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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mass+media" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mass+media" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Issues with definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_with_definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues with definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_vs._mainstream_and_alternative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_vs._mainstream_and_alternative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mass vs. mainstream and alternative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_vs._mainstream_and_alternative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms of mass media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_mass_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of mass media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Broadcast media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recording_and_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recording_and_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Audio recording and reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recording_and_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Internet media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blogs_(web_logs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blogs_(web_logs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Blogs (web logs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blogs_(web_logs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RSS_feeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RSS_feeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>RSS feeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RSS_feeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podcast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podcast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Podcast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podcast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Print media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Newspaper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Outdoor media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professions_involving_mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professions_involving_mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professions involving mass media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professions_involving_mass_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professions involving mass media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professions_involving_mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Software publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet-based_professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet-based_professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Internet-based professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-based_professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_and_acquisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mergers and acquisitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_and_acquisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence and sociology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_sociology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence and sociology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism_and_stereotyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_and_stereotyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Racism and stereotyping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_and_stereotyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_issues_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_issues_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethical issues and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethical_issues_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethical issues and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethical_issues_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass media</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massamedia" title="Massamedia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Massamedia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenmedien" title="Massenmedien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Massenmedien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="إعلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Medio de comunicación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medio de comunicación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediu_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_de_mases" title="Mediu de comunicación de mases – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mediu de comunicación de mases" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtl%C9%99vi_informasiya_vasit%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Kütləvi informasiya vasitələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kütləvi informasiya vasitələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="গণমাধ্যম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণমাধ্যম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-chi%C3%B2ng_m%C3%BBi-th%C3%A9" title="Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%93%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Киң мәғлүмәт саралары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Киң мәғлүмәт саралары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Сродкі масавай інфармацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сродкі масавай інфармацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Сродак масавай інфармацыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сродак масавай інфармацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Средство за масова информация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средство за масова информация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massnmedia" title="Massnmedia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Massnmedia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediji" title="Mediji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mediji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediao%C3%B9" title="Mediaoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mediaoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitj%C3%A0_de_comunicaci%C3%B3_de_masses" title="Mitjà de comunicació de masses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitjà de comunicació de masses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Массăллă информаци хатĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Массăллă информаци хатĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masm%C3%A9dia" title="Masmédia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masmédia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_cyfryngau_torfol" title="Y cyfryngau torfol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y cyfryngau torfol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massemedie" title="Massemedie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Massemedie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenmedien" title="Massenmedien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massenmedien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimeedia" title="Massimeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Massimeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μέσα ενημέρωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέσα ενημέρωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_de_masas" title="Medio de comunicación de masas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medio de comunicación de masas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaskomuniko" title="Amaskomuniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amaskomuniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedabide" title="Hedabide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hedabide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C" title="رسانه گروهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه گروهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mass media" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B8lmi%C3%B0lar" title="Fjølmiðlar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fjølmiðlar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dias_de_masse" title="Médias de masse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médias de masse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media" title="Media – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Media" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A1in_chumars%C3%A1ide" title="Meáin chumarsáide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meáin chumarsáide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_de_masas" title="Medio de comunicación de masas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medio de comunicación de masas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%A4%91_%EB%A7%A4%EC%B2%B4" title="대중 매체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대중 매체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafofin_yada_labarai" title="Kafofin yada labarai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kafofin yada labarai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զանգվածային լրատվության միջոցներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածային լրատվության միջոցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="संचार माध्यम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संचार माध्यम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovni_mediji" title="Masovni mediji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masovni mediji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas-komunikili" title="Amas-komunikili – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amas-komunikili" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_massa" title="Media massa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media massa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B7%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дзыллон информацийы фæрæзтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзыллон информацийы фæрæзтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lmi%C3%B0ill" title="Fjölmiðill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölmiðill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo_di_comunicazione_di_massa" title="Mezzo di comunicazione di massa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mezzo di comunicazione di massa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תקשורת המונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת המונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dhia_massa" title="Médhia massa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Médhia massa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%B1%D1%87%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кёбчюлюк информацияны мадарлары – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кёбчюлюк информацияны мадарлары" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მედია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მედია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyombo_vya_habari" title="Vyombo vya habari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vyombo vya habari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dya_di_mas" title="Médya di mas – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Médya di mas" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87apemen%C3%AE" title="Çapemenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çapemenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Массалык маалымат каражаттары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Массалык маалымат каражаттары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viesteitivi" title="Viesteitivi – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Viesteitivi" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumenta_divulgationis" title="Instrumenta divulgationis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Instrumenta divulgationis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%A1sazi%C5%86as_l%C4%ABdzek%C4%BCi" title="Plašsaziņas līdzekļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plašsaziņas līdzekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massemedien" title="Massemedien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Massemedien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiniasklaida" title="Žiniasklaida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiniasklaida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massamedia" title="Massamedia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Massamedia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mass media" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6megm%C3%A9dia" title="Tömegmédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tömegmédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Масовни медиуми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Масовни медиуми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ബഹുജനമാദ്ധ്യമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹുജനമാദ്ധ്യമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जनसंपर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनसंपर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მედია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميديا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_massa" title="Media massa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Media massa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_m%C3%A9dia" title="Mass média – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mass média" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Олон нийтийн мэдээлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон нийтийн мэдээлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massamedia" title="Massamedia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massamedia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मास मिदिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मास मिदिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="マスメディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスメディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media" title="Media – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Media" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Массийн хаамийн гӀирсаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Массийн хаамийн гӀирсаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massemedier" title="Massemedier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massemedier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massemedium" title="Massemedium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Massemedium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8dia_de_comunicacion_de_massa" title="Mèdia de comunicacion de massa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mèdia de comunicacion de massa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B9%D3%A7%D0%BD-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Калык коклаште увер шарыме йӧн-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Калык коклаште увер шарыме йӧн-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommaviy_axborot_vositalari" title="Ommaviy axborot vositalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ommaviy axborot vositalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜਨ-ਸੰਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਨ-ਸੰਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ماس میڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماس میڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_Miidia" title="Mas Miidia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mas Miidia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodki_masowego_przekazu" title="Środki masowego przekazu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środki masowego przekazu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meios_de_comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_social" title="Meios de comunicação social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meios de comunicação social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtleviy_haber_vastalar%C4%B1" title="Kütleviy haber vastaları – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kütleviy haber vastaları" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-media" title="Mass-media – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mass-media" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Масмедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Масмедія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Средства массовой информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средства массовой информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmedia" title="Masmedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masmedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_midia" title="Mass midia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mass midia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ජනමාධ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජනමාධ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mass media" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masm%C3%A9dium" title="Masmédium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masmédium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mno%C5%BEi%C4%8Dno_ob%C4%8Dilo" title="Množično občilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Množično občilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5" title="میدیای بەکۆمەڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میدیای بەکۆمەڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Мас-медији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мас-медији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovni_mediji" title="Masovni mediji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masovni mediji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rs" title="Pérs – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pérs" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joukkotiedotusv%C3%A4line" title="Joukkotiedotusväline – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joukkotiedotusväline" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massmedium" title="Massmedium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massmedium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midyang_panlahat" title="Midyang panlahat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Midyang panlahat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்கள் ஊடகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் ஊடகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సమాచార మాధ్యమాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సమాచార మాధ్యమాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สื่อมวลชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อมวลชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васоити ахбори омма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Васоити ахбори омма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C4%B1n-yay%C4%B1n" title="Basın-yayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basın-yayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6p%C3%A7%C3%BClikle%C3%BDin_medi%C3%BDa" title="Köpçülikleýin mediýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Köpçülikleýin mediýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Засоби масової інформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Засоби масової інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="ابلاغ عامہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابلاغ عامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezo_de_comunicasion_de_masa" title="Mezo de comunicasion de masa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mezo de comunicasion de masa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%BAng" title="Truyền thông đại chúng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền thông đại chúng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medya_panmasa" title="Medya panmasa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Medya panmasa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="大众媒体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大众媒体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_mahungu" title="Ta mahungu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ta mahungu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מאסן מעדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאסן מעדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92" title="大眾傳媒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大眾傳媒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%97n%C4%97_infuormav%C4%97ma_rakond%C4%81" title="Masėnė infuormavėma rakondā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Masėnė infuormavėma rakondā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="大眾媒體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大眾媒體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11033" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Print_media&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">Print media</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Media that can reach a large audience via mass communication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mass Media" redirects here. For the video game company, see <a href="/wiki/Mass_Media_(company)" title="Mass Media (company)">Mass Media (company)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Popular Press" redirects here. For the publisher named Popular Press, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diarioeluniverso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Diarioeluniverso.JPG/220px-Diarioeluniverso.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Diarioeluniverso.JPG/330px-Diarioeluniverso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Diarioeluniverso.JPG/440px-Diarioeluniverso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Copy of a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/El_Universo" title="El Universo">El Universo</a></i></span>), an example of mass media</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mass media</b> include the diverse arrays of <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> that reach a large audience via <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">Broadcast media</a> transmit information electronically via media such as <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, recorded music, or <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> comprises both <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">mobile</a> mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, and Internet-based radio and television. Many other mass media outlets have an additional presence on the web, by such means as linking to or running TV ads online, or distributing <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a> in outdoor or print media to direct mobile users to a website. In this way, they can use the easy accessibility and outreach capabilities the Internet affords, as thereby easily broadcast information throughout many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently. Outdoor media transmits information via such media as <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> (AR) <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>; <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a>; <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a>; flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes); placards or kiosks placed inside and outside buses, commercial buildings, shops, sports stadiums, subway cars, or trains; signs; or <a href="/wiki/Skywriting" title="Skywriting">skywriting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enotes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enotes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Event organising and <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">public speaking</a> can also be considered forms of mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-buzzle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buzzle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salahzulfikar1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Salahzulfikar1961.jpg/175px-Salahzulfikar1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Salahzulfikar1961.jpg/263px-Salahzulfikar1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Salahzulfikar1961.jpg/350px-Salahzulfikar1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian movie star <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a> on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, March 1961, an example of mass media</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mass media organisations</b> or <b>mass media companies</b> that control these technologies include movie studios, publishing companies, and radio and television stations;<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they often form <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media conglomerates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_with_definition">Issues with definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Issues with definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings and television. The explosion of digital <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">communication technology</a> in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question: what forms of media should be classified as "mass media"? For example, it is controversial whether to include <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> in the definition. In the early 2000s, a classification called the "seven mass media" came into use.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order of introduction, they are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Print</a> (books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.) from the late 15th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Recordings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>) from the late 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Cinema</a> from about 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> from about 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> from about 1950</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> from about 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a> from about 2000</li></ol> <p>Each mass medium has its own content types, creative artists, technicians and business models. For example, the Internet includes <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Web site">web sites</a> and various other technologies built atop the general distribution network. The sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a>; and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a>. Some argue that <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a> have developed into a distinct mass form of media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a telephone is a two-way communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a cell phone which is equipped with <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium (the Internet). </p><p>Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium. Video games (for example, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), such as <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i>) provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online. Excluding the Internet, however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually. It is possible to discuss in great detail the events of a video game with a friend one has never played with, because the experience is identical to each. The question, then, is whether this is a form of mass communication.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five characteristics of mass communication have been identified by sociologist <a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(sociologist)" title="John Thompson (sociologist)">John Thompson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"[C]omprises both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution" – This is evident throughout the history of mass media, from print to the Internet, each suitable for commercial utility</li> <li>Involves the "<a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of symbolic forms" – as the production of materials relies on its ability to manufacture and sell large quantities of the work; as radio stations rely on their time sold to advertisements, so too newspapers rely on their space for the same reasons</li> <li>"[S]eparate contexts between the production and reception of information"</li> <li>Its "reach to those 'far removed' in time and space, in comparison to the producers"</li> <li>"[I]nformation distribution" – a "one to many" form of communication, whereby products are <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> and disseminated to a great quantity of audiences</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_vs._mainstream_and_alternative">Mass vs. mainstream and alternative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass vs. mainstream and alternative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "mass media" is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a>". Mainstream media are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative media</a> by their content and point of view. Alternative media are also "mass media" outlets in the sense that they use technology capable of reaching many people, even if the audience is often smaller than the mainstream. </p><p>In common usage, the term "mass" denotes not that a given number of individuals receives the products, but rather that the products are available in principle to a plurality of recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_mass_media">Forms of mass media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forms of mass media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_media">Broadcast media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broadcast media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_radio_advertisement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/220px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/330px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Crystal_radio_advertisement.png/440px-Crystal_radio_advertisement.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A family listening to a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio</a> in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduling (broadcasting)">schedule</a>. With all technological endeavours a number of technical terms and slang have developed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> programs are distributed over frequency bands which are highly regulated in the United States. Such regulation includes determination of the width of the bands, range, licensing, types of receivers and transmitters used, and acceptable content. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a> programs are often broadcast simultaneously with radio and television programs, but have a more limited audience. By coding signals and requiring a <a href="/wiki/Cable_converter_box" title="Cable converter box">cable converter box</a> at individual recipients' locations, cable also enables <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>-based channels and <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> services. </p><p>A broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation">organisation</a> may broadcast several programs simultaneously, through several channels (<a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a>), for example <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">Two</a>. On the other hand, two or more organisations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> may also transmit <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexed</a> programming, with several channels <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> into one <a href="/wiki/DAB_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB ensemble">ensemble</a>. </p><p>When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasting</a> is often used. In 2004, a new phenomenon occurred when a number of technologies combined to produce <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasting</a>. Podcasting is an asynchronous broadcast/narrowcast medium. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curry" title="Adam Curry">Adam Curry</a> and his associates, the <i><a href="/wiki/Podshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Podshow">Podshow</a></i>, are principal proponents of podcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></div> <p>The term '<b>film</b>' encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>), historically the primary <a href="/wiki/Recording_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording medium">medium</a> for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms for film exist, such as <i>motion pictures</i> (or just <i>pictures</i> and "picture"), <i>the silver screen</i>, <i>photoplays</i>, <i>the cinema</i>, <i>picture shows</i>, <i>flicks</i> and, most commonly, <i>movies</i>. </p><p>Films are produced by <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">recording</a> people and objects with <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, or by creating them using <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> techniques or <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>. Films comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown in rapid succession, an illusion of motion is created. Flickering between frames is not seen because of an effect known as <a href="/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" title="Persistence of vision">persistence of vision</a>, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion: a psychological effect identified as <a href="/wiki/Beta_movement" title="Beta movement">beta movement</a>. </p><p>Film has emerged as an important art form. They entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a> that translate the original language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers,_Bellingwolde_(2019)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg/220px-Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg/330px-Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg/440px-Coop_shopping_carts_for_children_with_game_computers%2C_Bellingwolde_%282019%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Shopping carts for children fitted with gaming computers</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> is a computer-controlled game in which a video display, such as a monitor or television set, is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device. There always must also be some sort of <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a>, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Button_(control)" class="mw-redirect" title="Button (control)">button/joystick</a> combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard and mouse/<a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a> combination (computer games), a <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">controller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">console</a> games), or a combination of any of the above. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input, e.g., the player's motion. Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe. </p><p>In common usage, an "<a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a>" refers to a game designed to be played in an establishment in which patrons pay to play on a per-use basis. A "computer game" or "<a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC game</a>" refers to a game that is played on a personal computer. A "<a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">Console game</a>" refers to one that is played on a device specifically designed for the use of such, while interfacing with a standard television set. A "video game" (or "videogame") has evolved into a catchall phrase that encompasses the aforementioned along with any game made for any other device, including, but not limited to, advanced calculators, mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_recording_and_reproduction">Audio recording and reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Audio recording and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric">electrical</a> or mechanical re-creation or amplification of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, often as <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. This involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">audio equipment</a> such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers. From early beginnings with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the <a href="/wiki/78_record" class="mw-redirect" title="78 record">78 record</a>, the magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire recorder">wire recorder</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>, the vinyl <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">LP record</a>. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> in the 1960s, followed by Sony's <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, gave a major boost to the mass distribution of music recordings, and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> in 1983 brought massive improvements in ruggedness and quality. The most recent developments have been in <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio players</a>. </p><p>An album is a collection of related audio recordings, released together to the public, usually commercially. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">record album</a> originated from the fact that 78 <a href="/wiki/RPM" class="mw-redirect" title="RPM">RPM</a> phonograph <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">disc records</a> were kept together in a book resembling a photo album. The first collection of records to be called an "album" was <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutcracker Suite">Nutcracker Suite</a></i>, release in April 1909 as a four-disc set by <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Records" title="Odeon Records">Odeon Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiego_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiego-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chronomedia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronomedia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retailed for 16 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a>—about <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>15 in modern currency. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a> (also promo) is a <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>. Modern music videos were primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos go back much further, they came into their own in the 1980s, when <a href="/wiki/Music_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Television">Music Television</a>'s format was based on them. In the 1980s, the term "rock video" was often used to describe this form of entertainment, although the term has fallen into disuse. </p><p>Music videos can accommodate all styles of filmmaking, including <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> films, <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentaries</a>, and non-narrative, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract film">abstract film</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_media">Internet media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internet media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (also known simply as "the Net" or less precisely as "the Web") is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as "a network of networks". Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> that transmit <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> by <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> using the standard <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business and governmental networks, which together carry various <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> and services, such as <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> transfer, and the interlinked <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> and other documents of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. </p><p>Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is the system of interconnected <i>computer networks</i>, linked by <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> wires, <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic">fibre-optic</a> cables, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> connections etc.; the Web is the contents, or the interconnected <i>documents</i>, linked by <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>. The World Wide Web is accessible through the Internet, along with many other services including e-mail, <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> and others described below. </p><p>Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which most individuals could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media. Anyone with a <a href="/wiki/Web_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Web site">web site</a> has the potential to address a global audience, although serving to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a> is still relatively expensive. It is possible that the rise of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> technologies may have begun the process of making the cost of bandwidth manageable. Although a vast amount of information, imagery, and commentary (i.e. "content") has been made available, it is often difficult to determine the authenticity and reliability of information contained in web pages (in many cases, self-published). The invention of the Internet has also allowed breaking news stories to reach around the globe within minutes. This rapid growth of instantaneous, decentralised communication is often deemed likely to change mass media and its relationship to society. </p><p>"Cross-media" means the idea of distributing the same message through different media channels. A similar idea is expressed in the news industry as "convergence". Many authors understand cross-media publishing to be the ability to publish in both <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">print</a> and on the web without manual conversion effort. An increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> devices with mutually incompatible data and screen formats make it even more difficult to achieve the objective "create once, publish many". </p><p>The Internet is quickly becoming the center of mass media. Everything is becoming accessible via the internet. Rather than picking up a newspaper, or watching the 10 o'clock news, people can log onto the internet to get the news they want, when they want it. For example, many workers listen to the radio through the Internet while sitting at their desk. </p><p>Even the <a href="/wiki/Education_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Education system">education system</a> relies on the Internet. Teachers can contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They may have web pages on which students can get another copy of the class outline or assignments. Some classes have class blogs in which students are required to post weekly, with students graded on their contributions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blogs_(web_logs)"><span id="Blogs_.28web_logs.29"></span>Blogs (web logs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blogs (web logs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a>, too, has become a pervasive form of media. A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or interactive media such as images or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order, with most recent posts shown on top. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images and other graphics, and links to other blogs, web pages, and related media. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog) and audio (podcasting), are part of a wider network of social media. <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a> is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RSS_feeds">RSS feeds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: RSS feeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> is a format for syndicating news and the content of news-like sites, including major news sites like <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a>, news-oriented community sites like <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>, and personal blogs. It is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines, and podcasts. An RSS document (which is called a "feed" or "web feed" or "channel") contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with web sites in an automated manner that can be piped into special programs or filtered displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Podcast">Podcast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Podcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> is a series of digital-media files which are distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. The term podcast, like broadcast, can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also called podcasting. The host or author of a podcast is often called a podcaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile">Mobile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mobile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a> were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1979 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and other portable devices, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile vastly exceeds that of internet content, and was worth over $31 billion in 2007 (source Informa). The mobile media content includes over $8 billion worth of mobile music (ringing tones, ringback tones, truetones, MP3 files, karaoke, music videos, music streaming services, etc.); over $5 billion worth of mobile gaming; and various news, entertainment and advertising services. In Japan mobile phone books are so popular that five of the ten best-selling printed books were originally released as mobile phone books. </p><p>Similar to the internet, mobile is also an <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a>, but has far wider reach, with 3.3 billion mobile phone users at the end of 2007 to 1.3 billion internet users (source ITU). Like email on the internet, the top application on mobile is also a personal messaging service, but SMS text messaging is used by over 2.4 billion people. Practically all internet services and applications exist or have similar cousins on mobile, from search to multiplayer games to virtual worlds to blogs. Mobile has several unique benefits which many mobile media pundits claim make mobile a more powerful media than either TV or the internet, starting with mobile being permanently carried and always connected. Mobile has the best audience accuracy and is the only mass media with a built-in payment channel available to every user without any credit cards or PayPal accounts or even an age limit. Mobile is often called the 7th Mass Medium and either the fourth screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens) or the third screen (counting only TV and PC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_media">Print media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Print media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Publishing#Industry_sub-divisions" title="Publishing">Publishing § Industry sub-divisions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magazine">Magazine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg/180px-Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg/270px-Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg/359px-Mervat_Amin_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Mervat_Amin" title="Mervat Amin">Mervat Amin</a> on the cover for Al-Mawwid magazine, June 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> is a periodical <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publication</a> containing a variety of articles, generally financed by <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> or purchase by readers. </p><p>Magazines are typically published <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">weekly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biweekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Biweekly">biweekly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">monthly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimonthly" title="Bimonthly">bimonthly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly">quarterly</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Periodical_cover_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical cover date">date on the cover</a> that is in advance of the date it is actually published. They are often printed in colour on <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">coated paper</a>, and are bound with a <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">soft cover</a>. </p><p>Magazines fall into two broad categories: consumer magazines and business magazines. In practice, magazines are a subset of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodicals" title="Category:Periodicals">periodicals</a>, distinct from those periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising. </p><p>Magazines can be classified as: </p> <ul><li>General interest magazines (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>, etc.)</li> <li>Special interest magazines (women's, sports, business, <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspaper">Newspaper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Newspaper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:911-Panel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/911-Panel.JPG/280px-911-Panel.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/911-Panel.JPG/420px-911-Panel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/911-Panel.JPG/560px-911-Panel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>A panel in the <a href="/wiki/Newseum" title="Newseum">Newseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, showing newspaper headlines from the day after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publication</a> containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The most important function of newspapers is to inform the public of significant events.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local newspapers inform local communities and include advertisements from local businesses and services, while national newspapers tend to focus on a theme, which can be exampled with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> as they offer news on finance and business related-topics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio and television. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to its business model, however. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper's income, is shifting from print to online; some commentators, nevertheless, point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing. </p><p>The internet has challenged the press as an alternative source of information and opinion but has also provided a new platform for newspaper organisations to reach new audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Trends_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Trends Report (page does not exist)">World Trends Report</a>, between 2012 and 2016, print newspaper circulation continued to fall in almost all regions, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</a>, where the dramatic increase in sales in a few select countries has offset falls in historically strong Asian markets such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a>. Most notably, between 2012 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s print circulation grew by 89 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor_media">Outdoor media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outdoor media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard,_Oude_Pekela_(2019)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/220px-Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/330px-Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg/440px-Dutch_provinces_elections_billboard%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Political advertisements on a billboard in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Outdoor media is a form of mass media which comprises billboards, signs, placards placed inside and outside commercial buildings/objects like shops/buses, flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, skywriting, AR advertising. Many commercial advertisers use this form of mass media when advertising in sports stadiums. Tobacco and alcohol manufacturers used billboards and other outdoor media extensively. However, in 1998, the Master Settlement Agreement between the US and the tobacco industries prohibited the billboard advertising of cigarettes. In a 1994 Chicago-based study, Diana Hackbarth and her colleagues revealed how tobacco- and alcohol-based billboards were concentrated in poor neighbourhoods. In other urban centers, alcohol and tobacco billboards were much more concentrated in African-American neighbourhoods than in white neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-enotes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enotes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass media encompasses much more than just news, although it is sometimes misunderstood in this way. It can be used for various purposes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a>, both for business and social concerns. This can include <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> communication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a>, traditionally through performances of <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV show">TV shows</a> along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through <a href="/wiki/Video_and_computer_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video and computer games">video and computer games</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">Public service announcements</a> and emergency alerts (that can be used as political device to communicate propaganda to the public).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professions_involving_mass_media">Professions involving mass media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Professions involving mass media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> is the discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">current events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads and trends">trends</a>, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a>-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to <a href="/wiki/Phil_Graham" title="Phil Graham">Phil Graham</a>), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> organisations usually <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">edit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofread</a> their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organisation's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organisation claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable to the standards of professional journalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations">Public relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a> is the art and science of managing communication between an organisation and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive image. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporations</a> use marketing public relations to convey information about the products they manufacture or services they provide to potential customers to support their direct sales efforts. Typically, they support sales in the short and long term, establishing and burnishing the corporation's branding for a strong, ongoing market.</li> <li>Corporations also use public relations as a vehicle to reach legislators and other politicians, seeking favorable tax, regulatory, and other treatment, and they may use public relations to portray themselves as enlightened employers, in support of human-resources recruiting programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit organisation">Nonprofit organisations</a>, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service agencies, use public relations in support of awareness programs, fund-raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronage of their services.</li> <li>Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise money, and when successful at the ballot box, to promote and defend their service in office, with an eye to the next election or, at career's end, to their legacy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrintMus_081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PrintMus_081.jpg/220px-PrintMus_081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PrintMus_081.jpg/330px-PrintMus_081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PrintMus_081.jpg/440px-PrintMus_081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>A member of staff at the <a href="/wiki/International_Printing_Museum" title="International Printing Museum">International Printing Museum</a> demonstrates printing with a 19th-century, hand-operated <a href="/wiki/Columbian_press" title="Columbian press">Columbian press</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> is the industry concerned with the production of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> or <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> – the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers. </p><p>Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>. With the advent of digital information systems and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, the scope of publishing has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and the like. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, publishing includes the development, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribution</a> of newspapers, magazines, books, <a href="/wiki/Literary_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary work">literary works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and other works dealing with information. </p><p>Publication is also important as a <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal concept</a>; (1) as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy, and; (2) as the essential precondition of being able to claim <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>; that is, the alleged <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> must have been published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software_publishing">Software publishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Software publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">software publisher</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">developer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distributor</a>. In some companies, two or all three of these roles may be combined (and indeed, may reside in a single person, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a>). </p><p>Software publishers often license software from developers with specific limitations, such as a time limit or geographical region. The terms of licensing vary enormously, and are typically secret. </p><p>Developers may use publishers to reach larger or foreign markets, or to avoid focussing on marketing. Or publishers may use developers to create software to meet a market need that the publisher has identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet-based_professions">Internet-based professions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internet-based professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">internet celebrity</a> is anyone who gained fame on the Internet, whether it be creating contenton social media sites or creating posts on blogging platforms and making a revenue through it through means such as sponsorships and advertisements. One such example is a <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a>, which is an internet celebrity who creates content on the social media platform <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press1520.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/170px-Press1520.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/255px-Press1520.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/340px-Press1520.png 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="5459" /></a><figcaption>Early wooden printing press, depicted in 1520</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience. The first dated printed book known is the "<a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a>", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European <a href="/wiki/Popular_prints" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular prints">popular prints</a> from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. The term "mass media" was coined with the creation of print media, which is notable for being the first example of mass media, as we use the term today. This form of media started in Europe in the Middle Ages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s invention of the printing press allowed the mass production of books to sweep the nation. He printed the first book, a Latin Bible, on a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in 1453. The invention of the printing press gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Radical_mass_media_criticism:_a_cultural_genealogy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radical_mass_media_criticism:_a_cultural_genealogy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ramey-2007-1-2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramey-2007-1-2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex,_love_&_romance_in_the_mass_media:_analysis_&_criticism_of_unrealistic_portrayals_&_their_influence_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex,_love_&_romance_in_the_mass_media:_analysis_&_criticism_of_unrealistic_portrayals_&_their_influence-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that. Newspapers developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620;<sup id="cite_ref-www_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they took until the 19th century to reach a mass-audience directly. The first high-circulation newspapers arose in London in the early 1800s, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_library_and_information_science,_Volume_65_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_library_and_information_science,_Volume_65-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_companion_to_media_studies_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_companion_to_media_studies-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mass_media_&_society_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_media_&_society-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "the media" began to be used in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_History_of_the_Media:_From_Gutenberg_to_the_Internet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_History_of_the_Media:_From_Gutenberg_to_the_Internet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of "mass media" was generally restricted to print media up until the post-Second World War, when radio, television and video were introduced. The audio-visual facilities became very popular, because they provided both information and entertainment, because the colour and sound engaged the viewers/listeners and because it was easier for the general public to passively watch TV or listen to the radio than to actively read. In recent times, the Internet become the latest and most popular mass medium. Information has become readily available through websites, and easily accessible through search engines. One can do many activities at the same time, such as playing games, listening to music and social networking, irrespective of location. Whilst other forms of mass media are restricted in the type of information they can offer, the internet comprises a large percentage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sum_of_human_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sum of human knowledge (page does not exist)">sum of human knowledge</a> through such things as <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Modern-day mass media includes the internet, mobile phones, blogs, podcasts and RSS feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Mass_Media_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Mass_Media-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, including that which allowed much duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time. Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money. An example of Riel and Neil's theory. <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, unit costs went down, increasing profit margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, the media can serve the <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">electorate</a> about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see <a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">Media influence</a>). Some consider the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a> to be a threat to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-incorporated_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incorporated-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1985 and 2018, about 76,720 deals have been announced in the media industry. This sums up to an overall value of around US$5,634 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been three major waves of M&A in the mass media sector (2000, 2007 and 2015), while the most active year in terms of numbers was 2007 with around 3,808 deals. The United States is the most prominent country in media M&A with 41 of the top 50 deals having an acquirer from the United States. </p><p>The largest deal in history was the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Time Warner</a> by <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> Inc. for US$164,746.86 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_sociology">Influence and sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Influence and sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mass_media" title="Talk:Mass media">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Limited-effects theory</b> theorizes that because people usually choose what media to interact with based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence. </p><p><b>Class-dominant theory</b> argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it. </p><p><b>Culturalist theory</b> combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive. </p><p>In 2012, an article asserted that 90 percent of all mass media—including <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcast</a> networks and programing, video news, sports entertainment, and other—were owned by six major companies (GE, News-Corp, Disney, Viacom, Time Warner and CBS).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morris Creative Group, these six companies made over $200 billion in revenue in 2010. More diversity is brewing among many companies, but they have recently merged to form an elite which have the power to control the narrative of stories and alter people's beliefs. In the new media-driven age we live in, marketing has more value than ever before because of the various ways it can be implemented. Advertisements can convince consumers to purchase or avoid a particular product. What a society accepts can be dictated by the amount and kind of attention the media gives it. </p><p>The documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Size_Me" title="Super Size Me">Super Size Me</a></i> describes how companies like <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> have been sued in the past, the plaintiffs claiming that it was the fault of their liminal and subliminal advertising that "forced" them to purchase the product. The Barbie and Ken dolls of the 1950s are sometimes cited as the main cause for the obsession in modern-day society for women to be skinny and men to be buff. After the attacks of 9/11, the media gave extensive coverage of the event and exposed Osama Bin Laden's guilt for the attack, information they were told by the authorities. This shaped the public opinion to support the war on terrorism, and later, the war on Iraq. A main concern is that due to this extreme power of the mass media, portraying inaccurate information could lead to an immense public concern. In his book <i>The Commercialization of American Culture</i>, Matthew P. McAllister says that "a well-developed media system, informing and teaching its citizens, helps democracy move toward its ideal state".<sup id="cite_ref-enotes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enotes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, J. R. Finnegan Jr. and K. Viswanath identified three main effects or functions of mass media: </p> <ol><li><b>The Knowledge Gap:</b> the mass media influences knowledge gaps due to factors including "the extent to which the content is appealing, the degree to which information channels are accessible and desirable, and the amount of social conflict and diversity there is in a community".</li> <li><b>Agenda Setting:</b> people are influenced in how they think about issues due to the selective nature of what media groups choose for public consumption. After publicly disclosing that he had prostate cancer prior to the 2000 New York senatorial election, Rudolph Giuliani, the mayor of New York City (aided by the media) sparked a huge priority elevation of the cancer in people's consciousness. This was because news media began to report on the risks of prostate cancer, which in turn prompted a greater public awareness about the disease and the need for screening. This ability for the media to be able to change how the public thinks and behaves has occurred on other occasions. In mid-1970s when Betty Ford and Happy Rockefeller, wives of the then-President and then-Vice President, respectively, were both diagnosed with breast cancer. J. J. Davis states that "when risks are highlighted in the media, particularly in great detail, the extent of agenda setting is likely to be based on the degree to which a public sense of outrage and threat is provoked". When wanting to set an agenda, framing can be invaluably useful to a mass media organisation. Framing involves "taking a leadership role in the organisation of public discourse about an issue". The media is influenced by the desire for balance in coverage, and the resulting pressures can come from groups with particular political action and advocacy positions. Finnegan and Viswanath say, "groups, institutions and advocates compete to identify problems, to move them onto the public agenda, and to define the issues symbolically" (1997, p. 324).</li> <li><b>Cultivation of Perceptions:</b> the extent to which media exposure shapes audience perceptions over time is known as cultivation. Television is a common experience, especially in places like the United States, to the point where it can be described as a "homogenising agent" (S. W. Littlejohn). However, instead of being merely a result of the TV, the effect is often based on socioeconomic factors. Having a prolonged exposure to TV or movie violence might affect a viewer to the extent where they actively think community violence is a problem, or alternatively find it justifiable. The resulting belief is likely to be different depending on where people live, however.<sup id="cite_ref-enotes_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enotes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Since the 1950s, when cinema, radio and TV began to be the primary or only source of information for most of the population, these media became the central instruments of mass control.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorimer94p26_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorimer94p26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vipond2000p88_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipond2000p88-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a country reaches a <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">high level of industrialisation</a>, the country itself "belongs to the person who controls communications".<sup id="cite_ref-Eco67_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass media play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they place upon this information.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorimer94p26_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorimer94p26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also play a large role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and portraying a particular set of beliefs, values and traditions (an entire way of life), as reality. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality to be more in line with that interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipond2000p88_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipond2000p88-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass media also play a crucial role in the spread of civil unrest activities such as anti-government demonstrations, riots and general strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-civil_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, the use of radio and television receivers has made the unrest influence among cities not only by the geographic location of cities, but also by proximity within the mass media distribution networks.<sup id="cite_ref-civil_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Minstrels,_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg/220px-Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg/330px-Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg/440px-Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrel shows">minstrel shows</a> lampooned the assumed stupidity of black people. Detail from cover of <i>The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels</i>, 1843.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bettie_Page_driving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/280px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/420px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bettie_Page_driving.jpg/560px-Bettie_Page_driving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>A magazine feature from <i>Beauty Parade</i> from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features <a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a> as the model.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_(cr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg/220px-TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg/330px-TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg/440px-TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings_%28cr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>American political cartoon titled <i>The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things</i>, depicting a drunken Irishman lighting a powder keg and swinging a bottle. Published in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, 1871.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism_and_stereotyping">Racism and stereotyping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Racism and stereotyping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mass_media" title="Talk:Mass media">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mass media sources, through theories like framing and agenda-setting, can affect the scope of a story as particular facts and information are highlighted (<a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">media influence</a>). This can directly correlate with how individuals may perceive certain groups of people, as the only media coverage a person receives can be very limited and may not reflect the whole story or situation; stories are often covered to reflect a particular perspective to target a specific demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Stephen Balkaran, an Instructor of Political Science and African American Studies at Central Connecticut State University, mass media has played a large role in the way white Americans perceive African Americans. The media focus on African American in the contexts of crime, drug use, gang violence and other forms of anti-social behavior has resulted in a distorted and harmful public perception of African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass_Media_and_Racism_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_Media_and_Racism-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1999 article "Mass Media and Racism", Balkaran states: "The media has played a key role in perpetuating the effects of this historical oppression and in contributing to African Americans' continuing status as second-class citizens." This has resulted in an uncertainty among white Americans as to what the genuine nature of African Americans really is. Despite the resulting <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial divide</a>, the fact that these people are undeniably American has "raised doubts about the white man's value system". This means that there is a somewhat "troubling suspicion" among some Americans that their white America is tainted by the black influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass_Media_and_Racism_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_Media_and_Racism-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass media, as well as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, tend to reinforce or introduce <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> to the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_issues_and_criticism">Ethical issues and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ethical issues and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lack of local or specific topic focus is a common criticism of mass media. A mass <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> outlet often chooses to cover national and international news due to it having to cater for and be relevant for a wide demographic. As such, it can skip over many interesting or important local stories because they simply do not interest the large majority of their viewers. </p><p>The term "mass" suggests that the recipients of media products constitute a vast sea of passive, undifferentiated individuals. This is an image associated with some earlier critiques of "mass culture" and <a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">mass society</a> which generally assumed that the development of mass communication has had a largely negative impact on modern social life, creating a kind of bland and homogeneous culture which entertains individuals without challenging them.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, interactive digital media have also been seen to challenge the read-only paradigm of earlier broadcast media.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1950s, in the countries that have reached a <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">high level of industrialisation</a>, the mass media of cinema, radio and TV have a key role in political power.<sup id="cite_ref-Eco67_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary research demonstrates an increasing level of <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a>, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a small number of firms.<sup id="cite_ref-The_SAGE_Handbook_of_Media_Studies_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_SAGE_Handbook_of_Media_Studies-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the study of mass media began the media was compiled of only mass media which is a very different media system than the social media empire of the 21st-century experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this in mind, there are critiques that mass media no longer exists, or at least that it does not exist in the same form as it once did. This original form of mass media put filters on what the general public would be exposed to in regards to "news" something that is harder to do in a society of social media.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theorist Lance Bennett explains that excluding a few major events in recent history, it is uncommon for a group big enough to be labeled a mass, to be watching the same news via the same medium of mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett's critique of 21st-century mass media argues that today it is more common for a group of people to be receiving different news stories, from completely different sources, and thus, mass media has been re-invented. As discussed above, filters would have been applied to original mass medias when the journalists decided what would or would not be printed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> is a large contributor to the change from mass media to a new paradigm because through social media what is mass communication and what is <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal communication</a> is confused.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpersonal/niche communication is an exchange of information and information in a specific genre. In this form of communication, smaller groups of people are consuming news/information/opinions. In contrast, mass media in its original form is not restricted by genre and it is being consumed by the masses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_newspaper_publishing" title="History of newspaper publishing">History of newspaper publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_echo_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Media echo chamber">Media echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media-system_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Media-system dependency">Media-system dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization (media)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-enotes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enotes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enotes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enotes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enotes_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+Media&rft.pub=eNotes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fhomework-help%2Ftopic%2Fmass-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riesman <i>et al.</i> (1950) ch. 2 p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buzzle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buzzle_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohar,_Uttara" class="citation web cs1">Manohar, Uttara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114011523/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-mass-media.html">"Different Types of Mass Media"</a>. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+Types+of+Mass+Media&rft.pub=Buzzle.com&rft.au=Manohar%2C+Uttara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Fdifferent-types-of-mass-media.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Mass media". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mass+media&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span> online version November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter,_W._James2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, W. James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9u9E2wsVjAC&pg=PA32"><i>Arguing for a general framework for mass media scholarship</i></a>. Sage. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6471-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-6471-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+for+a+general+framework+for+mass+media+scholarship&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6471-5&rft.au=Potter%2C+W.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9u9E2wsVjAC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sashwat Yogi "Role Of Media In Social Awareness (A Review Study)." <i>Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews</i> 1.1 (2013): 71–73, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgesjournals.com/hssr/article/view/hssr1111">online</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21541164">"All the world's a game"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 10 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627031412/http://www.economist.com/node/21541164">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=All+the+world%27s+a+game&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21541164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXHzjIwQae4C"><i>The Media and Modernity</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 26–28, 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2679-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2679-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-2679-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+Modernity&rft.pages=26-28%2C+74&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2679-5&rft.au=Thompson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXHzjIwQae4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_broadcasting_terms" title="Glossary of broadcasting terms">glossary of broadcasting terms</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bordwell, Kristin Thompson, and Jeff Smith, <i>Film art: An introduction</i> (McGraw-Hill, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandiego-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandiego_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">"Recording Technology History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+Technology+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fnotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronomedia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chronomedia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1909.htm">"Chronomedia: 1909"</a>. <i>www.terramedia.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061202112548/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1909.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.terramedia.co.uk&rft.atitle=Chronomedia%3A+1909&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2FChronomedia%2Fyears%2F1909.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlikMcIntosh2017" class="citation book cs1">Pavlik, John; McIntosh, Shawn (2017). <i>Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027151-0"><bdi>978-0-19-027151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converging+Media%3A+A+New+Introduction+to+Mass+Communication&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027151-0&rft.aulast=Pavlik&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=261065&set=005B0BC365_3_169&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1"><i>World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 201/2018</i></a>. UNESCO. 2018. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100242-7"><bdi>978-92-3-100242-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213000536/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261065">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Trends+in+Freedom+of+Expression+and+Media+Development+Global+Report+201%2F2018&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100242-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fulis%2Fcgi-bin%2Fulis.pl%3Fcatno%3D261065%26set%3D005B0BC365_3_169%26gp%3D1%26lin%3D1%26ll%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Cecilia. 2017. "World Press Trends 2017". Frankfurt: WAN-IFRA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radical_mass_media_criticism:_a_cultural_genealogy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radical_mass_media_criticism:_a_cultural_genealogy_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSplichal,_Slavko2006" class="citation book cs1">Splichal, Slavko (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKXZ2MEb66EC&pg=PA41">"In Pursuit of Socialized Press"</a>. In Berry, David; Theobald John (eds.). <i>Radical mass media criticism: a cultural genealogy</i>. Black Rose Books. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-246-8"><bdi>978-1-55164-246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Pursuit+of+Socialized+Press&rft.btitle=Radical+mass+media+criticism%3A+a+cultural+genealogy&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-246-8&rft.au=Splichal%2C+Slavko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKXZ2MEb66EC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramey-2007-1-2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ramey-2007-1-2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamey,_Carl_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramey, Carl R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0P5ZhqXow4C&pg=PA1"><i>Mass media unleashed: how Washington policymakers shortchanged the American public</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5570-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-5570-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+media+unleashed%3A+how+Washington+policymakers+shortchanged+the+American+public&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5570-9&rft.au=Ramey%2C+Carl+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0P5ZhqXow4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex,_love_&_romance_in_the_mass_media:_analysis_&_criticism_of_unrealistic_portrayals_&_their_influence-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex,_love_&_romance_in_the_mass_media:_analysis_&_criticism_of_unrealistic_portrayals_&_their_influence_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalician,_Mary-Lou2004" class="citation book cs1">Galician, Mary-Lou (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hK_8NhV704C&pg=PA69"><i>Sex, love & romance in the mass media: analysis & criticism of unrealistic portrayals & their influence</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4832-8"><bdi>978-0-8058-4832-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+love+%26+romance+in+the+mass+media%3A+analysis+%26+criticism+of+unrealistic+portrayals+%26+their+influence&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4832-8&rft.au=Galician%2C+Mary-Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hK_8NhV704C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003170056/http://www.bl.uk/collections/britnews.html">"Concise History of the British Newspaper Since 1620"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collections/britnews.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Concise+History+of+the+British+Newspaper+Since+1620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollections%2Fbritnews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_library_and_information_science,_Volume_65-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_library_and_information_science,_Volume_65_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhagen,_J.E.1999" class="citation book cs1">Newhagen, J.E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iA2bIDF3Kt0C&pg=PA210">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The role of feedback in assessing the news on mass media and the Internet"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Kent, Allen (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 65</i>. CRC Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2065-0"><bdi>978-0-8247-2065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+role+of+feedback+in+assessing+the+news+on+mass+media+and+the+Internet%22&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+library+and+information+science%2C+Volume+65&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2065-0&rft.au=Newhagen%2C+J.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiA2bIDF3Kt0C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_companion_to_media_studies-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_companion_to_media_studies_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNerone,_John2006" class="citation book cs1">Nerone, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtR4lH9OBwgC&pg=PA102">"Approaches to Media History"</a>. In Valdivia, Angharad N. (ed.). <i>A companion to media studies</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4174-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4174-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-4174-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Approaches+to+Media+History&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+media+studies&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4174-1&rft.au=Nerone%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtR4lH9OBwgC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mass_media_&_society-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mass_media_&_society_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace,_Geoffrey_L.1997" class="citation book cs1">Pace, Geoffrey L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8_wl32zQf8C&pg=PA10">"The Origins of Mass Media in the United States"</a>. In Wells, Allen; Hakenen, Ernest A. (eds.). <i>Mass media & society</i>. 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(November 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-by-industries/">"M&A by Industries"</a>. <i>N&A Statistics</i>. Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103171956/https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-by-industries/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morris+Creative+Group&rft.atitle=6+Corporations+Control+90%25+Of+The+Media+in+America&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morriscreative.com%2F6-corporations-control-90-of-the-media-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorimer94p26-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorimer94p26_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorimer94p26_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorimer and Scannell (1994) pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vipond2000p88-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vipond2000p88_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vipond2000p88_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vipond (2000) p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco67-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eco67_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eco67_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eco (2014), p. 135: "Not long ago, if you wanted to seize political power in a country, you had merely to control the army and the police. Today it is only in the most backward countries that fascist generals, in carrying out a coup d'etat, still use tanks. If a country has reached a high level of industrialization the whole scene changes. The day after the fall of Khrushchev, the editors of Pravda, Izvestiia, the heads of the radio and television were replaced; the army wasn't called out. Today a country belongs to the person who controls communications."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civil_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civil_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraha2012" class="citation journal cs1">Braha, Dan (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485346">"Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (10): e48596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748596B">2012PLoSO...748596B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048596">10.1371/journal.pone.0048596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485346">3485346</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23119067">23119067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Global+Civil+Unrest%3A+Contagion%2C+Self-Organization%2C+and+Prediction&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e48596&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3485346%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23119067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748596B&rft.aulast=Braha&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3485346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersel-Nawawy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Shawn; el-Nawawy, Mohammed (December 2009). 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Department of Energy. 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/87571696">87571696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Development+Plan+%28EDP%29%3A+Photovoltaics&rft.pub=Department+of+Energy&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxD0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2011" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Lance (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockyanderson.org/rockycourses/BennettPoliticalEconomyofNews008.pdf">"The Political Economy of News"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>News: The Politics of Illusion</i> (9 ed.). Pearson. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-08241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-08241-4"><bdi>978-0-205-08241-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212618/http://rockyanderson.org/rockycourses/BennettPoliticalEconomyofNews008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>With the exception of the Super Bowl and national crises such as 9/11 or the invasion of Iraq, it makes little sense to talk about a mass media audience any longer, at least one defined by large numbers of people gathering around televisions and watching the same information fed from a few sources. In just one decade, between 1993 and 2004, the percentage of people who regularly watched network TV news dropped 34 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+News&rft.btitle=News%3A+The+Politics+of+Illusion&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-205-08241-4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockyanderson.org%2Frockycourses%2FBennettPoliticalEconomyofNews008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2015" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Graeme (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdRzCgAAQBAJ&q=mass+media+re+invented&pg=PA125"><i>Re-Inventing the Media</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38147-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38147-1"><bdi>978-1-317-38147-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Inventing+the+Media&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-38147-1&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdRzCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmass%2Bmedia%2Bre%2Binvented%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco2014" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (2014) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFDOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT146"><i>Travels in Hyperreality: Essays</i></a>. Translated by Waever, William. San Diego: HMH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-54596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-54596-7"><bdi>978-0-547-54596-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Hyperreality%3A+Essays&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=HMH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-54596-7&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFDOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer,_RowlandScannell,_Patty1994" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, Rowland & Scannell, Patty (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5z7oAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Mass communications: a comparative introduction</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3946-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+communications%3A+a+comparative+introduction&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3946-1&rft.au=Lorimer%2C+Rowland&rft.au=Scannell%2C+Patty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5z7oAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Riesman, David and Gitlin, Todd and Glazer, Nathan (1950) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPiul5-CxMYC">preview at google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVipond,_Mary2000" class="citation book cs1">Vipond, Mary (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUbz3Ipt0xAC&pg=PA88"><i>The mass media in Canada</i></a>. James Lorimer & Company. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-714-1"><bdi>978-1-55028-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mass+media+in+Canada&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-714-1&rft.au=Vipond%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUbz3Ipt0xAC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=261065&set=005B0BC365_3_169&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002610/261065e.pdf"><i>World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018</i></a>, 202, UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard,_Margaret_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Margaret A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HlxQgAACAAJ"><i>History of the mass media in the United States: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-012-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-012-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+mass+media+in+the+United+States%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-012-4&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HlxQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bösch, Frank. <i>Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present</i> (Berghahn, 2015). 212 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/132865/seul-b%C3%B6sch-mass-media-and-historical-change-germany-international">online review</a></li> <li>Cull, Nicholas John, David Culbert and David Welch, eds. <i>Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present</i> (2003) 479 pp; worldwide coverage</li> <li>Dauber, Cori Elizabeth. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cori_Dauber/publication/236815694_The_Shot_Seen_%27Round_the_World_The_Impact_of_the_Images_of_Mogadishu_on_American_Military_Operations/links/576941a708ae2d7145ba7bbe.pdf">The shots seen 'round the world: The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations</a>." <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i> 4.4 (2001): 653–687</li> <li>Folkerts, Jean and Dwight Teeter, eds. <i>Voices of a Nation: A History of Mass Media in the United States</i> (5th Edition, 2008)</li> <li>Fourie, Pieter J. <i>Media Studies: Media History, Media and Society</i> (2008)</li> <li>Graber, Doris A., and Johanna Dunaway. <i>Mass media and American politics</i> (CQ Press, 2017)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_James_B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpcDQeEl-JYC"><i>Mass Media: a bibliography with indexes</i></a>. Nova. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-262-7"><bdi>978-1-59033-262-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Media%3A+a+bibliography+with+indexes&rft.pub=Nova&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-262-7&rft.au=Martin%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpcDQeEl-JYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paneth, Donald, ed. <i>The Encyclopedia of American journalism</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000pane">online</a></li> <li>Ross, Corey. <i>Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich</i> (Oxford University press 2010) 448 pp, on Germany</li> <li>Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American Journalism</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000vaug">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilke,_Jürgen2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, Jürgen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921478"><i>Media Genres</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Genres&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Wilke%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-20100921478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810053012/http://beta.in-mind.org/issue-5/media-carriers-contagious-information">The Media: Carriers of Contagious Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1026993142/illinois-is-the-first-state-to-have-high-schools-teach-news-literacy">Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy", <i>National Public Radio,</i> 12 August 2021</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theemissary.co.in/the-evolution-of-global-mass-media/">The Evolution of Global Mass Media</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220095542/https://theemissary.co.in/the-evolution-of-global-mass-media/">Archived</a> 20 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communication_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communication_studies" title="Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies" title="Template talk:Communication studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1011219/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037877-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081863">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Médias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119323312">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Médias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119323312">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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