CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Biology and political orientation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a974a077-7282-4e33-aaee-32e9338b4427","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Biology_and_political_orientation","wgTitle":"Biology and political orientation","wgCurRevisionId":1257931135,"wgRevisionId":1257931135,"wgArticleId":31496181,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with evidence out of context","Behavioural genetics","Cognitive neuroscience","Conservatism in the United States","Liberalism in the United States","Political science","Political spectrum"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Biology_and_political_orientation","wgRelevantArticleId":31496181, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4915057","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Biology and political orientation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Biology_and_political_orientation rootpage-Biology_and_political_orientation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biology+and+political+orientation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biology+and+political+orientation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biology+and+political+orientation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biology+and+political+orientation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Brain studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functional differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functional_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functional differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychometrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychometrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psychometrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychometrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Behavioral studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heritability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Heritability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_association_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_association_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gene association studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_association_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutionary psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biology and political orientation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="علم الأحياء والتوجه السياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء والتوجه السياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE" title="జీవశాస్త్రపు వ్యాసాల జాబితా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవశాస్త్రపు వ్యాసాల జాబితా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біологія і політична орієнтація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологія і політична орієнтація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4915057#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Biology_and_political_orientation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Biology_and_political_orientation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&oldid=1257931135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Biology_and_political_orientation&id=1257931135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiology_and_political_orientation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiology_and_political_orientation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4915057" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Correlation between human biology and political tendencies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a> can be linked with <a href="/wiki/Political_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political orientation">political orientation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jost2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that an individual's biology may predispose them to a particular political orientation and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or, conversely, that subscription to certain ideologies may predispose them to measurable biological and <a href="/wiki/Routine_health_outcomes_measurement" title="Routine health outcomes measurement">health outcomes</a>. </p><p>Studies have found that subjects with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a></i> in the United States) political views have larger <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdalae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report larger social networks and greater happiness than liberals, are more prone to express <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> to moral infringements and are more sensitive to perceived threats.<sup id="cite_ref-YI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a></i> in the United States) political views are more likely to report greater relationship dissatisfaction and emotional distress than conservatives, to show more openness to experience as well as greater tolerance for uncertainty and disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-JV_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic factors account for at least some of the variation of political views.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>, conflicts regarding <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> may have been common in the ancestral environment and humans may have developed psychological mechanisms for judging their own chances of succeeding in such conflicts. These mechanisms may affect political views. However, many of the studies linking biology to politics remain controversial and unreplicated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brain_studies">Brain studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Brain studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg/220px-Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg/330px-Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg/440px-Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>In the 2011 study by neuroscientist Ryota Kanai (n=90 students), the subjects who expressed <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> views (right) tended to have a larger amygdala than those who expressed <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> views (left).</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2011 study by cognitive neuroscientist Ryota Kanai at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> found structural <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> differences between subjects of different political orientation in a <a href="/wiki/Accidental_sampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidental sampling">convenience sample</a> of students at the same college.<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers performed <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> scans on the brains of 90 volunteer students who had indicated their political orientation on a five-point scale ranging from "very <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>" to "very <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students who reported more conservative political views were found to have larger <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a structure in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobes</a> whose primary function is in the formation, consolidation and processing of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, as well as positive and negative conditioning (emotional learning).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amygdala is responsible for important roles in social interaction, such as the recognition of emotional cues in facial expressions and the monitoring of personal space,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with larger amygdalae correlating with larger and more complex social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also postulated to play a role in threat detection, including modulation of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> to perceived threats.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_human_amygdala_and_the_inductio_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_human_amygdala_and_the_inductio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Staut-1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staut-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative students were also found to have greater volume of gray matter in the left <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a> and the right <a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">entorhinal cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that conservatives are more sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Disgust#Political_orientation" title="Disgust">disgust</a><sup id="cite_ref-YI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one role of the insula is in the modulation of social emotions, such as the feeling of disgust to specific sights, smells and norm violations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wicker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students who reported more liberal political views were found to have a larger volume of grey matter in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a structure of the brain associated with emotional awareness and the emotional processing of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anterior cingulate cortex becomes active in situations of uncertainty,<sup id="cite_ref-HC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is postulated to play a role in <a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">error</a> detection, such as the monitoring and processing of conflicting stimuli or information.<sup id="cite_ref-Bush00_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bush00-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authors concluded, "Although our data do not determine whether these regions play a causal role in the formation of political attitudes, they converge with previous work to suggest a possible link between brain structure and psychological mechanisms that mediate political attitudes."<sup id="cite_ref-RK_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/LiveScience" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveScience">LiveScience</a>, Ryota Kanai said, "It's very unlikely that actual political orientation is directly encoded in these brain regions", and that "more work is needed to determine how these brain structures mediate the formation of political attitude."<sup id="cite_ref-Jost2001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HL_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-livescience_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanai and colleagues added that it is necessary to conduct a longitudinal study to determine whether the changes in brain structure that we observed lead to changes in political behavior or whether political attitudes and behavior instead result in changes of brain structure. </p><p>A 2024 study by Petalas et al achieved a partial replication of Kanai et al, using a larger sample size of 928 subjects, making it the largest preregistered replication study in political neuroscience to date. A positive relationship between the size of the amygdala and right-wing political views was found but at approximately a third of the effect size of the original study (<i>r</i> = 0.068 vs <i>r</i> = 0.23). The study also did not find a replication of the original finding of a positive relationship between a larger volume of grey matter in the anterior cingulate cortex and left-wing political view.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_differences">Functional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychometrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various studies suggest measurable differences in the psychological traits of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>. Conservatives are more likely to report larger social networks, greater happiness and self-esteem than liberals, are more reactive to perceived threats and more likely to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-JJ3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JV_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberals are more likely to report greater emotional distress, relationship dissatisfaction and experiential hardship than conservatives, and show more openness to experience as well as greater tolerance for uncertainty and disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-JV_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJ3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_studies"><span id="Behavioral_Studies"></span>Behavioral studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavioral studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by David Amodio <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, found differences in how self-described liberal and conservative research participants responded to changes in patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-NN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants were asked to tap a keyboard when the letter "M" appeared on a computer monitor and to refrain from tapping when they saw a "W". The letter "M" appeared four times more frequently than "W", conditioning participants to press the keyboard when a letter appears. Liberal participants made fewer mistakes than conservatives during testing and their <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalograph">electroencephalograph</a> readings showed more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, the part of the brain that deals with conflicting information, during the experiment, suggesting that they were better able to detect conflicts in established patterns. Amodio warned against concluding that a particular political orientation is superior. He said: "The tendency of conservatives to block distracting information could be a good thing depending on the situation."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study both replicated the original study and also found that conservatives performed better in a task in which choosing the simple strategy was the more optimal solution; while both liberals and conservatives started the task attempting the more complex but less effective strategy, conservatives switched to the simple strategy more quickly than liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amodio's original study was also replicated by Weissflog <i>et al.</i> (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Inzlicht <i>et al.</i> (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Kremláček <i>et al.</i> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wendell (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not replicate Amodio's results. Both studies also argued that Weissflog and Inzlicht's results were not as concordant with the Amodio's findings as originally claimed. </p><p>A study of subjects' reported level of <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> linked to various scenarios showed that people who scored highly on the "disgust sensitivity" scale held more politically conservative views,<sup id="cite_ref-YI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some researchers believe could be partially explained by personality traits.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the findings of a 2019 study suggest that sensitivity to disgust among conservatives varies according to the elicitors used, and that using an elicitor-unspecific scale caused the differences in sensitivity to disappear between those of different political orientations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 study in the United States looking at levels of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_reflection_test" title="Cognitive reflection test">cognitive reflection</a> (the tendency to favour analytic reasoning over instinctive or "gut" responses) found that those who voted for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a> had lower levels of cognitive reflection than <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> voters or third-party voters. However, this effect was mostly driven by Democrats who voted for Trump, while amongst Republicans, Clinton and Trump voters had more similar levels of cognitive reflection. Republicans who voted for third-party candidates or those who identified as libertarian had the highest levels of cognitive reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with right-wing views had greater <a href="/wiki/Electrodermal_activity" title="Electrodermal activity">skin conductance</a> response, indicating greater <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> response, to threatening images than those with left-wing views in one study.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxley2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxley2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jost2001_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no difference for positive or neutral images. Holding right-wing views was also associated with a stronger <a href="/wiki/Startle_response" title="Startle response">startle reflex</a> as measured by strength of eyeblink in response to unexpected noise. Subsequent studies with substantially greater statistical power have failed to replicate these effects.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Neuroscience" title="Social Neuroscience">Social Neuroscience</a></i>, three different patterns of brain activation were found to correlate with individualism, conservatism, and radicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, fMRI responses in several portions of the brain have been linked to viewing of the faces of well-known politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that determining political affiliation from fMRI data is overreaching.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritability">Heritability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heritability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a> compares differences in genetic factors in individuals to the total <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> of observable characteristics ("<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a>") in a population, to determine the heritability coefficient. Factors including <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environment</a> and random chance can all contribute to the variation in individuals' phenotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">twin studies</a> assumes the elimination of non-genetic differences by finding the statistical differences between <a href="/wiki/Monozygotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monozygotic">monozygotic</a> (identical) twins, which have almost the same genes, and <a href="/wiki/Dizygotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizygotic">dizygotic</a> (fraternal) twins.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarity of the environment in which twins are reared has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A twin study in 2005 by Alford <i>et al.</i> examined the attitudes regarding 28 different political issues such as capitalism, unions, X-rated movies, abortion, school prayer, divorce, property taxes, and the draft. Twins were asked if they agreed or disagreed or were uncertain about each issue. Genetic factors accounted for 53% of the variance of an overall score. However, self-identification as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> had a much lower heritability of 14%. It is worthwhile to note that identical twins correlated in opinion at a rate of 0.66 while fraternal twins correlated in opinion by 0.44. This likely occurs because identical twins share 100% of their DNA while fraternal twins share on average only 50% of their DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Jonathan Kaplan argued that the role of individual genes is often extremely small due to many human physical traits being polygenic and may be overstated,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observing that the study by Alford <i>et al.</i> made a case for the role of the <a href="/wiki/5-HTTLPR" title="5-HTTLPR">5-HTTLPR</a> region being involved in numerous psychological and personality traits, yet Border <i>et al.</i> (2019) found that multiple associations with 5-HTTLPR were spurious and underpowered.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jost <i>et al.</i> wrote in a 2011 review that "Many studies involving quite diverse samples and methods suggest that political and religious views reflect a reasonably strong genetic basis, but this does not mean that ideological proclivities are unaffected by personal experiences or environmental factors."<sup id="cite_ref-Jost2001_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_association_studies">Gene association studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gene association studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, a study was performed on genomic data from 12,000 twin pairs from Australia, the USA, Denmark, Sweden and Hungary to examine genetic influences on political ideology. The study's <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association analysis</a> did not provide any definitive evidence of a specific genetic marker related to ideology. The authors remarked that, as with any complex trait, a single gene or small group of genes would not influence ideology directly but that there would likely be "thousands of genetic variants of very small effects and constellations of genes interacting with each other and the environment to influence behavior, indirectly".<sup id="cite_ref-HPK_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPK-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"A Genome-Wide Analysis of Liberal and Conservative Political Attitudes" by Peter K. Hatemi <i>et al.</i> traces DNA research involving 13,000 subjects. The study identifies several genes potentially<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Qualify_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Qualify evidence"><span title="Cited sources need context/evaluation">qualify evidence</span></a></i>]</sup> connected with political ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_psychology">Evolutionary psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolutionary psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> perspective, conflicts regarding <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> may have been a recurrent issue in the ancestral environment. Humans may therefore have developed psychological mechanisms for judging their chance of succeeding in such conflicts which will affect their political views. For males, physical strength may have been an important factor in deciding the outcome of such conflicts. Therefore, a prediction is that males that have high physical strength and low <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> (SES) will support redistribution while males that have both high SES and high physical strength will oppose redistribution. Cross-cultural research found this to be the case; for females, their physical strength had no influence on their political views which was as expected since females rarely have physical strength above that of the average male.<sup id="cite_ref-AEP_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study on political attitudes among <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> actors found that, while the actors were generally more left-leaning, male actors with great physical strength were more likely to support the Republican stance on foreign issues and foreign military interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative evolutionary explanation for political diversity is that it is a <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>, like those of gender and blood type, resulting from <a href="/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection" title="Frequency-dependent selection">frequency-dependent selection</a>. Tim Dean has suggested that we live in such a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics#Moral_ecology" title="Pragmatic ethics">moral ecosystem</a> whereby the advantage gained by having any one particular moral strategy diminishes as it becomes very common, causing evolution to produce individuals with a diversity of moral strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alford <i>et al.</i> posit that political variation could offer groups different strategies of solving problems, thus variation is maintained by virtue of being adaptive at the group level.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_science" title="Biology and political science">Biology and political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genopolitics" title="Genopolitics">Genopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jost2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jost2001_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jost2001_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jost2001_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jost2001_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJostAmodio,_David_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jost, John T.; Amodio, David M. (13 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Jost-Amodio-2012.pdf">"Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Motivation and Emotion</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 55–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11031-011-9260-7">10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10675844">10675844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motivation+and+Emotion&rft.atitle=Political+ideology+as+motivated+social+cognition%3A+Behavioral+and+neuroscientific+evidence&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-64&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11031-011-9260-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10675844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Amodio%2C+David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.nyu.edu%2Fjost%2FJost-Amodio-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RK-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanaiFeildenFirthRees2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kanai, R; Feilden, T; Firth, C; Rees, G (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092984">"Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>21</b> (8): 677–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CBio...21..677K">2011CBio...21..677K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.03.017">10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092984">3092984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21474316">21474316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Political+Orientations+Are+Correlated+with+Brain+Structure+in+Young+Adults&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=677-80&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3092984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21474316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.03.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CBio...21..677K&rft.aulast=Kanai&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Feilden%2C+T&rft.au=Firth%2C+C&rft.au=Rees%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3092984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Inbar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Inbar; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yoelinbar.net/papers/disgust_conservatism.pdf">"Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cognition and Emotion</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 714–725. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.372.3053">10.1.1.372.3053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699930802110007">10.1080/02699930802110007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7411404">7411404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition+and+Emotion&rft.atitle=Conservatives+are+more+easily+disgusted+than+liberals.&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=714-725&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.372.3053%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7411404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02699930802110007&rft.au=Y.+Inbar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoelinbar.net%2Fpapers%2Fdisgust_conservatism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJ1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JJ1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJ1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Jost2006" class="citation journal cs1">J. Jost; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Jost%282006%29The-End-of-the-End-of-Ideology.pdf">"The end of the end of ideology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>61</b> (7): 651–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.61.7.651">10.1037/0003-066x.61.7.651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17032067">17032067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+end+of+ideology.&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=651-670&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.61.7.651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17032067&rft.au=J.+Jost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.nyu.edu%2Fjost%2FJost%25282006%2529The-End-of-the-End-of-Ideology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JV-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JV_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JV_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JV_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Vigil2010" class="citation journal cs1">J. Vigil; et al. (2010). "Political leanings vary with facial expression processing and psychosocial functioning". <i>Group Processes & Intergroup Relations</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 547–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1368430209356930">10.1177/1368430209356930</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59571553">59571553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Group+Processes+%26+Intergroup+Relations&rft.atitle=Political+leanings+vary+with+facial+expression+processing+and+psychosocial+functioning.&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=547-558&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1368430209356930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59571553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=J.+Vigil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJ2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JJ2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJ2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJ2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Jost2003" class="citation journal cs1">J. Jost; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contracabal.com/PDF/Jost-1.pdf">"Political conservatism as motivated social cognition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>129</b> (3): 339–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.3.339">10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12784934">12784934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1778256">1778256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Political+conservatism+as+motivated+social+cognition.&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-375&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1778256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12784934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.3.339&rft.au=J.+Jost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontracabal.com%2FPDF%2FJost-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2024" class="citation web cs1">Dolan, Eric W. (2024-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psypost.org/genetic-variations-help-explain-the-link-between-cognitive-ability-and-liberalism/">"Genetic variations help explain the link between cognitive ability and liberalism"</a>. <i>PsyPost - Psychology News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PsyPost+-+Psychology+News&rft.atitle=Genetic+variations+help+explain+the+link+between+cognitive+ability+and+liberalism&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psypost.org%2Fgenetic-variations-help-explain-the-link-between-cognitive-ability-and-liberalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleppestoCzajkowskiSheehy-SkeffingtonVassend2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kleppesto, Thomas Haarklau; Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi; Sheehy-Skeffington, Jennifer; Vassend, Olav; Roysamb, Espen; Eftedal, Nikolai Haahjem; Kunst, Jonas R.; Ystrom, Eivind; Thomsen, Lotte (2024-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12921">"The genetic underpinnings of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain political attitudes beyond Big Five personality"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjopy.12921">10.1111/jopy.12921</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F111202">10852/111202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3506">0022-3506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38386613">38386613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality&rft.atitle=The+genetic+underpinnings+of+right-wing+authoritarianism+and+social+dominance+orientation+explain+political+attitudes+beyond+Big+Five+personality&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F111202&rft.issn=0022-3506&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38386613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjopy.12921&rft.aulast=Kleppesto&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Haarklau&rft.au=Czajkowski%2C+Nikolai+Olavi&rft.au=Sheehy-Skeffington%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Vassend%2C+Olav&rft.au=Roysamb%2C+Espen&rft.au=Eftedal%2C+Nikolai+Haahjem&rft.au=Kunst%2C+Jonas+R.&rft.au=Ystrom%2C+Eivind&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+Lotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fjopy.12921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Buchen, Lizzie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F490466a">"Biology and ideology: The anatomy of politics"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>490</b> (7421): 466–468. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.490..466B">2012Natur.490..466B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F490466a">10.1038/490466a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23099382">23099382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biology+and+ideology%3A+The+anatomy+of+politics&rft.volume=490&rft.issue=7421&rft.pages=466-468&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23099382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F490466a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.490..466B&rft.aulast=Buchen&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F490466a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1983" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, James (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791065">"The Proper Biological Study of Politics"</a>. <i>Political Psychology</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 731–743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3791065">10.2307/3791065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791065">3791065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Proper+Biological+Study+of+Politics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=731-743&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3791065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3791065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3791065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HL-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HL_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HL_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ninh, Amie (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthland.time.com/2011/04/08/liberal-vs-conservative-does-the-difference-lie-in-the-brain/">"Liberal vs. Conservative: Does the Difference Lie in the Brain?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Neil R. (12 January 2012). <i>Physiology of Behavior</i>. Pearson. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205239399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205239399"><bdi>978-0205239399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+of+Behavior&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0205239399&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBzdokLangnerCaspersKurth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bzdok D, Langner R, Caspers S, Kurth F, Habel U, Zilles K, Laird A, Eickhoff SB (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020344">"ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness"</a>. <i>Brain Structure & Function</i>. <b>215</b> (3–4): 209–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00429-010-0287-4">10.1007/s00429-010-0287-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020344">4020344</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978908">20978908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Structure+%26+Function&rft.atitle=ALE+meta-analysis+on+facial+judgments+of+trustworthiness+and+attractiveness&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=209-23&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4020344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20978908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00429-010-0287-4&rft.aulast=Bzdok&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Langner%2C+R&rft.au=Caspers%2C+S&rft.au=Kurth%2C+F&rft.au=Habel%2C+U&rft.au=Zilles%2C+K&rft.au=Laird%2C+A&rft.au=Eickhoff%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4020344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyGläscherTyszkaAdolphs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy DP, Gläscher J, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753689">"Personal space regulation by the human amygdala"</a>. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 1226–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2381">10.1038/nn.2381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753689">2753689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19718035">19718035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Personal+space+regulation+by+the+human+amygdala&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1226-7&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19718035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2381&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Gl%C3%A4scher%2C+J&rft.au=Tyszka%2C+JM&rft.au=Adolphs%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2753689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickartWrightDautoffDickerson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bickart KC, Wright CI, Dautoff RJ, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079404">"Amygdala volume and social network size in humans"</a>. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 163–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2724">10.1038/nn.2724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079404">3079404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21186358">21186358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Amygdala+volume+and+social+network+size+in+humans&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-4&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3079404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21186358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2724&rft.aulast=Bickart&rft.aufirst=KC&rft.au=Wright%2C+CI&rft.au=Dautoff%2C+RJ&rft.au=Dickerson%2C+BC&rft.au=Barrett%2C+LF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3079404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalavitz2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Szalavitz, Maia (28 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthland.time.com/2010/12/28/how-to-win-friends-have-a-big-amygdala/?xid=rss-topstories">"How to Win Friends: Have a Big Amygdala?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061203/http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/28/how-to-win-friends-have-a-big-amygdala/?xid=rss-topstories">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+to+Win+Friends%3A+Have+a+Big+Amygdala%3F&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.aulast=Szalavitz&rft.aufirst=Maia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthland.time.com%2F2010%2F12%2F28%2Fhow-to-win-friends-have-a-big-amygdala%2F%3Fxid%3Drss-topstories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.L. Brink. (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TLBrink_PSYCH04.pdf">"Unit 4: The Nervous System"</a>. pp 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_human_amygdala_and_the_inductio-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_human_amygdala_and_the_inductio_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinsteinAdolphsDamasioTranel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Feinstein JS, Adolphs R, Damasio A, Tranel D (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030206">"The human amygdala and the induction and experience of fear"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 34–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CBio...21...34F">2011CBio...21...34F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.11.042">10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030206">3030206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21167712">21167712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+human+amygdala+and+the+induction+and+experience+of+fear&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-8&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3030206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21167712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.11.042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CBio...21...34F&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Adolphs%2C+R&rft.au=Damasio%2C+A&rft.au=Tranel%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3030206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staut-1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staut-1998_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStautNaidich1998" class="citation journal cs1">Staut CC, Naidich TP (April 1998). "Urbach-Wiethe disease (Lipoid proteinosis)". <i>Pediatric Neurosurgery</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 212–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000028653">10.1159/000028653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9732251">9732251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46862405">46862405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Urbach-Wiethe+disease+%28Lipoid+proteinosis%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=212-4&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46862405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9732251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000028653&rft.aulast=Staut&rft.aufirst=CC&rft.au=Naidich%2C+TP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanfeyRillingAronsonNystrom2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sanfey AG, Rilling JK, Aronson JA, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD (June 2003). "The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game". <i>Science</i>. <b>300</b> (5626): 1755–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300.1755S">2003Sci...300.1755S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1082976">10.1126/science.1082976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805551">12805551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7111382">7111382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+neural+basis+of+economic+decision-making+in+the+Ultimatum+Game&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5626&rft.pages=1755-8&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1082976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7111382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12805551&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300.1755S&rft.aulast=Sanfey&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Rilling%2C+JK&rft.au=Aronson%2C+JA&rft.au=Nystrom%2C+LE&rft.au=Cohen%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicker-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wicker_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Wicker2003" class="citation journal cs1">B. Wicker; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0896-6273%2803%2900679-2">"Both of us disgusted in My insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 655–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0896-6273%2803%2900679-2">10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14642287">14642287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Both+of+us+disgusted+in+My+insula%3A+The+common+neural+basis+of+seeing+and+feeling+disgust&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=655-664&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0896-6273%2803%2900679-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14642287&rft.au=B.+Wicker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0896-6273%252803%252900679-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightHeShapiraGoodman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wright P, He G, Shapira NA, Goodman WK, Liu Y (October 2004). "Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination". <i>NeuroReport</i>. <b>15</b> (15): 2347–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-200410250-00009">10.1097/00001756-200410250-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15640753">15640753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6864309">6864309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroReport&rft.atitle=Disgust+and+the+insula%3A+fMRI+responses+to+pictures+of+mutilation+and+contamination&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2347-51&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6864309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15640753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001756-200410250-00009&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=He%2C+G&rft.au=Shapira%2C+NA&rft.au=Goodman%2C+WK&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneReimanAxelrodYun1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lane RD, Reiman EM, Axelrod B, Yun LS, Holmes A, Schwartz GE (July 1998). "Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex". <i>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 525–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F089892998562924">10.1162/089892998562924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9712681">9712681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27743177">27743177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Neural+correlates+of+levels+of+emotional+awareness.+Evidence+of+an+interaction+between+emotion+and+attention+in+the+anterior+cingulate+cortex&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-35&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27743177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9712681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F089892998562924&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Reiman%2C+EM&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+B&rft.au=Yun%2C+LS&rft.au=Holmes%2C+A&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation journal cs1">Price DD (June 2000). "Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain". <i>Science</i>. <b>288</b> (5472): 1769–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1769P">2000Sci...288.1769P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5472.1769">10.1126/science.288.5472.1769</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10846154">10846154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15250446">15250446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Psychological+and+neural+mechanisms+of+the+affective+dimension+of+pain&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5472&rft.pages=1769-72&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5472.1769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15250446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10846154&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...288.1769P&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Critchley2001" class="citation journal cs1">H. Critchley; et al. (2001). "Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation". <i>Neuron</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 537–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0896-6273%2801%2900225-2">10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00225-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0001-A313-1">21.11116/0000-0001-A313-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11239442">11239442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10995076">10995076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Neural+activity+in+the+human+brain+relating+to+uncertainty+and+arousal+during+anticipation.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=537-545&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0001-A313-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10995076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11239442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0896-6273%2801%2900225-2&rft.au=H.+Critchley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bush00-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bush00_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushLuuPosner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI (June 2000). "Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 215–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901483-2">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10827444">10827444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16451230">16451230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Cognitive+and+emotional+influences+in+anterior+cingulate+cortex&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=215-222&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16451230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10827444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901483-2&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Luu%2C+P&rft.au=Posner%2C+MI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livescience_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/13608-brain-political-ideology-liberal-conservative.html">"Politics on the Brain: Scans Show Whether You Lean Left or Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LiveScience" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveScience">LiveScience</a>. 7 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics+on+the+Brain%3A+Scans+Show+Whether+You+Lean+Left+or+Right&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F13608-brain-political-ideology-liberal-conservative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYD-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYD_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKattalia,_Kathryn2011" class="citation news cs1">Kattalia, Kathryn (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710003053/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-08/entertainment/29415110_1_brain-structure-political-orientation-liberals-and-conservatives">"The liberal brain? Scans show liberals and conservatives have different brain structures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-08/entertainment/29415110_1_brain-structure-political-orientation-liberals-and-conservatives">the original</a> on July 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+liberal+brain%3F+Scans+show+liberals+and+conservatives+have+different+brain+structures&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.au=Kattalia%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.nydailynews.com%2F2011-04-08%2Fentertainment%2F29415110_1_brain-structure-political-orientation-liberals-and-conservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petalas, D. P., Schumacher, G., & Scholte, S. H. (2024). Is political ideology correlated with brain structure? A preregistered replication. iScience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJ3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JJ3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJ3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier_JJost_JT2008" class="citation journal cs1">Napier J; Jost JT (2008). "Why Are Conservatives Happier Than Liberals?". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 562–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02124.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Conservatives+Happier+Than+Liberals%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=562-72&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02124.x&rft.au=Napier+J&rft.au=Jost+JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NN-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NN_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M Amodio, John T Jost, Sarah L Master & Cindy M Yee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n10/abs/nn1979.html">Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a></i>. Cited by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Neurocognitive+correlates+of+liberalism+and+conservatism%E2%80%8E%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=&as_vis=0">69 other studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013125516/http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/09/10/brains-of-liberals-conservatives-may-work-differently/1691.html">"Brains of Liberals, Conservatives May Work Differently"</a>. Psych Central. 2007-10-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/09/10/brains-of-liberals-conservatives-may-work-differently/1691.html">the original</a> on 2016-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brains+of+Liberals%2C+Conservatives+May+Work+Differently&rft.pub=Psych+Central&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F10%2Fbrains-of-liberals-conservatives-may-work-differently%2F1691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes2007_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-sci-politics10sep10,0,2687256.story">"Study finds left-wing brain, right-wing brain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 2007-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Study+finds+left-wing+brain%2C+right-wing+brain&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fla-sci-politics10sep10%2C0%2C2687256.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernabel, R. T., & Oliveira, A. (2017). Conservatism and liberalism predict performance in two nonideological cognitive tasks. Politics and the Life Sciences, 36(2), 49-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weissflog, M., Choma, B. L., Dywan, J., van Noordt, S. J., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2013). The political (and physiological) divide: Political orientation, performance monitoring, and the anterior cingulate response. Social neuroscience, 8(5), 434-447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inzlicht, Michael, Ian McGregor, Jacob B. Hirsh, and Kyle Nash. "Neural markers of religious conviction." Psychological science 20, no. 3 (2009): 385-392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kremláček, Jan, Daniel Musil, Jana Langrová, and Martin Palecek. "Neural correlates of liberalism and conservatism in a post-Communist country." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13 (2019): 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendell, D. G. (2016). Loyola eCommons Neural Correlates of Political Attitudes: Emotion and Ideology in the Brain. Available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2299">http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2299</a>, Loyola University Chicago, pages 133-178 Accessed 27/07/2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu, Xiaowen, Annika K. Karinen, Hanah A. Chapman, Jordan B. Peterson, and Jason E. Plaks. "An orderly personality partially explains the link between trait disgust and political conservatism." Cognition and Emotion (2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elad-Strenger, Julia, Jutta Proch, and Thomas Kessler. "Is Disgust a "Conservative" Emotion?." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (2019): 0146167219880191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pennycook" title="Gordon Pennycook">Pennycook, Gordon</a>, and David G. Rand. "Cognitive reflection and the 2016 US Presidential election." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2019): 224-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxley2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxley2008_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxleySmithAlfordHibbing2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oxley, D. R.; Smith, K. B.; Alford, J. R.; Hibbing, M. V.; Miller, J. L.; Scalora, M.; Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J. R. (19 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscifacpub/26">"Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>321</b> (5896): 1667–1670. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1667O">2008Sci...321.1667O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1157627">10.1126/science.1157627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18801995">18801995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7215269">7215269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Political+Attitudes+Vary+with+Physiological+Traits&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5896&rft.pages=1667-1670&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1157627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7215269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18801995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321.1667O&rft.aulast=Oxley&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+K.+B.&rft.au=Alford%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Hibbing%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Miller%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Scalora%2C+M.&rft.au=Hatemi%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Hibbing%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fpoliscifacpub%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerSchumacherGothreauArceneaux2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Bert N.; Schumacher, Gijs; Gothreau, Claire; Arceneaux, Kevin (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306406">"Conservatives and liberals have similar physiological responses to threats"</a>. <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 613–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0823-z">10.1038/s41562-020-0823-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306406">7306406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32042109">32042109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Human+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Conservatives+and+liberals+have+similar+physiological+responses+to+threats&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=613-621&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306406%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32042109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41562-020-0823-z&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Bert+N.&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Gijs&rft.au=Gothreau%2C+Claire&rft.au=Arceneaux%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournierSorokaNir2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fournier, Patrick; Soroka, Stuart; Nir, Lilach (August 2020). "Negativity Biases and Political Ideology: A Comparative Test across 17 Countries". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>114</b> (3): 775–791. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000131">10.1017/S0003055420000131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225441710">225441710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Negativity+Biases+and+Political+Ideology%3A+A+Comparative+Test+across+17+Countries&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=775-791&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055420000131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225441710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Soroka%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Nir%2C+Lilach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamboniGozziKruegerDuhamel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zamboni G, Gozzi M, Krueger F, Duhamel JR, Sirigu A, Grafman J (2009). "Individualism, conservatism, and radicalism as criteria for processing political beliefs: a parametric fMRI study". <i>Social Neuroscience</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 367–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17470910902860308">10.1080/17470910902860308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562629">19562629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15652205">15652205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Individualism%2C+conservatism%2C+and+radicalism+as+criteria+for+processing+political+beliefs%3A+a+parametric+fMRI+study&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=367-83&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15652205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19562629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17470910902860308&rft.aulast=Zamboni&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Gozzi%2C+M&rft.au=Krueger%2C+F&rft.au=Duhamel%2C+JR&rft.au=Sirigu%2C+A&rft.au=Grafman%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span> Zamboni G, Gozzi M, Krueger F, Duhamel JR, Sirigu A, Jordan Grafman. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristine_Knudson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kristine Knudson; et al. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828689">"Politics on the Brain: An fMRI Investigation"</a>. <i>Soc Neurosci</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17470910600670603">10.1080/17470910600670603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828689">1828689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17372621">17372621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc+Neurosci&rft.atitle=Politics+on+the+Brain%3A+An+fMRI+Investigation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-40&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17372621&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17470910600670603&rft.au=Kristine+Knudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAueLavelleCacioppo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aue T, Lavelle LA, Cacioppo JT (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boris.unibe.ch/71224/2/AueLavelleCacioppo_2009_IJP.pdf">"Great expectations: what can fMRI research tell us about psychological phenomena?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 10–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2008.12.017">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19232374">19232374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Great+expectations%3A+what+can+fMRI+research+tell+us+about+psychological+phenomena%3F&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-6&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2008.12.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19232374&rft.aulast=Aue&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Lavelle%2C+LA&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboris.unibe.ch%2F71224%2F2%2FAueLavelleCacioppo_2009_IJP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajvan_Oudenaarden2008" class="citation journal cs1">Raj, A; van Oudenaarden, A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118044">"Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>135</b> (2): 216–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.09.050">10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118044">3118044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957198">18957198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Nature%2C+nurture%2C+or+chance%3A+stochastic+gene+expression+and+its+consequences&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-26&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3118044%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18957198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.09.050&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=van+Oudenaarden%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3118044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinBoomsmaMachin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Nicholas; Boomsma, Dorret; Machin, Geoffrey (17 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/contents/publications/staff/MartinDorret_NatGen1997_TwinProng387_392.pdf">"A twin-pronged attack on complex traits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Genetics" title="Nature Genetics">Nature Genetics</a></i>. <b>17</b> (4): 387–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1297-387">10.1038/ng1297-387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9398838">9398838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2028886">2028886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+twin-pronged+attack+on+complex+traits&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-92&rft.date=1997-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2028886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9398838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1297-387&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Boomsma%2C+Dorret&rft.au=Machin%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenepi.qimr.edu.au%2Fcontents%2Fpublications%2Fstaff%2FMartinDorret_NatGen1997_TwinProng387_392.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwithMorris2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beckwith, Jon; Morris, Corey A. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/twin-studies-of-political-behavior-untenable-assumptions/AB2BB4C87F5E776BF2C5C563235A5255">"Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 785–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592708081917">10.1017/S1537592708081917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55630117">55630117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Twin+Studies+of+Political+Behavior%3A+Untenable+Assumptions%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=785-91&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592708081917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55630117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Morris%2C+Corey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fperspectives-on-politics%2Farticle%2Ftwin-studies-of-political-behavior-untenable-assumptions%2FAB2BB4C87F5E776BF2C5C563235A5255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, Susan T.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Lindzey, Gardner (15 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honors.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/SwannBosson.pdf"><i>Handbook of Social Psychology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=372&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Susan+T.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Daniel+T.&rft.au=Lindzey%2C+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonors.illinoisstate.edu%2Fdownloads%2FSwannBosson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey,_Benedict2005" class="citation news cs1">Carey, Benedict (June 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/science/21gene.html?pagewanted=all">"Some Politics May Be Etched in the Genes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+Politics+May+Be+Etched+in+the+Genes&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft.au=Carey%2C+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F21%2Fscience%2F21gene.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfordFunkHibbing2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alford, J. R.; Funk, C. L.; Hibbing, J. R. (2005). "Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 153–167. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.622.476">10.1.1.622.476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055405051579">10.1017/S0003055405051579</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3820911">3820911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Are+Political+Orientations+Genetically+Transmitted%3F&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-167&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.622.476%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3820911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055405051579&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Funk%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Hibbing%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kincaid, Harold, and Jeroen Van Bouwel, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Political Science. Oxford University Press, 2023, pg 19-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Border, Richard, Emma C. Johnson, Luke M. Evans, Andrew Smolen, Noah Berley, Patrick F. Sullivan, and Matthew C. Keller. "No support for historical candidate gene or candidate gene-by-interaction hypotheses for major depression across multiple large samples." American Journal of Psychiatry 176, no. 5 (2019): 376-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPK-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HPK_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatemiMedlandKlemmensenOskarrson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hatemi, PK; Medland, SE; Klemmensen, R; Oskarrson, S; Littvay, L; Dawes, C; Verhulst, B; McDermott, R; Nørgaard, AS; Klofstad, C; Christensen, K; Johannesson, M; Magnusson, PKE; Eaves, LJ; Martin, NG (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038932">"Genetic Influences on Political Ideologies: Twin Analyses of 19 Measures of Political Ideologies from Five Democracies and Genome-Wide Findings from Three Populations"</a>. <i>Behav Genet</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 282–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10519-014-9648-8">10.1007/s10519-014-9648-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038932">4038932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24569950">24569950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behav+Genet&rft.atitle=Genetic+Influences+on+Political+Ideologies%3A+Twin+Analyses+of+19+Measures+of+Political+Ideologies+from+Five+Democracies+and+Genome-Wide+Findings+from+Three+Populations&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-294&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24569950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10519-014-9648-8&rft.aulast=Hatemi&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Medland%2C+SE&rft.au=Klemmensen%2C+R&rft.au=Oskarrson%2C+S&rft.au=Littvay%2C+L&rft.au=Dawes%2C+C&rft.au=Verhulst%2C+B&rft.au=McDermott%2C+R&rft.au=N%C3%B8rgaard%2C+AS&rft.au=Klofstad%2C+C&rft.au=Christensen%2C+K&rft.au=Johannesson%2C+M&rft.au=Magnusson%2C+PKE&rft.au=Eaves%2C+LJ&rft.au=Martin%2C+NG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatemiGillespieEavesMaher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hatemi, P. K.; Gillespie, N. A.; Eaves, L. J.; Maher, B. S.; Webb, B. T.; Heath, A. C.; Medland, S. E.; Smyth, D. C.; Beeby, H. N.; Gordon, S. D.; Montgomery, G. W.; Zhu, G.; Byrne, E. M.; Martin, N. G. (2011). "A Genome-Wide Analysis of Liberal and Conservative Political Attitudes". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>73</b>: 271–285. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.662.2987">10.1.1.662.2987</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022381610001015">10.1017/S0022381610001015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=A+Genome-Wide+Analysis+of+Liberal+and+Conservative+Political+Attitudes&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=271-285&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.662.2987%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022381610001015&rft.aulast=Hatemi&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Eaves%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Maher%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Webb%2C+B.+T.&rft.au=Heath%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Medland%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Beeby%2C+H.+N.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+S.+D.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+G.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Martin%2C+N.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEP-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEP_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Bang Petersen. The evolutionary psychology of Mass Politics. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, S. C. (2011). Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). <i>Applied Evolutionary Psychology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199586073" title="Special:BookSources/9780199586073"><bdi>9780199586073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199586073&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9197597/Strong-men-more-likely-to-vote-Conservative.html">"Strong men more likely to vote Conservative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Telegraph</a>. April 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong+men+more+likely+to+vote+Conservative&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F9197597%2FStrong-men-more-likely-to-vote-Conservative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean2012-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dean2012_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4148%2Fbiyclc.v7i0.1775">"Evolution and Moral Diversity"</a>. <i>The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication</i>. <b>7</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4148%2Fbiyclc.v7i0.1775">10.4148/biyclc.v7i0.1775</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltic+International+Yearbook+of+Cognition%2C+Logic+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+Moral+Diversity&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4148%2Fbiyclc.v7i0.1775&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4148%252Fbiyclc.v7i0.1775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. "Are political orientations genetically transmitted?." American political science review 99, no. 2 (2005): 153-167.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791065">"Study that links Biology to politics"</a>. "JSTOR."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/science/21gene.html?pagewanted=all">"Some Politics May Be Etched in the Genes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/political-views-tied-brain-structure/story?id=13317961">"Political Views Reflected in Brain Structure"</a>. ABC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/liberals-and-conservatives-dont-just-vote-differently-they-think-differently/2012/04/12/gIQAzb1kDT_story.html">"Liberals and conservatives don’t just vote differently. They think differently."</a> <i>The Washington Post</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21564191">"Body politic. The genetics of politics. Slowly, and in some quarters grudgingly, the influence of genes in shaping political outlook and behaviour is being recognised"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>, October 6, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatemiMedlandKlemmensenOskarsson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hatemi, Peter K.; Medland, Sarah E.; Klemmensen, Robert; Oskarsson, Sven; Littvay, Levente; Dawes, Christopher T.; Verhulst, Brad; McDermott, Rose; Nørgaard, Asbjørn Sonne; Klofstad, Casey A.; Christensen, Kaare; Johannesson, Magnus; Magnusson, Patrik K. E.; Eaves, Lindon J.; Martin, Nicholas G. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038932">"Genetic Influences on Political Ideologies: Twin Analyses of 19 Measures of Political Ideologies from Five Democracies and Genome-Wide Findings from Three Populations"</a>. <i>Behavior Genetics</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 282–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10519-014-9648-8">10.1007/s10519-014-9648-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-8244">0001-8244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038932">4038932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24569950">24569950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Influences+on+Political+Ideologies%3A+Twin+Analyses+of+19+Measures+of+Political+Ideologies+from+Five+Democracies+and+Genome-Wide+Findings+from+Three+Populations&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-294&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0001-8244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24569950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10519-014-9648-8&rft.aulast=Hatemi&rft.aufirst=Peter+K.&rft.au=Medland%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Klemmensen%2C+Robert&rft.au=Oskarsson%2C+Sven&rft.au=Littvay%2C+Levente&rft.au=Dawes%2C+Christopher+T.&rft.au=Verhulst%2C+Brad&rft.au=McDermott%2C+Rose&rft.au=N%C3%B8rgaard%2C+Asbj%C3%B8rn+Sonne&rft.au=Klofstad%2C+Casey+A.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Kaare&rft.au=Johannesson%2C+Magnus&rft.au=Magnusson%2C+Patrik+K.+E.&rft.au=Eaves%2C+Lindon+J.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Nicholas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4038932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiology+and+political+orientation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105024325/http://neuropolitics.org/Conservative-Left-Brain-Liberal-Right-Brain.htm">Conservative Left Brain, Liberal Right Brain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&oldid=1257931135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&oldid=1257931135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Behavioural_genetics" title="Category:Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Category:Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_science" title="Category:Political science">Political science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_spectrum" title="Category:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_evidence_out_of_context" title="Category:Articles with evidence out of context">Articles with evidence out of context</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 08:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biology_and_political_orientation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fd659d96c-7jhpj","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.708","walltime":"1.079","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3682,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":164937,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4703,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":217333,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 964.952 1 -total"," 40.50% 390.785 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.84% 297.578 36 Template:Cite_journal"," 24.74% 238.729 1 Template:Short_description"," 18.85% 181.911 2 Template:Pagetype"," 16.92% 163.288 1 Template:Politics_sidebar"," 16.41% 158.335 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 16.11% 155.493 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.34% 70.794 1 Template:Political_spectrum"," 5.01% 48.375 1 Template:Portal-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.433","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6516092,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-649fc5b848-v25qw","timestamp":"20241204090258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biology and political orientation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biology_and_political_orientation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4915057","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4915057","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-04-14T11:05:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T08:31:32Z","headline":"Correlation between human biology and political tendencies"}</script> </body> </html>