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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900–1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1900–1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1930s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1960s-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes,_imagery,_and_visual_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes,_imagery,_and_visual_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes, imagery, and visual elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes,_imagery,_and_visual_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes, imagery, and visual elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes,_imagery,_and_visual_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scientific elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alien_lifeforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alien_lifeforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alien lifeforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alien_lifeforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaster_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Disaster films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monster_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monster_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Monster films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monster_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mind and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Time travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre_as_commentary_on_social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_as_commentary_on_social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genre as commentary on social issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genre_as_commentary_on_social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genre as commentary on social issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genre_as_commentary_on_social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_noir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_noir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Future noir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_noir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_versus_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_versus_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film versus literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_versus_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Film versus literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_versus_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_of_science_fiction_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_science_fiction_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Influence of science fiction authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_science_fiction_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Market share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Science fiction film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="سينما الخيال العلمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما الخيال العلمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_ciencia-ficci%C3%B3n" title="Cine de ciencia-ficción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine de ciencia-ficción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_fantastika_filmi" title="Elmi fantastika filmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi fantastika filmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Научнофантастичен филм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научнофантастичен филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_skiant-faltazi" title="Film skiant-faltazi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Film skiant-faltazi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_ci%C3%A8ncia-ficci%C3%B3" title="Cinema de ciència-ficció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema de ciència-ficció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-fi_film" title="Sci-fi film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sci-fi film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction-film" title="Science fiction-film – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Science fiction-film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction-Film" title="Science-Fiction-Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Science-Fiction-Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmefilm" title="Ulmefilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ulmefilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ταινία επιστημονικής φαντασίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταινία επιστημονικής φαντασίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Cine de ciencia ficción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine de ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencfikcia_filmo" title="Sciencfikcia filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sciencfikcia filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فیلم علمی تخیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم علمی تخیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_science-fiction" title="Film de science-fiction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film de science-fiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="SF 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SF 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Ֆանտաստիկ ֆիլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆանտաստիկ ֆիլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvenofantasti%C4%8Dni_film" title="Znanstvenofantastični film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstvenofantastični film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_fiksi_ilmiah" title="Film fiksi ilmiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film fiksi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_di_fantascienza" title="Cinema di fantascienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema di fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="סרט מדע בדיוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מדע בדיוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tnisk%C4%81s_fantastikas_filma" title="Zinātniskās fantastikas filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātniskās fantastikas filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="فيلم خيال علمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم خيال علمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="SF映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SF映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_fantastycznonaukowy" title="Film fantastycznonaukowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film fantastycznonaukowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_de_fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Filme de ficção científica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme de ficção científica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic" title="Film științifico-fantastic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film științifico-fantastic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Научно-фантастический фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научно-фантастический фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_movie" title="Science fiction movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Science fiction movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فیلمی خەیاڵی زانستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی خەیاڵی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Научнофантастични филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Научнофантастични филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_film" title="SF film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SF film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieteiselokuva" title="Tieteiselokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieteiselokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction-film" title="Science fiction-film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Science fiction-film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிபுனைத் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிபுனைத் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ภาพยนตร์ไซไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์ไซไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimkurgu_filmi" title="Bilimkurgu filmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilimkurgu filmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Науково-фантастичний фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науково-фантастичний фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phim_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Phim khoa học viễn tưởng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phim khoa học viễn tưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="科幻电影 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科幻电影" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genre specific to films. For the fiction genre in general, see <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Science fiction (disambiguation)">Science fiction (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_(1968).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png/310px-Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png/465px-Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png/620px-Discovery_One_from_trailer_of_2001_A_Space_Odyssey_%281968%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, the landmark 1968 collaboration between filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> and classic science-fiction author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, featured groundbreaking special effects, such as the realization of the spaceship USSC <i><a href="/wiki/Discovery_One" title="Discovery One">Discovery One</a></i> (pictured here).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:12em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science<br />fiction films</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sci-fi_film_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sci-fi_film_icon.svg/120px-Sci-fi_film_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sci-fi_film_icon.svg/180px-Sci-fi_film_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sci-fi_film_icon.svg/240px-Sci-fi_film_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender; padding: 2px;"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">By decade</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_before_1920" title="List of science fiction films before 1920">Pre 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of science fiction films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of science fiction films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of science fiction films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_films" title="List of science fiction television films">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scififilmlist" title="Template:Scififilmlist"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scififilmlist" title="Template talk:Scififilmlist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scififilmlist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scififilmlist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Science fiction</b> (or <b>sci-fi</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative</a>, fictional <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>-based depictions of phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science, such as <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in fiction">extraterrestrial lifeforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">mutants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>, or other technologies. <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a> films have often been used to focus on <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a>, and to explore philosophical issues like the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>. </p><p>The genre has existed since the early years of <a href="/wiki/Silent_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent cinema">silent cinema</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a></i> (1902) employed <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">trick photography</a> effects. The next major example (first in feature-length in the genre) was the film <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927). From the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget <a href="/wiki/B_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="B movies">B movies</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s landmark <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968), the science fiction film genre was taken more seriously. In the late 1970s, big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences after the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> (1977) and paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> hits of subsequent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Screenwriter and scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> identifies science fiction films as one of eleven super-genres in his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">screenwriters’ taxonomy</a>, stating that all feature-length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres.  The other ten super-genres are <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">slice of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_genre">Characteristics of the genre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Sobchack" title="Vivian Sobchack">Vivian Sobchack</a>, a British cinema and media theorist and cultural critic: </p> <blockquote><p>Science fiction film is a film genre which emphasizes actual, extrapolative, or 2.0 speculative <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical methods">empirical method</a>, interacting in a social context with the lesser emphasized, but still present, <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, in an attempt to reconcile man with the unknown. </p><dl><dd>— Vivian Carol Sobchack, p. 63</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>This definition suggests a continuum between (real-world) <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> and (<a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>) <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>, with science fiction films on the side of empiricism, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Happy_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Happy film (page does not exist)">happy films</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sad_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sad film (page does not exist)">sad films</a> on the side of transcendentalism. However, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein (1931)">Frankenstein</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i>. </p><p>The visual style of science fiction film is characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i>, when the repetitions of the Korova Milkbar make the alien decor seem more familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, familiar images become alien, as in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Repo_Man_(film)" title="Repo Man (film)">Repo Man</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Sky" title="Liquid Sky">Liquid Sky</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i>, the distortion of the humans make the familiar images seem more alien.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, alien images are juxtaposed with the familiar, as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Mantis" title="The Deadly Mantis">The Deadly Mantis</a></i>, when a giant <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">praying mantis</a> is shown climbing the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>. </p><p>Cultural theorist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bukatman" title="Scott Bukatman">Scott Bukatman</a> has proposed that science fiction film allows contemporary culture to witness an expression of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, be it through exaggerated scale, apocalypse or transcendence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">History of science fiction films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_from_metropolis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maria_from_metropolis.JPG/220px-Maria_from_metropolis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maria_from_metropolis.JPG/330px-Maria_from_metropolis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maria_from_metropolis.JPG/440px-Maria_from_metropolis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927) by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> was one of the first feature-length science fiction films. It was produced at <a href="/wiki/Studio_Babelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Babelsberg">Studio Babelsberg</a>, Germany. (Photo shows the statue depicting the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Maschinenmensch</i></span> before it is given Maria's soul, at Filmpark Babelsberg).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1920s"><span id="1900.E2.80.931920s"></span>1900–1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1900–1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_before_1920" title="List of science fiction films before 1920">List of science fiction films before 1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1920s">List of science fiction films of the 1920s</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm/330px-seek%3D1238-L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="270" data-durationhint="1574" data-mwtitle="L'uomo_meccanico_(1921).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:L%27uomo_meccanico_(1921).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="440" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="440" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="440" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm/L%27uomo_meccanico_%281921%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Man" title="The Mechanical Man">L'uomo meccanico</a></i> (1921)</figcaption></figure> <p>Science fiction films appeared early in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a technological theme and were often intended to be humorous. In <a href="/wiki/1902_in_film" title="1902 in film">1902</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">Le Voyage dans la Lune</a></i>, generally considered the first science fiction film,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a film that used early trick photography to depict a spacecraft's journey to the Moon. Several early films merged the science fiction and <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> genres. Examples of this are <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1910_in_film" title="1910 in film">1910</a>), a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s novel, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1920_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920 film)">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</a></i> (1920), based on the psychological tale by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>. Taking a more adventurous tack, <i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1916_film)" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1916_in_film" title="1916 in film">1916</a>) is a film based on <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine and its vengeful captain. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1927_in_film" title="1927 in film">1927</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Frau_im_Mond" class="mw-redirect" title="Frau im Mond">Frau im Mond</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1929_in_film" title="1929 in film">1929</a>). Other notable science fiction films of the silent era include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Voyage" title="The Impossible Voyage">The Impossible Voyage</a></i> (1904), <i>The Motorist</i> (1906), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_the_Pole" title="The Conquest of the Pole">The Conquest of the Pole</a></i> (1912), <i><a href="/wiki/Himmelskibet_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmelskibet (film)">Himmelskibet</a></i> (1918; which with its runtime of 97 minutes generally is considered the first feature-length science fiction film in history),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Man" title="The Mechanical Man">The Mechanical Man</a></i> (1921), <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Qui_Dort" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Qui Dort">Paris Qui Dort</a></i> (1923), <i><a href="/wiki/Aelita#Plot" title="Aelita">Aelita</a></i> (1924), <i><a href="/wiki/Luch_Smerti" class="mw-redirect" title="Luch Smerti">Luch Smerti</a></i> (1925), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)" title="The Lost World (1925 film)">The Lost World</a></i> (1925). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s–1950s"><span id="1930s.E2.80.931950s"></span>1930s–1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1930s–1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1930s">List of science fiction films of the 1930s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1940s">List of science fiction films of the 1940s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1950s">List of science fiction films of the 1950s</a></div> <p>In the 1930s, there were several big budget science fiction films, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Just_Imagine_(film)" title="Just Imagine (film)">Just Imagine</a></i> (1930), <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i> (1933), <i><a href="/wiki/Things_to_Come" title="Things to Come">Things to Come</a></i> (1936), and <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1937_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1937 film)">Lost Horizon</a></i> (1937). Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a> were adapted as <a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">serials</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers_(serial)" title="Buck Rogers (serial)">Buck Rogers</a></i>, both starring <a href="/wiki/Buster_Crabbe" title="Buster Crabbe">Buster Crabbe</a>. These serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a></i> (1931), <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_X_(film)" title="Doctor X (film)">Doctor X</a></i> (1932), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1931_film)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</a></i> (1931), <i><a href="/wiki/F.P.1" title="F.P.1">F.P.1</a></i> (1932), <i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Lost_Souls_(1932_film)" title="Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)">Island of Lost Souls</a></i> (1932), <i><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(film)" title="Deluge (film)">Deluge</a></i> (1933), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(1933_film)" title="The Invisible Man (1933 film)">The Invisible Man</a></i> (1933), <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_World_(1934_film)" title="Master of the World (1934 film)">Master of the World</a></i> (1934), <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Love_(1935_film)" title="Mad Love (1935 film)">Mad Love</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(1935_film)" title="The Tunnel (1935 film)">Trans-Atlantic Tunnel</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil-Doll" title="The Devil-Doll">The Devil-Doll</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Ray_(1936_film)" title="The Invisible Ray (1936 film)">The Invisible Ray</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Changed_His_Mind" title="The Man Who Changed His Mind">The Man Who Changed His Mind</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(1936_film)" title="The Walking Dead (1936 film)">The Walking Dead</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/Non-Stop_New_York" title="Non-Stop New York">Non-Stop New York</a></i> (1937), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Doctor_X" title="The Return of Doctor X">The Return of Doctor X</a></i> (1939). The 1940s brought us <i><a href="/wiki/Before_I_Hang" title="Before I Hang">Before I Hang</a></i> (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1940_film)" title="Black Friday (1940 film)">Black Friday</a></i> (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Cyclops" title="Dr. Cyclops">Dr. Cyclops</a></i> (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Commands" title="The Devil Commands">The Devil Commands</a></i> (1941), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1941_film)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</a></i> (1941), <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Made_Monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Made Monster">Man Made Monster</a></i> (1941), <i><a href="/wiki/It_Happened_Tomorrow" title="It Happened Tomorrow">It Happened Tomorrow</a></i> (1944), <i><a href="/wiki/It_Happens_Every_Spring" title="It Happens Every Spring">It Happens Every Spring</a></i> (1949), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Woman_(1949_film)" title="The Perfect Woman (1949 film)">The Perfect Woman</a></i> (1949). The release of <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon</a></i> (1950) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketship_X-M" title="Rocketship X-M">Rocketship X-M</a></i> (1950) brought us to what many people consider "the golden age of the science fiction film". </p><p>In the 1950s, public interest in space travel and new technologies was great. While many 1950s science fiction films were low-budget <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movies</a>, there were several successful films with larger budgets and impressive special effects. These include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_from_Another_World" title="The Thing from Another World">The Thing from Another World</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/When_Worlds_Collide_(1951_film)" title="When Worlds Collide (1951 film)">When Worlds Collide</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)" title="The War of the Worlds (1953 film)">The War of the Worlds</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/This_Island_Earth" title="This Island Earth">This Island Earth</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Planet" title="Forbidden Planet">Forbidden Planet</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(1959_film)" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></i> (1959) and <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)" title="On the Beach (1959 film)">On the Beach</a></i> (1959). There is often a close connection between films in the science fiction genre and the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">monster movie</a>". Examples of this are <i><a href="/wiki/Them!" title="Them!">Them!</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_from_20,000_Fathoms" title="The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms">The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</a></i> (1953) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blob" title="The Blob">The Blob</a></i> (1958). During the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen" title="Ray Harryhausen">Ray Harryhausen</a>, protege of master King Kong animator Willis O'Brien, used <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop-motion animation</a> to create special effects for the following notable science fiction films: <i><a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Beneath_the_Sea" title="It Came from Beneath the Sea">It Came from Beneath the Sea</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_vs._the_Flying_Saucers" title="Earth vs. the Flying Saucers">Earth vs. the Flying Saucers</a></i> (1956) and <i><a href="/wiki/20_Million_Miles_to_Earth" title="20 Million Miles to Earth">20 Million Miles to Earth</a></i> (1957). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg/170px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg/255px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg/340px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the 1954 Japanese monster film <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The most successful monster movies were Japanese film studio <a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> films directed by <a href="/wiki/Ishir%C5%8D_Honda" title="Ishirō Honda">Ishirō Honda</a> and featuring special effects by <a href="/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya" title="Eiji Tsuburaya">Eiji Tsuburaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i>, with the title monster attacking Tokyo, gained immense popularity, spawned multiple sequels, led to other kaiju films like <i><a href="/wiki/Rodan_(film)" title="Rodan (film)">Rodan</a></i>, and created one of the most recognizable monsters in cinema history. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese science fiction</a> films, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a> and kaiju genres, were known for their extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>, and gained worldwide popularity in the 1950s. Kaiju and tokusatsu films, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Warning_from_Space" title="Warning from Space">Warning from Space</a></i> (1956), sparked <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s interest in science fiction films and influenced <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968). According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(author)" title="John Baxter (author)">John Baxter</a>, despite their "clumsy model sequences, the films were often well-photographed in colour ... and their dismal dialogue was delivered in well-designed and well-lit sets."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s-present">1960s-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1960s-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1960s">List of science fiction films of the 1960s</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> between the USSR and the US going on, documentaries and illustrations of actual events, pioneers and technology were plenty. Any movie featuring realistic space travel was at risk of being obsolete at its time of release, rather fossil than fiction. There were relatively few science fiction films in the 1960s, but some of the films transformed science fiction cinema. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1968_in_film" title="1968 in film">1968</a>) brought new realism to the genre, with its groundbreaking visual effects and realistic portrayal of space travel and influenced the genre with its epic story and transcendent philosophical scope. Other 1960s films included <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Vampires" title="Planet of the Vampires">Planet of the Vampires</a></i> (1965) by Italian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bava" title="Mario Bava">Mario Bava</a>, that is regarded as one of the best movies of the period, <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (1968 film)">Planet of the Apes</a></i> (1968) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451_(1966_film)" title="Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)">Fahrenheit 451</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1966_in_film" title="1966 in film">1966</a>), which provided social commentary, and the campy <i><a href="/wiki/Barbarella_(film)" title="Barbarella (film)">Barbarella</a></i> (1968), which explored the comical side of earlier science fiction. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>'s French "new wave" film <i><a href="/wiki/Alphaville_(film)" title="Alphaville (film)">Alphaville</a></i> (1965) posited a futuristic Paris commanded by an artificial intelligence which has outlawed all emotion. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1970s">List of science fiction films of the 1970s</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1980s">List of science fiction films of the 1980s</a></div> <p>The era of crewed trips to the Moon in 1969 and the 1970s saw a resurgence of interest in the science fiction film. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(1972_film)" title="Solaris (1972 film)">Solaris</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stalker_(1979_film)" title="Stalker (1979 film)">Stalker</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>) are two widely acclaimed examples of the renewed interest of <a href="/wiki/Auteur_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur theory">film <i>auteurs</i></a> in science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science fiction films from the early 1970s explored the theme of paranoia, in which humanity is depicted as under threat from sociological, ecological or technological adversaries of its own creation, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>'s directional debut <i><a href="/wiki/THX_1138" title="THX 1138">THX 1138</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Running" title="Silent Running">Silent Running</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Westworld_(film)" title="Westworld (film)">Westworld</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>) and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Logan%27s_Run_(film)" title="Logan's Run (film)">Logan's Run</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>). The science fiction comedies of the 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_(1973_film)" title="Sleeper (1973 film)">Sleeper</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>), and <a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter" title="John Carpenter">John Carpenter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Star_(film)" title="Dark Star (film)">Dark Star</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>). The sports science fiction genre can be seen in films such as <a href="/wiki/Rollerball_(1975_film)" title="Rollerball (1975 film)">Rollerball</a> (1975). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>) were box-office hits that brought about a huge increase in science fiction films. In <a href="/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> brought the television series to the big screen for the first time. It was also in this period that the Walt Disney Company released many science fiction films for family audiences such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Hole">The Black Hole</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Navigator" title="Flight of the Navigator">Flight of the Navigator</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids" title="Honey, I Shrunk the Kids">Honey, I Shrunk the Kids</a></i>. The sequels to <i>Star Wars</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1980_in_film" title="1980 in film">1980</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>), also saw worldwide box office success. <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>), along with <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1984_in_film" title="1984 in film">1984</a>), presented the future as dark, dirty and chaotic, and depicted aliens and androids as hostile and dangerous. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>), one of the most successful films of the 1980s, presented aliens as benign and friendly, a theme already present in Spielberg's own <i>Close Encounters of the Third Kind</i>. James Bond also entered the science fiction genre in 1979 with <i><a href="/wiki/Moonraker_(film)" title="Moonraker (film)">Moonraker</a></i>. </p><p>The big budget adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)" title="Dune (1984 film)">Dune</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Raymond" title="Alex Raymond">Alex Raymond</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(film)" title="Flash Gordon (film)">Flash Gordon</a></i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hyams" title="Peter Hyams">Peter Hyams</a>'s sequel to <i>2001</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact" title="2010: The Year We Make Contact">2010: The Year We Make Contact</a></i> (based on <i>2001</i> author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s sequel novel <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two" title="2010: Odyssey Two">2010: Odyssey Two</a></i>), were box office failures that dissuaded producers from investing in science fiction literary properties. Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>) turned out to be a moderate success. The strongest contributors to the genre during the second half of the 1980s were James Cameron and Paul Verhoeven with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i> entries. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1985_in_film" title="1985 in film">1985</a>) and its <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)" title="Back to the Future (franchise)">sequels</a> were critically praised and became box office successes, not to mention international phenomena. James Cameron's sequel to <i>Alien</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aliens_(film)" title="Aliens (film)">Aliens</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1986_in_film" title="1986 in film">1986</a>), was very different from the original film, falling more into the action/science fiction genre, it was both a critical and commercial success and <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a> was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Actress in a Leading Role">Best Actress in a Leading Role</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a> <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>) also had a big influence outside Japan when released. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1990s">List of science fiction films of the 1990s</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of science fiction films of the 2000s">List of science fiction films of the 2000s</a></div> <p>In the 1990s, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> genre spawned several movies on the theme of the computer-human interface, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1990_in_film" title="1990 in film">1990</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawnmower_Man_(film)" title="The Lawnmower Man (film)">The Lawnmower Man</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1992_in_film" title="1992 in film">1992</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>). Other themes included disaster films (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a></i>, both <a href="/wiki/1998_in_film" title="1998 in film">1998</a>), alien invasion (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1996_in_film" title="1996 in film">1996</a>)) and genetic experimentation (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1993_in_film" title="1993 in film">1993</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gattaca" title="Gattaca">Gattaca</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1997_in_film" title="1997 in film">1997</a>)). Also, the <i>Star Wars</i> prequel trilogy began with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i>, which eventually grossed over one billion dollars. </p><p>As the decade progressed, computers played an increasingly important role in both the addition of <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a> (thanks to <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i>) and the production of films. As software developed in sophistication it was used to produce more complicated effects. It also enabled filmmakers to enhance the visual quality of animation, resulting in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (1995) from Japan, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Giant" title="The Iron Giant">The Iron Giant</a></i> (1999) from the United States. </p><p>During the first decade of the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero films</a> abounded, as did earthbound science fiction such as the <i>Matrix</i> trilogy. In <a href="/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>, the <i>Star Wars</i> saga was completed (although it was later continued, but at the time it was not intended to be) with the darkly themed <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a></i>. Science-fiction also returned as a tool for political commentary in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_(2007_film)" title="Sunshine (2007 film)">Sunshine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/District_9" title="District 9">District 9</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(2005_film)" title="Serenity (2005 film)">Serenity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_Dealer" title="Sleep Dealer">Sleep Dealer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pandorum" title="Pandorum">Pandorum</a></i>. The 2000s also saw the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film)" title="Transformers (film)">Transformers</a></i> (2007) and <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Revenge_of_the_Fallen" title="Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen">Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen</a></i> (2009), both of which resulted in worldwide box office success. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> garnered worldwide box office success, and would later become the highest-grossing movie of all time. This movie was also an example of political commentary. It depicted humans destroying the environment on another planet by mining for a special metal called unobtainium. That same year, <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_Salvation" title="Terminator Salvation">Terminator Salvation</a></i> was released and garnered only moderate success. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of science fiction films of the 2010s">List of science fiction films of the 2010s</a></div> <p>The 2010s saw new entries in several classic science fiction franchises, including <i><a href="/wiki/Predators_(film)" title="Predators (film)">Predators</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2010_in_film" title="2010 in film">2010</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Tron:_Legacy" title="Tron: Legacy">Tron: Legacy</a></i> (2010), a resurgence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> series, and entries into the <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes" title="Planet of the Apes">Planet of the Apes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a></i> franchises. Several more cross-genre films have also been produced, including comedies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Tub_Time_Machine" title="Hot Tub Time Machine">Hot Tub Time Machine</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Seeking_a_Friend_for_the_End_of_the_World" title="Seeking a Friend for the End of the World">Seeking a Friend for the End of the World</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2012_in_film" title="2012 in film">2012</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Safety_Not_Guaranteed" title="Safety Not Guaranteed">Safety Not Guaranteed</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2013_in_film" title="2013 in film">2013</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pixels_(2015_film)" title="Pixels (2015 film)">Pixels</a></i> (2015), romance films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Her_(2013_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Her (2013 film)">Her</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_(2010_film)" title="Monsters (2010 film)">Monsters</a></i> (2010), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a></i> (2015), heist films including <i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i> (2010) and action films including <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Steel" title="Real Steel">Real Steel</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(2012_film)" title="Total Recall (2012 film)">Total Recall</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Tomorrow" title="Edge of Tomorrow">Edge of Tomorrow</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2014_in_film" title="2014 in film">2014</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Chappie_(film)" title="Chappie (film)">Chappie</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrowland_(film)" title="Tomorrowland (film)">Tomorrowland</a></i> (2015), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (2017). The <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero film</a> boom has also continued, into films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_2" title="Iron Man 2">Iron Man 2</a></i> (2010) and <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_3" title="Iron Man 3">Iron Man 3</a></i> (2013), several entries into the <a href="/wiki/X-Men_(film_series)" title="X-Men (film series)">X-Men film series</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> (2012), which became the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time. New franchises such as <i><a href="/wiki/Deadpool_(film)" title="Deadpool (film)">Deadpool</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)" title="Guardians of the Galaxy (film)">Guardians of the Galaxy</a></i> also began in this decade. </p><p>Further into the decade, more realistic science fiction <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic films</a> also become prevalent, including <i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_(film)" title="Battleship (film)">Battleship</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Elysium_(film)" title="Elysium (film)">Elysium</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2014_in_film" title="2014 in film">2014</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max:_Fury_Road" title="Mad Max: Fury Road">Mad Max: Fury Road</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2015_in_film" title="2015 in film">2015</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2015_in_film" title="2015 in film">2015</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Arrival_(film)" title="Arrival (film)">Arrival</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2016_in_film" title="2016 in film">2016</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Passengers_(2016_film)" title="Passengers (2016 film)">Passengers</a></i> (2016), and <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_film" title="2017 in film">2017</a>). Many of these films have gained widespread accolades, including several <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> wins and nominations. These films have addressed recent matters of scientific interest, including space travel, climate change, and artificial intelligence. </p><p>Alongside these original films, many adaptations were produced, especially within the <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult</a> <a href="/wiki/Dystopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian fiction">dystopian fiction</a> subgenre, popular in the early part of the decade. These include the <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunger Games (film series)"><i>Hunger Games</i> film series</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games" title="The Hunger Games">trilogy of novels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divergent_Series" title="The Divergent Series">The Divergent Series</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Roth" title="Veronica Roth">Veronica Roth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divergent_trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergent trilogy">Divergent trilogy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maze_Runner_(film_series)" title="Maze Runner (film series)"><i>Maze Runner</i> series</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/James_Dashner" title="James Dashner">James Dashner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Maze_Runner_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Maze Runner (series)"><i>The Maze Runner</i> novels</a>. Several adult adaptations have also been produced, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a></i> (2015), based on <a href="/wiki/Andy_Weir" title="Andy Weir">Andy Weir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(Weir_novel)" title="The Martian (Weir novel)">2011 novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(film)" title="Cloud Atlas (film)">Cloud Atlas</a></i> (2012), based on <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(novel)" title="Cloud Atlas (novel)">2004 novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/World_War_Z_(film)" title="World War Z (film)">World War Z</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Max_Brooks" title="Max Brooks">Max Brooks</a>' <a href="/wiki/World_War_Z" title="World War Z">2006 novel</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">Ready Player One</a></i> (2018), based on <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cline" title="Ernest Cline">Ernest Cline</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One">2011 novel</a>. </p><p>Independent productions also increased in the 2010s, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">digital filmmaking</a> making it easier for filmmakers to produce movies on a smaller budget. These films include <i><a href="/wiki/Attack_the_Block" title="Attack the Block">Attack the Block</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Source_Code_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Code (film)">Source Code</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Looper_(film)" title="Looper (film)">Looper</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Upstream_Color" title="Upstream Color">Upstream Color</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a></i> (2015), and <i><a href="/wiki/Valerian_and_the_City_of_a_Thousand_Planets" title="Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets">Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets</a></i> (2017). In 2016, <i>Ex Machina</i> won the Academy Award for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects" title="Academy Award for Best Visual Effects">Visual Effects</a> in a surprising upset over the much higher-budget <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens" title="Star Wars: The Force Awakens">Star Wars: The Force Awakens</a></i> (2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes,_imagery,_and_visual_elements"><span id="Themes.2C_imagery.2C_and_visual_elements"></span>Themes, imagery, and visual elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Themes, imagery, and visual elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science fiction films are often speculative in nature, and often include key supporting elements of science and technology. However, as often as not the "science" in a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> science fiction movie can be considered pseudo-science, relying primarily on atmosphere and quasi-scientific artistic fancy than facts and conventional scientific theory. The definition can also vary depending on the viewpoint of the observer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many science fiction films include elements of mysticism, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, magic, or the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, considered by some to be more properly elements of fantasy or the occult (or religious) film.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This transforms the movie genre into a science fantasy with a religious or quasi-religious philosophy serving as the driving motivation. The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Planet" title="Forbidden Planet">Forbidden Planet</a></i> employs many common science fiction elements, but the film carries a profound message - that the evolution of a species toward technological perfection (in this case exemplified by the disappeared alien civilization called the "Krell") does not ensure the loss of primitive and dangerous urges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the film, this part of the primitive mind manifests itself as monstrous destructive force emanating from the Freudian subconscious, or "Id". </p><p>Some films blur the line between the genres, such as films where the protagonist gains the extraordinary powers of the <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a>. These films usually employ quasi-plausible reason for the hero gaining these powers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Not all <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">science fiction themes</a> are equally suitable for movies. Science fiction horror is most common. Often enough, these films could just as well pass as <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a> or <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> films if the science fiction props were removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Common motifs also include voyages and expeditions to other planets, and <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopias</a> are rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imagery">Imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film theorist <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Sobchack" title="Vivian Sobchack">Vivian Sobchack</a> argues that science fiction films differ from fantasy films in that while science fiction film seeks to achieve our belief in the images we are viewing, fantasy film instead attempts to suspend our disbelief. The science fiction film displays the unfamiliar and alien in the context of the familiar. Despite the alien nature of the scenes and science fictional elements of the setting, the imagery of the film is related back to humankind and how we relate to our surroundings. While the science fiction film strives to push the boundaries of the human experience, they remain bound to the conditions and understanding of the audience and thereby contain prosaic aspects, rather than being completely alien or abstract.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Genre films such as westerns or war movies are bound to a particular area or time period. This is not true of the science fiction film. However, there are several common visual elements that are evocative of the genre. These include the spacecraft or space station, alien worlds or creatures, robots, and futuristic gadgets. Examples include movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Space_(film)" title="Lost in Space (film)">Lost in Space</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(2005_film)" title="Serenity (2005 film)">Serenity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrowland_(film)" title="Tomorrowland (film)">Tomorrowland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passengers_(2016_film)" title="Passengers (2016 film)">Passengers</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Valerian_and_the_City_of_a_Thousand_Planets" title="Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets">Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets</a></i>. More subtle visual clues can appear with changes of the human form through modifications in appearance, size, or behavior, or by means a known environment turned eerily alien, such as an empty city <i><a href="/wiki/The_Omega_Man" title="The Omega Man">The Omega Man</a></i> (1971). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_elements">Scientific elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Strangelove.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dr._Strangelove.png/220px-Dr._Strangelove.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dr._Strangelove.png/330px-Dr._Strangelove.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dr._Strangelove.png/440px-Dr._Strangelove.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> as the titular character from <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i> (1964)</figcaption></figure> <p>While science is a major element of this genre, many movie studios take significant liberties with scientific knowledge. Such liberties can be most readily observed in films that show <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> maneuvering in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> should preclude the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> or maneuvers employing wings, yet the soundtrack is filled with inappropriate flying noises and changes in flight path resembling an aircraft banking. The filmmakers, unfamiliar with the specifics of <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">space travel</a>, focus instead on providing acoustical atmosphere and the more familiar maneuvers of the aircraft. </p><p>Similar instances of ignoring science in favor of art can be seen when movies present environmental effects as portrayed in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek (film series)">Star Trek</a></i>. Entire <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> are destroyed in titanic explosions requiring mere seconds, whereas an actual event of this nature takes many hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The role of the scientist has varied considerably in the science fiction film genre, depending on the public perception of science and advanced technology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Dr. Frankenstein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a> who posed a dire threat to society and perhaps even civilization. Certain portrayals of the "mad scientist", such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>'s performance in <i>Dr. Strangelove</i>, have become iconic to the genre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the monster films of the 1950s, the scientist often played a heroic role as the only person who could provide a <a href="/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">technological fix</a> for some impending doom. Reflecting the distrust of government that began in the 1960s in the United States, the brilliant but rebellious scientist became a common theme, often serving a <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a>-like role during an impending disaster. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a>) is a popular scientific element in films as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> (cloning of extinct species), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)" title="The Island (2005 film)">The Island</a></i> (cloning of humans), and (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetic modification</a>) in some superhero movies and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien</a></i> series. <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holographic projections</a> as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a></i> are also popularized. <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a> is a popular theme in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek (film series)">Star Trek</a></i> series that is achieved through <a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">warp drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)" title="Transporter (Star Trek)">transporters</a> while <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">intergalactic travel</a> is popular in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> that is achieved through <a href="/wiki/Hyperspace_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperspace (science fiction)">hyperspace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormholes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> is also featured in the <i>Star Trek</i> series in the form of <a href="/wiki/Replicator_(Star_Trek)" title="Replicator (Star Trek)">replicators</a> (utopia), in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still_(2008_film)" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Grey_goo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey goo">grey goo</a> (dystopia), and in <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_3" title="Iron Man 3">Iron Man 3</a></i> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Extremis#extremis" title="Extremis">extremis (nanotubes)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Force_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Force shield">Force fields</a> is a popular theme in <i>Independence Day</i> while <a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisibility</a> is also popular in <i>Star Trek</i>. Arc reactor technology, featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)" title="Iron Man (2008 film)">Iron Man</a></i>, is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a> device.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miniaturization technology where people are shrunk to microscopic sizes is featured in films like <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage" title="Fantastic Voyage">Fantastic Voyage</a></i> (1966), <i><a href="/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids" title="Honey, I Shrunk the Kids">Honey, I Shrunk the Kids</a></i> (1989), and Marvel's <i><a href="/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)" title="Ant-Man (film)">Ant-Man</a></i> (2015). </p><p>The late <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clarke%27s_three_laws" title="Clarke's three laws">third law</a> states that "any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic". Past science fiction films have depicted "fictional" ("magical") technologies that became present reality. For example, the Personal Access Display Device from <i>Star Trek</i> was a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a> in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i> is part of current <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">game consoles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Human-level artificial intelligence</a> is also fast approaching with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_personal_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent personal assistant">smartphone A.I.</a> while a <a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">working cloaking device / material</a> is the main goal of <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">Autonomous cars</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/KITT" title="KITT">KITT</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_Rider_(2008_film)" title="Knight Rider (2008 film)">Knight Rider</a></i> series) and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computers</a>, like in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Stealth_(film)" title="Stealth (film)">Stealth</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(2014_film)" title="Transcendence (2014 film)">Transcendence</a></i>, also will be available eventually. Furthermore, although Clarke's laws do not classify <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">"sufficiently advanced" technologies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a> measures a civilization's level of technological advancement into types. Due to its exponential nature, sci-fi civilizations usually only attain Type I (harnessing all the energy attainable from a single planet), and strictly speaking often not even that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alien_lifeforms">Alien lifeforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alien lifeforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></div> <p>The concept of life, particularly intelligent life, having an extraterrestrial origin is a popular staple of science fiction films. Early films often used alien life forms as a threat or peril to the human race, where the invaders were frequently fictional representations of actual military or political threats on Earth as observed in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Attacks!" title="Mars Attacks!">Mars Attacks!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(film)" title="Starship Troopers (film)">Starship Troopers</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien</a></i> series, the <i><a href="/wiki/Predator_(franchise)" title="Predator (franchise)">Predator</a></i> series, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Riddick_(franchise)" title="The Chronicles of Riddick (franchise)">The Chronicles of Riddick</a></i> series. Some aliens were represented as benign and even beneficial in nature in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Witch_Mountain_(1975_film)" title="Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)">Escape to Witch Mountain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Element" title="The Fifth Element">The Fifth Element</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (film)">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valerian_and_the_City_of_a_Thousand_Planets" title="Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets">Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(film_series)" title="Men in Black (film series)">Men in Black</a></i> series. </p><p>In order to provide subject matter to which audiences can relate, the large majority of intelligent alien races presented in films have an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> nature, possessing human emotions and motivations. In films like <i><a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(film)" title="Cocoon (film)">Cocoon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Stepmother_Is_an_Alien" title="My Stepmother Is an Alien">My Stepmother Is an Alien</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Species_(film)" title="Species (film)">Species</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Contact_(1997_American_film)" title="Contact (1997 American film)">Contact</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Box_(2009_film)" title="The Box (2009 film)">The Box</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Knowing_(film)" title="Knowing (film)">Knowing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watch_(2012_film)" title="The Watch (2012 film)">The Watch</a></i>, the aliens were nearly human in physical appearance, and communicated in a common earth language. However, the aliens in <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a></i> were human in physical appearance but communicated in an alien language. A few films have tried to represent intelligent aliens as something utterly different from the usual humanoid shape (e.g. An intelligent life form surrounding an entire planet in <i><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(1972_film)" title="Solaris (1972 film)">Solaris</a></i>, the ball shaped creature in <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Star_(film)" title="Dark Star (film)">Dark Star</a></i>, microbial-like creatures in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invasion_(film)" title="The Invasion (film)">The Invasion</a></i>, shape-shifting creatures in <i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(2001_film)" title="Evolution (2001 film)">Evolution</a></i>). Recent trends in films involve <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">building-size alien creatures</a> like in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i> where the <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> has tremendously improved over the previous decades as compared in previous films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)" title="Godzilla (1998 film)">Godzilla</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_films">Disaster films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disaster films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster film</a></div> <p>A frequent theme among science fiction films is that of impending or actual disaster on an epic scale. These often address a particular concern of the writer by serving as a vehicle of warning against a type of activity, including technological research. In the case of alien invasion films, the creatures can provide as a stand-in for a feared foreign power. </p><p>Films that fit into the Disaster film typically also fall into the following general categories:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Alien invasion</b>: Hostile <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in popular culture">extraterrestrials</a> arrive and seek to supplant humanity. They are either overwhelmingly powerful or very insidious. Typical examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)" title="The War of the Worlds (1953 film)">The War of the Worlds</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Daleks%27_Invasion_Earth_2150_A.D." title="Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.">Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.</a></i> (1966), <i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(2005_film)" title="War of the Worlds (2005 film)">War of the Worlds</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still_(2008_film)" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Skyline_(2010_film)" title="Skyline (2010 film)">Skyline</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkest_Hour_(film)" title="The Darkest Hour (film)">The Darkest Hour</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Battle:_Los_Angeles" title="Battle: Los Angeles">Battle: Los Angeles</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_(film)" title="Battleship (film)">Battleship</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)" title="Man of Steel (film)">Man of Steel</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(film)" title="Ender's Game (film)">Ender's Game</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Pixels_(2015_film)" title="Pixels (2015 film)">Pixels</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day:_Resurgence" title="Independence Day: Resurgence">Independence Day: Resurgence</a></i> (2016), and <i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_(film)" title="Justice League (film)">Justice League</a></i> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i> (1999) takes an alternative look at the subject, involving an extraterrestrial political entity invading planet Naboo for commercial reasons.</li> <li><b>Environmental disaster</b>: such as major climate change, or an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> strike. Movies that have employed this theme include <i><a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Waterworld" title="Waterworld">Waterworld</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Core" title="The Core">The Core</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="The Day After Tomorrow">The Day After Tomorrow</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/2012_(film)" title="2012 (film)">2012</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Snowpiercer" title="Snowpiercer">Snowpiercer</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Geostorm" title="Geostorm">Geostorm</a></i> (2017).</li> <li><b>Man supplanted by technology</b>: Typically in the form of an all-powerful <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, advanced <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a>, or else genetically modified humans or animals. Among the films in this category are the <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)" title="Terminator (franchise)">Terminator</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a></i> trilogy, <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a></i> (2004), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)">Transformers</a></i> series.</li> <li><b>Nuclear war</b>: Usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopic</a>, post-<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">holocaust</a> tale of grim survival. Examples of such a storyline can be found in the movies <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Who_and_the_Daleks" title="Dr. Who and the Daleks">Dr. Who and the Daleks</a></i> (1965), <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (1968 film)">Planet of the Apes</a></i> (1968; <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(2001_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (2001 film)">remade in 2001</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Dog" title="A Boy and His Dog">A Boy and His Dog</a></i> (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_(film)" title="Mad Max (film)">Mad Max</a></i> (1979), <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ember" title="City of Ember">City of Ember</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Eli" title="The Book of Eli">The Book of Eli</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Oblivion_(2013_film)" title="Oblivion (2013 film)">Oblivion</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max:_Fury_Road" title="Mad Max: Fury Road">Mad Max: Fury Road</a></i> (2015), and <i><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_World" title="Friend of the World">Friend of the World</a></i> (2020).</li> <li><b>Pandemic</b>: A highly lethal <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, often one created by man, threatens or wipes out most of humanity in a massive <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">plague</a>. This topic has been treated in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Omega_Man" title="The Omega Man">The Omega Man</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Monkeys (film)">12 Monkeys</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/28_Weeks_Later" title="28 Weeks Later">28 Weeks Later</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Legend_(film)" title="I Am Legend (film)">I Am Legend</a></i> (2007), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil</a></i> series. This version of the genre sometimes mixes with <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie films</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">monster movies</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monster_films">Monster films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monster films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster movie</a></div> <p>While monster films do not usually depict danger on a global or epic scale, science fiction film also has a long tradition of movies featuring monster attacks. These differ from similar films in the horror or fantasy genres because science fiction films typically rely on a scientific (or at least pseudo-scientific) rationale for the monster's existence, rather than a supernatural or magical reason. Often, the science fiction film monster is created, awakened, or "evolves" because of the machinations of a mad scientist, a nuclear accident, or a scientific experiment gone awry. Typical examples include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_from_20,000_Fathoms" title="The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms">The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></i> films, <i><a href="/wiki/Cloverfield" title="Cloverfield">Cloverfield</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(franchise)" title="King Kong (franchise)">King Kong</a></i> films, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)" title="Godzilla (franchise)">Godzilla</a></i> franchise or the many films involving <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind_and_identity">Mind and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mind and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mental aspects</a> of what makes us human has been a staple of science fiction films, particularly since the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> (1982), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>, examined what made an organic-creation a human, while the <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop_(franchise)" title="RoboCop (franchise)">RoboCop</a></i> series saw an <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a> mechanism fitted with the brain and reprogrammed mind of a human to create a <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a>. The idea of brain transfer was not entirely new to science fiction film, as the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a>" transferring the human mind to another body is as old as <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> while the idea of corporations behind mind transfer technologies is observed in later films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gamer_(2009_film)" title="Gamer (2009 film)">Gamer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Surrogates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogates (film)">Surrogates</a></i>. </p><p>Films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a></i> have popularized a thread of films that explore the concept of reprogramming the human mind. The theme of <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> in several films of the sixties and seventies including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)" title="The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a></i> coincided with secret real-life government experimentation during <a href="/wiki/Project_MKULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKULTRA">Project MKULTRA</a>. Voluntary erasure of memory is further explored as themes of the films <i><a href="/wiki/Paycheck_(film)" title="Paycheck (film)">Paycheck</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind" title="Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind">Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind</a></i>. Some films like <i><a href="/wiki/Limitless_(film)" title="Limitless (film)">Limitless</a></i> explore the concept of mind enhancement. The anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain" title="Serial Experiments Lain">Serial Experiments Lain</a></i> also explores the idea of reprogrammable reality and memory. </p><p>The idea that a human could be entirely represented as a program in a computer was a core element of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i>. This would be further explored in the film version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawnmower_Man_(film)" title="The Lawnmower Man (film)">The Lawnmower Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(2014_film)" title="Transcendence (2014 film)">Transcendence</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">Ready Player One</a></i> and the idea reversed in <i><a href="/wiki/Virtuosity" title="Virtuosity">Virtuosity</a></i> as computer programs sought to become real persons. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a></i> series, the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> world became a real-world prison for humanity, managed by intelligent machines. In movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/EXistenZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EXistenZ">eXistenZ</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Floor" title="The Thirteenth Floor">The Thirteenth Floor</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i>, the nature of reality and virtual reality become intermixed with no clear distinguishing boundary. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Psychokinesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychokinesis">Telekinesis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a></i> are featured in movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Mimzy" title="The Last Mimzy">The Last Mimzy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Race_to_Witch_Mountain" title="Race to Witch Mountain">Race to Witch Mountain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(film)" title="Chronicle (film)">Chronicle</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(2014_film)" title="Lucy (2014 film)">Lucy</a></i> while <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> is featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i> as well as in <i>The Matrix</i> saga (in which precognition is achieved by knowing the artificial world). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robots">Robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg/220px-Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg/330px-Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg/440px-Transformers_costume_characters_at_Universal_Studios_Hollywood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)">Transformers</a></i> characters at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood" title="Universal Studios Hollywood">Universal Studios Hollywood</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robots</a> have been a part of science fiction since the Czech playwright <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> coined the word in 1921. In early films, robots were usually played by a human actor in a boxy metal suit, as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Empire" title="The Phantom Empire">The Phantom Empire</a></i>, although the female robot in <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> is an exception. The first depiction of a sophisticated robot in a United States film was <a href="/wiki/Gort_(The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still)" title="Gort (The Day the Earth Stood Still)">Gort</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i>. </p><p>Robots in films are often sentient and sometimes sentimental, and they have filled a range of roles in science fiction films. Robots have been supporting characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Robby_the_Robot" title="Robby the Robot">Robby the Robot</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Planet" title="Forbidden Planet">Forbidden Planet</a></i>, Huey, Dewey and Louie in <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Running" title="Silent Running">Silent Running</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Data_(Star_Trek)" title="Data (Star Trek)">Data</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, sidekicks (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C-3PO" title="C-3PO">C-3PO</a> and <a href="/wiki/R2-D2" title="R2-D2">R2-D2</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>, JARVIS from <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)" title="Iron Man (2008 film)">Iron Man</a></i>), and extras, visible in the background to create a futuristic setting (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(2012_film)" title="Total Recall (2012 film)">Total Recall</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop_(2014_film)" title="RoboCop (2014 film)">RoboCop</a></i> (2014)). As well, robots have been formidable movie villains or monsters (e.g., the robot Box in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Logan%27s_Run_(1976_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logan's Run (1976 film)">Logan's Run</a></i> (1976), <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, ARIIA in <i><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Eye" title="Eagle Eye">Eagle Eye</a></i>, robot <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_(comics)" title="Sentinel (comics)">Sentinels</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_droid" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle droid">battle droids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy" title="Star Wars prequel trilogy"><i>Star Wars</i> prequel trilogy</a>, or the huge robot probes seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_vs._Aliens" title="Monsters vs. Aliens">Monsters vs. Aliens</a></i>). In some cases, robots have even been the leading characters in science fiction films; in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> (1982), many of the characters are <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">bioengineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a> "<a href="/wiki/Replicant" title="Replicant">replicants</a>". This is also present in the animated films <i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(2009_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro Boy (2009 film)">Astro Boy</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)" title="Big Hero 6 (film)">Big Hero 6</a></i> (2014), <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (2017) and in <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_(film)" title="Next Gen (film)">Next Gen</a></i> (2018). </p><p>Films like <i><a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Man_(film)" title="Bicentennial Man (film)">Bicentennial Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chappie_(film)" title="Chappie (film)">Chappie</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a></i> depicted the emotional fallouts of robots that are self-aware. Other films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second Renaissance">The Animatrix (The Second Renaissance)</a></i> present the consequences of mass-producing self-aware androids as humanity succumbs to their robot overlords. </p><p>One popular theme in science fiction film is whether robots will someday replace humans, a question raised in the film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a></i> (in jobs) and in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Steel" title="Real Steel">Real Steel</a></i> (in sports), or whether intelligent robots could develop a conscience and a motivation to protect, take over, or destroy the human race (as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)" title="Terminator (franchise)">The Terminator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)">Transformers</a></i>, and in <i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron" title="Avengers: Age of Ultron">Avengers: Age of Ultron</a></i>). Another theme is remote <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a> via <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a> as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Surrogates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogates (film)">Surrogates</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_3" title="Iron Man 3">Iron Man 3</a></i>. As artificial intelligence becomes smarter due to <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">increasing computer power</a>, some sci-fi dreams have already been realized. For example, the computer <a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a> beat the world chess champion in 1997 and a documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Over:_Kasparov_and_the_Machine" title="Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine">Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine</a></i>, was released in 2003. Another famous computer called <a href="/wiki/Watson_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (computer)">Watson</a> defeated the two best human <i>Jeopardy</i> (game show) players in 2011 and a NOVA documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_38:_2010–2011" title="List of Nova episodes">Smartest Machine on Earth</a></i>, was released in the same year. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Super_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Robot">Building-size robots</a> are also becoming a popular theme in movies as featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i>. Future live action films may include an adaptation of popular television series like <i><a href="/wiki/Voltron" title="Voltron">Voltron</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Robotech" title="Robotech">Robotech</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> robots of <i>Pacific Rim</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers_(film)" title="Power Rangers (film)">Power Rangers</a></i> (2017) reboot was greatly improved as compared to the original <i><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers:_The_Movie" title="Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie">Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie</a></i> (1995). While "size does matter", a famous tagline of the movie <i>Godzilla</i>, incredibly small robots, called <a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">nanobots</a>, do matter as well (e.g. Borg <a href="/wiki/Borg_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Borg assimilation">nanoprobes</a> in <i>Star Trek</i> and nanites in <i>I, Robot</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_travel">Time travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Time travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>—travelling backwards and forwards through time—has always been a popular staple of science fiction film and science fiction television series. Time travel usually involves the use of some type of advanced technology, such as H. G. Wells' classic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i>, the commercially successful 1980s-era <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)" title="Back to the Future (franchise)">Back to the Future</a></i> trilogy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted" title="Bill & Ted">Bill & Ted</a></i> trilogy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)" title="Terminator (franchise)">Terminator</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(2006_film)" title="Déjà Vu (2006 film)">Déjà Vu</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Source_Code" title="Source Code">Source Code</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Tomorrow_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge of Tomorrow (film)">Edge of Tomorrow</a></i> (2014), and <i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_(film)" title="Predestination (film)">Predestination</a></i> (2014). Other movies, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (1968 film)">Planet of the Apes</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_(2003_film)" title="Timeline (2003 film)">Timeline</a></i> (2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Mimzy" title="The Last Mimzy">The Last Mimzy</a></i> (2007), explained their depictions of time travel by drawing on physics concepts such as the <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> phenomenon of time dilation (which could occur if a spaceship was travelling near the speed of light) and <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormholes</a>. Some films show time travel not being attained from advanced technology, but rather from an inner source or personal power, such as the 2000s-era films <i><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Darko" title="Donnie Darko">Donnie Darko</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Nobody_(film)" title="Mr. Nobody (film)">Mr. Nobody</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_Effect_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Butterfly Effect (film)">The Butterfly Effect</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i>. </p><p>More conventional time travel movies use technology to bring the past to life in the present, or in a present that lies in our future. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(1984_film)" title="Iceman (1984 film)">Iceman</a></i> (1984) told the story of the reanimation of a frozen <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a>. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Freejack" title="Freejack">Freejack</a></i> (1992) shows time travel used to pull victims of horrible deaths forward in time a split-second before their demise, and then use their bodies for spare parts. </p><p>A common theme in time travel film is the paradoxical nature of travelling through time. In the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/La_jet%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="La jetée">La jetée</a></i> (1962), director <a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Chris Marker</a> depicts the self-fulfilling aspect of a person being able to see their future by showing a child who witnesses the death of his future self. <i>La Jetée</i> was the inspiration for <i><a href="/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Monkeys (film)">12 Monkeys</a></i>, (1995) director <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>'s film about time travel, memory and madness. The <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)" title="Back to the Future (franchise)">Back to the Future</a></i> trilogy and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine_(2002_film)" title="The Time Machine (2002 film)">The Time Machine</a></i> go one step further and explore the result of altering the past, while in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_First_Contact" title="Star Trek: First Contact">Star Trek: First Contact</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)" title="Star Trek (2009 film)">Star Trek</a></i> (2009) the crew must rescue the Earth from having its past altered by time-travelling <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a> and alien races. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre_as_commentary_on_social_issues">Genre as commentary on social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genre as commentary on social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The science fiction film genre has long served as useful means of discussing sensitive topical issues without arousing controversy, and it often provides thoughtful social commentary on potential unforeseen future issues. The fictional setting allows for a deeper examination and reflection of the ideas presented, with the perspective of a viewer watching remote events. Most controversial issues in science fiction films tend to fall into two general storylines, <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a>. Either a society will become better or worse in the future. Because of controversy, most science fiction films will fall into the <a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">dystopian film</a> category rather than the Utopian category. </p><p>The types of commentary and controversy presented in science fiction films often illustrate the particular concerns of the periods in which they were produced. Early science fiction films expressed fears about automation replacing workers and the dehumanization of society through science and technology. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_White_Suit" title="The Man in the White Suit">The Man in the White Suit</a></i> (1951) used a science fiction concept as a means to satirize postwar British "establishment" conservatism, industrial capitalists, and trade unions. Another example is <i><a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a></i> from <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968). He controls the shuttle, and later harms its crew. "Kubrick's vision reveals technology as a competitive force that must be defeated in order for humans to evolve."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later films explored the fears of environmental catastrophe, technology-created disasters, or overpopulation, and how they would impact society and individuals (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Elysium_(film)" title="Elysium (film)">Elysium</a></i>). </p><p>The monster movies of the 1950s—like <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i> (1954)—served as stand-ins for fears of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and views on the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1970s, science fiction films also became an effective way of satirizing contemporary social mores with <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Running" title="Silent Running">Silent Running</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Star_(film)" title="Dark Star (film)">Dark Star</a></i> presenting hippies in space as a riposte to the militaristic types that had dominated earlier films.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> presented a horrific vision of youth culture, portraying a youth gang engaged in <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, along with disturbing scenes of forced <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">psychological conditioning</a> serving to comment on societal responses to <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Logan%27s_Run_(1976_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logan's Run (1976 film)">Logan's Run</a></i> depicted a futuristic <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">swingers</a>' utopia that practiced euthanasia as a form of population control and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stepford_Wives_(1975_film)" title="The Stepford Wives (1975 film)">The Stepford Wives</a></i> anticipated a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation movement</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(film)" title="Enemy Mine (film)">Enemy Mine</a></i> demonstrated that the foes we have come to hate are often just like us, even if they appear alien. </p><p>Contemporary science fiction films continue to explore social and political issues. One recent example is <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i> (2002), debuting in the months after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and focused on the issues of police powers, privacy and civil liberties in a near-future United States. Some movies like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)" title="The Island (2005 film)">The Island</a></i> (2005) and <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(2010_film)" title="Never Let Me Go (2010 film)">Never Let Me Go</a></i> (2010) explore the issues surrounding cloning. </p><p>More recently, the headlines surrounding events such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International terrorism">international terrorism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> scare, and United States <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration laws</a> have found their way into the consciousness of contemporary filmmakers. The film <i><a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">V for Vendetta</a></i> (2006) drew inspiration from controversial issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while science fiction thrillers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i> (also 2006), <i><a href="/wiki/District_9" title="District 9">District 9</a></i> (2009), and <i><a href="/wiki/Elysium_(film)" title="Elysium (film)">Elysium</a></i> (2013) commented on diverse social issues such as <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (2009) had remarkable resemblance to colonialism of native land, mining by multinational-corporations and the Iraq War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_noir">Future noir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Future noir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a> professor Jamaluddin Bin Aziz argues that as science fiction has evolved and expanded, it has fused with other film genres such as <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thrillers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>. When science fiction integrates film noir elements, Bin Aziz calls the resulting hybrid form "future noir", a form which "... encapsulates a <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> encounter with generic persistence, creating a mixture of irony, pessimism, prediction, extrapolation, bleakness and nostalgia." Future noir films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Monkeys (film)">12 Monkeys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_City_(1998_film)" title="Dark City (1998 film)">Dark City</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i> use a <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> who is "...increasingly dubious, alienated and fragmented", at once "dark and playful like the characters in Gibson's <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>, yet still with the "... shadow of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a>..." </p><p>Future noir films that are set in a <a href="/wiki/Post-apocalyptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apocalyptic">post-apocalyptic</a> world "...restructure and re-represent society in a parody of the atmospheric world usually found in noir's construction of a city—dark, bleak and beguiled." Future noir films often intermingle elements of the gothic thriller genre, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i>, which makes references to <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> practices, and <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i>, with its tagline "In space, no one can hear you scream", and a space vessel, Nostromo, "that hark[s] back to images of the haunted house in the gothic horror tradition". Bin Aziz states that films such as <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i> are a subgenre of "techno noir" that create "...an atmospheric feast of noir darkness and a double-edged world that is not what it seems."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_versus_literature">Film versus literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film versus literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When compared to science-fiction <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, science-fiction films often rely less on the human imagination and more upon action scenes and <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effect</a>-created alien creatures and exotic backgrounds. Since the 1970s, film audiences have come to expect a high standard for special effects in science-fiction films.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, science fiction-themed films superimpose an exotic, futuristic setting onto what would not otherwise be a science-fiction tale. Nevertheless, some critically acclaimed science-fiction movies have followed in the path of science-fiction literature, using story development to explore abstract concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_science_fiction_authors">Influence of science fiction authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence of science fiction authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> (1828–1905) became the first major science-fiction author whose works film-makers adapted for the screen - with <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Méliès</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">Le Voyage dans la Lune</a></i> (1902) and <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Seas" title="Under the Seas">20,000 lieues sous les mers</a></i> (1907), which used Verne's scenarios as a framework for fantastic visuals. By the time Verne's work fell out of copyright in 1950, the adaptations were generally adapted as <a href="/wiki/Costume_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume drama">costume dramas</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> aesthetic. Verne's works have been adapted a number of times since then, including <i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(film)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (film)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> (1958), and two film versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></i> in 1959 and 2008. </p><p><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(1933_film)" title="The Invisible Man (1933 film)">The Invisible Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Things_to_Come" title="Things to Come">Things to Come</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a></i> were all adapted into films during his lifetime (1866–1946), while <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Worlds (novel)"><i>The War of the Worlds</i></a>, updated in 1953 and again in 2005, was adapted to film at least four times altogether. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> has had two film versions (1960 and 2002) while <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_(1973_film)" title="Sleeper (1973 film)">Sleeper</a></i> in part is a pastiche of Wells's 1910 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeper_Awakes" title="The Sleeper Awakes">The Sleeper Awakes</a></i>. </p><p>With the drop-off in interest in science-fiction films during the 1940s, few of the "golden age" science-fiction authors made it to the screen. A novella by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> provided the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_from_Another_World" title="The Thing from Another World">The Thing from Another World</a></i> (1951). <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> contributed to the screenplay for <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon</a></i> (1950), but none of his major works were adapted for the screen until the 1990s: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Puppet_Masters_(film)" title="The Puppet Masters (film)">The Puppet Masters</a></i> (1994) and <i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(film)" title="Starship Troopers (film)">Starship Troopers</a></i> (1997). The fiction of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1920–1992) influenced the <i>Star Wars</i> and <i>Star Trek</i> films, but it was not until 1988 that a film version of one of his short stories (<a href="/wiki/Nightfall_(Asimov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightfall (Asimov)"><i>Nightfall</i></a>) was produced. The first major motion-picture adaptation of a full-length Asimov work was <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Man_(film)" title="Bicentennial Man (film)"><i>Bicentennial Man</i></a> (1999) (based on the short stories <i>Bicentennial Man</i> (1976) and <i>The Positronic Man</i> (1992), the latter co-written with Robert Silverberg), although <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)"><i>I, Robot</i></a> (2004), a film loosely based on <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot" title="I, Robot">Asimov's book of short stories</a> by the same name, drew more attention. </p><p>The 1968 film adaptation of some of the stories of science-fiction author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> as <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)"><i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Visual Effects">Academy Award for Visual Effects</a> and offered thematic complexity not typically associated with the science-fiction genre at the time. Its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact" title="2010: The Year We Make Contact">2010: The Year We Make Contact</a></i> (inspired to Clarke's <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two" title="2010: Odyssey Two">2010: Odyssey Two</a></i>), was commercially successful but less highly regarded by critics. Reflecting the times, two earlier science-fiction works by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> were adapted for cinema in the 1960s: <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451_(1966_film)" title="Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)"><i>Fahrenheit 451</i></a> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Man_(film)" title="The Illustrated Man (film)">The Illustrated Man</a></i> (1969). <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five_(film)" title="Slaughterhouse-Five (film)">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i> was filmed in 1971 and <i><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_of_Champions" title="Breakfast of Champions">Breakfast of Champions</a></i> in 1998. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s fiction has been used in a number of science-fiction films, in part because it evokes the paranoia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that has been a central feature of the genre. Films based on Dick's works include <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)"><i>Total Recall</i></a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Impostor_(2002_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impostor (2002 film)"><i>Impostor</i></a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)"><i>Minority Report</i></a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Paycheck_(film)" title="Paycheck (film)"><i>Paycheck</i></a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/A_Scanner_Darkly_(film)" title="A Scanner Darkly (film)"><i>A Scanner Darkly</i></a> (2006), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adjustment_Bureau" title="The Adjustment Bureau">The Adjustment Bureau</a></i> (2011). These films represent loose adaptations of the original stories, with the exception of <i>A Scanner Darkly</i>, which is more inclined to Dick's novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share">Market share</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Market share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The estimated North American <a href="/wiki/Box-office" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-office">box-office</a> market-share of science fiction as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> comprised 4.77%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genres,_subcategories_and_related_topics_to_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres, subcategories and related topics to science fiction">Genres, subcategories and related topics to science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">List of dystopian films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_the_future" title="List of films set in the future">List of films set in the future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film">Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, Joan F. "Between 2001 and Star Wars." Journal of Popular Film and Television 7.1 (1978): 32-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lev, Peter. "Whose future? Star wars, alien, and blade runner." Literature/Film Quarterly 26.1 (1998): 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Eric R. (2017). <i>The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling</i>. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3">978-1-315-10864-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">993983488</a>. P. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobchack1997" class="citation book cs1">Sobchack, Vivian Carol (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813524924/page/106"><i>Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813524924/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2492-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2492-X"><bdi>0-8135-2492-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screening+Space%3A+The+American+Science+Fiction+Film&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8135-2492-X&rft.aulast=Sobchack&rft.aufirst=Vivian+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780813524924%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrine2003" class="citation book cs1">Perrine, Toni A. (2003). <i>Film and the Nuclear Age: Representing Cultural Anxiety</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2932-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2932-6"><bdi>0-8153-2932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+and+the+Nuclear+Age%3A+Representing+Cultural+Anxiety&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8153-2932-6&rft.aulast=Perrine&rft.aufirst=Toni+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobchack (1997:170–174).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreed2009" class="citation book cs1">Creed, Barbara (2009). <i>Darwin's Screens: Evolutionary Aesthetics, Time and Sexual Display in the Cinema</i>. Carlton, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing" title="Melbourne University Publishing">Melbourne University Publishing</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85258-5"><bdi>978-0-522-85258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+Screens%3A+Evolutionary+Aesthetics%2C+Time+and+Sexual+Display+in+the+Cinema&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85258-5&rft.aulast=Creed&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0008100/"><i>A Trip to Mars (1918)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood" class="citation web cs1">Hood, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118074252/http://www.roberthood.net/obsesses/godzilla.htm">"A Potted History of Godzilla"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roberthood.net/obsesses/godzilla.htm">the original</a> on 2012-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Potted+History+of+Godzilla&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roberthood.net%2Fobsesses%2Fgodzilla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224140420/http://www.kensforce.com/Gojira_aka_Godzilla_1954.html">"Gojira / Godzilla (1954) Synopsis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kensforce.com/Gojira_aka_Godzilla_1954.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gojira+%2F+Godzilla+%281954%29+Synopsis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kensforce.com%2FGojira_aka_Godzilla_1954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stanleykubrickbi00baxt/page/200"><i>Stanley Kubrick: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stanleykubrickbi00baxt/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0485-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0485-3"><bdi>0-7867-0485-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+Kubrick%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7867-0485-3&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstanleykubrickbi00baxt%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Rollberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Peter Rollberg (2016). <i>Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema</i>. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 650–654. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6842-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-6842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Russian+and+Soviet+Cinema&rft.place=US&rft.pages=650-654&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6842-5&rft.au=Peter+Rollberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiever" class="citation web cs1">Biever, Celeste. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.html">"Iron Man 2: How science cures Tony Stark's heartache"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711065948/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iron+Man+2%3A+How+science+cures+Tony+Stark%27s+heartache&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft.aulast=Biever&rft.aufirst=Celeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fblogs%2Fculturelab%2F2010%2F04%2Firon-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinello2013" class="citation book cs1">Dinello, Daniel (26 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndyGAAAAQBAJ&q=Kubrick%27s+vision+reveals+technology+as+a+competitive+force+that+must+be+defeated+in+order+for+humans+to+evolve.&pg=PA99"><i>Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75846-9"><bdi>978-0-292-75846-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technophobia%21%3A+Science+Fiction+Visions+of+Posthuman+Technology&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75846-9&rft.aulast=Dinello&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndyGAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DKubrick%2527s%2Bvision%2Breveals%2Btechnology%2Bas%2Ba%2Bcompetitive%2Bforce%2Bthat%2Bmust%2Bbe%2Bdefeated%2Bin%2Border%2Bfor%2Bhumans%2Bto%2Bevolve.%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBin_Aziz2005" class="citation web cs1">Bin Aziz, Jamaluddin (Summer 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113605/http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Articles-Summer05/JemAziz1.html">"Future Noir"</a>. <i>Summer Special: Postmodern and Future Noir</i>. Crimeculture.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/Articles-Summer05/JemAziz1.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Summer+Special%3A+Postmodern+and+Future+Noir&rft.atitle=Future+Noir&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bin+Aziz&rft.aufirst=Jamaluddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimeculture.com%2FContents%2FArticles-Summer05%2FJemAziz1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">"How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode 13: Special Effects in the 20th Century)"</a>. <i>English</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925194225/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English&rft.atitle=How+to+View+and+Appreciate+Great+Movies+%28episode+13%3A+Special+Effects+in+the+20th+Century%29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fcourses%2Fhow-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/market/creative-type/Science-Fiction">"Box Office History for Science Fiction"</a>. Nash Information Services, LLC. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718153259/https://www.the-numbers.com/market/creative-type/Science-Fiction">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Box+Office+History+for+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Nash+Information+Services%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Fmarket%2Fcreative-type%2FScience-Fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luca Bandirali, Enrico Terrone, <i>Nell'occhio, nel cielo. Teoria e storia del cinema di fantascienza</i>, Turin: Lindau, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7180-716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7180-716-4">978-88-7180-716-4</a>.</li> <li>Welch Everman, <i>Cult Science Fiction Films</i>, Citadel Press, <a href="/wiki/1995_in_literature" title="1995 in literature">1995</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-1602-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-1602-X">0-8065-1602-X</a>.</li> <li>Peter Guttmacher, <i>Legendary Sci-Fi Movies</i>, <a href="/wiki/1997_in_literature" title="1997 in literature">1997</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56799-490-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56799-490-3">1-56799-490-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hardy_(journalist)" title="Phil Hardy (journalist)">Phil Hardy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aurum_Film_Encyclopedia#Volume_Two" title="The Aurum Film Encyclopedia">The Overlook Film Encyclopedia, Science Fiction</a></i>. William Morrow and Company, New York, <a href="/wiki/1995_in_literature" title="1995 in literature">1995</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-626-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-626-7">0-87951-626-7</a>.</li> <li>Richard S. Myers, <i>S-F 2: A pictorial history of science fiction from 1975 to the present</i>, <a href="/wiki/1984_in_literature" title="1984 in literature">1984</a>, Citadel Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-0875-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-0875-2">0-8065-0875-2</a>.</li> <li>Gregg Rickman, <i>The Science Fiction Film Reader</i>, <a href="/wiki/2004_in_literature" title="2004 in literature">2004</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87910-994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87910-994-7">0-87910-994-7</a>.</li> <li>Matthias Schwartz, Archeologies of a Past Future. Science Fiction Films from Communist Eastern Europe, in: Rainer Rother, Annika Schaefer (eds.): <i>Future Imperfect. Science – Fiction – Film</i>, Berlin 2007, pp. 96–117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86505-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86505-249-0">978-3-86505-249-0</a>.</li> <li>Dave Saunders, <i>Arnold: Schwarzenegger and the Movies</i>, <a href="/wiki/2009_in_literature" title="2009 in literature">2009</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a></li> <li>Errol Vieth, <i>Screening Science: Context, Text and Science in Fifties Science Fiction Film</i>, Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4023-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4023-5">0-8108-4023-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Simultaneous Worlds: Global Science Fiction Cinema</i> edited by Jennifer L. Feeley and Sarah Ann Wells, 2015, University of Minnesota Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eofftv.com/">The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film and Television</a> — horror, science fiction, fantasy and animation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/sci-fifilms.html">The Greatest Films: Science Fiction Films</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifescifi.com/">LIFE Sci-Fi | Tech News, Movies, Reviews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wonderscifibuthold.com/">LIFE in a word</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_films" title="List of economics films">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_melodrama_films" title="List of melodrama films">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mockumentaries" title="List of mockumentaries">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant-monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_films_by_year" title="List of musical films by year">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mystery_films" title="List of mystery films">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_noir_titles" title="List of film noir titles">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-noir_films" title="List of neo-noir films">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_films" title="List of religious films">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_films" title="List of romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantic_comedy_films" title="List of romantic comedy films">Romantic comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_films" title="List of satirical films">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap_appearances_in_media#Films" title="Body swap appearances in media">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_action_films" title="List of science fiction action films">Sci-fi action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_comedy_films" title="List of science fiction comedy films">Sci-fi comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_films" title="List of American superhero films">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction#Time_travel_in_films" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film#Films" title="Spy film">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_films" title="List of sports films">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_films" title="List of teen films">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_erotic_thriller_films" title="List of erotic thriller films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials" title="List of war films and TV specials">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Euro-Western_films" title="List of Euro-Western films">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaghetti_Westerns" title="List of spaghetti Westerns">Spaghetti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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