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<span>Bioregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioregional_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioregional_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bioregional mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioregional_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship to environmentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allen_Van_Newkirk_and_the_Institute_for_Bioregional_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allen_Van_Newkirk_and_the_Institute_for_Bioregional_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Allen Van Newkirk and the Institute for Bioregional Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allen_Van_Newkirk_and_the_Institute_for_Bioregional_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judy_Goldhaft,_Peter_Berg_and_the_Planet_Drum_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judy_Goldhaft,_Peter_Berg_and_the_Planet_Drum_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Judy Goldhaft, Peter Berg and the Planet Drum Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judy_Goldhaft,_Peter_Berg_and_the_Planet_Drum_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raymond_Dasmann_and_Reinhabiting_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raymond_Dasmann_and_Reinhabiting_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Raymond Dasmann and Reinhabiting California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raymond_Dasmann_and_Reinhabiting_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murray_Bookchin_and_the_Institute_for_Social_Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murray_Bookchin_and_the_Institute_for_Social_Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Murray Bookchin and the Institute for Social Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murray_Bookchin_and_the_Institute_for_Social_Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioregional_Congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioregional_Congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bioregional Congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioregional_Congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioregional_Learning_Centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioregional_Learning_Centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Bioregional Learning Centers</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-page-title-main">Bioregionalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জৈবআঞ্চলিকতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈবআঞ্চলিকতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalismus" title="Bioregionalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bioregionalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioregionalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorregionalismo" title="Biorregionalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biorregionalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoregionismo" title="Ekoregionismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekoregionismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bior%C3%A9gionalisme" title="Biorégionalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biorégionalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalismo" title="Bioregionalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bioregionalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregionalizm" title="Bioregionalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bioregionalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorregionalismo" title="Biorregionalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biorregionalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ecological philosophy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with North America and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bioregionalism" title="Talk:Bioregionalism">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg/220px-Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg/330px-Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg/440px-Bioregions_and_Biotones_of_North_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>One scheme of potential North American bioregions. The band of colour represent transitional biotones.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bioregionalism</b> is a philosophy that suggests that <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a> systems are more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">just</a> if they are organized around naturally defined areas called <i><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregions</a></i> (similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a></i>). Bioregions are defined through physical and environmental features, including <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> boundaries and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> characteristics. Bioregionalism stresses that the determination of a bioregion is also a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> phenomenon, and emphasizes local populations, knowledge, and solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2019)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bioregionalism is a concept that goes beyond <a href="/wiki/National_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="National boundaries">national boundaries</a>—an example is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia</a>, a region that is sometimes considered to consist of most of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Panhandle">Alaska Panhandle</a>, the far north of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast of Canada">West Coast of Canada</a>, sometimes also including some or all of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Montana" title="Western Montana">western Montana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a bioregion, which does not cross national boundaries, but does overlap state lines, is <a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">the Ozarks</a>, a bioregion also referred to as the Ozarks Plateau, which consists of southern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, the northeast corner of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, southeast corner of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioregion are not synonymous with ecoregions as defined by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a>; the latter are scientifically based and focused on wildlife and vegetation. Bioregions, by contrast are human regions, informed by nature but with a social and political element. In this way bioregionalism is simply <a href="/wiki/Political_localism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political localism">political localism</a> with an ecological foundation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was coined by Allen Van Newkirk, founder of the Institute for Bioregional Research, in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given currency by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berg_(bioregionalist)" title="Peter Berg (bioregionalist)">Peter Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Dasmann" title="Raymond F. Dasmann">Raymond F. Dasmann</a> in the early 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been advocated by writers such as David Haenke<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bioregionalist perspective opposes a homogeneous economy and consumer culture with its lack of stewardship towards the environment. This perspective seeks to: </p> <ul><li>Ensure that political boundaries match ecological boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Highlight the unique <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> of the bioregion.</li> <li>Encourage consumption of <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local foods</a> where possible.</li> <li>Encourage the use of local <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">materials</a> where possible.</li> <li>Encourage the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">native plants</a> of the region.</li> <li>Encourage <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in harmony with the bioregion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioregions">Bioregions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bioregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregion</a></div> <p>Bioregions are a foundational concept within the philosophical system called Bioregionalism. A bioregion is defined along <a href="/wiki/Watershed_delineation" title="Watershed delineation">watershed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> boundaries, and uses a combination of bioregional layers, beginning with the oldest "hard" lines; <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">fracture zones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divides</a>, working its way through the "soft" lines: living systems such as <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, marine life, and the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, and lastly the "human" lines: human <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous cultures</a>, and ways of living within the context set into a place, and it's limits to determine the final edges and boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Peter Berg and Judy Goldhaft who founded the Planet Drum foundation in 1973 and helped to popularize the concept of bioregions and bioregionalism,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a> and which just celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023 defines a bioregion as the following:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A bioregion is a geographical area with coherent and interconnected plant and animal communities, and other natural characteristics (often defined by a watershed) plus the cultural values that humans have developed for living in harmony with these natural systems. Because it is a cultural idea, the description of a specific bioregion uses information from both the natural sciences and other sources. Each bioregion is a whole “life-place” with unique requirements for human inhabitation so that it will not be disrupted and injured. People are counted as an integral aspect of a place’s life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioregional_mapping">Bioregional mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bioregional mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioregional_mapping" title="Bioregional mapping">Bioregional mapping</a></div> <p>This idea of bioregionalism is also rooted in an important concept called <a href="/wiki/Bioregional_mapping" title="Bioregional mapping">bioregional mapping</a>, a powerful tool to increase understanding, change the story and influence policy. Bioregional Mapping is a participatory approach to cartography that focuses on mapping the natural, ecological and human realities of that have emerged in a place within a bioregion—an area defined by its natural boundaries, such as watersheds, ecosystems, and cultures that arise form a place, rather than human borders. This method highlights the interconnectedness of the region's natural systems and human communities, offering a holistic view of the landscape that integrates ecological data with cultural and historical insights.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A good bioregional map shows layers of geology, flora, fauna, and inhabitation over time. This approach empowers individuals to contribute to the documentation of local knowledge, history, and cultural significance, thereby creating maps that are more inclusive and representative of the lived experiences within the bioregion. Community mapping includes the identification of traditional pathways, local species, historical landmarks, stories, songs, how things change over time, and other culturally significant sites that might not appear on standard maps.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioregional mapping also aligns with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_mapping" title="Indigenous mapping">Indigenous mapping</a> practices by recognizing the importance of natural boundaries and the relationship between people and their environment. The idea of bioregional mapping largely grew from the <a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet%CA%BCsuwet%CA%BCen" title="Wetʼsuwetʼen">Wetʼsuwetʼen</a> first nations who used Bioregional Mapping to create some of the first bioregional atlases as part of court cases to defend their sovereignty in the 1980s and 1990s, one such example being the <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_Nation_v_British_Columbia" title="Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia">Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best examples of a richly communicative bioregional map is David McClosky's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cascadia-institute.org/">new map of Cascadia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_environmentalism">Relationship to environmentalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship to environmentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bioregionalism, while akin to modern <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> in certain aspects, such as a desire to live in harmony with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, differs in certain ways from the 20th century movement.<sup id="cite_ref-pbopd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbopd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peter Berg, bioregionalism is <a href="/wiki/Proactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Proactive">proactive</a>, and is based on forming a harmony between human culture and the natural environment, rather than being <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a>-based like the original environmental movement. Also, modern environmentalists saw human industry in and of itself an <a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">enemy</a> of environmental stability, viewing nature as a victim needing to be saved; bioregionalists see humanity and its culture as a part of nature, focusing on building a positive, sustainable relationship with both the sociological and ecological environments, rather than a focus on <i>completely</i> preserving and segregating the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> from the world of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-pbopd_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbopd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this way the sentiments of Bioregionalism echo those of <i>Classical</i> Environmentalism, and early environmentalists such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> are sometimes viewed as predecessors of the Bioregionalist movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bioregionalism emerged in the 1970s, developing primarily along the western coast of North America, and specifically from a broad coalition of poets, artists, writers, community leaders, and back-to-the-landers, and from the Digger movement which had grown in the late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Beat_Scene" title="Beat Scene">Beat Scene</a> in San Francisco, and as a counter to the mainstream environmental movement, which many felt was reactionary and negative. They envisioned a positive, place-based<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> alternative to mainstream efforts within a capitalist framework, or those of nation-states or other international bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included many different individuals, including "Peter Berg, Judy Goldhaft, Raymond Dasmann, Kirkpatrick Sale, Judith Plant, Eleanor Wright, Doug Aberley, Stephanie Mills, Jim Dodge, Freeman House, Van Andruss, David Haenke, and Gary Snyder", working together through the Planet Drum foundation, and similar groups to create a new place-based philosophy they called bioregionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioregionalism also directly grew from a relationship with the civil rights and <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>, and efforts to reclaim their languages, territories and maps, and what bioregionalists saw as the global collapse of traditional ecological knowledge, language suppression and revitalization, and a hope that maps reframing names from "North America" to "Turtle Island" would help bioregions become frameworks for decolonization, as well as more accurate cultural representation and recognition of Indigenous sovereignty. It also grew from civil rights movement, anti-war movement, anti-nuclear movement, the Diggers, as well as an increasing awareness of pervasive ecological pollution, especially in areas like Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allen_Van_Newkirk_and_the_Institute_for_Bioregional_Research">Allen Van Newkirk and the Institute for Bioregional Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allen Van Newkirk and the Institute for Bioregional Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term bioregion as it relates to bioregionalism is credited to Allen Van Newkirk, a Canadian poet and biogeographer.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this field, the idea of "bioregion" probably goes back much earlier than published material suggests, being floated in early published small press zines by Newkirk, and in conversational dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would go on to found the Institute for Bioregional Research and issued a series of short papers using the term bioregion as early as 1970, which would start to circulate the idea of "bioregion". Newkirk met Peter Berg (another early scholar on Bioregionalism) in San Francisco in 1969 and again in Nova Scotia in 1971 where he shared the idea with Berg. Peter Berg, who would go on to found the Planet Drum foundation, and become a leading proponent of "bioregions" learned of the term in 1971 while Judy Goldhaft and Peter Berg were staying with Allen Van Newkirk, before Berg attended the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm during June 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berg would go on to found the Planet Drum Foundation in 1973, and they published their first Bioregional Bundle in that year, that also included a definition of a bioregion.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helping refine this definition, Author <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a> wrote in 1974 that "A bioregion is a part of the earth's surface whose rough boundaries are determined by natural rather than human dictates, distinguishable from other areas by attributes of flora, fauna, water, climate, soils and landforms, and human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1975 A. Van Newkirk published the first article calling for bioregionalism in a paper entitled "Bioregions: Towards Bioregional Strategy for Human Cultures" in which he advocates for the incorporation of human activity ("occupying populations of the culture-bearing animal") within bioregional definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-avn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judy_Goldhaft,_Peter_Berg_and_the_Planet_Drum_Foundation"><span id="Judy_Goldhaft.2C_Peter_Berg_and_the_Planet_Drum_Foundation"></span>Judy Goldhaft, Peter Berg and the Planet Drum Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judy Goldhaft, Peter Berg and the Planet Drum Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1973, Planet Drum Foundation in San Franscisco became a leading institution promoting bioregionalism. They published a series of publications looking at place, poetry, cultural expression, politics, art and many other subjects. From this group, other early bioregional groups started, such as the Frisco Bay Mussel Group, Raise the Stakes newsletters, and Bioregional Bundles that would carry the bioregional movement forward for the next several decades. </p><p>This started by creating bioregional “Bundles” that they would publish each year, that would be distinct to a bioregion, and help the people within that place define that bioregion. Each envelope would contain many different pieces of poetry, art, writing, science documents, and place-specific technology booklets, articles, maps, posters, photographs, directories, and calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1973 to 1985 Planet Drum published nine Bundles, on topics ranging as far as North America, South America, the Arctic Circle, West Africa, Morocco, the Pacific Rim, Japan, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1979-2000, Planet Drum began publishing <i>Raise The Stakes</i>, <i>the Planet Drum Review</i>, a bi-annual international publication which became an important central voice for the bioregional movement, bioregional organizers around North America and world, and for defining the term bioregion among those using it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1990, Planet Drum served as node for more than 250 bioregionally oriented groups in North America, including Canada and Mexico, with emerging movements in Australia, Latin America, Italy and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-planetdrum_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetdrum-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raymond_Dasmann_and_Reinhabiting_California">Raymond Dasmann and Reinhabiting California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Raymond Dasmann and Reinhabiting California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the other early proponents of bioregionalism, and who helped define what a bioregion is, was American biologist and environmental scientist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Dasmann" title="Raymond F. Dasmann">Raymond F. Dasmann</a>. Dasmann studied at UC Berkeley under the legendary wildlife biologist <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a>, and earned his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954. Working with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berg_(bioregionalist)" title="Peter Berg (bioregionalist)">Peter Berg</a>, and also contemporary with Allen Van Newkirk, Dasmann was one of the pioneers in developing the definition for the term "Bioregion", as well as conservation concepts of "<a href="/wiki/Eco-development" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-development">Eco-development</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Biological_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological diversity">biological diversity</a>," and identified the crucial importance of recognizing indigenous peoples and their cultures in efforts to conserve natural landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his academic career at Humboldt State University, where he was a professor of natural resources from 1954 until 1965. During the 1960s, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature#Conservation_Foundation" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">Conservation Foundation</a> in Washington, D.C., as Director of International Programs and was also a consultant on the development of the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment">Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment</a>. In the 1970s he worked with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> where he initiated the <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a>(MAB), an international research and conservation program. During the same period he was Senior Ecologist for the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> in Switzerland, initiating global conservation programs which earned him the highest honors awarded by <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Society" title="The Wildlife Society">The Wildlife Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This idea was carried forward and developed by ecologist Raymond Dasmann and Peter Berg in article they co-authored called Reinhabiting California in 1977, which argued that bioregions were more than just biotic provinces and biogeography, and that humans are a critical part of the idea of bioregions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Berg and ecologist Raymond Dasmann said in their 1977 article "Reinhabiting California":</p><blockquote><p>"Reinhabitation involves developing a bioregional identity, something most North Americans have lost or have never possessed. We define bioregion in a sense different from the biotic provinces of Raymond Dasmann (1973) or the biogeographical province of Miklos Udvardy. The term refers both to geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness—to a place and the ideas that have developed about how to live in that place. Within a bioregion, the conditions that influence life are similar, and these, in turn, have influenced human occupancy."</p></blockquote><p>This article defined bioregions as distinct from biogeographical and biotic provinces that ecologists and geographers had been developing by adding a human and cultural lens to the strictly ecological idea.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murray_Bookchin_and_the_Institute_for_Social_Ecology">Murray Bookchin and the Institute for Social Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Murray Bookchin and the Institute for Social Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This new movement grew strongly also on earlier work from <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, who ran the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a>, and was deeply involved in influencing and helping define the early bioregional movement. Drawing on earlier traditions beginning with Ecology and Revolutionary Thought in 1964 Bookchin argued for the reorganization of American society based upon a decentralized regional model which would each encompass a single bioregion or ecosystem. His organization, the Institute for Social Ecology worked with the Planet Drum Foundation for the increased implementation of alternative forms of energy, reduction and restriction of carbon dioxide emissions, anti-globalism, and the implementation of a bioregional approach to economic development. For Bookchin, a bioregional approach to economic development accepted one of the basic assertions of Social Ecology that a human community is fundamentally a part of a total ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Bookchin felt that humans were a part of an earth society: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We might also conceive of this role as an expression of a kind of citizenship — if we think of ourselves not only as citizens of a town, city or neighborhood, but also as citizens of our ecosystem, of our bioregion, of our georegion, and of the earth itself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Murray Bookchin, Municipal Dreams: Citizenship and Self-Identity</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Peter Berg, writing about his experience helping to write the "Bioregions" issue of Coevolution Quarterly in the late 70's worked with Bookchin' to use his Ecology of Freedom, which Berg claimed to be an "invaluable help to set the autonomous and self-governing tone of bioregional discourse."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioregional_Congresses">Bioregional Congresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bioregional Congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/220px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/330px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/440px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>Proceedings from the first Cascadia Bioregional Congress at The Evergreen State College in 1986.</figcaption></figure> <p>A major evolution in how bioregions were defined also occurred alongside this work in the mid-1980s, and can be attributed to David Haenke (b. 1945), Inspired by the call of Peter Berg, who released "Amble towards a Continental Congress"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1976 for the bicentennial of the United States founding, Haenke conceptualized the Ozark Area Community Congress in 1977, started the Bioregional Project in 1982, launched the Ozarks Bioregional Congress in 1980, and then launched the first ever North American Bioregional Congress (NABC) in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Haenke would also go on to be one of the founders of the United States Green Party, which he viewed as a political wing of the bioregional movement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Haenke had two questions he asked while defining a bioregion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In defining a bioregion there are two main questions that you’ll need to ask: What is your effective organizing area? What and where are your resources and potential participants? Bioregional boundaries are never “hard.” There is no bioregional map of North America or the world, but the closest base maps are things like World Biogeographical Provinces Map by Miklos Udvardy and Ted Oberlander. But these provinces are huge, containing a number of bioregions that are not yet delineated. Many people use watersheds as ultimate definers, and if your group identifies strongly with a particular watershed, hydrologic survey maps may help you determine borders.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Haenke,, Organizing a Bioregional Congress, NABC II, Proceedings 1986.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>From 1984 through the 2010s, many regional groups, such as the Great Lakes, Kansas, Cascadia, would hold regional "Bioregional Congresses" for specific bioregions, and then every two years would gather as part of a North American bioregional congress.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cascadia for example held its first Cascadia Bioregional Congress at The Evergreen State College in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Ish River confluence in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another Bioregional Congress in 1988 at Breitenbush in Oregon,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a third congress in Lillooet in British Columbia in 1989. This was also timed for the third North American Bioregional Congress which took place in Samish in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioregional_Learning_Centers">Bioregional Learning Centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bioregional Learning Centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The idea of bioregions, and their uses was again expanded by <a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a> in 1972, and was the primary premise for her to launch the <a href="/wiki/Balaton_Group" title="Balaton Group">Balaton Group</a> in 1982. A big part of this for her, was using bioregions as the basis for "bioregional learning centers", each of which would be responsible for a discrete bioregion. In her words, the purpose of a bioregion was to:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Help people and cultures all over the world develop and express their own capacity to solve their own problems, consistent with their own needs and with the ecosystems around them. And doing that through enhancing the power within all cultures and peoples to combine intellectual knowing and intuitive knowing, reasoning about the earth and living in consonance with it, and of a number of centers where information and models about resources and the environment are housed. There would need to be many of these centers, all over the world, each one responsible for a discrete bioregion.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donella Meadows, Bioregional Essays: Bioregional Centres - Donella Meadows' Vision for Deep Local Change. Statement to the Belaton Group, 1982</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North American Bioregional Assemblies have been meeting at bi-annual gatherings of bioregionalists throughout North America since 1984 and have given rise to national level <a href="/wiki/Green_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Parties">Green Parties</a>. The tenets of bioregionalism are often used by green movements, which oppose political organizations whose boundaries conform to existing electoral districts. This problem is perceived to result in elected representatives voting in accordance with their constituents, some of whom may live outside a defined bioregion, and may run counter to the well-being of the bioregion. </p><p>At the local level, several bioregions have congresses that meet regularly. For instance, the Ozark Plateau bioregion hosts a yearly Ozark Area Community Congress, better known as OACC, which has been meeting every year since 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most often on the first weekend in October. The Kansas Area Watershed, "KAW" was founded in 1982 and has been meeting regularly since that time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KAW holds a yearly meeting, usually in the spring. </p><p>The government of the Canadian province of Alberta created the "<a href="/wiki/Land-use_framework_regions_of_Alberta" title="Land-use framework regions of Alberta">land-use framework regions</a>" in 2007 roughly corresponding to each major <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basin</a> within the province. This is supported by local initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(Alberta)" title="Beaver Hills (Alberta)">Beaver Hills</a> Initiative to preserve an ecoregion which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> and the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(independence_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascadia (independence movement)">Cascadia (independence movement)</a> – Bioregion, proposed country in North America<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> – Economic theory promoting local control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a> – Ecological and environmental philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Scenario_Group" title="Global Scenario Group">Global Scenario Group</a> – International policy development body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a> – Individual's or a group's human demand on nature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a> – French geographer, writer and anarchist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-fence" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-fence">Geo-fence</a> – Virtual perimeter<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a> – Type that favors individual activism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a> – Branch of anarchism focused on the environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ecoregions">List of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism (politics)</a> – Political philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a> – Approach to agriculture and land management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology (Bookchin)</a> – American social theorist (1921–2006)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cascadia+Department+of+Bioregion&rft.atitle=Bioregional+Essays%3A+Bioregional+Centres+-+Donella+Meadows%27+Vision+for+Deep+Local+Change&rft.date=2019-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcascadiabioregion.org%2Fdepartment-of-bioregion%2Fbioregional-essays-bioregional-centres-donella-meadows-vision-for-deep-local-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2022" class="citation web cs1">Carlisle, Isabel (2022-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioregion.org.uk/the-bioregional-vision-of-donella-meadows/">"The bioregional vision of Donella Meadows"</a>. <i>The Bioregional Learning Centre UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Really+Regenerative+Centre&rft.atitle=What+was+Donella+Meadow%27s+vision+for+Bioregional+Learning+Centres%3F&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.au=jenander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freallyregenerative.org%2F2019%2F12%2F23%2Fwhat-was-donella-meadows-vision-for-bioregional-learning-centres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ozarkareacommunitycongress.org/">"About OACC Ozark Area Community Congress"</a>. <i>OACC Ozark Area Community Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OACC+Ozark+Area+Community+Congress&rft.atitle=About+OACC+Ozark+Area+Community+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fozarkareacommunitycongress.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kawcouncil.wordpress.com/about/history/">"Kansas Area Watershed Council History"</a>. March 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Area+Watershed+Council+History&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkawcouncil.wordpress.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beaverhills.ca/">"Home | Beaver Hills Initiative"</a>. <i>www.beaverhills.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.beaverhills.ca&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Beaver+Hills+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beaverhills.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander, D. (1990). "Bioregionalism: Science or sensibility?" <i>Environmental Ethics</i>, 12(2), 161-173. <a href="//doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199012217" class="extiw" title="doi:10.5840/enviroethics199012217">DOI:10.5840/enviroethics199012217</a>. Retrieved from: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10613/2725" class="extiw" title="hdl:10613/2725">http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2725</a></li> <li>Mike Carr, <i>Bioregionalism and Civil Society: Democratic Challenges to Corporate Globalism</i>, UBC Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774809443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774809443">978-0774809443</a>.</li> <li>Peter Berg, editor. <i>Reinhabiting A Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California</i>. San Francisco: Planet Drum, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937102-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-937102-00-8">0-937102-00-8</a>.</li> <li>Peter Berg, <i>Envisioning Sustainability</i>, Subculture Books, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9799194-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9799194-8-0">978-0-9799194-8-0</a>.</li> <li>Michael McGinnis, editor. <i>Bioregionalism</i>, Routledge, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15445-6">0-415-15445-6</a>.</li> <li>Ryan Moothart. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://towardscascadia.com/">Towards Cascadia</a>. Minneapolis, MN: Mill City Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-158-2">978-1-63505-158-2</a>.</i></li> <li>Kirkpatrick Sale, <i>Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision</i>. Random House, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2205-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2205-9">0-8203-2205-9</a> (University of Georgia Press, 2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperus2020" class="citation book cs1">Kuperus, Gerard (2020). "Bioregionalism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_150-1"><i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-51812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-51812-7"><bdi>978-3-030-51812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bioregionalism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Urban+and+Regional+Futures&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-51812-7&rft.aulast=Kuperus&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-51812-7_150-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioregionalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>. <i>A Place in Space: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Watersheds</i>. Counterpoint, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887178-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-887178-27-9">1-887178-27-9</a></li> <li>Robert Thayer. <i>LifePlace: Bioregional Thought and Practice</i>, University of California Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23628-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23628-9">0-520-23628-9</a></li> <li>Emanuele Guerrieri Ciaceri. <i>Bioregionalismo. La visione locale di un mondo globale</i>. Argo Edizioni, Italia 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88659-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-88659-19-0">978-88-88659-19-0</a></li> <li>Doug Aberley, editor. <i>Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment.</i> New Society Publishers, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-272-0">978-0-86571-272-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioregionalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freecascadia.org">Free Cascadia.org</a>, the website belonging to Alexander Baretich, designer of the <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Cascadian flag</a>, and advocate of Bioregionalism.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Ecoregion">Encyclopedia of Earth: Ecoregion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214185429/http://biocongress.org/">North American Bioregional Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ozarkareacommunitycongress.org/">Ozark Area Community Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014122218/http://www.planetdrum.org/">Planet Drum Foundation</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioregion.ucdavis.edu/who/overview.html">Putah-Cache Bioregion Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712084750/http://bioregion.ucdavis.edu/who/overview.html">Archived</a> 2006-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - interdisciplinary research and educational project at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UC Davis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-canadian-literature-biographies/bioregionalism">Bioregionalism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, 2020</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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