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<span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Risks and complications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risks_and_complications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Risks and complications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Site-specific_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site-specific_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Site-specific complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site-specific_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z-track_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z-track_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Z-track method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-track_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injection_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injection_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Injection sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injection_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Special populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Veterinary medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D9%8A" title="حقن عضلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقن عضلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unutarmi%C5%A1i%C4%87na_injekcija" title="Unutarmišićna injekcija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Unutarmišićna injekcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injecci%C3%B3_intramuscular" title="Injecció intramuscular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Injecció intramuscular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosvalov%C3%A1_aplikace" title="Nitrosvalová aplikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nitrosvalová aplikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuskul%C3%A6r_administration" title="Intramuskulær administration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Intramuskulær administration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuskul%C3%A4re_Injektion" title="Intramuskuläre Injektion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intramuskuläre Injektion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihasesisene_s%C3%BCstimine" title="Lihasesisene süstimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lihasesisene süstimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ενδομυϊκή ένεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδομυϊκή ένεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyecci%C3%B3n_intramuscular" title="Inyección intramuscular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inyección intramuscular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تزریق عضلانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تزریق عضلانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_intramusculaire" title="Injection intramusculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Injection intramusculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%9C%A1_%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%AC" title="근육 주사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근육 주사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="इंट्रामस्क्युलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंट्रामस्क्युलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyuntikan_intraotot" title="Penyuntikan intraotot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyuntikan intraotot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniezione_intramuscolare" title="Iniezione intramuscolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iniezione intramuscolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntikan_intraotot" title="Suntikan intraotot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suntikan intraotot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramusculair" title="Intramusculair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intramusculair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E5%86%85%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="筋肉内注射 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="筋肉内注射" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuskul%C3%A6r_injeksjon" title="Intramuskulær injeksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intramuskulær injeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrzyk_domi%C4%99%C5%9Bniowy" title="Zastrzyk domięśniowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zastrzyk domięśniowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inje%C3%A7%C3%A3o_intramuscular" title="Injeção intramuscular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Injeção intramuscular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Внутримышечная инъекция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внутримышечная инъекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuskularna_aplikacija" title="Intramuskularna aplikacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Intramuskularna aplikacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuskulaarinen" title="Intramuskulaarinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intramuskulaarinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="การฉีดเข้ากล้ามเนื้อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฉีดเข้ากล้ามเนื้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiêm bắp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="肌肉注射 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肌肉注射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q432083#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical injection into a muscle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Intramuscular injection</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracing_for_a_short,_sharp_jab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg/280px-Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg/420px-Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg/560px-Bracing_for_a_short%2C_sharp_jab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A healthcare worker preparing to administer a vaccine via intramuscular injection</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3E023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data">99.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007273">D007273</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Current_Procedural_Terminology" title="Current Procedural Terminology">CPT</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96372</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432083" class="extiw" title="d:Q432083">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intramuscular injection</b>, often abbreviated <b>IM</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical injection">injection</a> of a substance into a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, it is one of several methods for <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral administration</a> of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermal injections</a>. Medication administered via intramuscular injection is not subject to the <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a> effect which affects oral medications. </p><p>Common sites for intramuscular injections include the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> of the upper arm and the <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluteal muscle">gluteal muscle</a> of the buttock. In infants, the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vastus lateralis muscle</a> of the thigh is commonly used. The injection site must be cleaned before administering the injection, and the injection is then administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 <a href="/wiki/Milliliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliter">milliliters</a>, depending on injection site. A site with signs of infection or muscle atrophy should not be chosen. Intramuscular injections should not be used in people with <a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">myopathies</a> or those with trouble clotting. </p><p>Intramuscular injections commonly result in pain, redness, and swelling or <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> around the injection site. These side effects are generally mild and last no more than a few days at most. Rarely, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> or blood vessels around the injection site can be damaged, resulting in severe pain or <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>. If proper technique is not followed, intramuscular injections can result in localized infections such as <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>. While historically aspiration, or pulling back on the syringe before injection, was recommended to prevent inadvertent administration into a vein, it is no longer recommended for most injection sites by some countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intramuscular injection is commonly used for medication administration. Medication administered in the muscle is generally quickly absorbed in the bloodstream, and avoids the <a href="/wiki/First_pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First pass metabolism">first pass metabolism</a> which occurs with oral administration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medication may not be considered 100% <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailable</a> as it must still be absorbed from the muscle, which occurs over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Clin_pharm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clin_pharm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102–103">: 102–103 </span></sup> An intramuscular injection is less invasive than an intravenous injection and also generally takes less time, as the site of injection (a muscle versus a vein) is much larger. Medications administered in the muscle may also be administered as <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">depot injections</a>, which provide slow, continuous release of medicine over a longer period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain substances, including <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, may be injected intramuscularly for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disadvantages of intramuscular administration include skill and technique required, pain from injection, anxiety or fear (especially in children), and difficulty in self-administration which limits its use in <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_clinic_(hospital_department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient clinic (hospital department)">outpatient medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polania_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polania-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">inactivated vaccines</a>, are commonly administered via intramuscular injection.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurs2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurs2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been estimated that for every vaccine injected intramuscularly, 20 injections are given to administer drugs or other therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurs2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurs2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can include medications such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> such as testosterone and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">medroxyprogesterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polania_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polania-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a case of severe allergic reaction, or <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, a person may use an <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Autoinjector" title="Autoinjector">autoinjector</a> to self-administer epinephrine into the muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because an intramuscular injection can be used to administer many types of medications, specific <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a> depend in large part on the medication being administered.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injections of medications are necessarily more invasive than other forms of administration such as by mouth or topical and require training to perform appropriately, without which complications can arise regardless of the medication being administered. For this reason, unless there are desired differences in rate of absorption, time to onset, or other pharmacokinetic parameters in the specific situation, a less invasive form of drug administration (usually by mouth) is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intramuscular injections are generally avoided in people with <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">low platelet count</a> or clotting problems, to prevent harm due to potential damage to blood vessels during the injection. They are also not recommended in people who are in <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock" title="Hypovolemic shock">hypovolemic shock</a>, or have myopathy or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>, as these conditions may alter the absorption of the medication.<sup id="cite_ref-Polania_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polania-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage to the muscle caused by an intramuscular injections may interfere with the accuracy of certain cardiac tests for people with suspected <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> and for this reason other methods of administration are preferred in such instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Polania_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polania-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In people with an active myocardial infarction, the decrease in circulation may result in slower absorption from an IM injection.<sup id="cite_ref-LippNurs7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LippNurs7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368–369">: 368–369 </span></sup> Specific sites of administration may also be contraindicated if the desired injection site has an infection, swelling, or inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-LippNurs7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LippNurs7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368–369">: 368–369 </span></sup> Within a specific site of administration, the injection should not be given directly over irritation or redness, birthmarks or moles, or areas with scar tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-LippNurs7_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LippNurs7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 368–369">: 368–369 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_complications">Risks and complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Risks and complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle_safety_demo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Needle_safety_demo.gif/220px-Needle_safety_demo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Needle_safety_demo.gif/330px-Needle_safety_demo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Needle_safety_demo.gif 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Using safety needles that prevent more than one use and accidental injections ensures sterility and prevents <a href="/wiki/Needlestick_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Needlestick injuries">needlestick injuries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As an injection necessitates piercing the skin, there is a risk of infection from <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> or other organisms present in the environment or on the skin before the injection. This risk is minimized by using proper <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic technique">aseptic technique</a> in preparing the injection and sanitizing the injection site before administration.<sup id="cite_ref-LippNurs7_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LippNurs7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 369">: 369 </span></sup> Intramuscular injections may also cause an abscess or gangrene at the injection site, depending on the specific medication and amount administered. There is also a risk of nerve or vascular injury if a nerve or blood vessel is inadvertently hit during injection. If single-use or sterilized equipment is not used, there is the risk of transmission of infectious disease between users, or to a practitioner who inadvertently injures themselves with a used needle, termed a <a href="/wiki/Needlestick_injury" title="Needlestick injury">needlestick injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polania_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polania-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LippNurs7_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LippNurs7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 372">: 372 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site-specific_complications">Site-specific complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Site-specific complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injections into the deltoid site in the arm can result in unintentional damage to the <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">axillary nerves</a>. In rare cases when not performed properly, the injection may result in shoulder dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-HVI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HVI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent complications of a deltoid injection include pain, redness, and inflammation around the injection site, which are almost always mild and last only a few days at most.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccine2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccine2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dorsogluteal site of injection is associated with a higher risk of skin and tissue trauma, muscle <a href="/wiki/Injection_fibrosis" title="Injection fibrosis">fibrosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">contracture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a>, nerve <a href="/wiki/Palsy" title="Palsy">palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, and infections such as <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, injection in the gluteal muscle poses a risk for damage to the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a>, which may cause shooting pain or a sensation of burning. Sciatic nerve damage can also affect a person's ability to move their foot on the affected side, and other parts of the body controlled by the nerve. Damage to the sciatic nerve can be prevented by using the ventrogluteal site instead, and by selecting an appropriate size and length of needle for the injection.<sup id="cite_ref-JIMR2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIMR2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intramuscular_Injection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intramuscular_Injection.JPG/220px-Intramuscular_Injection.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intramuscular_Injection.JPG/330px-Intramuscular_Injection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intramuscular_Injection.JPG/440px-Intramuscular_Injection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An intramuscular injection is performed perpendicular to the skin, close to a 90 degree angle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/220px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/330px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of angle of intramuscular injection with other injection types</figcaption></figure> <p>An intramuscular injection can be administered in multiple different muscles of the body. Common sites for intramuscular injection include: <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">dorsogluteal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">rectus femoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vastus lateralis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventrogluteal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventrogluteal">ventrogluteal</a> muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites that are bruised, tender, red, swollen, inflamed or scarred are generally avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific medication and amount being administered will influence the decision of the specific muscle chosen for injection. </p><p>The injection site is first cleaned using an antimicrobial and allowed to dry. The injection is performed in a quick, darting motion perpendicular to the skin, at an angle between 72 and 90 degrees. The practitioner will stabilize the needle with one hand while using their other hand to depress the plunger to slowly inject the medication – a rapid injection causes more discomfort. The needle is withdrawn at the same angle inserted. Gentle pressure may be applied with gauze if bleeding occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure or gentle massage of the muscle following injection may reduce the risk of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration">Aspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspirating for blood to rule out injecting into a blood vessel is not recommended by the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Public_Health" title="Norwegian Institute of Public Health">Norway Institute of Public Health</a>, as the injection sites do not contain large blood vessels and aspiration results in greater pain.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCPink_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCPink-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that aspiration is useful to increase safety of intramuscular injections when injecting in a site other than the dorsogluteal site.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurs2015_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurs2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspiration was recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Health_Authority" title="Danish Health Authority">Danish Health Authority</a> for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> for a time to investigate the potential rare risk of blood clotting and bleeding, but it is no longer a recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z-track_method">Z-track method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Z-track method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Z-track method is a method of administering an IM injection that prevents the medication being tracked through the subcutaneous tissue, sealing the medication in the muscle, and minimizing irritation from the medication. Using the Z-track technique, the skin is pulled laterally, away from the injection site, before the injection; then the medication is injected, the needle is withdrawn, and the skin is released. This method can be used if the overlying tissue can be displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injection_sites">Injection sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Injection sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deltoid muscle in the outer portion of the upper arm is used for injections of small volume, usually equal to or less than 1 mL. This includes most intramuscular vaccinations.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recommended to use the deltoid for repeated injections due to its small area, which makes it difficult to space out injections from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deltoid site is located by locating the lower edge of the <a href="/wiki/Acromion_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Acromion process">acromion process</a>, and injecting in the area which forms an upside down triangle with its base at the acromion process and its midpoint in line with the <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">armpit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An injection into the deltoid muscle is commonly administered using a 1-inch long needle, but may use a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch long needle for younger people or very frail elderly people.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccine2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccine2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ventrogluteal site on the hip is used for injections which require a larger volume to be administered, greater than 1 mL, and for medications which are known to be irritating, viscous, or oily. It is also used to administer <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> medications, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">anti-emetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ventrogluteal site is located in a triangle formed by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a>, and may be located using a hand as a guide.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ventrogluteal site is less painful for injection than other sites such as the deltoid site.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus lateralis">vastus lateralis</a> site is used for infants less than 7 months old and people who are unable to walk or who have loss of muscular tone.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is located by dividing the front <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> into thirds vertically and horizontally to form nine squares; the injection is administered in the outer middle square.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site is also the usual site of administration for <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_autoinjector" title="Epinephrine autoinjector">epinephrine autoinjectors</a>, which are used in the outer thigh, corresponding to the location of the vastus lateralis muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dorsogluteal site of the buttock site is not routinely used due to its location near major <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, as well as having inconsistent depth of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many injections in this site do not penetrate deep enough under the skin to be correctly administered in the muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While current <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">evidence-based practice</a> recommends against using this site, many healthcare providers still use this site, often due to a lack of knowledge about alternative sites for injection.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site is located by dividing the buttock into four using a cross shape, and administering the injection in the upper outer quadrant. This is the only intramuscular injection site for which aspiration is recommended of the syringe before injection, due to higher likelihood of accidental <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous administration</a> in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-JBI_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, aspiration is not recommended by the <a href="/wiki/US_CDC" class="mw-redirect" title="US CDC">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, which considers it outdated for any intramuscular injection.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:992px;max-width:992px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sites for administration of intramuscular injections</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Im-deltoid_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Deltoid site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Im-deltoid_%28cropped%29.png/282px-Im-deltoid_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Im-deltoid_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Diagram showing the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a> site for intramuscular injection</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Im-ventrogluteal-300x244.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ventrogluteal site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Im-ventrogluteal-300x244.png/250px-Im-ventrogluteal-300x244.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Im-ventrogluteal-300x244.png/500px-Im-ventrogluteal-300x244.png 1.5x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ventrogluteal and rectus femoris sites for intramuscular injection</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vastus lateralis site in adult" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png/330px-Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png" decoding="async" width="291" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png/500px-Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png/582px-Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Adult.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vastus lateralis site of administration in an adult</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Child.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vastus lateralis site in child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Child.png/250px-Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Child.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Child.png/330px-Injection_Sites_Intramuscular_Thigh_Child.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vastus lateralis site of administration in an infant or young child</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_populations">Special populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Special populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some populations require a different injection site, needle length, or technique. In very young or weak elderly patients, a normal-length needle may be too long to inject properly. In these patients, a shorter needle is indicated to avoid injecting too deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-Needles_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also recommended to consider using the anterolateral thigh as an injection site in infants under one year old.<sup id="cite_ref-Needles_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To help infants and children cooperate with injection administration, the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices</a> in the United States recommends using distractions, giving something sweet, and rocking the baby side to side. In people who are overweight, a 1.5-inch needle may be used to ensure the injection is given below the <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous</a> layer of skin, while a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch needle may be used for people who weigh under 60 kilograms (130 lb). In any case, the skin does not need to be pinched up before injecting when the appropriate length needle is used.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injections into muscular tissue may have taken place as early as the year 500 AD. Beginning in the late 1800s, the procedure began to be described in more detail and techniques began to be developed by physicians. In the early days of intramuscular injections, the procedure was performed almost exclusively by physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> in the middle of the 20th century, nurses began preparing equipment for intramuscular injections as part of their delegated duties from physicians, and by 1961 they had "essentially taken over the procedure".<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until this delegation became virtually universal, there were no uniform procedures or education for nurses in proper administration of intramuscular injections, and complications from improper injection were common.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intramuscular injections began to be used for administration of vaccines for <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> in 1923, <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">whooping cough</a> in 1926, and <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-VacHist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VacHist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, researchers and instructors began forming guidance on injection site and technique to reduce the risk of injection complications and side effects such as pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing2002_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> began to be injected into muscles to intentionally paralyze them for therapeutic reasons, and later for cosmetic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 2000s, aspiration after inserting the needle was recommended as a safety measure, to ensure the injection was being administered in a muscle and not inadvertently in a vein. However, this is no longer recommended as evidence shows no safety benefit and it lengthens the time taken for injection, which causes more pain.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIP_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_medicine">Veterinary medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Veterinary medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In animals common sites for intramuscular injection include the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">quadriceps</a>, the lumbodorsal muscles, and the triceps muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous injection">Intravenous injection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaxen2016" class="citation cs2">Saxen MA (2016-01-01), Dean JA (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032328745600017X">"Chapter 17 – Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior"</a>, <i>McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent (Tenth Edition)</i>, St. Louis: Mosby, pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>327, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-25</span></span>. <q>Aspiration before injection of vaccine is not recommended, as there are no large blood vessels at the recommended immunization sites and not aspirating before injection has been demonstrated to reduce pain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Vaccine+administration+practices%3A+Canadian+Immunization+Guide&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-health%2Fservices%2Fpublications%2Fhealthy-living%2Fcanadian-immunization-guide-part-1-key-immunization-information%2Fpage-8-vaccine-administration-practices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntramuscular+injection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhi.no/nettpub/vaksinasjonsveilederen-for-helsepersonell/vaksinasjon/praktisk-vaksinasjon/">"Praktisk info om vaksinasjon"</a>. <i>Folkehelseinstituttet</i> (in Norwegian). 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-25</span></span>. <q>However, it is not recommended to aspirate before intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccine injection provided that the vaccine is placed in the appropriate place … does not involve the risk of injecting intravenously because there are no large blood vessels in these sites. Aspiration can cause the vaccination to be more painful because it takes longer to give the vaccine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folkehelseinstituttet&rft.atitle=Praktisk+info+om+vaksinasjon&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.no%2Fnettpub%2Fvaksinasjonsveilederen-for-helsepersonell%2Fvaksinasjon%2Fpraktisk-vaksinasjon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntramuscular+injection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322170314/https://dsr.dk/politik-og-nyheder/nyhed/covid-19-vacciner-skal-gives-med-aspiration-foer-injektion">"Covid-19 vacciner skal gives med aspiration før injektion"</a>. <i>Politik og nyheder, DSR</i> (in Danish). 2021-03-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsr.dk/politik-og-nyheder/nyhed/covid-19-vacciner-skal-gives-med-aspiration-foer-injektion">the original</a> on 2021-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-25</span></span>. <q>The Danish Health and Medicines Authority's guidelines have long recommended this, and now the Statens Serum Institut is following suit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politik+og+nyheder%2C+DSR&rft.atitle=Covid-19+vacciner+skal+gives+med+aspiration+f%C3%B8r+injektion&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsr.dk%2Fpolitik-og-nyheder%2Fnyhed%2Fcovid-19-vacciner-skal-gives-med-aspiration-foer-injektion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntramuscular+injection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFname" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">name. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssi.dk/vaccinationer/injektionsteknik/intramuskulaer-injektion-beorn-og-voksne">"Intramuskulær injektion på børn og voksne"</a>. <i>Statens Serum Institut</i> (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-04</span></span>. <q>It has previously been recommended to aspirate before injection with Covid-19 vaccines in relation to investigation of a possible connection between injection with Vaxzevria® and the occurrence of rare and serious side effects. However, this is no longer a recommendation and Covid-19 vaccines can be injected without prior aspiration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statens+Serum+Institut&rft.atitle=Intramuskul%C3%A6r+injektion+p%C3%A5+b%C3%B8rn+og+voksne&rft.au=name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssi.dk%2Fvaccinationer%2Finjektionsteknik%2Fintramuskulaer-injektion-beorn-og-voksne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntramuscular+injection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyleMcCutcheon2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/chapter/6-8-iv-push-medications-and-saline-lock-flush/">"7.4 Intramuscular Injections"</a>. <i>Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care</i>. 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id="CITEREFMonheitPickett2017" class="citation journal cs1">Monheit GD, Pickett A (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434488">"AbobotulinumtoxinA: A 25-Year History"</a>. <i>Aesthetic Surgery Journal</i>. <b>37</b> (suppl_1): <span class="nowrap">S4 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S11</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fasj%2Fsjw284">10.1093/asj/sjw284</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434488">5434488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ouv.vt.edu/content/dam/ouv_vt_edu/sops/small-animal/sop-dogs-and-cats-injections.pdf">"SOP: Injections in Dogs and Cats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virginia Tech</i>. Dec 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Tech&rft.atitle=SOP%3A+Injections+in+Dogs+and+Cats&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fouv.vt.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fouv_vt_edu%2Fsops%2Fsmall-animal%2Fsop-dogs-and-cats-injections.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntramuscular+injection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Injections%2C+Intramuscular">Injections,+Intramuscular</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a 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title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> 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title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/120px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432083" class="extiw" title="d:Q432083">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007273">D007273</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox636" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432083#identifiers" 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