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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 American Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Spanish–American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Finnish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Spanish Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algerian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Algerian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algerian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Later wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Second World War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second World War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Made_by_Western_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Made_by_Western_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Made by Western Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Made_by_Western_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Made_by_Axis_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Made_by_Axis_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Made by Axis powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Made_by_Axis_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Postwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military–film_industry_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military–film_industry_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Military–film industry relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military–film_industry_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 National traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indonesian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Soviet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Japanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Subgenres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subgenres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Documentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Submarine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Prisoner of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Comedy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Animated </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Anti-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Mixed genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">War film</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="فيلم حربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم حربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_belico" title="Cine belico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine belico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCharib%C9%99_filmi" title="Müharibə filmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müharibə filmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Военен филм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военен филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratni_film" title="Ratni film – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ratni film" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_brezel" title="Film brezel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Film brezel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_b%C3%A8l%C2%B7lic" title="Cinema bèl·lic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema bèl·lic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_film" title="Válečný film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válečný film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_ryfel" title="Ffilm ryfel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm ryfel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfilm" title="Krigsfilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigsfilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsfilm" title="Kriegsfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jafilm" title="Sõjafilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjafilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_b%C3%A9lico" title="Cine bélico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine bélico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militfilmo" title="Militfilmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militfilmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra-zinema" title="Gerra-zinema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra-zinema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="فیلم جنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم جنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_guerre" title="Film de guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film de guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarlochsfilm" title="Oarlochsfilm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oarlochsfilm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="전쟁 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전쟁 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Ռազմական ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմական ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratni_film" title="Ratni film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ratni film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_perang" title="Film perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_di_guerra" title="Cinema di guerra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema di guerra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="סרט מלחמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מלחמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_filma" title="Kara filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kara filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karinis_filmas" title="Karinis filmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karinis filmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="فيلم حرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم حرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlogsfilm" title="Oorlogsfilm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlogsfilm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="戦争映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦争映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfilm" title="Krigsfilm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigsfilm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_wojenny" title="Film wojenny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film wojenny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_de_guerra" title="Filme de guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme de guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_r%C4%83zboi" title="Film de război – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film de război" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Военный фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военный фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_lufte" title="Film lufte – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Film lufte" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_movie" title="War movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojnov%C3%BD_film" title="Vojnový film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojnový film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95" title="فیلمی شەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی شەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre depicting wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genre of film. For films named "War", see <a href="/wiki/War_(disambiguation)#Film_and_television" class="mw-disambig" title="War (disambiguation)">War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawai_Mare_oki_kaisen_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hawai_Mare_oki_kaisen_poster.jpg/330px-Hawai_Mare_oki_kaisen_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Hawai_Mare_oki_kaisen_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Japanese film poster for <a href="/wiki/Kajiro_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajiro Yamamoto">Kajiro Yamamoto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a> (Hawai Mare oki kaisen), featuring acclaimed special effects by <a 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> War film is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> concerned with <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>, typically about <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">land</a> battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been strongly associated with the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000117-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manchel1990-2">[2]</a> The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them. Themes explored include <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>, survival and escape, camaraderie between <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a>, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are often categorized by their milieu, such as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>; the most popular subjects are the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The stories told may be <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographical">biographical</a>. Critics have noted similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> and the war film. Nations such as China, Indonesia, Japan, and Russia have their own traditions of war film, centred on their own revolutionary wars but taking varied forms, from action and historical drama to wartime romance. Subgenres, not necessarily distinct, include <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war film">anti-war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a>. There are similarly subgenres of the war film in specific <a href="/wiki/Theatre_(warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre (warfare)">theatres</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert</a> of North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a> in the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>; and films set in specific domains of war, such as the infantry, the air, at sea, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">in submarines</a> or at <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camps. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre">Genre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of war films">List of war films</a></div> The war film genre is not necessarily tightly defined: the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>, for example, speaks of "films to grapple with the Great War" without attempting to classify these.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, some directors and critics have offered at least tentative definitions. The director <a href="/wiki/Sam_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Fuller">Sam Fuller</a> defined the <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> by saying that "a war film's objective, no matter how personal or emotional, is to make a viewer feel war."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Belton_(academic)" title="John Belton (academic)">John Belton</a> identified four narrative elements of the war film within the context of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> production: a) the suspension of civilian morality during times of war, b) primacy of collective goals over individual motivations, c) rivalry between men in predominantly male groups as well as marginalization and objectification of women, and d) depiction of the reintegration of veterans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelton1994165–171-5">[5]</a> The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000118-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg/300px-John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg/450px-John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg/600px-John_Wayne_in_The_Longest_Day_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)" title="The Longest Day (film)">The Longest Day</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> The film critic Stephen Neale suggests that the genre is for the most part well defined and uncontentious, since war films are simply those about war being waged in the 20th century, with combat scenes central to the drama. However, Neale notes, films set in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> or the American <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> of the 19th century were called war films in the time before the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000117-1">[1]</a> The critic Julian Smith argues, on the contrary, that the war film lacks the formal boundaries of a genre like the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a>, but that in practice, "successful and influential" war films are about modern wars, in particular World War II, with the combination of mobile forces and mass killing.<a href="#cite_note-Manchel1990-2">[2]</a> The film scholar Kathryn Kane<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> points out some similarities between the war film genre and the Western. Both genres use opposing concepts like war and peace, civilization and savagery. War films usually frame <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a conflict between "good" and "evil" as represented by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> whereas the Western portrays the conflict between civilized settlers and the savage indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> James Clarke notes the similarity between a Western like <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah" title="Sam Peckinpah">Sam Peckinpah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a> and "war-movie escapades" like <a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen" title="The Dirty Dozen">The Dirty Dozen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20069–10-9">[9]</a> The film historian <a href="/wiki/Jeanine_Basinger" title="Jeanine Basinger">Jeanine Basinger</a> states that she began with a preconception of what the war film genre would be, namely that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What I knew in advance was what presumably every member of our culture would know about World War II combat films—that they contained a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>, a group of mixed types [of people], and a <a href="/wiki/Military_objective" class="mw-redirect" title="Military objective">military objective</a> of some sort. They take place in the actual combat zones of World War II, against the established enemies, on the ground, the sea, or in the air. They contain many repeated events, such as mail call, all presented visually with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a>, equipment, and iconography of battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger198623-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Further, Basinger considers <a href="/wiki/Bataan_(film)" title="Bataan (film)">Bataan</a> to provide a definition-by-example of "the World War II combat film", in which a diverse and apparently unsuited group of "hastily assembled volunteers" hold off a much larger group of the enemy through their "bravery and tenacity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberwein200530–31-11">[11]</a> She argues that the combat film is not a subgenre but the only genuine kind of war film. Since she notes that there were in fact only five true combat films made during the Second World War, in her view these few films, central to the genre, are outweighed by the many other films that are only just war films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger198614–75-12">[12]</a> However, other critics such as Russell Earl Shain propose a far broader definition of war film, to include films that deal "with the roles of civilians, espionage agents, and soldiers in any of the aspects of war (i.e. preparation, cause, prevention, conduct, daily life, and consequences or aftermath.)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000117–121-13">[13]</a> Neale points out that genres overlap, with combat scenes for different purposes in other types of film, and suggests that war films are characterised by combat which "determines the fate of the principal characters". This in turn pushes combat scenes to the climactic ends of war films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000118-6">[6]</a> Not all critics agree, either, that war films must be about 20th-century wars. James Clarke includes <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a>'s Oscar-winning <a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a> (1990) among the war films he discusses in detail; it is set in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and he lists six other films about that war which he considers "notable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006227–237-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> The screenwriter and scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> identifies war films as one of eleven super-genres in his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">screenwriters' taxonomy</a>, claiming that all feature-length narrative films can be classified as belonging to one of them.<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2018-17">[16]</a> The British military historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> "despair[s]" at how film-makers from America and Britain "play fast and loose with the facts", yet imply that "their version is as good as the truth".<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2018-19">[17]</a> For example, he calls the 2000 American film <a href="/wiki/U-571_(film)" title="U-571 (film)">U-571</a> a "shameless deception" for pretending that a US warship had helped to win the Battle of the Atlantic—seven months before America entered the war.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2018-19">[17]</a> He is equally critical of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s 2017 film <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a> with its unhistorically empty beaches, low-level air combat over the sea, and rescues mainly by the "little ships".<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2018-19">[17]</a> Beevor feels, however, that Continental European film-makers are often "far more scrupulous"; for example, in his view the 2004 German film <a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a> accurately depicted the historical events of Hitler's final days in his Berlin bunker,<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2018-19">[17]</a> and he considers the 1965 French film <a href="/wiki/The_317th_Platoon" title="The 317th Platoon">The 317th Platoon</a>, set in Vietnam, "the greatest war movie ever made". The 1966 film <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers" title="The Battle of Algiers">The Battle of Algiers</a> is, he argues, a close second.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2018-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></div> The costliest war in U.S. history in terms of American life, this war has been the subject of, or the backdrop to, numerous films, documentaries and mini-series. One of the earliest films using the Civil War as its subject was <a href="/wiki/D.W._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Griffith">D.W. Griffith</a>'s 1910 silent picture, <a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1910_film)" title="The Fugitive (1910 film)">The Fugitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Films that have the war as its main subject, or about a certain aspect of the war, include the 1989 film <a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a>, about the first formal unit of the Union Army during the American Civil War to be made up entirely of Black volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Some films such as <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a> focused on a single battle during the war,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> or even on a single incident, like the French short film <a href="/wiki/An_Occurrence_at_Owl_Creek_Bridge_(film)" title="An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (film)">La Rivière du Hibou</a> (An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge)<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-23">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Locomotive_Chase" title="The Great Locomotive Chase">The Great Locomotive Chase</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-Trains_1956-24">[22]</a> Others like the 1993 miniseries <a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)" title="North and South (miniseries)">North and South</a> spanned the entire breadth of the war. Some films deal with the human aspects of the war, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage_(1951_film)" title="The Red Badge of Courage (1951 film)">The Red Badge of Courage</a> (1951),<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_(film)" title="Shenandoah (film)">Shenandoah</a> (1965), on the tragedy that the war inflicted on the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Civil War (TV series)">The Civil War</a> is the most-watched documentary in the history of <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg/180px-Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg/270px-Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg/360px-Paul_von_Hindenbrug_WWI_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>1918 film poster for Die grosse Schlacht in Frankreich (The Great Battle in France), with <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Spanish–American_War">The Spanish–American War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Spanish–American War">edit</a>]</div> The first war films come from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898. Short "actualities"—documentary film-clips—included Burial of the Maine Victims, Blanket-Tossing of a New Recruit, and Soldiers Washing Dishes. These non-combat films were accompanied by "reenactments" of fighting, such as of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s "Rough Riders" in action against the Spanish, staged in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberwein20105-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fiction_based_on_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction based on World War I">Fiction based on World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War#Media" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">History of the United Kingdom during the First World War § Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I#Motion_pictures" title="United States home front during World War I">United States home front during World War I § Motion pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home front during World War I</a></div> During the First World War, many films were made about life in the war. Topics included prisoners of war, covert operations, and military training. Both the Central Powers and the Allies produced war documentaries. The films were also used as propaganda in neutral countries like the United States. Among these was a film shot on the Eastern Front by official war photographer to the Central Powers, <a href="/wiki/Albert_K._Dawson" title="Albert K. Dawson">Albert K. Dawson</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_and_Fall_of_Przemysl" title="The Battle and Fall of Przemysl">The Battle and Fall of Przemysl</a> (1915), depicting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a>, disastrous for the Austrians, with incidents reenacted using soldiers as extras.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The 1915 Australian film <a href="/wiki/Within_Our_Gates_(1915_film)" title="Within Our Gates (1915 film)">Within Our Gates</a> (also known as Deeds that Won Gallipoli) by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harvey_(Australian_screenwriter)" title="Frank Harvey (Australian screenwriter)">Frank Harvey</a> was described by the Motion Picture News as "a really good war story, which is exceptional".<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme_film_image1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Staged scene of British troops advancing through barbed wire from <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)" title="The Battle of the Somme (film)">The Battle of the Somme</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> The 1916 British film <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Somme_(film)" title="The Battle of the Somme (film)">The Battle of the Somme</a>, by two official cinematographers, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Malins" title="Geoffrey Malins">Geoffrey Malins</a> and John McDowell, combined documentary and propaganda, seeking to give the public an impression of what <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> was like. Much of the film was shot on location at the Western Front in France; it had a powerful emotional impact. It was watched by some 20 million people in Britain in its six weeks of exhibition, making it what the critic <a href="/wiki/Francine_Stock" title="Francine Stock">Francine Stock</a> called "one of the most successful films of all time".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The 1925 American film <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Parade" title="The Big Parade">The Big Parade</a> depicted unglamorous elements of war: the protagonist loses his leg, and his friends are killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid200224–26-34">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wings_(1927_film)" title="Wings (1927 film)">Wings</a> (1927) showed aerial combat during the war and was made in cooperation with the Army Air Corps. It proved a powerful recruiting tool.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> It became the first film (in any genre) to be awarded an Oscar for best picture.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Later films of varied genres that deal with the First World War include <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s "colossal epic", both war film and biopic<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Lawrence-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> (1962), shot in the then unfamiliar and exciting <a href="/wiki/70mm" class="mw-redirect" title="70mm">70mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and described by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> as "maybe the greatest screenplay ever written for the motion-picture medium";<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Lawrence-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s satirical anti-war musical comedy based on <a href="/wiki/Joan_Littlewood" title="Joan Littlewood">Joan Littlewood</a>'s play of the same name, <a href="/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War" title="Oh! What a Lovely War">Oh! What a Lovely War</a> (1969);<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Spielberg's 2011 war drama <a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(film)" title="War Horse (film)">War Horse</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Michael_Morpurgo" title="Michael Morpurgo">Michael Morpurgo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(novel)" title="War Horse (novel)">children's novel of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Many of the films promoted as "documentaries" added context to authentic battlefield scenes by staging critical events, and invented episodes and dialog to enhance excitement at the cost of authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_Civil_War">Finnish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finnish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> Although the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Reds</a> remained a controversial topic a century later in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> many Finnish filmmakers have taken up the subject, often basing their work on a book. In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Toivo_S%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4" title="Toivo Särkkä">Toivo Särkkä</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1918_(1957_film)" title="1918 (1957 film)">1918</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Jarl_Hemmer" title="Jarl Hemmer">Jarl Hemmer</a>'s play and novel, was screened at the <a href="/wiki/7th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="7th Berlin International Film Festival">7th Berlin International Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Recent films include <a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rh%C3%B6nen" title="Lauri Törhönen">Lauri Törhönen</a>'s 2007 <a href="/wiki/The_Border_(2007_film)" title="The Border (2007 film)">The Border</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aku_Louhimies" title="Aku Louhimies">Aku Louhimies</a>'s 2008 <a href="/wiki/Tears_of_April" title="Tears of April">Tears of April</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Leena_Lander" title="Leena Lander">Leena Lander</a>'s novel.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Perhaps the most famous film about the Finnish Civil War is <a href="/wiki/Edvin_Laine" title="Edvin Laine">Edvin Laine</a>'s 1968 <a href="/wiki/Here,_Beneath_the_North_Star" title="Here, Beneath the North Star">Here, Beneath the North Star</a>, based on the first two books of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Under_the_North_Star_trilogy" title="Under the North Star trilogy">Under the North Star</a> trilogy; it describing the civil war from the losing side, <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Finland's Red Guards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_films" title="List of Spanish Civil War films">List of Spanish Civil War films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg/180px-SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg/270px-SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg/360px-SovietSpainCivilWarPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Soviet poster for an exhibition about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> has attracted directors from different countries. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Wood" title="Sam Wood">Sam Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(film)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a> (1943), based on <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">book of the same name</a>, portrays the fated romance between an American played by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> and a partisan played by <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> against the backdrop of the civil war. The epic 168-minute film with its landscapes shot in Technicolor and a "beautiful" orchestral score was a success both with audiences and with critics.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(1950_film)" title="Guernica (1950 film)">Guernica</a> (1950) uses <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>'s 1937 <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">painting of the same name</a> to protest against war.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Caza" class="mw-redirect" title="La Caza">La Caza</a> (The Hunt, 1966) uses the metaphor of hunting to criticise the aggressiveness of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pulver-Spanish-50">[48]</a> It won the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Director" title="Silver Bear for Best Director">Silver Bear for Best Director</a> at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="16th Berlin International Film Festival">16th Berlin International Film Festival</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Freedom_(film)" title="Land and Freedom (film)">Land and Freedom</a> (Tierra y Libertad, 1995), loosely based on <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a>, follows a British communist through the war to reveal the painful contradictions within the anti-fascist Republican side.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_War_films" title="Category:Korean War films">Category:Korean War films</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Samuel Fuller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Steel_Helmet" title="The Steel Helmet">The Steel Helmet</a> (1951) was made during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953). The critic Guy Westwell notes that it questioned the conduct of the war, as did later films like <a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_at_Toko-Ri" title="The Bridges at Toko-Ri">The Bridges at Toko-Ri</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Pork_Chop_Hill_(film)" title="Pork Chop Hill (film)">Pork Chop Hill</a> (1959).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200651–53-52">[50]</a> Fuller agreed that all his films were anti-war. No Hollywood films about the Korean War did well at the box office; the historian Lary May suggested in 2001 that they reminded American viewers of "the only war we have lost".<a href="#cite_note-WestSŏ2001-53">[51]</a> In 1955, after the fighting, the successful <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">South Korean</a> action film <a href="/wiki/Piagol" title="Piagol">Piagol</a> about leftist guerrilla atrocities encouraged other film-makers. The 1960s military government punished pro-communist film-makers and gave Grand Bell Awards to films with the strongest anti-communist message. <a href="/wiki/The_Taebaek_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="The Taebaek Mountains">The Taebaek Mountains</a> (1994) dealt with leftists from the south who fought for the communists, while <a href="/wiki/Silver_Stallion_(1991_film)" title="Silver Stallion (1991 film)">Silver Stallion</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Spring_in_My_Hometown" title="Spring in My Hometown">Spring in My Hometown</a> (1998) showed the destructive impact of American military presence on village life. The violent action films <a href="/wiki/Shiri_(film)" title="Shiri (film)">Shiri</a> (1999) and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area_(film)" title="Joint Security Area (film)">Joint Security Area</a> (2000) presented North Korea in a favourable light.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Films in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Korea">North Korea</a> were made by government film studios and had clear political messages. The first was <a href="/wiki/My_Home_Village" title="My Home Village">My Home Village</a> (1949), on the liberation of Korea from the Japanese, presented as the work of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> without help from the Americans. Similarly, the country's films about the Korean War show victory without help from the Chinese. The film scholar Johannes Schönherr concludes that the purpose of these films is "to portray North Korea as a country under siege", and that since the U.S. and its "puppet" South Korea invaded the North once, they would do so again.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algerian_War">Algerian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Algerian War">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a>'s dramatic <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers" title="The Battle of Algiers">The Battle of Algiers</a> ((<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: La battaglia di Algeri; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: معركة الجزائر; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: La Bataille d'Alger), 1966) portrayed events in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1956). It was shot on location as an Italo-Algerian co-production. It had the black and white newsreel style of <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a>, and even-handedly depicts violence on both sides. It won various awards including <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> It was attacked by French critics and was for five years banned in France as well as <a href="/wiki/Jamila,_the_Algerian" title="Jamila, the Algerian">Jamila, the Algerian</a> (1958).<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Vietnam War in film</a></div> Few films before the late 1970s about the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> actually depicted combat;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000121–124-58">[56]</a> exceptions include <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Berets_(film)" title="The Green Berets (film)">The Green Berets</a> (1968).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000121–124-58">[56]</a> Critics such as Basinger explain that Hollywood avoided the subject because of <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a>, making the subject divisive; in addition, the film industry was in crisis, and the army did not wish to assist in making anti-war films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000121–124-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger1986212–213-59">[57]</a> From the late 1970s, independently financed and produced films showed Hollywood that Vietnam could be treated in film. Successful but very different portrayals of the war in which America had been defeated included <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter" title="The Deer Hunter">The Deer Hunter</a> (1978), and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000121–124-58">[56]</a> With the shift in American politics to the right in the 1980s, military success could again be shown in films such as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Platoon_(film)" title="Platoon (film)">Platoon</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a> (1987) and <a href="/wiki/John_Irvin" title="John Irvin">John Irvin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hill" title="Hamburger Hill">Hamburger Hill</a> (1987).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000121–124-58">[56]</a> The Vietnamese director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%93ng_S%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Hồng Sến (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Hồng Sến</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%93ng_S%E1%BA%BFn" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Hồng Sến">vi</a>]'s <a href="/wiki/The_Abandoned_Field:_Free_Fire_Zone" title="The Abandoned Field: Free Fire Zone">The Abandoned Field: Free Fire Zone</a> (Cánh đồng hoang, 1979) gives an "unnerving and compelling .. subjective-camera-eye-view" of life under helicopter fire in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> during the Vietnam War. The film cuts to an (American) "helicopter-eye view", contrasting painfully with the human tenderness seen earlier.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_wars">Later wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later wars">edit</a>]</div> Dino Mustafić's <a href="/wiki/Remake_(2003_film)" title="Remake (2003 film)">Remake</a> (2003), written by <a href="/wiki/Zlatko_Top%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Zlatko Topčić">Zlatko Topčić</a>, tells the parallel <a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a> stories of a father living in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and his son living through the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. According to Topčić, the story is based on incidents from his own life.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-62">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> served as the background story of U.S. movies, like <a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a> from 2008, <a href="/wiki/Green_Zone_(film)" title="Green Zone (film)">Green Zone</a> from 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Schwerdtfeger_2021-63">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Sniper" title="American Sniper">American Sniper</a> from 2014. The <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> since 2001 was depicted in various movies, among them <a href="/wiki/Restrepo_(film)" title="Restrepo (film)">Restrepo</a> in 2010 and <a href="/wiki/Lone_Survivor" title="Lone Survivor">Lone Survivor</a> from 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Schwerdtfeger_2021-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg/220px-HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg/330px-HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg/440px-HMS_Tribune_fiming_1943_IWM_D_13211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Filming aboard the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tribune_(N76)" title="HMS Tribune (N76)">HMS Tribune</a>, playing the role of "HMS Tyrant" in a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> film, 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Made_by_Western_Allies">Made by Western Allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Made by Western Allies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_propaganda_films_of_World_War_II" title="List of Allied propaganda films of World War II">List of Allied propaganda films of World War II</a></div> The first popular <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war films made during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> came from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and combined the functions of <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> and propaganda. Films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_Has_Wings" title="The Lion Has Wings">The Lion Has Wings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a> were made under the control of the Films Division of the Ministry of Information. The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">British film industry</a> began to combine documentary techniques with fictional stories in films like <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a> (1942)—"the most successful British film of the war years"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200564-64">[62]</a>—<a href="/wiki/Millions_Like_Us" title="Millions Like Us">Millions Like Us</a> (1943), and <a href="/wiki/The_Way_Ahead" title="The Way Ahead">The Way Ahead</a> (1944).<a href="#cite_note-Swann1989-65">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirty-seconds-over-tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thirty-seconds-over-tokyo.jpg/220px-Thirty-seconds-over-tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Thirty-seconds-over-tokyo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B-25" class="mw-redirect" title="B-25">B-25s</a> about to launch from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_Over_Tokyo" title="Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo">Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo</a> (1944)</figcaption></figure> In America, documentaries were produced in various ways: General Marshall commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a> propaganda series from Frank Capra; the War Department's Information-Education Division started out making training films for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy; the Army made its own through the U.S. Signal Corps, including <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_San_Pietro" title="The Battle of San Pietro">The Battle of San Pietro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manning2004-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> made films with propaganda messages about America's allies, such as <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Miniver" title="Mrs. Miniver">Mrs. Miniver</a> (1942), which portrayed a British family on the home front;<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Darkness_(1943_film)" title="Edge of Darkness (1943 film)">Edge of Darkness</a> (1943) showed Norwegian resistance fighters,<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(1943_film)" title="The North Star (1943 film)">The North Star</a> (1943) showed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Towards the end of the war popular books provided higher quality and more serious stories for films such as <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Diary_(film)" title="Guadalcanal Diary (film)">Guadalcanal Diary</a> (1943),<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_Over_Tokyo" title="Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo">Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo</a> (1944),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrriss198493–100-71">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/They_Were_Expendable" title="They Were Expendable">They Were Expendable</a> (1945).<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg/330px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg/440px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_24-52_Infantry_riding_into_battle_on_tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot from <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a> (1942). <a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflaged</a> Russian ski infantry ride into battle on <a href="/wiki/BT-7" title="BT-7">BT-7</a> cavalry tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union, too, appreciated the propaganda value of film, to publicise both victories and German atrocities. Ilya Kopalin's documentary <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Разгром немецких войск под Москвой, literally "The rout of the German troops near Moscow"), was made during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> between October 1941 and January 1942. It depicted civilians helping to defend the city, the parade in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s speech rousing the Russian people to battle, actual fighting, Germans surrendering and dead, and atrocities including murdered children and hanged civilians. It won an Academy Award in 1943 for best documentary.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1942-74">[72]</a> Newsreel cameras were similarly rushed to <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> early in 1943 to record "the spectacle which greeted the Russian soldiers"—the starvation of Russian prisoners of war in the Voropovono camp by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German Sixth Army</a>, defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Feature films made in the west during the war were subject to censorship and were not always realistic in nature. One of the first to attempt to represent violence, and which was praised at the time for "gritty realism", was <a href="/wiki/Tay_Garnett" title="Tay Garnett">Tay Garnett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bataan_(film)" title="Bataan (film)">Bataan</a> (1943). The depiction actually remained stylised. Jeanine Basinger gives as an example the "worst image for stark violence" when a Japanese soldier beheads an American: the victim shows pain and his lips freeze in a scream, yet no blood spurts and his head does not fall off. Basinger points out that while this is physically unrealistic, psychologically it may not have been. The wartime audience was, she points out, well aware of friends and relatives who had been killed or who had come home wounded.<a href="#cite_note-AHA-Basinger-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Made_by_Axis_powers">Made by Axis powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Made by Axis powers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_propaganda_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese propaganda during World War II">Japanese propaganda during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500,_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a> visiting <a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">Universum Film AG</a> in 1935. The studio made propaganda films such as <a href="/wiki/Triumph_des_Willens" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph des Willens">Triumph des Willens</a> (1935) and <a href="/wiki/Kolberg_(film)" title="Kolberg (film)">Kolberg</a> (1945).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> similarly made films during the Second World War, for propaganda and other purposes. In Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">army high command</a> brought out <a href="/wiki/Sieg_im_Westen" title="Sieg im Westen">Sieg im Westen</a> ("Victory in the West", 1941).<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Other Nazi propaganda films had varied subjects, as with <a href="/wiki/Kolberg_(film)" title="Kolberg (film)">Kolberg</a> (1945), which depicts stubborn <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Siege of Kolberg (1807)</a> to the invading French troops under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The propaganda minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> chose the historical subject as suitable for the worsening situation facing Nazi Germany when it was filmed from October 1943 to August 1944. At over eight million marks, using thousands of soldiers as extras and 100 railway wagonloads of salt to simulate snow, it was the most costly German film made during the war. The actual siege ended with the surrender of the town; in the film, the French generals abandon the siege.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> For Japan, the war began with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">undeclared war and invasion of China in 1937</a>, which the Japanese authorities called "The China Incident". The government dispatched a "pen brigade" to write and film the action in China with "humanist values". <a href="/wiki/Tomotaka_Tasaka" title="Tomotaka Tasaka">Tomotaka Tasaka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mud_and_Soldiers" title="Mud and Soldiers">Mud and Soldiers</a> (1939) for instance, shot on location in China, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzabur%C5%8D_Yoshimura" title="Kōzaburō Yoshimura">Kōzaburō Yoshimura</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Tank_Commander_Nishizumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi">Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sato_Takeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato Takeshi">Sato Takeshi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_and_Soldiers" title="Chocolate and Soldiers">Chocolate and Soldiers</a> (1938) show the common Japanese soldier as an individual and as a family man, and even enemy Chinese soldiers are presented as individuals, sometimes fighting bravely.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Once war with the United States was declared, the Japanese conflict became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. Japanese film critics worried that even with Western film techniques, their film output failed to represent native Japanese values.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John Dower</a> found that Japanese wartime films had been largely forgotten, as "losers do not get reruns", yet they were so subtle and skilful that Frank Capra thought Chocolate and Soldiers unbeatable. Heroes were typically low-ranking officers, not <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, calmly devoted to his men and his country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199348-82">[80]</a> These films did not personalise the enemy and therefore lacked hatred, though Great Britain could figure as the "cultural enemy". For Japanese film-makers, war was not a cause but more like a natural disaster, and "what mattered was not whom one fought but how well". Asian enemies, especially the Chinese, were often portrayed as redeemable and even possible marriage partners. Japanese wartime films do not glorify war, but present the Japanese state as one great family and the Japanese people as an "innocent, suffering, self-sacrificing people". Dower comments that the perversity of this image "is obvious: it is devoid of any recognition that, at every level, the Japanese also victimized others."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199349-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Postwar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_films" title="List of World War II films">List of World War II films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg/220px-Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg/330px-Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg/440px-Shooting_of_a_scene_from_A_bridge_too_far.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3485" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>Shooting a scene from <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(1977_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)">A Bridge Too Far</a> on location in <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, Netherlands, 1977</figcaption></figure> According to Andrew Pulver of The Guardian, the public fascination with war films became an "obsession", with over 200 war films produced in each decade of the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Pulver-84">[82]</a> War film production in the United Kingdom and United States reached its zenith in the mid-1950s. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer200383-85">[83]</a> Its popularity in the United Kingdom was brought on by the critical and commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frend" title="Charles Frend">Charles Frend</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_(1953_film)" title="The Cruel Sea (1953 film)">The Cruel Sea</a> (1953).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer200383-85">[83]</a> Like others of the period, The Cruel Sea was based on a bestselling novel, in this case the former naval commander <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Monsarrat" title="Nicholas Monsarrat">Nicholas Monsarrat</a>'s story of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">battle of the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Others, like <a href="/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)" title="The Dam Busters (film)">The Dam Busters</a> (1954), with its exciting tale of the inventor <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>'s unorthodox <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">bouncing bomb</a> and its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">theme music</a>, were true stories. The Dam Busters became the most popular film in Britain in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> and remained a favourite as of 2015 with a 100% score on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> though, partly because it celebrated an "exclusively British [victory]", it failed in the American market.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsden2003-90">[88]</a> A large number of war films were made in the 1955–1958 period in particular. In 1957 alone, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Victory" title="Bitter Victory">Bitter Victory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Five_and_Die" title="Count Five and Die">Count Five and Die</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Below" title="The Enemy Below">The Enemy Below</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(film)" title="Ill Met by Moonlight (film)">Ill Met by Moonlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Men_in_War" title="Men in War">Men in War</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_One_That_Got_Away_(1957_film)" title="The One That Got Away (1957 film)">The One That Got Away</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Thunders_(film)" title="Seven Thunders (film)">Seven Thunders</a>, and the highly successful, critically acclaimed pictures <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge on the River Kwai">The Bridge on the River Kwai</a> (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture that year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaco199296-91">[89]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paths_of_Glory" title="Paths of Glory">Paths of Glory</a> were released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojik-Andrews200276-92">[90]</a> Some, such as Bitter Victory, focused more on the psychological battle between officers and egotism rather than events during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiLeo2010196-93">[91]</a> The Bridge on the River Kwai brought a new complexity to the war picture, with a sense of moral uncertainty surrounding war. By the end of the decade the "sense of shared achievement" which had been common in war films "began to evaporate", according to Pulver.<a href="#cite_note-Pulver-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> films in the 1950s and 1960s could display spectacular heroics or self-sacrifice, as in the popular <a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Sands of Iwo Jima">Sands of Iwo Jima</a> (1949) starring <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>. U.S. Marines considered Sands of Iwo Jima visually authentic, but found Lewis Milestone's <a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_(film)" title="Battle Cry (film)">Battle Cry</a> (1955), with its attention to the lives of the men, the more realistic film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002116–135-94">[92]</a> The formula for a successful war film consisted, according to Lawrence Suid, of a small group of ethnically diverse men; an unreasonable senior officer; cowards became heroic, or died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002116–135-94">[92]</a> Jeanine Basinger suggests that a traditional war film should have a hero, a group, and an objective, and that the group should contain "an Italian, a Jew, a cynical complainer from Brooklyn, a sharpshooter from the mountains, a midwesterner (nicknamed by his state, 'Iowa' or 'Dakota'), and a character who must be initiated in some way".<a href="#cite_note-AHA-Basinger-76">[74]</a> Films based on real <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> missions, like <a href="/wiki/Gift_Horse_(film)" title="Gift Horse (film)">The Gift Horse</a> (1952) based on the <a href="/wiki/St._Nazaire_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nazaire Raid">St. Nazaire Raid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(film)" title="Ill Met by Moonlight (film)">Ill Met by Moonlight</a> (1956) based on the capture of the German commander of Crete, inspired fictional adventure films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)" title="The Guns of Navarone (film)">The Guns of Navarone</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/The_Train_(1964_film)" title="The Train (1964 film)">The Train</a> (1964), and <a href="/wiki/Where_Eagles_Dare" title="Where Eagles Dare">Where Eagles Dare</a> (1968). These used the war as a backdrop for spectacular action.<a href="#cite_note-Pulver-84">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG/220px-Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG/330px-Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG/440px-Tora_Fire_Break_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Supposed realism: the <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Air_Force" title="Commemorative Air Force">Commemorative Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Wing" title="Gulf Coast Wing">Gulf Coast Wing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a> team simulating the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> with a wall of fire instead of explosions, using planes such as <a href="/wiki/T-6_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="T-6 Texan">T-6 Texans</a> converted to resemble <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zeros</a>, and generating smoke<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[c]</a> 2008</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> produced the 178 minute documentary drama <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)" title="The Longest Day (film)">The Longest Day</a> (1962), based on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/D-Day_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day landings">D-Day landings</a>, achieving commercial success and Oscars.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> It was followed by large-scale but thoughtful films like <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ivan%27s_Childhood" title="Ivan's Childhood">Ivan's Childhood</a> (1962), and quasi-<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> all-star epics filmed in Europe such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_(1965_film)" title="Battle of the Bulge (1965 film)">Battle of the Bulge</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_(film)" title="Battle of Britain (film)">Battle of Britain</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Neretva">The Battle of Neretva</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Midway_(1976_film)" title="Midway (1976 film)">Midway</a> (1976), and <a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(1977_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)">A Bridge Too Far</a> (1977). In Lawrence Suid's view, The Longest Day "served as the model for all subsequent combat spectaculars".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002188–189-98">[95]</a> However, its cost also made it the last of the traditional war films, while the controversy around the help given by the U.S. Army and Zanuck's "disregard for Pentagon relations" changed the way that Hollywood and the Army collaborated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002188–189-98">[95]</a> Zanuck, by then an executive at <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>, set up an American–Japanese co-production for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a> (1970) to depict what "really happened on December 7, 1941" in the surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish1990411–412-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrriss1984194–195-100">[97]</a> The film, panned by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> was a major success in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish1990411–412-99">[96]</a> Its realistic-looking attack footage was reused in later films such as <a href="/wiki/Midway_(1976_film)" title="Midway (1976 film)">Midway</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a> (1980), and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(2008_film)" title="Australia (2008 film)">Australia</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolan198587-103">[100]</a> The story was revisited in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a> (2001), described by The New York Times as a "noisy, expensive and very long new blockbuster", with the comment that "for all its epic pretensions (as if epic were a matter of running time, tumescent music and earnest voice-over pronouncements), the movie works best as a bang-and-boom action picture".<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a> (1998) uses hand-held camera, sound design, staging, and increased audio-visual detail to defamiliarise viewers accustomed to conventional combat films, so as to create what film historian Stuart Bender calls "reported realism", whether or not the portrayal is genuinely more realistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2013ix-105">[102]</a> Jeanine Basinger notes that critics experienced it as "groundbreaking and anti-generic", with, in James Wolcott's words, a "desire to bury the cornball, recruiting poster legend of John Wayne: to get it right this time"; and that combat films have always been "grounded in the need to help an audience understand and accept war".<a href="#cite_note-AHA-Basinger-76">[74]</a> Its success revived interest in World War II films.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2004-106">[103]</a> Others tried to portray the reality of the war, as in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier" title="Joseph Vilsmaier">Joseph Vilsmaier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(1993_film)" title="Stalingrad (1993 film)">Stalingrad</a> (1993), which The New York Times said "goes about as far as a movie can go in depicting modern warfare as a stomach-turning form of mass slaughter".<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military–film_industry_relations">Military–film industry relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military–film industry relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military-entertainment_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-entertainment complex">Military-entertainment complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Frank_Capra_(right)_of_the_US_Army_Signal_Corps_confers_with_Captain_Roy_Boulting_of_the_British_Army_Film_Unit_on_the_editing_of_the_film_%27Tunisian_Victory%27_in_February_1944._D18377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Colonel_Frank_Capra_%28right%29_of_the_US_Army_Signal_Corps_confers_with_Captain_Roy_Boulting_of_the_British_Army_Film_Unit_on_the_editing_of_the_film_%27Tunisian_Victory%27_in_February_1944._D18377.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Colonel_Frank_Capra_%28right%29_of_the_US_Army_Signal_Corps_confers_with_Captain_Roy_Boulting_of_the_British_Army_Film_Unit_on_the_editing_of_the_film_%27Tunisian_Victory%27_in_February_1944._D18377.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Colonel_Frank_Capra_%28right%29_of_the_US_Army_Signal_Corps_confers_with_Captain_Roy_Boulting_of_the_British_Army_Film_Unit_on_the_editing_of_the_film_%27Tunisian_Victory%27_in_February_1944._D18377.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (right) of the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Signal Corps">US Army Signal Corps</a> confers with Captain <a href="/wiki/Roy_Boulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Boulting">Roy Boulting</a> of the British Army Film Unit on the editing of the film <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Victory" title="Tunisian Victory">Tunisian Victory</a> in February 1944</figcaption></figure> Many war films have been produced with the cooperation of a nation's military forces. Since the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> has provided ships and technical guidance for films such as <a href="/wiki/Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> assisted with <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Lift" title="The Big Lift">The Big Lift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_(film)" title="Strategic Air Command (film)">Strategic Air Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Gathering_of_Eagles" title="A Gathering of Eagles">A Gathering of Eagles</a>, which were filmed on Air Force bases; Air Force personnel appeared in many roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002161–209-108">[105]</a> Critics have argued that the film Pearl Harbor's US-biased portrayal of events is a compensation for technical assistance received from the US armed forces, noting that the premiere was held on board a U.S. Navy carrier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayner20071–2-109">[106]</a> In another case, the U.S. Navy objected to elements of <a href="/wiki/Crimson_Tide_(film)" title="Crimson Tide (film)">Crimson Tide</a>, especially mutiny on board an American naval vessel, so the film was produced without their assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002609-110">[107]</a> The film historian Jonathan Rayner observes that such films "have also clearly been intended to serve vital propagandist, recruitment and public relations functions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayner20071–2-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_traditions">National traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> The first Chinese war films were newsreels like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wuhan_(1911_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Wuhan (1911 film) (page does not exist)">Battle of Wuhan</a> (1911) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shanghai_(1913_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shanghai (1913 film) (page does not exist)">Battle of Shanghai</a> (1913). Still in films such as <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xinfu" title="Xu Xinfu">Xu Xinfu</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_Exploits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle Exploits (page does not exist)">Battle Exploits</a> (1925), war featured mainly as background. Only with the Second Sino–Japanese War from 1937 onwards did war film become a serious genre in China, with nationalistic films such as <a href="/wiki/Shi_Dongshan" title="Shi Dongshan">Shi Dongshan</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protect_Our_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protect Our Land (page does not exist)">Protect Our Land</a> (1938). The Chinese Civil War, too, attracted films such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_Yin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng Yin (page does not exist)">Cheng Yin</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Victory_to_Victory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Victory to Victory (page does not exist)">From Victory to Victory</a> (1952). A more humanistic film set in the same period is <a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin" title="Xie Jin">Xie Jin</a>'s The Cradle (1979), while more recent large-scale commercial films include <a href="/wiki/Lu_Chuan" title="Lu Chuan">Lu Chuan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/City_of_Life_and_Death" title="City of Life and Death">City of Life and Death</a> (2009).<a href="#cite_note-YeZhu2012-111">[108]</a> Chinese directors have repeatedly attempted to cover the atrocities committed by the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938), with films such as the political melodrama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre_in_Nanjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacre in Nanjing (page does not exist)">Massacre in Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mou_Tun_Fei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mou Tun Fei">Mou Tun Fei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Sun:_The_Nanking_Massacre" title="Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre">Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre</a>, and the "contrived Sino–Japanese romance" <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Cry,_Nanking" title="Don't Cry, Nanking">Don't Cry, Nanking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Li-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a>'s epic Chinese film <a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers of War">Flowers of War</a> (2011), based on <a href="/wiki/Geling_Yan" title="Geling Yan">Geling Yan</a>'s novel, portrays the violent events through the eyes of a 13-year-old girl.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian">Indonesian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indonesian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg/220px-Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg/330px-Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg/440px-Darah_dan_Doa_P%26K_Apr_1953_p28_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siliwangi_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliwangi Division">Siliwangi Division</a> in combat, in a scene from <a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darah_dan_Doa" title="Darah dan Doa">Darah dan Doa</a>, 1950</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian cinema">Indonesian films</a> deal with the occupation of the archipelago by the Japanese during the Second World War. <a href="/wiki/Teguh_Karya" title="Teguh Karya">Teguh Karya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doea_Tanda_Mata" title="Doea Tanda Mata">Doea Tanda Mata</a> (Mementos, literally "Two Eye Marks", 1985) covers the limited nationalist resistance to Dutch colonial rule in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeider199199–107-115">[112]</a> A third group of films such as <a href="/wiki/Enam_Djam_di_Jogja" title="Enam Djam di Jogja">Enam Djam di Jogja</a> (Six Hours in Yogyakarta, 1951) and <a href="/wiki/Serangan_Fajar" title="Serangan Fajar">Serangan Fajar</a> (Attack at Dawn, 1983) covers the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian war of independence</a> (1945–1949). Two other films about the same period portray the Indonesian equivalent of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>: <a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darah_dan_Doa" title="Darah dan Doa">Darah dan Doa</a> (The Long March, literally "Blood and Prayer", 1950) and <a href="/wiki/Mereka_Kembali" title="Mereka Kembali">Mereka Kembali</a> (They Return, 1975). Each of these films interprets the past from the perspective of its own time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeider199199–107-115">[112]</a> The more recent Merdeka (Freedom) trilogy (2009–2011), starting with <a href="/wiki/Merah_Putih_(2009_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merah Putih (2009 film)">Merah Putih</a> ("Red and White", the colours of the flag of the new Indonesia), revisits the campaign for independence through the lives of a diverse group of cadets who become guerillas.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Karya's <a href="/wiki/November_1828" title="November 1828">November 1828</a> (1979) looks at Indonesia's struggle for independence through <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java or Diponegoro War</a> (1825–1830), though the colonial enemy was the same, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a>. Deanne Schultz considered it "a valuable interpretation" of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian history">Indonesian history</a> that "embodies the best of popular Indonesian cinema". It was the first Indonesian film to become well known internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2007133-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet">Soviet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Soviet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg/180px-Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg/270px-Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg/360px-Stalingrad_Ozerov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Russia's "cinema front": <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Ozerov_(director)" title="Yuri Ozerov (director)">Yury Ozerov</a> (left) directing the filming of <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(1989_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad (1989 film)">Stalingrad</a>, 1987</figcaption></figure> War has been the Soviet Union's cinema's major genre, becoming known indeed as the "cinema front", and its war films ranged from grim portrayals of atrocities to sentimental and even quietly subversive accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungblood2010234–235,_''passim''-118">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Lukov" title="Leonid Lukov">Leonid Lukov</a>'s popular and "beautiful"<a href="#cite_note-Smorodinskaya2013-119">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Two_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Warriors">Two Warriors</a> (1943) depicted two stereotypical Soviet soldiers, a quiet Russian and an extrovert southerner from Odessa, singing in his dugout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStites1992113–114-120">[117]</a> The many Soviet films about the Second World War include both large-scale epics such as <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Ozerov_(director)" title="Yuri Ozerov (director)">Yury Ozerov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_(film)" title="Battle of Moscow (film)">Battle of Moscow</a> (1985) and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalatozov" title="Mikhail Kalatozov">Mikhail Kalatozov</a>'s more psychological <a href="/wiki/The_Cranes_are_Flying" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cranes are Flying">The Cranes are Flying</a> (1957) on the cruel effects of war; it won the 1958 Palme d'Or at Cannes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Animated">§ Animated</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_war_films" title="Category:Japanese war films">Category:Japanese war films</a></div> Japanese directors have made popular films such as <a href="/wiki/Submarine_I-57_Will_Not_Surrender" title="Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender">Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa_(film)" title="Battle of Okinawa (film)">Battle of Okinawa</a> (1971) and <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_Longest_Day" title="Japan's Longest Day">Japan's Longest Day</a> (1967) from a Japanese perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamTsuWilson2014108,_''passim''-122">[119]</a> These "generally fail to explain the cause of the war".<a href="#cite_note-USNI-Japanese-123">[120]</a> In the decades immediately after the Second World War, Japanese films often focused on human tragedy rather than combat, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Burmese_Harp_(1956_film)" title="The Burmese Harp (1956 film)">The Burmese Harp</a> (1956) and <a href="/wiki/Fires_on_the_Plain_(1959_film)" title="Fires on the Plain (1959 film)">Fires on the Plain</a> (1959).<a href="#cite_note-USNI-Japanese-123">[120]</a> From the late 1990s, films started to take a positive view of the war and of Japanese actions. These nationalistic films, including <a href="/wiki/Pride_(1998_film)" title="Pride (1998 film)">Pride</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_17805" title="Merdeka 17805">Merdeka 17805</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/The_Truth_about_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Truth about Nanjing">The Truth about Nanjing</a> (2007), have emphasized positive traits of the Japanese military and contended that the Japanese were victims of post-war vindictiveness and viciousness. Such films have, however, been subject to protest for <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USNI-Japanese-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Zero" title="The Eternal Zero">The Eternal Zero</a> (2013) narrates the tale of a <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zero fighter</a> pilot who is considered a coward by his comrades, as he returns alive from his missions. It broke the record takings for a Japanese live action film,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and won the Golden Mulberry at the Udine Far East Film Festival,<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> but was criticised for its nationalistic sympathy with <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> pilots.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subgenres">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary">Documentary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Documentary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Documentary_war_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary war film">Documentary war film</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_documentary_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II documentary films">List of World War II documentary films</a></div> The wartime authorities in both Britain and America produced a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a> films. Their purposes included military training, advice to civilians, and encouragement to maintain security. Since these films often carried messages, they grade into propaganda. Similarly, commercially produced films often combined information, support for the war effort, and a degree of propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Swann1989-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manning2004-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsreels" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsreels">Newsreels</a>, ostensibly simply for information, were made in both Allied and Axis countries, and were often dramatised.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> More recently, in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Avini" title="Morteza Avini">Morteza Avini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ravayat-e_Fath" title="Ravayat-e Fath">Ravayat-e Fath</a> (Chronicles of Victory) television series combined front-line footage with commentary.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda film</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_film_propaganda" title="World War I film propaganda">World War I film propaganda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevsky2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nevsky2.jpg/220px-Nevsky2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nevsky2.jpg/330px-Nevsky2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nevsky2.jpg/440px-Nevsky2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (German) monks prepare the hanging of a Russian resistance leader. Still from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)" title="Alexander Nevsky (film)">Alexander Nevsky</a> (1938)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s 1938 historical drama <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)" title="Alexander Nevsky (film)">Alexander Nevsky</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Prince Alexander</a>'s defeat of the attempted invasion of the Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> By April 1939 the film had been seen by 23,000,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In 1941 the director and three others were awarded the <a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a> for their contributions. The film features a musical score by the classical composer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, considered by artists such as the composer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a> the best ever written for cinema.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Russell Merritt, writing in Film Quarterly, describes it as a "war <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda film</a>".<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> A 1978 <a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Mondadori_Editore" title="Arnoldo Mondadori Editore">Mondadori</a> poll placed Alexander Nevsky among the world's 100 best motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmitlies.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Transmitlies.jpeg/220px-Transmitlies.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Transmitlies.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s wartime <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a> series,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> depicting lies being broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> machine</figcaption></figure> During the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">film propaganda</a> was widely used. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> advised the British government that "If we renounced interest in entertainment as such, we might be deprived of a valuable weapon for getting across our propaganda"; he suggested using documentaries about the war and the war effort; celebrations of Britishness; and films about British life and character. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> and Clark agreed on a story about survivors of a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> crew, imbued with brutal Nazi ideology, travelling across Canada and meeting various kind, tolerant and intelligent Canadians, to encourage America into the war. The resulting film, <a href="/wiki/49th_Parallel_(film)" title="49th Parallel (film)">49th Parallel</a> (1941), became the top film at British offices that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200561–62-140">[137]</a> Entertaining films could carry messages about the need for vigilance, too, as in <a href="/wiki/Went_the_Day_Well%3F" title="Went the Day Well?">Went the Day Well?</a> (1942) or the avoidance of "careless talk", as in <a href="/wiki/The_Next_of_Kin" title="The Next of Kin">The Next of Kin</a> (1942).<a href="#cite_note-Swann1989-65">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg/180px-CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg/270px-CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg/360px-CasablancaPoster-Gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>The romantic drama <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a> (1943) vilified Nazism.</figcaption></figure> In America, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a> (1940) clearly satirised <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HMM-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a> (1943) was not simply a romance between the characters played by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>, but vilified the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> and glorified resistance to them.<a href="#cite_note-HMM-141">[138]</a> Frank Capra's <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a> series (1942–1945) won the 1942 Academy Award for best documentary, though it was designed to "influence opinion in the U.S. military".<a href="#cite_note-Manning2004-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, "propaganda played as much of a role in the United States' struggle with the Soviet Union as did the billions of dollars spent on weaponry."<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Devens_2015-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_with_Communism" title="Face to Face with Communism">Face to Face with Communism</a> (1951) dramatised an imagined invasion of the United States; other films portrayed threats such as communist indoctrination.<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Devens_2015-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine">Submarine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Submarine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg/220px-Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg/330px-Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg/440px-Bavaria_Filmstudio_Das_Boot_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>The cramped, equipment-filled setting of a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">submarine film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a> (1981), recreated in the Bavaria film studio</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine films</a> have their own particular meanings and conventions, concerned specifically with giving the effect of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a>. A distinctive element in this subgenre is the <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a>, which attempts to bring home the emotional and dramatic nature of conflict under the sea. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a>'s 1981 <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a>, the sound design works together with the hours-long film format to depict lengthy pursuit with <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>, the ping of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, and threatening sounds such as of the <a href="/wiki/Propellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellor">propellers</a> of enemy <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koldau-144">[141]</a> Classic films in the genre include <a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Below" title="The Enemy Below">The Enemy Below</a> (1957)<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep_(1958_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)">Run Silent, Run Deep</a> (1958), both based on novels by naval commanders. Run Silent, Run Deep is a movie full of tension, both with the enemy and between the contrasting personalities of the submarine Commander and his Lieutenant, played by <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_of_war">Prisoner of war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prisoner of war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war#In_popular_culture" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war § In popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg/220px-Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg/330px-Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg/440px-Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III" title="Stalag Luft III">Stalag Luft III</a> used in filming <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)" title="The Great Escape (film)">The Great Escape</a> (1963)</figcaption></figure> A popular subgenre of war films in the 1950s and 1960s was the <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> film.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Wigley-147">[144]</a> The genre was popularised in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> with major films like <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hamilton" title="Guy Hamilton">Guy Hamilton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Colditz_Story" title="The Colditz Story">The Colditz Story</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/John_Sturges" title="John Sturges">John Sturges</a>'s American film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)" title="The Great Escape (film)">The Great Escape</a> (1963).<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Wigley-147">[144]</a> They told stories of real escapes from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> prisoner of war camps such as <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III" title="Stalag Luft III">Stalag Luft III</a> in the Second World War. Despite episodes of danger and human tragedy, these films delight in a continual boyish game of escape and ingenuity, celebrating the courage and the defiant spirit of the prisoners of war, and treating war as fun.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Wigley-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge on the River Kwai">Bridge on the River Kwai</a> (1957) was judged best picture at the Oscars; it took the genre from chilly German prisons to the heat of a camp in Thailand. It was the first, too, to use lush colour to bring out the British <a href="/wiki/Stiff_upper_lip" title="Stiff upper lip">stiff upper lip</a> of the colonel, played by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> in an Oscar-winning performance.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Wigley-147">[144]</a> The "definitive" Oscar-winning prisoner of war film was <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stalag_17" title="Stalag 17">Stalag 17</a> (1953), while the brief but powerful prison camp scenes of <a href="/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter" title="The Deer Hunter">The Deer Hunter</a> (1978) lend an air of tragedy to the whole of that film.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Wigley-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy">Comedy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Comedy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg/140px-Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg/210px-Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg/280px-Shoulder_Arms_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>First military comedy: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_Arms" title="Shoulder Arms">Shoulder Arms</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film#Military_comedy" title="Comedy film">Comedy film § Military comedy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_Arms" title="Shoulder Arms">Shoulder Arms</a> (1918) set a style for war films to come, and was the first comedy about war in <a href="/wiki/Film_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Film history">film history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-BFI-Thrift-151">[148]</a> British cinema in the Second World War marked the evacuation of children from London with social comedies such as <a href="/wiki/Those_Kids_from_Town" title="Those Kids from Town">Those Kids from Town</a> (1942) where the evacuees go to stay with an <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earl</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Cottage_to_Let" title="Cottage to Let">Cottage to Let</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/Went_the_Day_Well%3F" title="Went the Day Well?">Went the Day Well?</a> (1942) the English countryside is thick with spies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200534–35-152">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasbags" title="Gasbags">Gasbags</a> (1941) offered "zany, irreverent, knockabout" comedy making fun of everything from <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200541-153">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Buck_Privates" title="Buck Privates">Buck Privates</a> (1941) was successful in America,<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> leading to many further wartime comedies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2012''passim''-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animated">Animated</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Animated">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg/220px-Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg/330px-Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg/440px-Winsor_McCay_-_The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_still_-_Lusitania_torpedoed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First animated propaganda film: <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> (1918) was a <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> First World War film. At 12 minutes long, it was the longest <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated film</a> made at that time. It was probably the first animated propaganda film to be made; it remains the earliest serious animated drama that has survived.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Through World War II, animated propaganda shorts remained influential in American cinema. The <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Company</a>, working with the American armed forces, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_World_War_II_propaganda_production" title="Walt Disney's World War II propaganda production">produced 400,000 feet of war propaganda films</a> between 1942 and 1945,<a href="#cite_note-animat-159">[156]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Der_Fuehrer%27s_Face" title="Der Fuehrer's Face">Der Fuehrer's Face</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Education_for_Death" title="Education for Death">Education for Death</a> (1943).<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> films from the 1960s onwards addressed national memories of war. <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a> (1988) moves from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> to apocalyptic visions of global conflict; <a href="/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies" title="Grave of the Fireflies">Grave of the Fireflies</a> (1988) is elegiac on the effect of war on children.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier20051–3-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barefoot_Gen_(1983_film)" title="Barefoot Gen (1983 film)">Barefoot Gen</a> (1983) portrays the bombing of Hiroshima through the eyes of a child,<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> but reviewers consider it a less well made film than Grave of the Fireflies with "stomach-churning detail" bizarrely paired with crude artwork, giving it the look of a "Saturday morning Warner Brothers cartoon".<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-war">Anti-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">List of anti-war films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/140px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/210px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg/280px-All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_%281930_film%29_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> The anti-war genre began with films about the First World War. Films in the genre are typically revisionist, reflecting on past events and often generically blended. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a> (1930) was unquestionably powerful, and an early anti-war film, portraying a German point of view; it was the first film (in any genre) to win two Oscars, best picture and best director.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Thrift-151">[148]</a> Andrew Kelly, analysing All Quiet on the Western Front, defined the genre as showing: the brutality of war; the amount of human suffering; the betrayal of men's trust by incompetent officers. War and anti-war films often prove difficult to categorize as they contain many generic ambiguities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000117-1">[1]</a> While many anti-war films criticize war directly through depictions of grisly combat in past wars, some films such as Penn's <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant_(film)" title="Alice's Restaurant (film)">Alice's Restaurant</a> criticized war obliquely by poking fun at such things as the draft board.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> The number of anti-war films produced in America dipped sharply during the 1950s because of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> The end of the blacklist and the introduction of the MPAA rating system marked a time of resurgence for films of all type including anti-war films in the States. Robert Eberwein names two films as anti-war classics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberwein20054-167">[164]</a> The first is <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a>'s prisoner of war masterpiece<a href="#cite_note-BFI-Thrift-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Illusion_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Illusion (film)">La Grande Illusion</a> (The Grand Illusion, 1937). Renoir's critique of contemporary politics and ideology celebrates the universal humanity that transcends national and racial boundaries and radical nationalism, suggesting that mankind's common experiences should prevail above political division, and its extension: war.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> The second is <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paths_of_Glory" title="Paths of Glory">Paths of Glory</a> (1957). The critic <a href="/wiki/David_Ehrenstein" title="David Ehrenstein">David Ehrenstein</a> writes that Paths of Glory established Kubrick as the "leading commercial filmmaker of his generation" and a world-class talent. Ehrenstein describes the film as an "outwardly cool/inwardly passionate protest drama about a disastrous French army maneuver and the court-martial held in its wake", contrasting it with the "classic" All Quiet on the Western Front's story of an innocent "unstrung by the horrors of war".<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_genres">Mixed genres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mixed genres">edit</a>]</div> Comedy gave scope for <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, and post-war film-makers merged comedy and anti-war sentiment in films as varied as <a href="/wiki/Stalag_17" title="Stalag 17">Stalag 17</a> (1953) and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a> (1964).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2012314–368-170">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catch-22_(film)" title="Catch-22 (film)">Catch-22</a> (1970), based on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">satirical novel</a> about the Second World War, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(film)" title="M*A*S*H (film)">M*A*S*H</a> (1970), set in Korea, reflected the attitudes of an increasingly sceptical public during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Catch-22-171">[168]</a> Other genres were combined in <a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Patton_(film)" title="Patton (film)">Patton</a> (1970), about real life General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, where combat scenes were interleaved with commentary about how he waged war, showing good and bad sides to a command. It and MASH became the two most profitable war/anti-war films made up to that time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002260–277-172">[169]</a> and Patton won seven <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Clarke's list of "notable Civil War films" is <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_(film)" title="Shenandoah (film)">Shenandoah</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(film)" title="Andersonville (film)">Andersonville</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/The_Beguiled_(1971_film)" title="The Beguiled (1971 film)">The Beguiled</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="North and South (TV miniseries)">North and South</a> (1985), and <a href="/wiki/Ride_with_the_Devil_(film)" title="Ride with the Devil (film)">Ride with the Devil</a> (1999).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006236-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The other ten super-genres are <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a>, slice of life, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2018-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Further, two of the aircraft are still carrying their weapons after the attack. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000117-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale2000117_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale2000117_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale2000117_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeale2000">Neale 2000</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchel1990-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchel1990_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchel1990_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManchel1990" class="citation book cs1">Manchel, Frank (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BebEAji_wH4C&pg=PA200">Film Study: An Analytical Bibliography</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3186-7"><bdi>978-0-8386-3186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Study%3A+An+Analytical+Bibliography&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3186-7&rft.aulast=Manchel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBebEAji_wH4C%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/silver/films/2014/p67/thegreatwar.aspx">"Cinema and the Great War"</a>. AFI. Retrieved 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema+and+the+Great+War&rft.pub=AFI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fsilver%2Ffilms%2F2014%2Fp67%2Fthegreatwar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacnab2014" class="citation news cs1">Macnab, Geoffrey (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/fury-film-review-brad-pitt-gives-intriguing-performance-as-unsympathetic-war-hero-9806584.html">"Fury, film review: Brad Pitt stars as an unsympathetic hero in muted war movie"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Fury%2C+film+review%3A+Brad+Pitt+stars+as+an+unsympathetic+hero+in+muted+war+movie&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=Macnab&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Freviews%2Ffury-film-review-brad-pitt-gives-intriguing-performance-as-unsympathetic-war-hero-9806584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelton1994165–171-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelton1994165–171_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelton1994">Belton 1994</a>, pp. 165–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale2000118-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale2000118_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale2000118_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeale2000">Neale 2000</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Kane, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kane, Kathryn. "The World War II Combat Film". In: Wes D. Gehring (ed.) Handbook of American Film Genres. 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University of California, Berkeley Art Museum & Pacific Film Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/film/FN7762">the original</a> on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Abandoned+Field-Free+Fire+Zone+%28Canh+dong+hoang%29&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+Art+Museum+%26+Pacific+Film+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bampfa.berkeley.edu%2Ffilm%2FFN7762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kviff.com/en/programme/film/03118-remake/">"KVIFF programme – Remake"</a>. Kviff. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KVIFF+programme+%E2%80%93+Remake&rft.pub=Kviff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kviff.com%2Fen%2Fprogramme%2Ffilm%2F03118-remake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204646/http://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2004/remake">"CIFF: "Remake""</a>. Cleveland Film. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2004/remake">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIFF%3A+%22Remake%22&rft.pub=Cleveland+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandfilm.org%2Ffilms%2F2004%2Fremake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwerdtfeger_2021-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwerdtfeger_2021_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwerdtfeger_2021_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwerdtfeger2016" class="citation web cs1">Schwerdtfeger, Conner (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinemablend.com/new/10-Best-Post-9-11-War-Movies-Ranked-106707.html">"The 10 Best Post 9/11 War Movies, Ranked"</a>. CinemaBlend. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CinemaBlend&rft.atitle=The+10+Best+Post+9%2F11+War+Movies%2C+Ranked&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.aulast=Schwerdtfeger&rft.aufirst=Conner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemablend.com%2Fnew%2F10-Best-Post-9-11-War-Movies-Ranked-106707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200564-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200564_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2005">Murphy 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Swann1989-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swann1989_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann1989_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann1989_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwann1989" class="citation book cs1">Swann, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAV80f4DohgC">The British Documentary Film Movement, 1926–1946</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. viii, 150–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33479-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33479-2"><bdi>978-0-521-33479-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Documentary+Film+Movement%2C+1926%E2%80%931946&rft.pages=viii%2C+150-173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33479-2&rft.aulast=Swann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAV80f4DohgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning2004-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning2004_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning2004_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning2004_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2004" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Martin J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC&pg=PA86">Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Propaganda&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29605-5&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-JjwDPcOLQC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Erickson2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)" title="Hal Erickson (author)">Hal Erickson</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023093926/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/33719/Mrs-Miniver/overview">"Mrs. Miniver (1942)"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/33719/Mrs-Miniver/overview">the original</a> on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Miniver+%281942%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Hal+Erickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2F33719%2FMrs-Miniver%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2891/enwp">Edge of Darkness</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/85227/enwp">The North Star</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77030/enwp">Guadalcanal Diary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrriss198493–100-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrriss198493–100_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrriss1984">Orriss 1984</a>, pp. 93–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2070/enwp">They Were Expendable</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MoscowStrikesBack">"Moscow Strikes Back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artkino_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Artkino Pictures">Artkino Pictures</a>. 1942. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Strikes+Back&rft.pub=Artkino+Pictures&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMoscowStrikesBack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1942-74"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1942_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.S.1942" class="citation news cs1">T.S. (17 August 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501E0D7113CE33BBC4F52DFBE668389659EDE">"Movie Review: Moscow Strikes Back (1942) 'Moscow Strikes Back,' Front-Line Camera Men's Story of Russian Attack, Is Seen at the Globe"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movie+Review%3A+Moscow+Strikes+Back+%281942%29+%27Moscow+Strikes+Back%2C%27+Front-Line+Camera+Men%27s+Story+of+Russian+Attack%2C+Is+Seen+at+the+Globe&rft.date=1942-08-17&rft.au=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9501E0D7113CE33BBC4F52DFBE668389659EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (1999) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth/page/350">Stalingrad</a>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00anth/page/350">350–351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0"><bdi>0-14-024985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.pages=350-351&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-024985-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00anth%2Fpage%2F350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHA-Basinger-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHA-Basinger_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHA-Basinger_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHA-Basinger_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasinger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Basinger, Jeanine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-1998/translating-war-the-combat-film-genre-and-saving-private-ryan">"Translating War: The Combat Film Genre and Saving Private Ryan"</a>. Perspectives on History (October 1998). American Historical Association. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+History&rft.atitle=Translating+War%3A+The+Combat+Film+Genre+and+Saving+Private+Ryan&rft.issue=October+1998&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Basinger&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fpublications-and-directories%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Foctober-1998%2Ftranslating-war-the-combat-film-genre-and-saving-private-ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzstein1979" class="citation book cs1">Herzstein, Robert E (1979). The War that Hitler Won. Hamish Hamilton. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-11845-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-11845-4"><bdi>0-399-11845-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+that+Hitler+Won&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-399-11845-4&rft.aulast=Herzstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmportal.de/en/movie/kolberg_ea43d4a739775006e03053d50b37753d">"Kolberg"</a>. FilmPortal.de. Retrieved 13 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolberg&rft.pub=FilmPortal.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmportal.de%2Fen%2Fmovie%2Fkolberg_ea43d4a739775006e03053d50b37753d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiser1974" class="citation book cs1">Leiser, Erwin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazicinema0000leis">Nazi Cinema</a>. Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazicinema0000leis/page/122">122–129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-570230-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-570230-0"><bdi>0-02-570230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Cinema&rft.pages=122-129&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-02-570230-0&rft.aulast=Leiser&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazicinema0000leis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigh2003" class="citation book cs1">High, Peter B (2003). The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years' War, 1931–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-18130-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-18130-8"><bdi>0-299-18130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Screen%3A+Japanese+Film+Culture+in+the+Fifteen+Years%27+War%2C+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-299-18130-8&rft.aulast=High&rft.aufirst=Peter+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> esp. Ch. 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XiA9DOuvjAC">War Dramas in the China Incident</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalichman2008" class="citation book cs1">Calichman, Richard (2008). Overcoming Modernity: Cultural Identity in Wartime Japan. Columbia University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14396-7"><bdi>978-0-231-14396-7</bdi></a>. <q>Even though Japanese film techniques were basically learned from American and Soviet films, most of what has been expressed through these techniques has been fake, showing neither real Japanese customs nor the Japanese heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Modernity%3A+Cultural+Identity+in+Wartime+Japan&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14396-7&rft.aulast=Calichman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199348-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower199348_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1993">Dower 1993</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199349-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower199349_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1993">Dower 1993</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulver-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulver_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulver_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulver_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulver2014" class="citation news cs1">Pulver, Andrew (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/17/why-so-obsessed-second-world-war-films">"Why are we so obsessed with films about the second world war?"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+are+we+so+obsessed+with+films+about+the+second+world+war%3F&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.aulast=Pulver&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2014%2Fjul%2F17%2Fwhy-so-obsessed-second-world-war-films&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer200383-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer200383_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer200383_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayer2003">Mayer 2003</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._W.1953" class="citation news cs1">A. W. (11 August 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9406E3D61731E53BBC4952DFBE668388649EDE">"The Cruel Sea (1953) The Screen in Review; Monsarrat's 'The Cruel Sea', a Graphic Record of Valor, Opens at Fine Arts"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Cruel+Sea+%281953%29+The+Screen+in+Review%3B+Monsarrat%27s+%27The+Cruel+Sea%27%2C+a+Graphic+Record+of+Valor%2C+Opens+at+Fine+Arts&rft.date=1953-08-11&rft.au=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9406E3D61731E53BBC4952DFBE668388649EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58094591">"From London"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mail_(Adelaide)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mail (Adelaide)">The Mail</a>. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 January 1954. p. 50. Retrieved 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mail&rft.atitle=From+London&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1954-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article58094591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "'The Dam Busters'". The Times [London, England], 29 December 1955, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dam_busters/">"The Dam Busters (1954)"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=The+Dam+Busters+%281954%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fthe_dam_busters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsden2003-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsden2003_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ramsden2003" class="citation book cs1">John Ramsden (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIwOnhtH9UUC&pg=PA128">The Dam Busters: A British Film Guide</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-636-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dam+Busters%3A+A+British+Film+Guide&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-636-2&rft.au=John+Ramsden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIwOnhtH9UUC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaco199296-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaco199296_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonaco1992">Monaco 1992</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWojik-Andrews200276-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWojik-Andrews200276_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWojik-Andrews2002">Wojik-Andrews 2002</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiLeo2010196-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiLeo2010196_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiLeo2010">DiLeo 2010</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002116–135-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002116–135_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002116–135_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuid2002">Suid 2002</a>, pp. 116–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2015" class="citation web cs1">Goebel, Greg (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/avzero.html">"The Mitsubishi A6M Zero"</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2015. <q>A large number of flyable Zero replicas exist. These were modified from North American AT-6 Texans for the 1969 movie 'TORA TORA TORA', about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The replicas are surprisingly convincing, though they are still clearly fakes, since the Texan is a chubbier aircraft than the slender Zero. 25 of these bogus Zeroes were built</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mitsubishi+A6M+Zero&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airvectors.net%2Favzero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=81774&category=Awards">"The Longest Day (1962) Awards"</a>. Turner Classic Movies, A Time Warner Company. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Day+%281962%29+Awards&rft.pub=Turner+Classic+Movies%2C+A+Time+Warner+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle.jsp%3Fstid%3D81774%26category%3DAwards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002188–189-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002188–189_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002188–189_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuid2002">Suid 2002</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish1990411–412-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParish1990411–412_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParish1990411–412_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParish1990">Parish 1990</a>, pp. 411–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrriss1984194–195-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrriss1984194–195_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrriss1984">Orriss 1984</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert,_Roger1970" class="citation journal cs1">Ebert, Roger (12 October 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311201839/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19701012%2FREVIEWS%2F10120301%2F1023">"Tora! Tora! Tora! (review)"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19701012/REVIEWS/10120301/1023">the original</a> on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Tora%21+Tora%21+Tora%21+%28review%29&rft.date=1970-10-12&rft.au=Ebert%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F19701012%2FREVIEWS%2F10120301%2F1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby,_Vincent1970" class="citation journal cs1">Canby, Vincent (4 September 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE7DC1E38E73ABC4C51DFBF66838B669EDE">"Movies: Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movies%3A+Tora%21+Tora%21+Tora%21+%281970%29&rft.date=1970-09-04&rft.au=Canby%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9F0CE7DC1E38E73ABC4C51DFBF66838B669EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolan198587-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolan198587_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolan1985">Dolan 1985</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2001" class="citation news cs1">Scott, A. O. (25 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/25/arts/25PEAR.html">"'Pearl Harbor': War Is Hell, but Very Pretty"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Pearl+Harbor%27%3A+War+Is+Hell%2C+but+Very+Pretty&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F05%2F25%2Farts%2F25PEAR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBender2013ix-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBender2013ix_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBender2013">Bender 2013</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2004-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2004_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2004" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Howard F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTxfvLvjeGEC&pg=PA6">Beneath the Crust of Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology and the Cultural Unconscious in American Life</a>. Rodopi. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0818-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0818-0"><bdi>90-420-0818-0</bdi></a>. <q>Chris Vognar writes: 'Saving Private Ryan wasn't just a great movie: it was also the cultural touchstone for the country's revived interest in World War II.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Crust+of+Culture%3A+Psychoanalytic+Anthropology+and+the+Cultural+Unconscious+in+American+Life&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-420-0818-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Howard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTxfvLvjeGEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1995" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (24 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE5DA163EF937A15756C0A963958260">"Stalingrad (1992) Film Review; In War's Horrors, Chaos May Rank With Carnage"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stalingrad+%281992%29+Film+Review%3B+In+War%27s+Horrors%2C+Chaos+May+Rank+With+Carnage&rft.date=1995-05-24&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D990CE5DA163EF937A15756C0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002161–209-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002161–209_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuid2002">Suid 2002</a>, pp. 161–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayner20071–2-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayner20071–2_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayner20071–2_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayner2007">Rayner 2007</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002609-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002609_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuid2002">Suid 2002</a>, p. 609. </li> <li id="cite_note-YeZhu2012-111"><a href="#cite_ref-YeZhu2012_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeZhu2012" class="citation book cs1">Ye, Tan; Zhu, Yun (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=javqwyBe0WoC&pg=PA168">Historical Dictionary of Chinese Cinema</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6779-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6779-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Cinema&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6779-6&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Tan&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjavqwyBe0WoC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Li_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi" class="citation book cs1">Li, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC&pg=PA222">Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice</a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 204–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2683-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-2683-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+War+Crimes%3A+The+Search+for+Justice&rft.pages=204-223&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2683-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2J0ZqRZw-QQC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16638897">"The story behind Chinese war epic The Flowers of War"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+behind+Chinese+war+epic+The+Flowers+of+War&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-16638897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Erickson2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)" title="Hal Erickson (author)">Hal Erickson</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403040731/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/120596/Doea-Tanda-Mata/overview">"Doea Tanda Mata (1986)"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/120596/Doea-Tanda-Mata/overview">the original</a> on 3 April 2015. 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University of Texas Press: 56–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1225675">10.2307/1225675</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225675">1225675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=Mickey+Meets+Mondrian%3A+Cartoons+Enter+the+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56-72&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1225675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1225675%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mikulak&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2002" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Paul (2002). Animation: Genre and Authorship. Wallflower Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-20-8"><bdi>978-1-903364-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation%3A+Genre+and+Authorship&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-903364-20-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-animat-159"><a href="#cite_ref-animat_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1945" class="citation journal cs1">Churchill, Edward (March 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQKNhDRiv_kC">"Walt Disney's Animated War"</a>. Flying. 36 (3): 50–51, 134–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flying&rft.atitle=Walt+Disney%27s+Animated+War&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=50-51%2C+134-138&rft.date=1945-03&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQKNhDRiv_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShullWilt2005" class="citation book cs1">Shull, Michael S.; Wilt, David E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKrmuvh4PQkC">Doing Their Bit: Wartime American Animated Short Films, 1939–1945</a> (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1555-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1555-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1555-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Their+Bit%3A+Wartime+American+Animated+Short+Films%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1555-7&rft.aulast=Shull&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Wilt%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKrmuvh4PQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2011" class="citation web cs1">Singleton, Jack (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907230514/http://impactnottingham.com/2011/08/japanese-animation-the-pacific-war-and-the-atomic-bomb/">"Japanese Animation, the Pacific War and the Atomic Bomb"</a>. Impact, University of Nottingham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impactnottingham.com/2011/08/japanese-animation-the-pacific-war-and-the-atomic-bomb/">the original</a> on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Animation%2C+the+Pacific+War+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pub=Impact%2C+University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.impactnottingham.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fjapanese-animation-the-pacific-war-and-the-atomic-bomb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier20051–3-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapier20051–3_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNapier2005">Napier 2005</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasaki1992" class="citation web cs1">Masaki, Mori (13 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085218/">"Barefoot Gen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. Issei Miyazaki, Catherine Battistone, Yoshie Shimamura. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Barefoot+Gen&rft.date=1992-06-13&rft.aulast=Masaki&rft.aufirst=Mori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0085218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee" class="citation web cs1">See, Raphael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=50">"Barefoot Gen"</a>. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews. Retrieved 12 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barefoot+Gen&rft.pub=T.H.E.M.+Anime+Reviews&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themanime.org%2Fviewreview.php%3Fid%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1987" class="citation journal cs1">Paris, Michael (4 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/michael-paris/american-film-industry-vietnam">"The American Film Industry & Vietnam"</a>. History Today. 37 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+American+Film+Industry+%26+Vietnam&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1987-04-04&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fmichael-paris%2Famerican-film-industry-vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jeff (2014). "Reading the Hollywood Reds". Film Criticism, the Cold War, and the Blacklist. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95851-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95851-7"><bdi>978-0-520-95851-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt6wqb6x">10.1525/j.ctt6wqb6x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+the+Hollywood+Reds&rft.btitle=Film+Criticism%2C+the+Cold+War%2C+and+the+Blacklist&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt6wqb6x%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95851-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberwein20054-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberwein20054_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEberwein2005">Eberwein 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Stephen Pendo, Aviation in the Cinema (1985) p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenstein1989" class="citation web cs1">Ehrenstein, David (25 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/812-paths-of-glory">"Paths of Glory"</a>. The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Glory&rft.pub=The+Criterion+Collection&rft.date=1989-06-25&rft.aulast=Ehrenstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F812-paths-of-glory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2012314–368-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2012314–368_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2012">Erickson 2012</a>, pp. 314–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Catch-22-171"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Catch-22_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozzola2013" class="citation news cs1">Bozzola, Lucia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110143651/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/8628/Catch-22/overview">"Movies: Catch-22 (1970)"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/8628/Catch-22/overview">the original</a> on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movies%3A+Catch-22+%281970%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bozzola&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie%2F8628%2FCatch-22%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuid2002260–277-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuid2002260–277_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuid2002">Suid 2002</a>, pp. 260–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1971">"The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners"</a>. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+43rd+Academy+Awards+%281971%29+Nominees+and+Winners&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasinger1986" class="citation book cs1">Basinger, Jeanine (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ3GZuKbidMC">World War II Combat Film: The Anatomy of a Genre</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05952-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05952-7"><bdi>978-0-231-05952-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Combat+Film%3A+The+Anatomy+of+a+Genre&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05952-7&rft.aulast=Basinger&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQ3GZuKbidMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelton1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Belton_(academic)" title="John Belton (academic)">Belton, John</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancinemaam00belt">American Cinema/American Culture</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-004466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-004466-1"><bdi>978-0-07-004466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cinema%2FAmerican+Culture&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-07-004466-1&rft.aulast=Belton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancinemaam00belt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2013" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Stuart (2013). Film Style and the World War II Combat Genre. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4336-2"><bdi>978-1-4438-4336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Style+and+the+World+War+II+Combat+Genre&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4336-2&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clarke_(author)" title="James Clarke (author)">Clarke, James</a> (2006). War Films. Virgin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1094-0"><bdi>978-0-7535-1094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Films&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1094-0&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiLeo2010" class="citation book cs1">DiLeo, John (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkux5gg5vSQC&pg=PT196">Tennessee Williams and Company: His Essential Screen Actors</a>. Hansen Publishing Group LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60182-425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60182-425-7"><bdi>978-1-60182-425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams+and+Company%3A+His+Essential+Screen+Actors&rft.pub=Hansen+Publishing+Group+LLC&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=978-1-60182-425-7&rft.aulast=DiLeo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfkux5gg5vSQC%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan1985" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Edward F. Jr. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodgoestow0000dola">Hollywood Goes to War</a>. Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86124-229-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86124-229-7"><bdi>0-86124-229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Goes+to+War&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86124-229-7&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodgoestow0000dola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaninwarpeaces00dowe/page/33">"Japanese cinema goes to war"</a>. In Dower, John (ed.). Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays. NY: New Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaninwarpeaces00dowe/page/33">33–54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-067-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-067-4"><bdi>1-56584-067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+cinema+goes+to+war&rft.btitle=Japan+in+War+and+Peace%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=33-54&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-56584-067-4&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaninwarpeaces00dowe%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberwein2005" class="citation book cs1">Eberwein, Robert T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfilm0000unse">The War Film</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3496-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3496-8"><bdi>0-8135-3496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Film&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8135-3496-8&rft.aulast=Eberwein&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarfilm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberwein2010" class="citation book cs1">Eberwein, Robert T. (2010). The Hollywood War Film. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7391-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-7391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hollywood+War+Film&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7391-9&rft.aulast=Eberwein&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2012" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Hal (2012). Military Comedy Films: A Critical Survey and Filmography of Hollywood Releases Since 1918. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6290-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-6290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Comedy+Films%3A+A+Critical+Survey+and+Filmography+of+Hollywood+Releases+Since+1918&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6290-2&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeider1991" class="citation book cs1">Heider, Karl G. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesiancinema0000heid">Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1367-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-1367-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Cinema%3A+National+Culture+on+Screen&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1367-3&rft.aulast=Heider&rft.aufirst=Karl+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesiancinema0000heid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2003" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Geoff (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FOX_OWDyHEC&pg=PA83">Guide to British Cinema</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30307-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30307-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30307-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+British+Cinema&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30307-4&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FOX_OWDyHEC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaco1992" class="citation book cs1">Monaco, James (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA96">The Movie Guide</a>. Perigee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-51780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-51780-8"><bdi>978-0-399-51780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movie+Guide&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-399-51780-8&rft.aulast=Monaco&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds7MUAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9jQdmfyGDoC">British Cinema and the Second World War</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7897-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-7897-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Cinema+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7897-9&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9jQdmfyGDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Napier, Susan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Susan_J_-Napier/1972">"World War II as Trauma, Memory and Fantasy in Japanese Animation"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (1972).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=World+War+II+as+Trauma%2C+Memory+and+Fantasy+in+Japanese+Animation&rft.issue=1972&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Susan_J_-Napier%2F1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeale2000" class="citation book cs1">Neale, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFPadW736NUC">War Films</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 117–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02606-2"><bdi>978-0-415-02606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Films&rft.pages=117-124&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02606-2&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFPadW736NUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrriss1984" class="citation book cs1">Orriss, Bruce (1984). When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Aero Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9613088-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9613088-0-X"><bdi>0-9613088-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Hollywood+Ruled+the+Skies%3A+The+Aviation+Film+Classics+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Aero+Associates&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-9613088-0-X&rft.aulast=Orriss&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish1990" class="citation book cs1">Parish, James Robert (1990). The Great Combat Pictures: Twentieth-Century Warfare on the Screen. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2315-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-2315-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Combat+Pictures%3A+Twentieth-Century+Warfare+on+the+Screen&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2315-0&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2007" class="citation book cs1">Rayner, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7OQLDjv6e4C">The Naval War Film: Genre, History and National Cinema</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7098-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-7098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+Film%3A+Genre%2C+History+and+National+Cinema&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7098-3&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7OQLDjv6e4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Deanne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd2CVhbGWNAC">Filmography of World History</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32681-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32681-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filmography+of+World+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32681-3&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Deanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZd2CVhbGWNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStites1992" class="citation book cs1">Stites, Richard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianpopularcu00stit">Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36986-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36986-2"><bdi>978-0-521-36986-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Popular+Culture%3A+Entertainment+and+Society+Since+1900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36986-2&rft.aulast=Stites&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianpopularcu00stit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuid2002" class="citation book cs1">Suid, Lawrence H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB8J2ho-0k8C">Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film</a> (2nd ed.). University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9018-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9018-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-9018-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guts+%26+Glory%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Military+Image+in+Film&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-9018-1&rft.aulast=Suid&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB8J2ho-0k8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"> (revised ed. 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-15808-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-15808-2">978-0-813-15808-2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamTsuWilson2014" class="citation book cs1">Tam, King-fai; Tsu, Timothy Y.; Wilson, Sandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxscBQAAQBAJ">Chinese and Japanese Films on the Second World War</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65046-1"><bdi>978-1-317-65046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Japanese+Films+on+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65046-1&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=King-fai&rft.au=Tsu%2C+Timothy+Y.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2006" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96Myji48hMQC">War Cinema: Hollywood on the Front Line</a>. Wallflower. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-54-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-54-0"><bdi>978-1-904764-54-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Cinema%3A+Hollywood+on+the+Front+Line&rft.pub=Wallflower&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904764-54-0&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96Myji48hMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric (2018). The Screenwriters Taxonomy: a Roadmap to Collaborative Storytelling. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3"><bdi>978-1-315-10864-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">993983488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Screenwriters+Taxonomy%3A+a+Roadmap+to+Collaborative+Storytelling&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993983488&rft.isbn=978-1-315-10864-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojik-Andrews2002" class="citation book cs1">Wojik-Andrews, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4uOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Children's Films: History, Ideology, Pedagogy, Theory</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-57661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-57661-5"><bdi>978-1-135-57661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Films%3A+History%2C+Ideology%2C+Pedagogy%2C+Theory&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-135-57661-5&rft.aulast=Wojik-Andrews&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4uOAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungblood2010" class="citation book cs1">Youngblood, Denise J. (2010) [2006]. Russian War Films: On the Cinema Front, 1914–2005. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1761-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1761-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+War+Films%3A+On+the+Cinema+Front%2C+1914%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1761-6&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Denise+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Castellan, James W.; van Dopperen, Ron; Graham, Cooper C. (2014). American Cinematographers in the Great War, 1914–1918. New Barnet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86196-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86196-717-9"><bdi>978-0-86196-717-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cinematographers+in+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=New+Barnet&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-86196-717-9&rft.aulast=Castellan&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=van+Dopperen%2C+Ron&rft.au=Graham%2C+Cooper+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">DeBauche, Leslie Midkiff (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reelpatriotismmo00deba">Reel Patriotism: the Movies and World War I</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-15400-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-15400-9"><bdi>0-299-15400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reel+Patriotism%3A+the+Movies+and+World+War+I&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-299-15400-9&rft.aulast=DeBauche&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Midkiff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freelpatriotismmo00deba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kane, Kathryn R. (1982). Visions of War: Hollywood Combat Films of World War II. UMI Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-1286-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8357-1286-9"><bdi>0-8357-1286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+War%3A+Hollywood+Combat+Films+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=UMI+Research&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8357-1286-9&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lim, Song Hwee; Ward, Julian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FG4dBQAAQBAJ">The Chinese Cinema Book</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-580-0"><bdi>978-1-84457-580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Cinema+Book&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84457-580-0&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Song+Hwee&rft.au=Ward%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFG4dBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jay (2009). Under Fire: a century of war movies. Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3385-6"><bdi>978-0-7110-3385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Fire%3A+a+century+of+war+movies&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3385-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stites, Richard (1995). Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-35403-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-35403-X"><bdi>0-253-35403-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Entertainment+in+Wartime+Russia&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-35403-X&rft.aulast=Stites&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Mark (2003). The Vietnam War in History, Literature, and Film. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1401-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1401-6"><bdi>0-8173-1401-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War+in+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Film&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8173-1401-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+film" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_film&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections-research/research-programmes/first-world-war-film-collection">Imperial War Museum: First World War Film Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627103202/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections-research/research-programmes/first-world-war-film-collection">Archived</a> 2015-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mobilizing_Movies_-_The_U.S._Signal_Corps_Goes_To_War,_1917-1919.ogg">Mobilizing Movies! The U.S. Signal Corps Goes to War, 1917-1919</a>, Documentary on the U.S. film effort during the First World War (2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627103202/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections-research/research-programmes/first-world-war-film-collection">Archived</a> 2015-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/whats_on/pritzker-military-presents/michael-wilmington-dann-gire-world-on-war-film-discussion/">Michael Wilmington & Dann Gire: World on War: A Film Discussion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-battle-sea-films">British Film Institute: 10 great battleship and war-at-sea films</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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