)|John Howard]]) del [[sègle de las Luses]] e alara se crea d'organismes dedicats, coma la Societat reiala per la melhoracion de las presons en França (1819). Aqueste expertisa se pièja sus un veritadièr « torisme penitenciari »<ref>Marie-Sylvie Dupont-Bouchat, « Les prisons d'enfants. Du pénitencier à l'école de bienfaisance, en Belgique au XIXe siècle (1840-1914) », dans Remi Lenoir (dir.), ''Michel Foucault. Surveiller et punir : la prison vingt ans après''. CREDHESS, Paris, 1996, p. 235.</ref> que l'arquetipe es la seria de viatges realizats per [[John Howard (philanthrope)|John Howard]], que percors de 1773 a 1777 l'Euròpa entièra, de la Russia al Portugal, per examinar los diferents sistèmas penitenciaeis<ref>[//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Perrot Michelle Perrot], « L'Europe pénitentiaire », dans ''Les Ombres de l'historie. Crime et châtiment au XIXe siècle''. Flammarion, Paris, p. 227.</ref>. Al Sègle XIX, lo passatge pels Estats-Units d'America s'impausa coma una estapa obligada per aquestas inspeccions comparativas, coma fa lo testimòni lo viatge començat per [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] e [[Gustave de Beaumont]], qu'es la matèria de lor libre, ''Del sistèma penitenciari als Estats-Units e de son aplicacion'' (1832). La preson genèra una literatura abondanta e un ret de correspondéncia internacional que trapa dins las annadas 1840 un encastre d'expression institucionalizat amb l'organizacion los primièrs congreses penitenciairis internacionals<ref>Marie-Sylvie Dupont-Bouchat (1996), p. 232.</ref>. Aquestes debats s'organizan a l'entorn de dos grands pòls: un corrent filantropic que, portat per l'optimisme de las Luces sus las capacitats d'emendament de l'èsser uman, vòl far de la preson un luòc de redempcion e de reforma del condamnat; un corrent mai pessimista que, dobtant de la plasticitat de la natura umana, concep primièr la preson coma un luòc de peniténcia ont lo prisonièr deura purgar son deute al vejaire de la societat. Aquestas doas posicions s'exprimissonja dins los debats [[Revolucion Francesa|revolucionairis]] al subjècte del còdi penal de 1791: d'un costat, [[Louis-Michel Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau|Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau]] estima que la preson ofrís al condamnat « amb lo temps, la possibilitat e l'interés de venir melhor ». De l'autre, [[Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]], que ten la metamorfòsi del presonièr en bon ciutadan per una « fastuosa utopia »<ref>Cité dans [//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Guy_Petit Jacques-Guy Petit], ''Ces peines obscures. La prison pénale en France (1780-1875)'', Fayard, Paris, 1990, p. 47.</ref>, se fa l'eraud de la [[pena de mòrt]]. Lo punt màger de controvèrsia es aqueste de las condicions de la detencion. Se lo panoptic de Bentham reünís, en teoria al mens, un consens pro larg, l'adopcion de la cellula individuala fa l'objècte de vivas controvèrsas. Los dos principals modèls en concurréncia son americans<span></span>: aqueste de la preson d'Auburn combina isolament cellular la nuèch e trabalh collectiu, mas dins lo silenci, un silenci impausat pel foet constata Tocqueville<ref>Michelle Perrot, « Tocqueville inconnu », dans ''Les Ombres de l'historie. Crime et châtiment au XIXe siècle''. Flammarion, 2001, p. 154.</ref>, pendent lo jorn; aqueste de Filadèlfia, realizat pels Quakers a Cheryl Hill (1822), impausa un isolament cellular de jorn coma de nuèch<ref name="Perrot183">Perrot, p. 183.</ref>; las passetjadas son individualas, los prisonièrs son menats uèlhs clucats fins a lor cellula. Dins l'un coma l'autre cas, pasmens, se considèra que l'isolament dels prisonièrs es indispensable per prevenir lo risc d'una corrupcion encara mai granda dels detenguts. En França, [[Charles Lucas]] es lo cap dels detractors del cellular integral, jutjat tant dur qu'ipotèca tota escasença de reforma del prisonièr; belèu es tanben susceptible de le menar a la folia. Punt sus que los partisans de l'isolament fan intervenir l'autoritat de l'Acadèmia de medecina que lor dona rason per la votz del doctor Lélut<ref>Perrot (2001), p. 184.</ref>. La Glèisa catolica pren, ela, contra l'isolament total, al motiu que permet pas l'exercici collectiu del culte<ref>Michelle Perrot (2001), p. 137.</ref>. Contra Lucas i a per exepmle Beaumont e Tocqueville, que fustiga, en privat al mens, las utopias dels filantròps<ref>Perrot (2001), p. 149.</ref>. Se dobta de la capacitat reformatritz de la preson, levat benlèu pels mai joves dels detenguts, Tocqueville ne vòl far, primièr e sobretot, un organ eficaç de « defensa de la societat »<ref>Perrot (2001), p. 145.</ref>. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Tornar a la pagina <a href="/wiki/Preson" title="Preson">Preson</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preson">https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preson</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politica de confidencialitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Avertiments_generals">Avertiments</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Còdi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desvolopaires</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/oc.wikipedia.org">Estatisticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaracion suls cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preson&action=edit&section=7&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Afichatge mobil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-52gq2","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":767,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-52gq2","timestamp":"20241125164655","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>