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<span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ætheling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ætheling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ætheling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ætheling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Æthelwold's_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Æthelwold's_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Æthelwold's revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Æthelwold's_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King of the Anglo-Saxons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_southern_Danelaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_southern_Danelaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conquest of the southern Danelaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_southern_Danelaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Learning and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Law and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward the Elder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_die_Ouere" title="Eduard die Ouere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eduard die Ouere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Ieldra" title="Eadweard Ieldra – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eadweard Ieldra" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إدوارد الكبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ادوارد پدر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد پدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ti%C3%B3ng-chi%C3%A1" title="Edward Tióng-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Tióng-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Эдуард Старэйшы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Старэйшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Эдўард Старэйшы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдўард Старэйшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Едуард Стария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Стария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Stariji" title="Edvard Stariji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard Stariji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_an_Hena%C3%B1" title="Edward an Henañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edward an Henañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_el_Vell" title="Eduard el Vell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard el Vell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_I._Star%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Eduard I. Starší – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard I. Starší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_den_%C3%86ldre" title="Edvard den Ældre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard den Ældre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_der_%C3%84ltere" title="Eduard der Ältere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard der Ältere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vanem" title="Edward Vanem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Vanem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εδουάρδος ο Πρεσβύτερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος ο Πρεσβύτερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_el_Viejo" title="Eduardo el Viejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo el Viejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_pli_a%C4%9Da" title="Eduardo la pli aĝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la pli aĝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Zaharra" title="Eduardo Zaharra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo Zaharra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ادوارد مهتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد مهتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_l%27Ancien" title="Édouard l'Ancien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard l'Ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_o_Vello" title="Eduardo o Vello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduardo o Vello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%A5%ED%98%95%EC%99%95" title="에드워드 장형왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 장형왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Էդուարդ Ավագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Ավագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_I._Stariji" title="Eduard I. Stariji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard I. Stariji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tua" title="Edward Tua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Tua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_il_Vecchio" title="Edoardo il Vecchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo il Vecchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="אדוארד הזקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד הזקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ედუარდ უფროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ უფროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hen" title="Edward Hen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edward Hen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardus_senior" title="Edwardus senior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edwardus senior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_den_Eeleren" title="Edward den Eeleren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edward den Eeleren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_I_Vyresnysis" title="Eduardas I Vyresnysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas I Vyresnysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Edu%C3%A1rd_wessexi_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Eduárd wessexi király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Eduárd wessexi király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ادوارد الكبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد الكبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_de_Oudere" title="Eduard de Oudere – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eduard de Oudere" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E9%95%B7%E5%85%84%E7%8E%8B" title="エドワード長兄王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード長兄王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_di_%C3%84%C3%A4ler" title="Eduard di Ääler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eduard di Ääler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_den_eldre" title="Edvard den eldre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard den eldre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Starszy" title="Edward Starszy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Starszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo,_o_Velho" title="Eduardo, o Velho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo, o Velho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Eduard cel Bătrân – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard cel Bătrân" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эдуард Старший – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард Старший" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward the Elder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward the Elder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_I._Star%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Eduard I. Starší – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard I. Starší" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Едвард Старији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Старији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stariji" title="Edward Stariji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Stariji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Vanhempi" title="Edvard Vanhempi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard Vanhempi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Edvard den äldre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard den äldre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดผู้อาวุโส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดผู้อาวุโส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_(Wessex_kral%C4%B1)" title="Edward (Wessex kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward (Wessex kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Едуард Старший – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард Старший" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88%D8%B1" title="ایڈورڈ ایلڈر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ ایلڈر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward the Elder" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="長者愛德華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長者愛德華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 to 924</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Edward the Elder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/250px-Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/375px-Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/500px-Edward_the_Elder_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">Portrait miniature</a> from a thirteenth-century genealogical scroll depicting Edward</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 899 – 17 July 924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 900<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (or <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a>, disputed)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">870s?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">924-07-17</span>)</span>17 July 924<br /><a href="/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire" title="Farndon, Cheshire">Farndon</a>, Cheshire, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/New_Minster,_Winchester" title="New Minster, Winchester">New Minster, Winchester</a>, later translated to <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Hyde Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgwynn" title="Ecgwynn">Ecgwynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d,_wife_of_Edward_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder">Ælfflæd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Kent" title="Eadgifu of Kent">Eadgifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_children">more ...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan,_King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelstan, King of the English">Æthelstan, King of the English</a></li> <li>A daughter who was Queen of York (possibly <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Edith of Polesworth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin,_son_of_Edward_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin, son of Edward the Elder">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu,_Queen_of_the_West_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadgifu, Queen of the West Franks">Eadgifu, Queen of the West Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadhild" title="Eadhild">Eadhild, Duchess of the Franks</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth" title="Eadgyth">Eadgyth, Queen of the East Franks</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a>, King of the English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a>, King of the English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward the Elder</b> (870s? – 17 July 924) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a> from 899 until his death in 924. He was the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a>. When Edward succeeded to the throne, he had to defeat a challenge from his cousin <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_%C3%A6theling" title="Æthelwold ætheling">Æthelwold</a>, who had a strong claim to the throne as the son of Alfred's elder brother and predecessor, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I">Æthelred I</a>. </p><p>Alfred had succeeded Æthelred as king of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in 871, and almost faced defeat against the Danish <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> until his decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> in 878. After the battle, the Vikings still ruled <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, leaving only Wessex and western Mercia under Anglo-Saxon control. In the early 880s <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a>, the ruler of western Mercia, accepted Alfred's lordship and married his daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, and around 886 Alfred adopted the new title King of the Anglo-Saxons as the ruler of all Anglo-Saxons not subject to Danish rule. Edward inherited the new title when Alfred died in 899. </p><p>In 910, a Mercian and West Saxon army inflicted a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">decisive defeat</a> on an invading Northumbrian army, ending the threat from the northern Vikings. In the decade that followed, Edward conquered Viking-ruled southern England in partnership with his sister Æthelflæd, who had succeeded as Lady of the Mercians following the death of her husband in 911. Historians dispute how far Mercia was dominated by Wessex during this period, and after Æthelflæd's death in June 918, her daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn" title="Ælfwynn">Ælfwynn</a> briefly became second Lady of the Mercians, but in December Edward took her into Wessex and imposed direct rule on Mercia. By the end of the 910s he ruled Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia, and only Northumbria remained under Viking rule. In 924 he faced a Mercian and Welsh revolt at <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, and after putting it down he died at <a href="/wiki/Farndon,_Cheshire" title="Farndon, Cheshire">Farndon</a> in Cheshire on 17 July 924. He was succeeded by his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>. Edward's two youngest sons later reigned as kings <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a>. </p><p>Edward was admired by medieval chroniclers, and in the view of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, he was "much inferior to his father in the cultivation of letters" but "incomparably more glorious in the power of his rule". He was largely ignored by modern historians until the 1990s, and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Higham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Higham (historian)">Nick Higham</a> described him as "perhaps the most neglected of English kings", partly because few primary sources for his reign survive. His reputation rose in the late twentieth century and he is now seen as destroying the power of the Vikings in southern England while laying the foundations for a south-centred united English kingdom. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> was the dominant kingdom in southern England in the eighth century and maintained its position until it suffered a decisive defeat by <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellandun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ellandun">Battle of Ellandun</a> in 825. Thereafter the two kingdoms became allies, which was to be an important factor in English resistance to the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge198311–12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge198311–12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 865, the Danish Viking <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and used this as a starting point for an invasion. The East Anglians were forced to pay off the Vikings, who invaded <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> the following year. They appointed a puppet king in 867, and then moved on Mercia, where they spent the winter of 867–868. King <a href="/wiki/Burgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgred">Burgred</a> of Mercia was joined by King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred of Wessex</a> and his brother, the future <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, for a combined attack on the Vikings, who refused an engagement; in the end the Mercians bought peace with them. The following year, the Danes conquered East Anglia, and in 874 they expelled King Burgred and, with their support, <a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf</a> became the last King of Mercia. In 877 the Vikings partitioned Mercia, taking the eastern regions for themselves and allowing Ceolwulf to keep the western ones. In early 878 they invaded Wessex, and many West Saxons submitted to them. Alfred, who was now king, was reduced to a remote base in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Athelney" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Athelney">Isle of Athelney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, but the situation was transformed when he won a decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a>. He was thus able to prevent the Vikings from taking Wessex and western Mercia, although they still occupied Northumbria, East Anglia and eastern Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245–257_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245–257-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_(New_Minster_Liber_Vitae)_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944,_f_30v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg/220px-Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg/330px-Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>A page from the will of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, headed <i>Testamentum</i> in a later hand, which left the bulk of his estate to Edward</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward's parents, Alfred and <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a>, married in 868. Ealhswith's father was <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Mucel" title="Æthelred Mucel">Æthelred Mucel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaini" title="Gaini">Gaini</a>, and her mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal family. Alfred and Ealhswith had five children who survived childhood. The oldest was <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a>, and ruled as Lady of the Mercians after his death. Edward was next, and the second daughter, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelgifu">Æthelgifu</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Abbess_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbess of Shaftesbury">abbess of Shaftesbury</a>. The third daughter, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Margrave_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders">Baldwin, Count of Flanders</a>, and the younger son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(son_of_Alfred)" title="Æthelweard (son of Alfred)">Æthelweard</a>, was given a scholarly education, including learning Latin. This would usually suggest that he was intended for the church, but it is unlikely in Æthelweard's case as he later had sons. There were also an unknown number of children who died young. Neither part of Edward's name, which means "protector of wealth", had been used previously by the West Saxon royal house, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Barbara Yorke</a> suggests that he may have been named after his maternal grandmother Eadburh, reflecting the West Saxon policy of strengthening links with Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians estimate that Edward was probably born in the mid-870s. His eldest sister, Æthelflæd, was probably born about a year after her parents' marriage, and Edward was brought up with his youngest sister, Ælfthryth; Yorke argues that he was therefore probably nearer in age to Ælfthryth than Æthelflæd. Edward led troops in battle in 893, and must have been of marriageable age in that year as his oldest son Æthelstan was born about 894.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–26Miller2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–26Miller2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> in his <i>Life of King Alfred</i>, Edward and Ælfthryth were educated at court by male and female tutors, and read ecclesiastical and secular works in English, such as the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English poems</a>. They were taught the courtly qualities of gentleness and humility, and Asser wrote that they were obedient to their father and friendly to visitors. This is the only known case of an Anglo-Saxon prince and princess receiving the same upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ætheling"><span id=".C3.86theling"></span>Ætheling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ætheling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a son of a king, Edward was an <a href="/wiki/%C3%86theling" title="Ætheling">ætheling</a>, a prince of the royal house who was eligible for kingship. Even though he had the advantage of being the eldest son of the reigning king, his accession was not assured as he had cousins who had a strong claim to the throne. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhelm" title="Æthelhelm">Æthelhelm</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwold of Wessex">Æthelwold</a> were sons of Æthelred, Alfred's older brother and predecessor as king, but they had been passed over because they were infants when their father died. Asser gives more information about Edward's childhood and youth than is known about other Anglo-Saxon princes, providing details about the training of a prince in a period of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a> influence, and Yorke suggests that we may know so much due to Alfred's efforts to portray his son as the most throneworthy ætheling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125,_29–30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125,_29–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelhelm is recorded only in Alfred's will of the mid-880s, and probably died at some time in the next decade, but Æthelwold is listed above Edward in the only <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> where he appears, probably indicating a higher status. Æthelwold may also have had an advantage because his mother Wulfthryth witnessed a charter as queen, whereas Edward's mother Ealhswith never had a higher status than king's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÆthelhelmPASES_356SawyerYorke200131_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÆthelhelmPASES_356SawyerYorke200131-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Alfred was in a position to give his own son considerable advantages. In his will, he left only a handful of estates to his brother's sons, and the bulk of his property to Edward, including all his <a href="/wiki/Bookland_(law)" title="Bookland (law)">booklands</a> (land vested in a charter which could be alienated by the holder, as opposed to folkland, which had to pass to <a href="/wiki/Heirs_of_the_body" title="Heirs of the body">heirs of the body</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge1983175–176,_321–322Yorke200130_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge1983175–176,_321–322Yorke200130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred also advanced men who could be depended on to support his plans for his succession, such as his brother-in-law, a Mercian ealdorman called Æthelwulf, and his son-in-law Æthelred. Edward witnessed several of his father's charters, and often accompanied him on royal peregrinations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a Kentish charter of 898 Edward witnessed as <i>rex Saxonum</i>, suggesting that Alfred may have followed the strategy adopted by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert</a> of strengthening his son's claim to succeed to the West Saxon throne by making him sub-king of Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200132_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200132-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Edward grew up, Alfred was able to give him military commands and experience in royal administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–32_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English defeated renewed Viking attacks in 893 to 896, and in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Richard Abels</a>' view, the glory belonged to Æthelred and Edward rather than Alfred himself. In 893, Edward defeated the Vikings in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farnham" title="Battle of Farnham">Battle of Farnham</a> although he was unable to follow up his victory as his troops' period of service had expired and he had to release them. The situation was saved by the arrival of troops from London led by Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998294–304_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998294–304-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yorke argues that although Alfred packed the <a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">witan</a> with members whose interests lay in the continuation of Alfred's line, that may not have been sufficient to ensure Edward's accession if he had not displayed his fitness for kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200137_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 893, Edward probably married <a href="/wiki/Ecgwynn" title="Ecgwynn">Ecgwynn</a>, who bore him two children, the future King Æthelstan and a daughter who married <a href="/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech" title="Sitric Cáech">Sitric Cáech</a>, a Viking King of York. The twelfth-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> described Ecgwynn as an <i>illustris femina</i> (noble lady), and stated that Edward chose Æthelstan as his heir as king. She may have been related to St <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>, the aristocratic tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. But William of Malmesbury also stated that Æthelstan's accession in 924 was opposed by a nobleman who claimed that his mother was a concubine of low birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133–34Bailey2001114Mynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998199_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133–34Bailey2001114Mynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998199-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggestion that Ecgwynn was Edward's mistress is accepted by some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> and Richard Abels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1999467Abels1998307_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1999467Abels1998307-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Yorke and Æthelstan's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Sarah Foot</a>, disagree, arguing that the allegations should be seen in the context of the disputed succession in 924, and were not an issue in the 890s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133Foot201131_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133Foot201131-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecgwynn probably died by 899, as around the time of Alfred's death Edward married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d,_wife_of_Edward_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder">Ælfflæd</a>, the daughter of Ealdorman Æthelhelm, probably of <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Janet Nelson</a> suggests that there was conflict between Alfred and Edward in the 890s. She points out that the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, produced under court auspices in the 890s, does not mention Edward's military successes. These are known only from the late tenth century chronicle of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(historian)" title="Æthelweard (historian)">Æthelweard</a>, such as his account of the Battle of Farnham, in which in Nelson's view "Edward's military prowess, and popularity with a following of young warriors, are highlighted." Towards the end of his life Alfred invested his young grandson Æthelstan in a ceremony which historians see as designation as eventual successor to the kingship. Nelson argues that while this may have been proposed by Edward to support the accession of his own son, on the other hand it may have been intended by Alfred as part of a scheme to divide the kingdom between his son and grandson. Æthelstan was sent to be brought up in Mercia by Æthelflæd and Æthelred, but it is not known whether this was Alfred's idea or Edward's. Alfred's wife Ealhswith was ignored in the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> in her husband's lifetime, but emerged from obscurity when her son acceded. This may be because she supported her son against her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199653–54,_63–66_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199653–54,_63–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Æthelwold's_revolt"><span id=".C3.86thelwold.27s_revolt"></span>Æthelwold's revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Æthelwold's revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold%27s_Revolt" title="Æthelwold's Revolt">Æthelwold's Revolt</a></div> <p>Alfred died on 26 October 899 and Edward succeeded to the throne, but Æthelwold disputed the succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seized the royal estates of <a href="/wiki/Wimborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimborne">Wimborne</a>, symbolically important as the place where his father was buried, and <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. Edward marched with his army to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> hillfort at <a href="/wiki/Badbury_Rings" title="Badbury Rings">Badbury Rings</a>. Æthelwold declared that he would live or die at Wimborne, but then left in the night and rode to Northumbria, where the Danes accepted him as king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321Lavelle200953,_61_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321Lavelle200953,_61-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was crowned on 8 June 900 at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 901, Æthelwold came with a fleet to <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, and the following year he persuaded the East Anglian Danes to invade English Mercia and northern Wessex, where his army looted and then returned home. Edward retaliated by ravaging East Anglia, but when he retreated the men of Kent disobeyed the order to retire, and were intercepted by the Danish army. The two sides met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a> (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Holme,_Cambridgeshire" title="Holme, Cambridgeshire">Holme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>) on 13 December 902. According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, the Danes "kept the place of slaughter", meaning that they won the battle, but they suffered heavy losses, including Æthelwold and a King Eohric, possibly of the East Anglian Danes. Kentish losses included Sigehelm, ealdorman of Kent and father of Edward's third wife, Eadgifu. Æthelwold's death ended the threat to Edward's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321–322Hart1992512–515Miller2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321–322Hart1992512–515Miller2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of the Anglo-Saxons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg/220px-Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg/440px-Edward_the_Elder_coin_imitation_silver_brooch_Rome_Italy_c_920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Silver pseudo-coin brooch found at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Wolkonsky" title="Villa Wolkonsky">Villa Wolkonsky</a> in Rome. It is based on a coin of Edward the Elder and is probably contemporary.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In London in 886, Alfred had received the formal submission of "all the English people that were not under subjection to the Danes", and thereafter he adopted the title <i>Anglorum Saxonum rex</i> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a>), which is used in his later charters and all but two of Edward's. This is seen by Keynes as "the invention of a wholly new and distinctive polity", covering both West Saxons and Mercians, which was inherited by Edward with the support of Mercians at the West Saxon court, of whom the most important was <a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 903 Edward issued several charters concerning land in Mercia. Three of them are witnessed by the Mercian leaders and their daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn" title="Ælfwynn">Ælfwynn</a>, and they all contain a statement that Æthelred and Æthelflæd "then held rulership and power over the race of the Mercians, under the aforesaid king". Other charters were issued by the Mercian leaders which did not contain any acknowledgment of Edward's authority, but they did not issue their own coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200144–58_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200144–58-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of Edward's status is accepted by Martin Ryan, who states that Æthelred and Æthelflæd had "a considerable but ultimately subordinate share of royal authority" in English Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013298_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013298-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians disagree. <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Pauline Stafford</a> describes Æthelflæd as "the last Mercian queen",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford200145_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford200145-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in Charles Insley's view Mercia kept its independence until Æthelflæd's death in 918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsley2009330_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsley2009330-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Davidson contrasts the 903 charters with one of 901 in which the Mercian rulers were "by grace of God, holding, governing and defending the monarchy of the Mercians". Davidson comments that "the evidence for Mercian subordination is decidedly mixed. Ultimately, the ideology of the 'Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons' may have been less successful in achieving the absorption of Mercia and more something which I would see as a murky political coup." The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> was compiled at the West Saxon court from the 890s, and the entries for the late ninth and early tenth centuries are seen by historians as reflecting the West Saxon viewpoint; Davidson observes: "Alfred and Edward possessed skilled "spin doctors"."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001203–205Keynes200143_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001203–205Keynes200143-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some versions of the <i>Chronicle</i> incorporate part of a lost <i>Mercian Register</i>, which gives a Mercian perspective and details of Æthelflæd's campaign against the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013298_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013298-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late ninth and early tenth centuries, connection by marriage with the West Saxon royal house was seen as prestigious by continental rulers. In the mid-890s Alfred had married his daughter Ælfthryth to Baldwin II of Flanders, and in 919 Edward married his daughter <a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. In 925, after Edward's death, another daughter <a href="/wiki/Eadgyth" title="Eadgyth">Eadgyth</a> married <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">King of Germany</a> and (after Eadgyth's death) <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp200181–86_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp200181–86-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_the_southern_Danelaw">Conquest of the southern Danelaw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of the southern Danelaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No battles are recorded between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danish Vikings for several years after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a>, but in 906, Edward agreed to peace with the East Anglian and Northumbrian Danes, suggesting that there had been conflict. According to one version of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> he made peace "of necessity", which implies that he was forced to buy them off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged Englishmen to purchase land in Danish territory, and two charters survive relating to estates in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrams2001136_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrams2001136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 909, Edward sent a combined West Saxon and Mercian army which harassed the Northumbrian Danes, and seized the bones of the Northumbrian royal saint <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bardney_Abbey" title="Bardney Abbey">Bardney Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>. Oswald was <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Oswald%27s_Priory,_Gloucester" title="St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester">a new Mercian minster</a> established by Æthelred and Æthelflæd in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and the Danes were compelled to accept peace on Edward's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971323Heighway2001108_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971323Heighway2001108-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, the Northumbrian Danes retaliated by raiding Mercia, but on their way home they were met by a combined Mercian and West Saxon army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a>, where the Vikings suffered a disastrous defeat. After that, the Northumbrian Danes did not venture south of the River <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> during Edward's reign, and he and his Mercian allies were able to concentrate on conquering the southern Danelaw in East Anglia and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw" title="Five Boroughs of the Danelaw">Five Boroughs</a> of Viking east Mercia: <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 911, Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, died, and Edward took control of the Mercian lands around London and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. Æthelred was succeeded as ruler by his widow Æthelflæd (Edward's sister) as Lady of the Mercians, and she had probably been acting as ruler for several years as Æthelred seems to have been incapacitated in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971324,_n._1Wainwright1975308–309Bailey2001113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971324,_n._1Wainwright1975308–309Bailey2001113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward and Æthelflæd then began the construction of fortresses to guard against Viking attacks and protect territory captured from them. In November 911, he constructed a fort on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> to guard against attack by the Danes of <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. In 912, he marched with his army to <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldon, Essex">Maldon, Essex</a>, and ordered the building of a fort at <a href="/wiki/Witham" title="Witham">Witham</a> and a second fort at Hertford, which protected London from attack and encouraged many English living under Danish rule in Essex to submit to him. In 913, there was a pause in his activities, although Æthelflæd continued her fortress building in Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971324–325_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971324–325-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 914, a Viking army sailed from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and ravaged the <a href="/wiki/Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn">Severn</a> estuary. It then attacked <a href="/wiki/Ergyng" title="Ergyng">Ergyng</a> in south-east Wales (now <a href="/wiki/Archenfield" title="Archenfield">Archenfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>) and captured <a href="/wiki/Cyfeilliog" title="Cyfeilliog">Cyfeilliog</a>, Bishop of Ergyng. Edward ransomed him for the large sum of forty pounds of silver. The Vikings were defeated by the armies of Hereford and Gloucester, and gave hostages and oaths to keep the peace. Edward kept an army on the south side of the estuary in case the Vikings broke their promises, and he twice had to repel attacks. In the autumn the Vikings moved on to Ireland. The episode suggests that south-east Wales fell within the West Saxon sphere of power, unlike <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a> just to the north, where Mercia was dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013506Miller2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013506Miller2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 914 Edward built two forts at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a>, and Earl Thurketil, the leader of the Danish army at Bedford submitted to him. The following year Edward occupied Bedford, and constructed another fortification on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a> against a Viking one on the north bank. In 916, he returned to Essex and built a fort at Maldon to bolster the defence of Witham. He also helped Earl Thurketil and his followers to leave England, reducing the number of Viking armies in the Midlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971325–326_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971325–326-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decisive year in the war was 917. In April, Edward built a fort at <a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> as a defence against the Danes of <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, and another at an unidentified place called Wigingamere. The Danes launched unsuccessful attacks on Towcester, Bedford and Wigingamere, while Æthelflæd captured Derby, showing the value of the English defensive measures, which were aided by disunity and a lack of coordination among the Viking armies. The Danes had built their own fortress at <a href="/wiki/Tempsford" title="Tempsford">Tempsford</a> in Bedfordshire, but at the end of the summer the English stormed it and killed the last Danish king of East Anglia. The English then took <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, although they did not try to hold it. The Danes retaliated by sending a large army to lay siege to Maldon, but the garrison held out until it was relieved and the retreating army was heavily defeated. Edward then returned to Towcester and reinforced its fort with a stone wall, and the Danes of nearby Northampton submitted to him. The armies of Cambridge and East Anglia also submitted, and by the end of the year the only Danish armies still holding out were those of four of the Five Boroughs, Leicester, Stamford, Nottingham, and Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971327–329_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971327–329-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 918, Æthelflæd secured the submission of Leicester without a fight, and the Danes of Northumbrian York offered her their allegiance, probably for protection against <a href="/wiki/Norwegians#Viking_Age" title="Norwegians">Norse</a> (Norwegian) Vikings who had invaded Northumbria from Ireland, but she died on 12 June before she could take up the proposal. The same offer is not known to have been made to Edward, and the Norse Vikings took York in 919. According to the main West Saxon version of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, after Æthelflæd's death the Mercians submitted to Edward, but the Mercian version (the <i>Mercian Register</i>) states that in December 918 her daughter Ælfwynn "was deprived of all authority in Mercia and taken into Wessex". Mercia may have made a bid for continued semi-independence which was suppressed by Edward, and it then came under his direct rule. Stamford had surrendered to Edward before Æthelflæd's death, and Nottingham did the same shortly afterwards. According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> for 918, "All the people who had settled in Mercia, both Danish and English, submitted to him." This would mean that he ruled all England south of the Humber, but it is not clear whether Lincoln was an exception, as coins of Viking York in the early 920s were probably minted at Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971329–331_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Stenton1971329–331-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Danish <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">jarls</a> were allowed to keep their estates, although Edward probably also rewarded his supporters with land, and some he kept in his own hands. Coin evidence suggests that his authority was stronger in the East Midlands than in East Anglia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrams2001138–139Lyon200174_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrams2001138–139Lyon200174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Welsh kings, <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, Clydog and <a href="/wiki/Idwal_Foel" title="Idwal Foel">Idwal Foel</a>, who had previously been subject to Æthelflæd, now gave their allegiance to Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013484,_498–500_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013484,_498–500-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KENT5310,_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_(FindID_41125).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg/260px-KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg/390px-KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg/520px-KENT5310%2C_penny_of_Edward_the_Elder_%28FindID_41125%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of Edward the Elder</figcaption></figure> <p>The principal currency in later Anglo-Saxon England was the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">silver penny</a>, and some coins carried a stylised portrait of the king. Edward's coins had "EADVVEARD REX" on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> and the name of the <a href="/wiki/Moneyer" title="Moneyer">moneyer</a> on the reverse. The places of issue were not shown in his reign, but they were in that of his son Æthelstan, allowing the location of many moneyers of Edward's reign to be established. There were mints in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, Chester, <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, Derby, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, London, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a>, Winchester and probably other towns. No coins were struck in the name of Æthelred or Æthelflæd, but from around 910 mints in English Mercia produced coins with an unusual decorative design on the reverse. This ceased before 920, and probably represents Æthelflæd's way of distinguishing her coinage from that of her brother. There was also a minor issue of coins in the name of Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury. There was a dramatic increase in the number of moneyers over Edward's reign, fewer than 25 in the south in the first ten years rising to 67 in the last ten years, around five in English Mercia rising to 23, plus 27 in the conquered <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon200167–73,_77Blackburn2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon200167–73,_77Blackburn2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church">Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 908, Plegmund conveyed the alms of the English king and people to the Pope, the first visit to Rome by an Archbishop of Canterbury for almost a century, and the journey may have been to seek papal approval for a proposed re-organisation of the West Saxon sees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984210,_213_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984210,_213-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Edward came to the throne Wessex had two dioceses, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a>, held by <a href="/wiki/Denewulf" title="Denewulf">Denewulf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sherborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Sherborne">Sherborne</a>, held by Asser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERumble2001230–231_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERumble2001230–231-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 908, Denewulf died and was replaced the following year by <a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan</a>; soon afterwards Winchester was divided into two sees, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ramsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Ramsbury">diocese of Ramsbury</a> covering Wiltshire and <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, while Winchester was left with <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>. Forged charters date the division to 909, but this may not be correct. Asser died in the same year, and at some date between 909 and 918 Sherborne was divided into three sees, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Crediton" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Crediton">Crediton</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Wells">Wells</a> covering Somerset, leaving Sherborne with Dorset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2004bBrooks1984212–213_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004bBrooks1984212–213-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of the changes was to strengthen the status of Canterbury compared with Winchester and Sherborne, but the division may have been related to a change in the secular functions of West Saxon bishops, to become agents of royal government in shires rather than provinces, assisting in defence and taking part in shire courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERumble2001243_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERumble2001243-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of Edward's reign, his mother Ealhswith founded the abbey of St Mary for nuns, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nunnaminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunnaminster">Nunnaminster</a>, in Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERumble2001231_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERumble2001231-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's daughter <a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh</a> became a nun there, and she was venerated as a saint and the subject of a hagiography by <a href="/wiki/Osbert_of_Clare" title="Osbert of Clare">Osbert of Clare</a> in the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001259–260_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001259–260-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 901, Edward started building a major religious community for men, possibly in accordance with his father's wishes. The monastery was next to Winchester Cathedral, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster</a> while Edward's foundation was called the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster,_Winchester" title="New Minster, Winchester">New Minster</a>. It was much larger than the Old Minster, and was probably intended as a royal mausoleum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERumble2001231–234Marafioti201426–29_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERumble2001231–234Marafioti201426–29-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acquired relics of the Breton <a href="/wiki/Saint_Judoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Judoc">Saint Judoc</a>, which probably arrived in England from <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a> in 901, and the body of one of Alfred's closest advisers, <a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald</a>, who died in the same year and who was soon venerated as a saint. Edward's mother died in 902, and he buried her and Alfred there, moving his father's body from the Old Minster. Burials in the early 920s included Edward himself, his brother Æthelweard, and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a>. On the other hand, when Æthelstan became king in 924, he did not show any favour to his father's foundation, probably because Winchester sided against him when the throne was disputed after Edward's death. The only other king buried at the New Minster was <a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a>, in 959.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001xxv–xxixThacker2001253–254_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001xxv–xxixThacker2001253–254-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward's decision not to expand the Old Minster, but rather to overshadow it with a much larger building, suggests animosity towards Bishop Denewulf, and this was compounded by forcing the Old Minster to cede both land for the new site, and an estate of seventy <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beddington" title="Beddington">Beddington</a> to provide an income for the New Minster. Edward was remembered by the New Minster as a benefactor, but at the Old Minster as <i>rex avidus</i> (greedy king).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERumble2001234–237,_244Thacker2001254_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERumble2001234–237,_244Thacker2001254-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have built the new church because he did not think that the Old Minster was grand enough to be the royal mausoleum for kings of the Anglo-Saxons, not just the West Saxons like their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarafioti201428–31_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarafioti201428–31-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan Thacker comments: </p> <dl><dd>Edward's method of endowing New Minster was of a piece with his ecclesiastical policy in general. Like his father he gave little to the church indeed, judging by the dearth of charters for much of his reign he seems to have given away little at all ... More than any other, Edward's kingship seems to epitomise the new hard-nosed monarchy of Wessex, determined to exploit all its resources, lay and ecclesiastical, for its own benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001254_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001254-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> observes: "The thought occurs that neither Alfred nor Edward was greatly beloved at Winchester Cathedral; and one reason for Edward's moving his father's body into the new family shrine next door was that he was surer of sincere prayers there."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2001274–275_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001274–275-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_and_culture">Learning and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Learning and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard of Anglo-Saxon learning declined severely in the ninth century, particularly in Wessex, and Mercian scholars such as Plegmund played a major part in the revival of learning initiated by Alfred. Mercians were prominent at the courts of Alfred and Edward, and the Mercian dialect and scholarship commanded West Saxon respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGretsch2001287_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGretsch2001287-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain how far Alfred's programmes continued during his son's reign. English translations of works in Latin made during Alfred's reign continued to be copied, but few original works are known. The script known as Anglo-Saxon Square <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">minuscule</a> reached maturity in the 930s, and its earliest phases date to Edward's reign. The main scholarly and scriptorial centres were the cathedral centres of Canterbury, Winchester and Worcester; monasteries did not make a significant contribution until Æthelstan's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge199312–16_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge199312–16-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little survives of the manuscript production of Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art#Textile_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">only surviving large-scale embroideries</a> which were certainly made in Anglo-Saxon England date to Edward's reign. They are a <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a>, a maniple and a possible <a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">girdle</a> removed from the coffin of <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Cuthbert">St Cuthbert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> in the nineteenth century. They were donated to the shrine by Æthelstan in 934, but inscriptions on the embroideries show that they were commissioned by Edward's second wife, Ælfflæd, as a gift to Frithestan, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a>. They probably did not reach their intended destination because Æthelstan was on bad terms with Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoatsworth2001292–296Wilson1984154_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoatsworth2001292–296Wilson1984154-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_administration">Law and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Law and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 901 a meeting at Southampton was attended by Edward's brother and sons, his household <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> and nearly all bishops, but no ealdormen. It was on this occasion that the king acquired land from the Bishop of Winchester for the foundation of the New Minster, Winchester. No charters survive for the period from 910 to the king's death in 924, much to the puzzlement and distress of historians. Charters were usually issued when the king made grants of land, and it is possible that Edward followed a policy of retaining property which came into his hands to help finance his campaigns against the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200150–51,_55–56_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200150–51,_55–56-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charters rarely survive unless they concerned property which passed to the church and were preserved in their archives, and another possibility is that Edward was making grants of property only on terms which ensured that they returned to male members of the royal house; such charters would not be found in church archives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2001275_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001275-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clause 3 of the law code called <i>I Edward</i> provides that people convincingly charged with perjury shall not be allowed to clear themselves by oath, but only by <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">ordeal</a>. This is the start of the continuous history in England of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>; it is probably mentioned in the laws of King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a> (688 to 726),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not in later codes such as those of Alfred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200114_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative and legal system in Edward's reign may have depended extensively on written records, almost none of which survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200123_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200123-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was one of the few Anglo-Saxon kings to issue laws about bookland. There was increasing confusion in the period as to what was really bookland; Edward urged prompt settlement in bookland and folkland disputes, and his legislation established that jurisdiction belonged to the king and his officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald2001264,_276_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald2001264,_276-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, there was a general submission of rulers in Britain to Edward in 920: </p> <dl><dd>Then [Edward] went from there into the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a> and ordered a borough to be built in the neighbourhood and manned. And then the king of the Scots and all the people of the Scots, and <a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Rægnald</a> and the sons of <a href="/wiki/Eadwulf_II_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadwulf II of Northumbria">Eadwulf</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all who live in Northumbria, both English and Danish, Norsemen and others, and also the king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> Welsh and all the Strathclyde Welsh, chose him as father and lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001200–201_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001200–201-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This passage was regarded as a straightforward report by most historians until the late twentieth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001201_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001201-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a> observed that "each of the rulers named in this list had something definite to gain from an acknowledgement of Edward's overlordship."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971334_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971334-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s this submission has been viewed with increasing scepticism, particularly as the passage in the <i>Chronicle</i> is the only evidence for it, unlike other submissions such as that one in 927 to Æthelstan, for which there is independent support from literary sources and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001206–207_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001206–207-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Alfred Smyth</a> points out that Edward was not in a position to impose the same conditions on the Scots and the Northumbrians as he could on conquered Vikings, and argues that the <i>Chronicle</i> presented a treaty between kings as a submission to Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1984199_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1984199-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stafford observes that the rulers had met at <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a> on the border between Mercia and Northumbria, and that meetings on borders were generally considered to avoid any implication of submission by either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford198933_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford198933-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davidson points out that the wording "chosen as father and lord" applied to conquered army groups and burhs, not relations with other kings. In his view: </p> <dl><dd>The idea that this meeting represented a "submission", while it must remain a possibility, does however seem unlikely. The textual context of the chronicler's passage makes his interpretation of the meeting suspect, and ultimately, Edward was in no position to force the subordination of, or dictate terms to, his fellow kings in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001206,_209_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001206,_209-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Edward continued Æthelflæd's policy of founding burhs in the north-west, at <a href="/wiki/Thelwall" title="Thelwall">Thelwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 919, and <i>Cledematha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a>) at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Clwyd" title="River Clwyd">River Clwyd</a> in North Wales in 921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001168_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001168-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nothing is known of his relations with the Mercians between 919 and the last year of his life, when he put down a Mercian and Welsh revolt at Chester. Mercia and the eastern Danelaw were organised into shires at an unknown date in the tenth century, ignoring traditional boundaries, and historians such as Sean Miller and David Griffiths suggest that Edward's imposition of direct control from 919 is a likely context for a change which ignored Mercian sensibilities. Resentment at the changes, at the imposition of rule by distant Wessex, and at fiscal demands by Edward's reeves, may have provoked the revolt at Chester. He died at the royal estate of Farndon, twelve miles south of Chester, on 17 July 924, shortly after putting down the revolt, and was buried in the New Minster, Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Griffiths2001167,_182–183_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Griffiths2001167,_182–183-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1109, the New Minster was moved outside the city walls to become <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Hyde Abbey</a>, and the following year the remains of Edward and his parents were translated to the new church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoubledayPage1903116–122-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to William of Malmesbury, Edward was "much inferior to his father in the cultivation of letters", but "incomparably more glorious in the power of his rule". Other medieval chroniclers expressed similar views, and he was generally seen as inferior in book learning, but superior in military success. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a> described him as "the most invincible King Edward the Elder". However, even as war leader he was only one of a succession of successful kings; his achievements were overshadowed because he did not have a famous victory like Alfred's at Edington and Æthelstan's at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a>, and William of Malmesbury qualified his praise of Edward by saying, "The chief prize of victory, in my judgment, is due to his father."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward has also been overshadowed by chroniclers' admiration for his highly regarded sister, Æthelflæd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a2–4Keynes200140–41_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a2–4Keynes200140–41-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A principal reason for the neglect of Edward is that very few primary sources for his reign survive, whereas there are many for Alfred. He was largely ignored by historians until the late twentieth century, but he is now highly regarded. He is described by Keynes as "far more than the bellicose bit between Alfred and Æthelstan",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a3–9Keynes200157_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a3–9Keynes200157-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to Nick Higham: "Edward the Elder is perhaps the most neglected of English kings. He ruled an expanding realm for twenty-five years and arguably did as much as any other individual to construct a single, south-centred, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, yet posthumously his achievements have been all but forgotten." In 1999 a conference on his reign was held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, and the papers given on this occasion were published as a book in 2001. Prior to this conference, no monographs had been published on Edward's reign, whereas his father has been the subject of numerous biographies and other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a1–4_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001a1–4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higham summarises Edward's legacy as follows: </p> <dl><dd>Under Edward's leadership, the scale of alternative centres of power diminished markedly: the separate court of Mercia was dissolved; the Danish leaders were in large part brought to heel or expelled; the Welsh princes were constrained from aggression on the borders and even the West Saxon bishoprics divided. Late Anglo-Saxon England is often described as the most centralised polity in western Europe at the time, with its shires, its shire-reeves and its systems of regional courts and royal taxation. If so – and the matter remains debatable – much of that centrality derives from Edward's activities, and he has as good a claim as any other to be considered the architect of medieval England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2001b311_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2001b311-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Edward's <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> 'the Elder' was first used in <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan</a>'s <i>Life of St Æthelwold</i> at the end of the tenth century, to distinguish him from King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward had about fourteen children from three marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward first married <a href="/wiki/Ecgwynn" title="Ecgwynn">Ecgwynn</a> around 893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201111_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201111-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>, King of England 924–939;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A daughter, perhaps called Edith, married <a href="/wiki/Sihtric_C%C3%A1ech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihtric Cáech">Sihtric</a>, Viking King of York in 926, who died in 927. Possibly Saint <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Edith of Polesworth</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Around 900, he married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_(wife_of_Edward_the_Elder)" title="Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder)">Ælfflæd</a>, daughter of Ealdorman Æthelhelm, probably of <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a>, died August 924, a month after his father; possibly King of Wessex for that month;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201117_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201117-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin,_son_of_Edward_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin, son of Edward the Elder">Edwin</a>, drowned at sea 933;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201121_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201121-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Æthelhild, <a href="/wiki/Lay_sister" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay sister">lay sister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Abbey" title="Wilton Abbey">Wilton Abbey</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201145_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201145-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu</a> (died in or after 951), married <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/West_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="West Franks">West Franks</a>, c. 918;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201146Stafford2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201146Stafford2011-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eadflæd, nun at Wilton Abbey;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201145_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201145-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadhild" title="Eadhild">Eadhild</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a>, Duke of the Franks in 926;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201118_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201118-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth" title="Eadgyth">Eadgyth</a> (died 946), in 929/30 married <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, future King of the East Franks, and (after Eadgyth's death) <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2011_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2011-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ælfgifu or Edgiva, married "a prince near the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>", perhaps Louis, brother of King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph II of Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201151MacLean2012168_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201151MacLean2012168-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Edward married for a third time, around 919, <a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Kent" title="Eadgifu of Kent">Eadgifu</a>, the daughter of Sigehelm, Ealdorman of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a>, King of England 939–946<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a>, King of England 946–955<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh</a> (died c. 952), Benedictine nun at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_Winchester" title="St Mary's Abbey, Winchester">Nunnaminster, Winchester</a>, and saint<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2004aThacker2001259–260_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004aThacker2001259–260-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eadgifu, existence uncertain, possibly the same person as Ælfgifu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201150–51Stafford2004_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201150–51Stafford2004-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Edward the Elder<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf of Wessex">Æthelwulf of Wessex</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Oslac</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Osburga" class="mw-redirect" title="Osburga">Osburga</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Edward the Elder</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_Mucel" title="Æthelred Mucel">Æthelred Mucel</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Ealhswith" title="Ealhswith">Ealhswith</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Eadburh</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The twelfth-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Diceto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph of Diceto">Ralph of Diceto</a> stated that the coronation took place at Kingston, and this is accepted by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Sarah Foot</a> says that "Edward might well have held the ceremony at Winchester."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200148Foot201174,_n._46_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200148Foot201174,_n._46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not certain that the references in Ine's laws are to trial by ordeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rægnald was the Norse Viking king of York in southern Northumbria, and Eadwulf was the Anglo-Saxon ruler of northern Northumbria, which was not conquered by the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001205_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001205-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All quotations in this paragraph are from Higham, "Edward the Elder's Reputation: An Introduction", pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order in which Edward's children are listed is based on the family tree in Foot's <i>Æthelstan: the First King of England</i>, which shows sons of each wife before daughters. The daughters are listed in their birth order according to William of Malmesbury's <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Anglorum" title="Gesta Regum Anglorum">Gesta Regum Anglorum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2011xv-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest primary sources do not distinguish whether Sihtric's wife was Æthelstan's full or half sister, and a tradition recorded at Bury in the early twelfth century makes her a daughter of Edward's second wife, Ælfflæd. She is described as the daughter of Edward and Ecgwynn in William of Malmesbury's twelfth century Deeds of the English Kings, and Michael Wood's argument that this is partly based on a lost early life of Æthelstan has been generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257Foot2011251–258_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257Foot2011251–258-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians follow William of Malmesbury's testimony in showing her as Æthelstan's full sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991xxix,_123Foot2011xvMiller2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991xxix,_123Foot2011xvMiller2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William did not know her name, but some late sources name her as Edith or Eadgyth, an identification accepted by some historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Williams1991xxix,_123_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Williams1991xxix,_123-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also identified in late sources with Saint Edith of Polesworth, a view accepted by Alan Thacker, but dismissed as "dubious" by Sarah Foot, who nevertheless thinks it is likely that she entered the cloister in widowhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258Foot201148Foot2010243Foot2000139–142_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258Foot201148Foot2010243Foot2000139–142-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge198311–12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge198311–12_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes_and_Lapidge1983">Keynes and Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245–257-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245–257_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, pp. 245–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–28_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 25–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–26Miller2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125–26Miller2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 25–26; <a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200127–28_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200125,_29–30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200125,_29–30_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 25, 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÆthelhelmPASES_356SawyerYorke200131-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÆthelhelmPASES_356SawyerYorke200131_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÆthelhelmPASE">Æthelhelm & PASE</a>; <a href="#CITEREFS_356Sawyer">S 356 & Sawyer</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge1983175–176,_321–322Yorke200130-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes_and_Lapidge1983175–176,_321–322Yorke200130_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes_and_Lapidge1983">Keynes and Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 175–176, 321–322; <a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–35_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 31–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200132-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200132_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–32-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200131–32_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998294–304-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998294–304_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 294–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200137-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200137_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133–34Bailey2001114Mynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998199-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133–34Bailey2001114Mynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998199_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, pp. 33–34; <a href="#CITEREFBailey2001">Bailey 2001</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFMynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998">Mynors, Thomson and Winterbottom 1998</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1999467Abels1998307-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1999467Abels1998307_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1999">Keynes 1999</a>, p. 467; <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133Foot201131-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133Foot201131_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke200133-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke200133_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2001">Yorke 2001</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199653–54,_63–66-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199653–54,_63–66_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp. 53–54, 63–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321Lavelle200953,_61-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321Lavelle200953,_61_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 321; <a href="#CITEREFLavelle2009">Lavelle 2009</a>, pp. 53, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200148Foot201174,_n._46-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200148Foot201174,_n._46_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 74, n. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321–322Hart1992512–515Miller2004-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971321–322Hart1992512–515Miller2004_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, pp. 321–322; <a href="#CITEREFHart1992">Hart 1992</a>, pp. 512–515; <a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1951-0206-1">"Pseudo-coin; disc brooch; imitation"</a>. British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pseudo-coin%3B+disc+brooch%3B+imitation&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FH_1951-0206-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200144–58-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200144–58_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. 44–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013298-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013298_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013298_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2013">Ryan 2013</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford200145-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford200145_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2001">Stafford 2001</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsley2009330-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsley2009330_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInsley2009">Insley 2009</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001203–205Keynes200143-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2001203–205Keynes200143_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2001">Davidson 2001</a>, pp. 203–205; 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<a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, pp. 251–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991xxix,_123Foot2011xvMiller2004-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991xxix,_123Foot2011xvMiller2004_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991">Williams 1991</a>, pp. xxix, 123; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. xv; <a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Williams1991xxix,_123-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004Williams1991xxix,_123_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991">Williams 1991</a>, pp. xxix, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258Foot201148Foot2010243Foot2000139–142-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker2001257–258Foot201148Foot2010243Foot2000139–142_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThacker2001">Thacker 2001</a>, pp. 257–258; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2010">Foot 2010</a>, p. 243; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, pp. 139–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201117-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201117_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201121-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201121_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201145-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201145_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201145_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201146Stafford2011-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201146Stafford2011_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFStafford2011">Stafford 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201118-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201118_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2011-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2011_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2011">Stafford 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201151MacLean2012168-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201151MacLean2012168_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFMacLean2012">MacLean 2012</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2004">Stafford 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004aThacker2001259–260-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2004aThacker2001259–260_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke2004a">Yorke 2004a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThacker2001">Thacker 2001</a>, pp. 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot201150–51Stafford2004-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot201150–51Stafford2004_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>, pp. 50–51; <a href="#CITEREFStafford2004">Stafford 2004</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels1998" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard (1998). <i>Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Harlow, UK: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04047-2"><bdi>978-0-582-04047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+War%2C+Kingship+and+Culture+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-582-04047-2&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Abrams" title="Lesley Abrams">Abrams, Lesley</a> (2001). "Edward the Elder's Danelaw". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 128–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Elder%27s+Danelaw&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=128-143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÆthelhelmPASE" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pase.ac.uk/jsp/DisplayPerson.jsp?personKey=13869">"Æthelhelm 4 (Male)"</a>. Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelhelm+4+%28Male%29&rft.pub=Prosopography+of+Anglo-Saxon+England+%28PASE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pase.ac.uk%2Fjsp%2FDisplayPerson.jsp%3FpersonKey%3D13869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2001" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Maggie (2001). "Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 112–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfwynn%2C+Second+Lady+of+the+Mercians&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=112-127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blackburn, M. A. S. (2014). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 114–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2492-1"><bdi>978-0-6312-2492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=114-15&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-2492-1&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a> (1984). <i>The Early History of the Church of Canterbury</i>. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1182-1"><bdi>978-0-7185-1182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Church+of+Canterbury&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1182-1&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(historian)" title="James Campbell (historian)">Campbell, James</a> (2001). "What is not Known About the Reign of Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 12–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+not+Known+About+the+Reign+of+Edward+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=12-24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). <i>Wales and the Britons 350–1064</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1731-2"><bdi>978-0-1982-1731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Britons+350%E2%80%931064&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-1731-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworth2001" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, Elizabeth (2001). "The Embroideries from the Tomb of St Cuthbert". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 292–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Embroideries+from+the+Tomb+of+St+Cuthbert&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=292-306&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2001" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Michael R. (2001). "The (Non)submission of the Northern Kings in 920". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder, 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 200–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%28Non%29submission+of+the+Northern+Kings+in+920&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=200-211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoubledayPage1903" class="citation book cs1">Doubleday, Arthur; Page, William, eds. (1903). "New Minster, or the Abbey of Hyde". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol2/pp116-122"><i>A History of the County of Hampshire</i></a>. Victoria County History. Vol. 2. London: Constable. pp. 116–122. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832215096">832215096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Minster%2C+or+the+Abbey+of+Hyde&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hampshire&rft.place=London&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=116-122&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832215096&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fhants%2Fvol2%2Fpp116-122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Foot, Sarah</a> (2000). <i>Veiled Women</i>. Vol. II. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0044-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0044-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-0044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veiled+Women&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0044-2&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Foot, Sarah</a> (2010). "Dynastic Strategies: The West Saxon Royal Family in Europe". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). <i>England and the Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947)</i>. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 237–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-5035-3208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-5035-3208-0"><bdi>978-2-5035-3208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynastic+Strategies%3A+The+West+Saxon+Royal+Family+in+Europe&rft.btitle=England+and+the+Continent+in+the+Tenth+Century%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Wilhelm+Levison+%281876%E2%80%931947%29&rft.place=Turnhout%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=237-53&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-5035-3208-0&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2011" class="citation book cs1">Foot, Sarah (2011). <i>Æthelstan: the First King of England</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-2535-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-2535-1"><bdi>978-0-3001-2535-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelstan%3A+the+First+King+of+England&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-2535-1&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGretsch2001" class="citation book cs1">Gretsch, Mechtild (2001). "The Junius Psalter Gloss: Tradition and Innovation". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 280–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Junius+Psalter+Gloss%3A+Tradition+and+Innovation&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=280-91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Gretsch&rft.aufirst=Mechtild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2001" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, David (2001). "The North-West Frontier". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 167–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+North-West+Frontier&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=167-187&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1992" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Cyril (1992). <i>The Danelaw</i>. London: The Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5044-9"><bdi>978-1-8528-5044-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danelaw&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-8528-5044-9&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeighway2001" class="citation book cs1">Heighway, Carolyn (2001). "Gloucester and the New Minster of St Oswald". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 102–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gloucester+and+the+New+Minster+of+St+Oswald&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=102-111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Heighway&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2001a" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nick (2001a). "Edward the Elder's Reputation: An Introduction". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder, 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Elder%27s+Reputation%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2001b" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nick (2001b). "Endpiece". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder, 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 307–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endpiece&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=307-311&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsley2009" class="citation book cs1">Insley, Charles (2009). "Southumbria". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500 – c. 1100</i>. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 322–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1184-2513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1184-2513-8"><bdi>978-1-1184-2513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southumbria&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Britain+and+Ireland+c.+500+%E2%80%93+c.+1100&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=322-340&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-1184-2513-8&rft.aulast=Insley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (1999). "England, c. 900–1016". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-6447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-6447-8"><bdi>978-0-5213-6447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=England%2C+c.+900%E2%80%931016&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=456-484&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-6447-8&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2001" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2001). "Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder, 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 40–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward%2C+King+of+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=40-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes_and_Lapidge1983" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse"><i>Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources</i></a></span>. London: Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1404-4409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1404-4409-4"><bdi>978-0-1404-4409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+%26+Other+Contemporary+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-1404-4409-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredgreatasser0000asse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge1993" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anglolatinlitera0000lapi"><i>Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066</i></a></span>. London: The Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5012-8"><bdi>978-1-8528-5012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Latin+Literature+900%E2%80%931066&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-8528-5012-8&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglolatinlitera0000lapi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2009). "The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). <i>Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter</i>. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 51–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-5035-2359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-5035-2359-0"><bdi>978-2-5035-2359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Rebellion%3A+The+%C3%86theling+%C3%86thelwold+and+the+West+Saxon+Royal+Succession%2C+899%E2%80%93902&rft.btitle=Challenging+the+Boundaries+of+Medieval+History%3A+The+Legacy+of+Timothy+Reuter&rft.place=Turnhout%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=51-80&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-5035-2359-0&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2001" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Stewart (2001). "The coinage of Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder, 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 67–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+coinage+of+Edward+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=67-78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean2012" class="citation book cs1">MacLean, Simon (2012). "Making a Difference in Tenth-Century Politics: King Athelstan's Sisters and Frankish Queenship". In Fouracre, Paul; Ganz, David (eds.). <i>Frankland: The Franks and the World of the Early Middle Ages</i> (Paperback ed.). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. pp. 167–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8772-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-8772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+a+Difference+in+Tenth-Century+Politics%3A+King+Athelstan%27s+Sisters+and+Frankish+Queenship&rft.btitle=Frankland%3A+The+Franks+and+the+World+of+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=167-90&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-8772-1&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarafioti2014" class="citation book cs1">Marafioti, Nicole (2014). <i>The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4758-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-4758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Body%3A+Burial+and+Succession+in+Late+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4758-9&rft.aulast=Marafioti&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sean (2001). "Introduction: The History of the New Minster, Winchester". In Miller, Sean (ed.). <i>Charters of the New Minster, Winchester</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for The British Academy. pp. xxv–xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1972-6223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1972-6223-8"><bdi>978-0-1972-6223-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+History+of+the+New+Minster%2C+Winchester&rft.btitle=Charters+of+the+New+Minster%2C+Winchester&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=xxv-xxxvi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+The+British+Academy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-1972-6223-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8514/8514?back=,8514,8907,52311,8907">"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8514">10.1093/ref:odnb/8514</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+%5Bcalled+Edward+the+Elder%5D+%28870s%3F%E2%80%93924%29%2C+king+of+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8514&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8514%2F8514%3Fback%3D%2C8514%2C8907%2C52311%2C8907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMynors,_Thomson_and_Winterbottom1998" class="citation book cs1">Mynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R.M; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998). <i>William of Malmesbury: The History of the English Kings</i>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0678-1"><bdi>978-0-1982-0678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Malmesbury%3A+The+History+of+the+English+Kings&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-0678-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Nelson, Janet</a> (1996). "Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred from Asser, Chapter 2". In Wood, Ian; Lund, Niels (eds.). <i>People and places in Northern Europe 500–1600 : Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer</i>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 48–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5547-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5547-0"><bdi>978-0-8511-5547-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+a+Royal+Family%3A+Reflections+on+Alfred+from+Asser%2C+Chapter+2&rft.btitle=People+and+places+in+Northern+Europe+500%E2%80%931600+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Peter+Hayes+Sawyer&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=48-66&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8511-5547-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumble2001" class="citation book cs1">Rumble, Alexander R. (2001). "Edward and the Churches of Winchester and Wessex". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 230–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+and+the+Churches+of+Winchester+and+Wessex&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=230-47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Rumble&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "Conquest, Reform and the Making of England". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-2534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-2534-4"><bdi>978-0-3001-2534-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquest%2C+Reform+and+the+Making+of+England&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=284-322&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-2534-4&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_356Sawyer" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/356.html">"S 356"</a>. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+356&rft.pub=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Sheila (2001). "The West Saxon Tradition of Dynastic Marriage, with Special Reference to the Family of Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 79–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+West+Saxon+Tradition+of+Dynastic+Marriage%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Family+of+Edward+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=79-88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Smyth, Alfred P</a> (1984). <i>Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6305-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6305-6"><bdi>978-0-7131-6305-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Holy+Men%3A+Scotland+AD+80%E2%80%931000&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6305-6&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (1989). <i>Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6"><bdi>978-0-7131-6532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unification+and+Conquest%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+England+in+the+Tenth+and+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6532-6&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2001" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2001). "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A. (eds.). <i>Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe</i>. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 35–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0231-7"><bdi>978-0-7185-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Women+in+Mercia%2C+Eighth+to+Early+Tenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=Mercia%3A+An+Anglo-Saxon+Kingdom+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35-49&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0231-7&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/52307/52307?back=,8514,8907,52311,8907,8514">"Eadgifu (b. in or before 904, d. in or after 966), Queen of the Anglo-Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52307">10.1093/ref:odnb/52307</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadgifu+%28b.+in+or+before+904%2C+d.+in+or+after+966%29%2C+Queen+of+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52307&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F52307%2F52307%3Fback%3D%2C8514%2C8907%2C52311%2C8907%2C8514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/93072/93072?back=,8514,8907,52311,8907,8514">"Eadgyth (c. 911–946), Queen of the East Franks"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F93072">10.1093/ref:odnb/93072</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-1411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-1411-1"><bdi>978-0-1986-1411-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadgyth+%28c.+911%E2%80%93946%29%2C+Queen+of+the+East+Franks&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F93072&rft.isbn=978-0-1986-1411-1&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F93072%2F93072%3Fback%3D%2C8514%2C8907%2C52311%2C8907%2C8514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0139-5"><bdi>978-0-1928-0139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2001" class="citation book cs1">Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 248–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynastic+Monasteries+and+Family+Cults&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=248-263&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright1975" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, F. T. (1975). <i>Scandinavian England: Collected Papers</i>. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9005-9265-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9005-9265-2"><bdi>978-0-9005-9265-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+England%3A+Collected+Papers&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-9005-9265-2&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=F.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a>; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (1991). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales</i>. London: Seaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8526-4047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8526-4047-7"><bdi>978-1-8526-4047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Dark+Age+Britain%3A+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-8526-4047-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Alfred+P.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">Wilson, David</a> (1984). <i>Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-3392-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-3392-4"><bdi>978-0-5002-3392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Art+from+the+Seventh+Century+to+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-5002-3392-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (2001). "Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingship+and+Royal+Property+from+%C3%86thelwulf+to+Edward+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=264-279&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2001" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2001). "Edward as Ætheling". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 25–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1497-1"><bdi>978-0-4152-1497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+as+%C3%86theling&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=25-39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1497-1&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-49419">"Eadburh [St Eadburh, Eadburga] (921x4–951x3), Benedictine nun"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49419">10.1093/ref:odnb/49419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-1412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-1412-8"><bdi>978-0-1986-1412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadburh+%5BSt+Eadburh%2C+Eadburga%5D+%28921x4%E2%80%93951x3%29%2C+Benedictine+nun&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49419&rft.isbn=978-0-1986-1412-8&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-49419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49428">"Frithestan (d. 932/3), bishop of Winchester"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49428">10.1093/ref:odnb/49428</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frithestan+%28d.+932%2F3%29%2C+bishop+of+Winchester&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49428&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F49428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_the_Elder" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span 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href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=266">Edward 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html#Laws%20of%20King%20Edward%20the%20Elder">The Laws of King Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/925edgar-coinregs.html">Edward the Elder Coinage Regulations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp72848">Portraits of Edward 'the Elder'</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187114#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Edward the Elder </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 874</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 17 July 924</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a> </b><br />26 October 899 – 17 July 924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wessex_monarchs" title="Template:Wessex monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wessex_monarchs" title="Template talk:Wessex monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wessex_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wessex monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Wessex" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">Monarchs of Wessex</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex" title="Cerdic of Wessex">Cerdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynric" title="Cynric">Cynric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex" title="Ceawlin of Wessex">Ceawlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceol_of_Wessex" title="Ceol of Wessex">Ceol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Wessex" title="Ceolwulf of Wessex">Ceolwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynegils" title="Cynegils">Cynegils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwichelm_of_Wessex" title="Cwichelm of Wessex">Cwichelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenwalh_of_Wessex" title="Cenwalh of Wessex">Cenwalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Wessex" title="Seaxburh of Wessex">Seaxburh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenfus_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenfus of Wessex">Cenfus</a> <small>(disputed)</small></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwine_of_Wessex" title="Æscwine of Wessex">Æscwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelheard_of_Wessex" title="Æthelheard of Wessex">Æthelheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthred_of_Wessex" title="Cuthred of Wessex">Cuthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_Wessex" title="Sigeberht of Wessex">Sigeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex" title="Beorhtric of Wessex">Beorhtric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I">Æthelred I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (until c. 886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" title="Template:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of the Anglo-Saxons</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (from c. 886)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (until 927)</li></ul> <ul><li>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> 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